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Doan CT, Tran TN, Pham TP, Tran TTT, Truong BP, Nguyen TT, Nguyen TM, Bui TQH, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Production, Purification, and Characterization of a Cellulase from Paenibacillus elgii. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2037. [PMID: 39065354 PMCID: PMC11280930 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulases are one of the most essential natural factors for cellulose degradation and, thus, have attracted significant interest for various applications. In this study, a cellulase from Paenibacillus elgii TKU051 was produced, purified, and characterized. The ideal fermentation conditions for cellulase productivity were 2% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the growth substrate, pH = 8, temperature of 31 °C, and 4 days of culturing. Accordingly, a 45 kDa cellulase (PeCel) was successfully purified in a single step using a High Q column with a recovery yield of 35% and purification of 42.2-fold. PeCel has an optimal activity at pH 6 and a temperature of 60 °C. The activity of cellulase was significantly inhibited by Cu2+ and enhanced by Mn2+. The PeCel-catalyzed products of the CMC hydrolysis were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, which revealed chitobiose and chitotriose as the major products. Finally, the clarity of apple juice was enhanced when treated with PeCel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.); (T.P.P.); (T.T.T.T.); (B.P.T.); (T.T.N.); (T.M.N.); (T.Q.H.B.)
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.); (T.P.P.); (T.T.T.T.); (B.P.T.); (T.T.N.); (T.M.N.); (T.Q.H.B.)
| | - Thi Phuong Pham
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.); (T.P.P.); (T.T.T.T.); (B.P.T.); (T.T.N.); (T.M.N.); (T.Q.H.B.)
| | - Thi Thanh Thao Tran
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.); (T.P.P.); (T.T.T.T.); (B.P.T.); (T.T.N.); (T.M.N.); (T.Q.H.B.)
| | - Ba Phong Truong
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.); (T.P.P.); (T.T.T.T.); (B.P.T.); (T.T.N.); (T.M.N.); (T.Q.H.B.)
| | - Thi Tinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.); (T.P.P.); (T.T.T.T.); (B.P.T.); (T.T.N.); (T.M.N.); (T.Q.H.B.)
| | - The Manh Nguyen
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.); (T.P.P.); (T.T.T.T.); (B.P.T.); (T.T.N.); (T.M.N.); (T.Q.H.B.)
| | - Thi Quynh Hoa Bui
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.); (T.P.P.); (T.T.T.T.); (B.P.T.); (T.T.N.); (T.M.N.); (T.Q.H.B.)
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
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Dong Y, Liu C, Gong B, Yang X, Wu K, Yue Z, Xu Y. Analysis of the Correlation between Persimmon Fruit-Sugar Components and Taste Traits from Germplasm Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7803. [PMID: 39063045 PMCID: PMC11277071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Persimmon fruits are brightly colored and nutritious and are fruits that contain large amounts of sugar, vitamins, mineral elements, and phenolic substances. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in fruit-sugar components of different persimmon germplasms and their relationships with phenotypic and flavor indices through the determination of phenotypes and sugar components and through electronic-tongue indices, which provided the basis and inspiration for the selection of different sugar-accumulating types of persimmon fruits and the selection of high-sugar persimmon varieties. Our results showed that persimmon germplasm fruit-sugar components were dominated by sucrose, glucose and fructose and that the remaining sugar components were more diverse but less distributed among the various germplasm types. Based on the proportion of each sugar component in the fruit, persimmon germplasms can be categorized into sucrose-accumulating and reduced-sugar-accumulation types. Sucrose-accumulating types are dominated by sucrose, galactose, fucose and inositol, while reduced-sugar-accumulation types are dominated by glucose, fructose, mannose-6-phosphate, and xylose. The content of sugar components in the germplasm persimmon of fruits of different types and maturity periods of also differed, with significant differences in sugar components between PCNA (pollination-constant non-astringent) and PCA (pollination-constant astringent) fruits. Cluster analysis classified 81 persimmon germplasms into three clusters, including cluster I-A, with low glucose and fructose content, and cluster I-B, with medium glucose, fructose, and sucrose contents. Cluster II was high in sucrose and fructose. Cluster III had high contents of glucose and fructose and low contents of sucrose and inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Research Institute of Subtropics Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Hangzhou 311400, China; (Y.D.); (C.L.); (B.G.); (X.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.)
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Zhuang H, Zheng F, Zhang H, Wang J, Chen J. Efficacious bioconversion of alginate/cellulose to value-added oligosaccharides by alginate-degrading GH5 endoglucanase from Trichoderma asperellum. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:131968. [PMID: 38704059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass provides an eco-friendly approach to produce value-added macromolecules, e.g., bioactive polysaccharides. A novel acidophilic GH5 β-1,4-endoglucanase (termed TaCel5) from Trichoderma asperellum ND-1 was efficiently expressed in Komagataella phaffii (∼1.5-fold increase, 38.42 U/mL). TaCel5 displayed both endoglucanase (486.3 U/mg) and alginate lyase (359.5 U/mg) enzyme activities. It had optimal pH 3.0 and strong pH stability (exceed 86 % activity retained over pH range 3.0-5.0). 80 % activity (both endoglucanase and alginate lyase) was retained in the presence of 15 % ethanol or 3.42 M NaCl. Analysis of action mode revealed that hydrolytic activity of TaCel5 required at least three glucose (cellotriose) residues, yielding mainly cellobiose. Glu241 and Glu352 are essential catalytic residues, while Asp106, Asp277 and Asp317 play auxiliary roles in cellulose degradation. TaCel5 displayed high hydrolysis efficiency for glucan and alginate substrates. ESI-MS analysis indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysates of alginate mainly contained disaccharides and heptasaccharides. This is the first detailed report of a bifunctional GH5 endoglucanase/alginate lyase enzyme from T. asperellum. Thus TaCel5 has strong potential in food and feed industries as a catalyst for bioconversion of cellulose- and alginate-containing waste materials into value-added products oligosaccharides, which was of great benefit both for the economy and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhuang
- Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengzhen Zheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Hengbin Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Zheng F, Basit A, Wang J, Zhuang H, Chen J, Zhang J. Characterization of a novel acidophilic, ethanol tolerant and halophilic GH12 β-1,4-endoglucanase from Trichoderma asperellum ND-1 and its synergistic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127650. [PMID: 38287580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
A novel acidophilic GH5 β-1,4-endoglucanase (TaCel12) from Trichoderma asperellum ND-1 was efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris (a 1.5-fold increase). Deglycosylated TaCel12 migrated as a single band (26.5 kDa) in SDS-PAGE. TaCel12 was acidophilic with a pH optimum of 4.0 and displayed great pH stability (>80 % activity over pH 3.0-5.0). TaCel12 exhibited considerable activity towards sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate with Vmax values of 197.97 μmol/min/mg and 119.06 μmol/min/mg, respectively. Moreover, TaCel12 maintained >80 % activity in the presence of 20 % ethanol and 4.28 M NaCl. Additionally, Mn2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ negatively affected TaCel12 activity, while the presence of 5 mM Co2+ significantly increased the enzyme activity. Analysis of action mode revealed that TaCel12 required at least four glucose (cellotetraose) residues for hydrolysis to yield cellobiose and cellotriose. Site-directed mutagenesis results suggested that Glu133 and Glu217 of TaCel12 are crucial catalytic residues, with Asp116 displaying an auxiliary function. Production of soluble sugars from lignocellulose is a crucial step in bioethanol development, and it is noteworthy that TaCel12 could synergistically yield fermentable sugars from corn stover and bagasse, respectively. Thus TaCel12 with excellent properties will be considered a potential biocatalyst for applications in various industries, especially for lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhen Zheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Jhang, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Huan Zhuang
- Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, The Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianfen Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Chaudhary N, Grover M. Bioindustrial applications of thermostable Endoglucanase purified from Trichoderma viride towards the conversion of agrowastes to value-added products. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 211:106324. [PMID: 37356677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Importance of biocatalytic reactions and biotransformations mediated by fungal enzymes has increased tremendously in various industries. Endoglucanase obtained from Trichoderma viride has been utilized for bioconversion of agrowastes; wheat straw (WS) and corn stover (CS) as biomass into citric acid and single cell protein (SCP) as value-added products. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity with Mr:44.67 kDa; purification-fold, yield, specific activity to be 19.5-, 29.2%, and 150.4 Units.mg-1, respectively, with thermostability up to 70 °C. The enzyme showed a novel N-terminal peptide and its computational analysis revealed a conserved 'SG' amino acid sequence alike microbial cellulases. The experimental results have shown the potential of endoglucanase for the conversion of agrowastes; wheat straw (WS) and corn stover (CS) into citric acid, maximum yield (KgM-3) found in submerged (WS:50;CS:45) fermentation process. Single-cell protein (SCP) production in WS (68 KgM-3) hydrolysate was superior to both CS hydrolysate (60 KgM-3) and YEPD (standard medium) (58 KgM-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhee Chaudhary
- Centre of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Monendra Grover
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-IASRI, Library Avenue Pusa, New Delhi, India
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Rekadwad BN, Li WJ, Gonzalez JM, Punchappady Devasya R, Ananthapadmanabha Bhagwath A, Urana R, Parwez K. Extremophiles: the species that evolve and survive under hostile conditions. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:316. [PMID: 37637002 PMCID: PMC10457277 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extremophiles possess unique cellular and molecular mechanisms to assist, tolerate, and sustain their lives in extreme habitats. These habitats are dominated by one or more extreme physical or chemical parameters that shape existing microbial communities and their cellular and genomic features. The diversity of extremophiles reflects a long list of adaptations over millions of years. Growing research on extremophiles has considerably uncovered and increased our understanding of life and its limits on our planet. Many extremophiles have been greatly explored for their application in various industrial processes. In this review, we focused on the characteristics that microorganisms have acquired to optimally thrive in extreme environments. We have discussed cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in stability at respective extreme conditions like thermophiles, psychrophiles, acidophiles, barophiles, etc., which highlight evolutionary aspects and the significance of extremophiles for the benefit of mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad
- Present Address: Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka India
- National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), DBT-National Centre for Cell Science (DBT-NCCS), Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra India
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra India
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan M. Gonzalez
- Microbial Diversity and Microbiology of Extreme Environments Research Group, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, IRNAS-CSIC, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Rekha Punchappady Devasya
- Present Address: Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka India
| | - Arun Ananthapadmanabha Bhagwath
- Present Address: Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka India
- Yenepoya Institute of Arts, Science, Commerce and Management, A Constituent Unit of Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Yenepoya Complex, Balmatta, Mangalore, 575002 Karnataka India
| | - Ruchi Urana
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Bio Sciences and Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Khalid Parwez
- Department of Microbiology, Shree Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital, Saharsa, Bihar 852201 India
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Liu G, Zhang K, Gong H, Yang K, Wang X, Zhou G, Cui W, Chen Y, Yang Y. Whole genome sequencing and the lignocellulose degradation potential of Bacillus subtilis RLI2019 isolated from the intestine of termites. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:130. [PMID: 37598218 PMCID: PMC10439612 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant and renewable terrestrial raw material for conversion into bioproducts and biofuels. However, the low utilization efficiency of lignocellulose causes environmental pollution and resource waste, which limits the large-scale application of bioconversion. The degradation of lignocellulose by microorganisms is an efficient and cost-effective way to overcome the challenge of utilizing plant biomass resources. This work aimed to screen valuable cellulolytic bacteria, explore its molecular mechanism from genomic insights, and investigate the ability of the strain to biodegrade wheat straw. RESULTS Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) RLI2019 was isolated from the intestine of Reticulitermes labralis. The strain showed comprehensive enzyme activities related to lignocellulose degradation, which were estimated as 4.06, 1.97, 4.12, 0.74, and 17.61 U/mL for endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, PASC enzyme, filter paper enzyme, and xylanase, respectively. Whole genome sequencing was performed to better understand the genetic mechanism of cellulose degradation. The genome size of B. subtilis RLI2019 was 4,195,306 bp with an average GC content of 43.54%, and the sequence characteristics illustrated an extremely high probability (99.41%) as a probiotic. The genome contained 4,381 protein coding genes with an average GC content of 44.20%, of which 145 genes were classified into six carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) families and 57 subfamilies. Eight cellulose metabolism enzyme-related genes and nine hemicellulose metabolism enzyme-related genes were annotated by the CAZyme database. The starch and sucrose metabolic pathway (ko00500) was the most enriched with 46 genes in carbohydrate metabolism. B. subtilis RLI2019 was co-cultured with wheat straw for 7 days of fermentation, the contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and lignin were significantly reduced by 5.8%, 10.3%, 1.0%, and 4.7%, respectively. Moreover, the wheat straw substrate exhibited 664.9 μg/mL of reducing sugars, 1.22 U/mL and 6.68 U/mL of endoglucanase and xylanase activities, respectively. Furthermore, the fiber structures were effectively disrupted, and the cellulose crystallinity was significantly reduced from 40.2% to 36.9%. CONCLUSIONS The complex diversity of CAZyme composition mainly contributed to the strong cellulolytic attribute of B. subtilis RLI2019. These findings suggest that B. subtilis RLI2019 has favorable potential for biodegradation applications, thus it can be regarded as a promising candidate bacterium for lignocellulosic biomass degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongwei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanxuan Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaiyao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Qinling Giant Panda Breeding Research Center, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences, Zhouzhi, 710402, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangchen Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyuan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Li P, Wang X, Zhang C, Xu D. Processive binding mechanism of Cel9G from Clostridium cellulovorans: molecular dynamics and free energy landscape investigations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:646-657. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04830b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The processive binding mechanism of cellulose by Cel9G from C. cellulovorans was investigated by MD and metadynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Dingguo Xu
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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Calloni RD, Muchut RJ, Garay AS, Arias DG, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA. Functional and structural characterization of an endo-β-1,3-glucanase from Euglena gracilis. Biochimie 2022; 208:117-128. [PMID: 36586565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endo-β-1,3-glucanases from several organisms have attracted much attention in recent years because of their capability for in vitro degrading β-1,3-glucan as a critical step for both biofuels production and short-chain oligosaccharides synthesis. In this study, we biochemically characterized a putative endo-β-1,3-glucanase (EgrGH64) belonging to the family GH64 from the single-cell protist Euglena gracilis. The gene coding for the enzyme was heterologously expressed in a prokaryotic expression system supplemented with 3% (v/v) ethanol to optimize the recombinant protein right folding. Thus, the produced enzyme was highly purified by immobilized-metal affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The enzymatic study demonstrated that EgrGH64 could hydrolyze laminarin (KM 23.5 mg ml-1,kcat 1.20 s-1) and also, but with less enzymatic efficiency, paramylon (KM 20.2 mg ml-1,kcat 0.23 ml mg-1 s-1). The major product of the hydrolysis of both substrates was laminaripentaose. The enzyme could also use ramified β-glucan from the baker's yeast cell wall as a substrate (KM 2.10 mg ml-1, kcat 0.88 ml mg-1 s-1). This latter result, combined with interfacial kinetic analysis evidenced a protein's greater efficiency for the yeast polysaccharide, and a higher number of hydrolysis sites in the β-1,3/β-1,6-glucan. Concurrently, the enzyme efficiently inhibited the fungal growth when used at 1.0 mg/mL (15.4 μM). This study contributes to assigning a correct function and determining the enzymatic specificity of EgrGH64, which emerges as a relevant biotechnological tool for processing β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo D Calloni
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Robertino J Muchut
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto S Garay
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Multifunctionality and mechanism of processivity of family GH5 endoglucanase, RfGH5_4 from Ruminococcus flavefaciens on lignocellulosic polymers. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:1395-1411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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A processive GH9 family endoglucanase of Bacillus licheniformis and the role of its carbohydrate-binding domain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6059-6075. [PMID: 35948851 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
One of the critical steps in lignocellulosic deconstruction is the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose by cellulases. Endoglucanases initially facilitate the breakdown of cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass and are further aided by other cellulases to produce fermentable sugars. Furthermore, if the endoglucanase is processive, it can adsorb to the smooth surface of crystalline cellulose and release soluble sugars during repeated cycles of catalysis before dissociating. Most glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) endoglucanases have catalytic domains linked to a CBM (carbohydrate-binding module) (mostly CBM3) and present the second-largest cellulase family after GH5. GH9 endoglucanases are relatively less characterized. Bacillus licheniformis is a mesophilic soil bacterium containing many glycoside hydrolase (GH) enzymes. We identified an endoglucanase gene, gh9A, encoding the GH9 family enzyme H1AD14 in B. licheniformis and cloned and overexpressed H1AD14 in Escherichia coli. The purified H1AD14 exhibited very high enzymatic activity on endoglucanase substrates, such as β-glucan, lichenan, Avicel, CMC-Na (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) and PASC (phosphoric acid swollen cellulose), across a wide pH range. The enzyme is tolerant to 2 M sodium chloride and retains 74% specific activity on CMC after 10 days, the highest amongst the reported GH9 endoglucanases. The full-length H1AD14 is a processive endoglucanase and efficiently saccharified sugarcane bagasse. The deletion of the CBM reduces the catalytic activity and processivity. The results add to the sparse knowledge of GH9 endoglucanases and offer the possibility of characterizing and engineering additional enzymes from B. licheniformis toward developing a cellulase cocktail for improved biomass deconstruction. KEY POINTS: • H1AD14 is a highly active and processive GH9 endoglucanase from B. licheniformis. • H1AD14 is thermostable and has a very long half-life. • H1AD14 showed higher saccharification efficiency than commercial endoglucanase.
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Lisov AV, Kiselev SS, Trubitsina LI, Belova OV, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Trubitsin IV, Shushkova TV, Leontievsky AA. Multifunctional Enzyme with Endoglucanase and Alginase/Glucuronan Lyase Activities from Bacterium Cellulophaga lytica. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:617-627. [PMID: 36154882 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922070045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulophaga lytica is a Gram-negative aerobic bacterium in the genome of which there are many genes encoding polysaccharide degrading enzymes. One of the enzymes named ClGP contains a glycoside hydrolase domain from the GH5 family and a polysaccharide lyase domain from the PL31 family. The enzyme also contains the TAT signaling peptide and the TIGR04183 domain that indicates extracellular nature of the enzyme. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the enzymes most closely related to ClGP and containing all four domains (TAT, GH5, PL31, TIGR04183) are widespread among bacterial species belonging to the Flavobacteriaceae family. ClGP produced by the recombinant strain of E. coli was purified and characterized. ClGP exhibited activity of endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and catalyzed hydrolysis of β-D-glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC-Na), and amorphous cellulose, but failed to hydrolyze microcrystalline cellulose and xylan. Products of CMC hydrolysis were cellobiose and cellotriose, whereas β-D-glucan was hydrolyzed to glucose, cellobiose, cellotetraose, and cellopentaose. ClGP was more active against the poly-β-D-mannuronate blocks than against the poly-α-L-glucuronate blocks of alginic acid. This indicates that the enzyme is a polyM lyase (EC 4.2.2.3). ClGP was active against polyglucuronic acid, so it displayed a glucuronan lyase (EC 4.2.2.14) activity. The enzyme had a neutral pH-optimum, was stable in the pH range 6.0-8.0, and displayed moderate thermal stability. ClGP effectively saccharified two species of brown algae, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata, that suggests its potential for use in the production of biofuel from macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Lisov
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Sergei S Kiselev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Liubov I Trubitsina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Oxana V Belova
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Zhanna I Andreeva-Kovalevskaya
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Ivan V Trubitsin
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Shushkova
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexey A Leontievsky
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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Exploring competitive inhibition of a family 10 xylanase derived from Hu sheep rumen microbiota by Oryza sativa xylanase inhibitor protein: In vitro and in silico perspectives. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 160:110082. [PMID: 35709658 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic domain of family GH10 xylanase, XYN-LXY_CD derived from Hu sheep rumen microbiota was expressed in Pichia pastoris X33. The special activity of reXYN-LXY_CD in the culture supernatant was 232.56 U/mg. The optima of reXYN-LXY_CD were 53 °C and pH 7.0. Recombinant Oryza sativa xylanase inhibitor protein (rePOsXIP) competitively inhibited reXYN-LXY_CD with an inhibition constant (Ki) value of 237.37 nM. The concentration of hydrolysates released from beechwood xylan by reXYN-LXY_CD reduced when rePOsXIP was added into the hydrolytic system. Fluorescence of reXYN-LXY_CD was statically quenched by rePOsXIP in a dose-dependent manner. The details in intermolecular interaction between XYN-LXY_CD and OsXIP were investigated by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, binding free energy computation and non-covalent interactions (NCI) analysis. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals played indispensable roles in the XYN-LXY_CD/OsXIP interaction. The α-7 helix of OsXIP tightly occupied the catalytic pocket of XYN-LXY_CD with hydrogen bonding such as K239OsXIP-N261/Q292/E197XYN-LXY_CD (E197, the acid-base catalytic residue), D236OsXIP-K327XYN-LXY_CD and Q242OsXIP-E211/Q212XYN-LXY_CD. Based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), the Laplacian of electron density and core-valence bifurcation index of HZ3K239-OE2E197 were 0.1025 a.u. and 0.002218, respectively. Elucidating the mechanism underlying xylanase-inhibitor interactions might help construct XYN-LXY_CD mutants that gain resistance to XIPs and high catalytic activity, which would be more efficient in feed additives in livestock.
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Ye TJ, Huang KF, Ko TP, Wu SH. Synergic action of an inserted carbohydrate-binding module in a glycoside hydrolase family 5 endoglucanase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:633-646. [PMID: 35503211 PMCID: PMC9063844 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322002601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most known cellulase-associated carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are attached to the N- or C-terminus of the enzyme or are expressed separately and assembled into multi-enzyme complexes (for example to form cellulosomes), rather than being an insertion into the catalytic domain. Here, by solving the crystal structure, it is shown that MtGlu5 from Meiothermus taiwanensis WR-220, a GH5-family endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), has a bipartite architecture consisting of a Cel5A-like catalytic domain with a (β/α)8 TIM-barrel fold and an inserted CBM29-like noncatalytic domain with a β-jelly-roll fold. Deletion of the CBM significantly reduced the catalytic efficiency of MtGlu5, as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry using inactive mutants of full-length and CBM-deleted MtGlu5 proteins. Conversely, insertion of the CBM from MtGlu5 into TmCel5A from Thermotoga maritima greatly enhanced the substrate affinity of TmCel5A. Bound sugars observed between two tryptophan side chains in the catalytic domains of active full-length and CBM-deleted MtGlu5 suggest an important stacking force. The synergistic action of the catalytic domain and CBM of MtGlu5 in binding to single-chain polysaccharides was visualized by substrate modeling, in which additional surface tryptophan residues were identified in a cross-domain groove. Subsequent site-specific mutagenesis results confirmed the pivotal role of several other tryptophan residues from both domains of MtGlu5 in substrate binding. These findings reveal a way to incorporate a CBM into the catalytic domain of an existing enzyme to make a robust cellulase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Juan Ye
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fa Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Wu X, Zhang S, Zhao S, Dai L, Huang S, Liu X, Yu J, Wang L. Functional Specificity of Three α-Arabinofuranosidases from Different Glycoside Hydrolase Families in Aspergillus niger An76. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5039-5048. [PMID: 35420820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
α-l-Arabinofuranosidase (Abf), a debranching enzyme that can remove arabinose substituents from arabinoxylan, promotes the hydrolysis of hemicellulose in plant biomass. However, the functional specificity of Abfs from different glycoside hydrolase (GH) families on the digestion of arabinoxylan and their synergistic interaction with xylanase have not been systematically studied. In this work, we characterized three Abfs (AxhA, AbfB, and AbfC) from GH62, GH54, and GH51 families in Aspergillus niger An76. Quantitative transcriptional analysis showed that expression of the axhA gene was upregulated as a result of induction by xylose substrates, whereas expression of the abfB gene was mainly induced by arabinose. Recombinant AxhA, AbfB, and AbfC exhibited different hydrolytic performances. AxhA showed the highest catalytic activity toward wheat arabinoxylan (WAX) and tended to hydrolyze monosubstituted arabinofuranose units, whereas AbfB had higher catalytic activity on AN and debranched arabinan (DAN), having the ability to cope with mono- and disubstituted arabinofuranose units. Furthermore, AbfC had greater arabinofuranosidase activity on p-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinofuranoside (pNP-AraF) than on other substrates. Moreover, three Abfs displayed obvious synergistic action with GH11 xylanase XynB against WAX and barley husk residues. The elucidation of the degradation mechanisms of Abfs will lay a theoretical foundation for the efficient industrialized transformation of arabinoxylans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Sha Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Shuxia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Junhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
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Wu M, Lv K, Li J, Wu B, He B. Coevolutionary analysis reveals a distal amino acid residue pair affecting the catalytic activity of GH5 processive endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis BS-5. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2105-2114. [PMID: 35438195 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
EG5C-1, processive endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis, is a typical bifunctional cellulase with endoglucanase and exoglucanase activities. The engineering of processive endoglucanase focuses on the catalytic pocket or carbohydrate-binding module tailoring based on sequence/structure information. Herein, a computational strategy was applied to identify the desired mutants in the enzyme molecule by evolutionary coupling analysis; subsequently, four residue pairs were selected as evolutionary mutational hotspots. Based on iterative-saturation mutagenesis and subsequent enzymatic activity analysis, a superior mutant K51T/L93T was identified away from the active center. This variant had increased specific activity from 4170 U/µmol of wild-type (WT) to 5678 U/µmol towards CMC-Na and an increase towards the substrate Avicel from 320 U/µmol in WT to 521 U/µmol. In addition, kinetic measurements suggested that superior mutant K51T/L93T had a high substrate affinity (Km ) and a remarkable improvement in catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ). Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the K51T/L93T mutation altered the spatial conformation at the active site cleft, enhancing the interaction frequency between active site residues and substrate, improving catalytic efficiency and substrate affinity. The current studies provided some perspectives on the effects of distal residue substitution, which might assist in the engineering of processive endoglucanase or other glycoside hydrolases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujunqi Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kemin Lv
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahuang Li
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
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Gavande PV, Nath P, Kumar K, Ahmed N, Fontes CMGA, Goyal A. Highly efficient, processive and multifunctional recombinant endoglucanase RfGH5_4 from Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 v3 for recycling lignocellulosic plant biomasses. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:801-813. [PMID: 35421411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene encoding endoglucanase, RfGH5_4 from R. flavefaciens FD-1 v3 was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells and purified. RfGH5_4 showed molecular size 41 kDa and maximum activity at pH 5.5 and 55 °C. It was stable between pH 5.0-8.0, retaining 85% activity and between 5 °C-45 °C, retaining 75% activity, after 60 min. RfGH5_4 displayed maximum activity (U/mg) against barley β-D-glucan (665) followed by carboxymethyl cellulose (450), xyloglucan (343), konjac glucomannan (285), phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (86), beechwood xylan (21.7) and carob galactomannan (16), thereby displaying the multi-functionality. Catalytic efficiency (mL.mg-1 s-1) of RfGH5_4 against carboxymethyl cellulose (146) and konjac glucomannan (529) was significantly high. TLC and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses of RfGH5_4 treated hydrolysates of cellulosic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides displayed oligosaccharides of degree of polymerization (DP) between DP2-DP11. TLC, HPLC and Processivity-Index analyses revealed RfGH5_4 to be a processive endoglucanase as initially, for 30 min it hydrolysed cellulose to cellotetraose followed by persistent release of cellotriose and cellobiose. RfGH5_4 yielded sufficiently high Total Reducing Sugar (TRS, mg/g) from saccharification of alkali pre-treated sorghum (72), finger millet (62), sugarcane bagasse (38) and cotton (27) in a 48 h saccharification reaction. Thus, RfGH5_4 can be considered as a potential endoglucanase for renewable energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmeshwar Vitthal Gavande
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Priyanka Nath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Nazneen Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Carlos M G A Fontes
- CIISA - Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; NZYTech - Genes & Enzymes, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arun Goyal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Liu J, Liu C, Qiao S, Dong Z, Sun D, Zhu J, Liu W. One-step fermentation for producing xylo-oligosaccharides from wheat bran by recombinant Escherichia coli containing an alkaline xylanase. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:6. [PMID: 35123477 PMCID: PMC8817556 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-step fermentation is a cheap way to produce xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), where production of xylanases and XOS is integrated into a single process. In spite of cost advantage, one-step fermentation is still short in yield so far due to the limited exploration. To cope with this issue, production of XOS from wheat bran by recombinant Escherichia coli through one-step fermentation was investigated in this study. RESULTS An endo-β-1,4-xylanase gene belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 11 of Bacillus agaradhaerens was employed to construct recombinant E. coli. This xylanase showed maximal activity at 60 °C and pH 8.0-8.5. Its activity retained more than 60% after incubation at 70 °C for 4 h, showing a good stability. The recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3) could secreted xylanases that directly hydrolyzed de-starched wheat bran to XOS in fermentation medium. The XOS generated from hydrolysis consisted of xylose, xylobiose and xylotriose accounting for 23.1%, 37.3% and 39.6%, respectively. Wheat bran concentration was found to be the most crucial factor affecting XOS production. The XOS concentration reached 5.3 mg/mL at 10% loading of wheat bran, which is higher than those of previous researches. Nitrogen source type could also affect production of XOS by changing extracellular xylanase activity, and glycine was found to be the best one for fermentation. Optimal fermentation conditions were finally studied using response surface optimization. The maximal concentration emerged at 44.3 °C, pH 7.98, which is affected by characteristics of the xylanase as well as growth conditions of E. coli. CONCLUSIONS This work indicates that the integrated fermentation using recombinant E. coli is highly competitive in cost and final concentration for producing XOS. Results can also provide theoretical basis for large-scale production and contribute to the wide adoption of XOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Cong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Shilei Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Di Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jingrong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Weijie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu Province China
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Clostridium thermocellum as a Promising Source of Genetic Material for Designer Cellulosomes: An Overview. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass-based biofuels have gradually substituted for conventional energy sources thanks to their obvious advantages, such as renewability, huge quantity, wide availability, economic feasibility, and sustainability. However, to make use of the large amount of carbon sources stored in the plant cell wall, robust cellulolytic microorganisms are highly demanded to efficiently disintegrate the recalcitrant intertwined cellulose fibers to release fermentable sugars for microbial conversion. The Gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum possesses a cellulolytic multienzyme complex termed the cellulosome, which has been widely considered to be nature’s finest cellulolytic machinery, fascinating scientists as an auspicious source of saccharolytic enzymes for biomass-based biofuel production. Owing to the supra-modular characteristics of the C. thermocellum cellulosome architecture, the cellulosomal components, including cohesin, dockerin, scaffoldin protein, and the plentiful cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes have been widely used for constructing artificial cellulosomes for basic studies and industrial applications. In addition, as the well-known microbial workhorses are naïve to biomass deconstruction, several research groups have sought to transform them from non-cellulolytic microbes into consolidated bioprocessing-enabling microbes. This review aims to update and discuss the current progress in these mentioned issues, point out their limitations, and suggest some future directions.
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Zhang S, Zhao S, Shang W, Yan Z, Wu X, Li Y, Chen G, Liu X, Wang L. Synergistic mechanism of GH11 xylanases with different action modes from Aspergillus niger An76. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:118. [PMID: 33971954 PMCID: PMC8112042 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose polysaccharide in nature, which can be converted into high value-added products. However, its recalcitrance to breakdown requires the synergistic action of multiple enzymes. Aspergillus niger, possessing numerous xylan degrading isozyme-encoding genes, are highly effective xylan degraders in xylan-rich habitats. Therefore, it is necessary to explore gene transcription, the mode of action and cooperation mechanism of different xylanase isozymes to further understand the efficient xylan-degradation by A. niger. RESULTS Aspergillus niger An76 encoded a comprehensive set of xylan-degrading enzymes, including five endo-xylanases (one GH10 and four GH11). Quantitative transcriptional analysis showed that three xylanase genes (xynA, xynB and xynC) were up-regulated by xylan substrates, and the order and amount of enzyme secretion differed. Specifically, GH11 xylanases XynA and XynB were initially secreted successively, followed by GH10 xylanase XynC. Biochemical analyses displayed that three GH11 xylanases (XynA, XynB and XynD) showed differences in catalytic performance and product profiles, possibly because of intricate hydrogen bonding between substrates and functional residues in the active site architectures impacted their binding capacity. Among these, XynB had the best performance in the degradation of xylan and XynE had no catalytic activity. Furthermore, XynA and XynB showed synergistic effects during xylan degradation. CONCLUSIONS The sequential secretion and different action modes of GH11 xylanases were essential for the efficient xylan degradation by A. niger An76. The elucidation of the degradation mechanisms of these xylanase isozymes further improved our understanding of GH-encoding genes amplification in filamentous fungi and may guide the design of the optimal enzyme cocktails in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Sha Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Weihao Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Zijuan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Xiuyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
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21
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Glasgow E, Vander Meulen K, Kuch N, Fox BG. Multifunctional cellulases are potent, versatile tools for a renewable bioeconomy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 67:141-148. [PMID: 33550093 PMCID: PMC8366578 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme performance is critical to the future bioeconomy based on renewable plant materials. Plant biomass can be efficiently hydrolyzed by multifunctional cellulases (MFCs) into sugars suitable for conversion into fuels and chemicals, and MFCs fall into three functional categories. Recent work revealed MFCs with broad substrate specificity, dual exo-activity/endo-activity on cellulose, and intramolecular synergy, among other novel characteristics. Binding modules and accessory catalytic domains amplify MFC and xylanase activity in a wide variety of ways, and processive endoglucanases achieve autosynergy on cellulose. Multidomain MFCs from Caldicellulosiruptor are heat-tolerant, adaptable to variable cellulose crystallinity, and may provide interchangeable scaffolds for recombinant design. Further studies of MFC properties and their reactivity with plant biomass are recommended for increasing biorefinery yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Glasgow
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 433 Babcock Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, United States
| | - Kirk Vander Meulen
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 433 Babcock Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, United States
| | - Nate Kuch
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 433 Babcock Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, United States
| | - Brian G Fox
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 433 Babcock Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, United States.
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22
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Hero JS, Pisa JH, Raimondo EE, Martínez MA. Proteomic analysis of secretomes from Bacillus sp. AR03: characterization of enzymatic cocktails active on complex carbohydrates for xylooligosaccharides production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 51:871-880. [PMID: 33439095 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1870136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus sp. AR03 have been described as an important producer of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) when growing in a peptone-based medium supplemented with simple sugars and/or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as carbon sources. This work aimed to identify the extracellular enzymatic cocktails through shotgun proteomics. The proteomic analysis showed that enzymes involved in cellulose and xylan degradation were among the most abundant proteins. These enzymes included an endo-glucanase GH5_2 and a glucuronoxylanase GH30_8, which were found in all conditions. In addition, several proteins were differentially expressed in the three evaluated culture media, indicating microbial metabolic changes due to the different supplied carbon sources, particularly, in the presence of CMC. Finally, the capability of the crude enzymatic cocktails from culture media to degrade birchwood xylan was assessed, which produced mostly xylooligosaccharides containing among 3-5 xylose units. Consequently, this work shows the potential of the extracellular enzymes from Bacillus sp. AR03 for producing emergent prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan S Hero
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - José H Pisa
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Enzo E Raimondo
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina.,Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M Alejandra Martínez
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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23
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Lv K, Shao W, Pedroso MM, Peng J, Wu B, Li J, He B, Schenk G. Enhancing the catalytic activity of a GH5 processive endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis BS-5 by site-directed mutagenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:442-452. [PMID: 33310097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Processive endoglucanases possess both endo- and exoglucanase activity, making them attractive discovery and engineering targets. Here, a processive endoglucanase EG5C-1 from Bacillus subtilis was employed as the starting point for enzyme engineering. Referring to the complex structure information of EG5C-1 and cellohexaose, the amino acid residues in the active site architecture were identified and subjected to alanine scanning mutagenesis. The residues were chosen for a saturation mutagenesis since their variants showed similar activities to EG5C-1. Variants D70Q and S235W showed increased activity towards the substrates CMC and Avicel, an increase was further enhanced in D70Q/S235W double mutant, which displayed a 2.1- and 1.7-fold improvement in the hydrolytic activity towards CMC and Avicel, respectively. In addition, kinetic measurements showed that double mutant had higher substrate affinity (Km) and a significantly higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km). The binding isotherms of wild-type EG5C-1 and double mutant D70Q/S235W suggested that the binding capability of EG5C-1 for the insoluble substrate was weaker than that of D70Q/S235W. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the collaborative substitutions of D70Q and S235W altered the hydrogen bonding network within the active site architecture and introduced new hydrogen bonds between the enzyme and cellohexaose, thus enhancing both substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Lv
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyu Shao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Marcelo Monteiro Pedroso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jiayu Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiahuang Li
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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24
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Patel M, Patel HM, Dave S. Determination of bioethanol production potential from lignocellulosic biomass using novel Cel-5m isolated from cow rumen metagenome. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:1099-1106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Barbosa FC, Silvello MA, Goldbeck R. Cellulase and oxidative enzymes: new approaches, challenges and perspectives on cellulose degradation for bioethanol production. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:875-884. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Dehghanikhah F, Shakarami J, Asoodeh A. Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Alkalophilic Cellulase from the Symbiotic Bacillus subtilis BC1 of the Leopard Moth, Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1254-1261. [PMID: 32125446 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, an extracellular cellulase belonging to symbiotic Bacillus subtilis Bc1 of the leopard moth is purified and characterized. The molecular mass of enzyme was 47.8 kDa using SDS-PAGE. The purified enzyme had optimum activity in temperature and pH around 60 °C and 8, respectively. The purified cellulase was introduced as a stable enzyme in a wide variety of temperature (20-80 °C) and pH (4-10) and remained active to more than 74% at 80 °C for 1 h. Moreover, the cellulase extremely was stabled in the presence of metal ions and organic solvents and its activity was increased by acetone (20% v/v), CaCl2 and CoCl2 and inhibited by MnCl2 and NiCl2. The values of enzyme's Km and Vmax were found to be 1.243 mg/mL and 271.3 µg/mL/min, respectively. The purified cellulase hydrolyzed cellulose, avicel and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the final product of CMC hydrolysis was cellobiose using thin-layer chromatography analysis. Consequently, owing to exo/endoglucanase activity and organic solvent, temperature and pH stability of the purified cellulase belong to B. subtilis BC1, it can be properly employed for various industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Dehghanikhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Jahanshir Shakarami
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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27
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Shivudu G, Chandraraj K, Selvam P. Production of xylooligosaccharides from xylan catalyzed by endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase-immobilized nanoscale carbon, silica and zirconia matrices. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Yang Y, Yang J, Wang R, Liu J, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wang F, Yuan H. Cooperation of hydrolysis modes among xylanases reveals the mechanism of hemicellulose hydrolysis by Penicillium chrysogenum P33. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:159. [PMID: 31542050 PMCID: PMC6754857 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xylanases randomly cleave the internal β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in the xylan backbone and are grouped into different families in the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) database. Although multiple xylanases are detected in single strains of many filamentous fungi, no study has been reported on the composition, synergistic effect, and mode of action in a complete set of xylanases secreted by the same microorganism. Results All three xylanases secreted by Penicillium chrysogenum P33 were expressed and characterized. The enzymes Xyl1 and Xyl3 belong to the GH10 family and Xyl3 contains a CBM1 domain at its C-terminal, whereas Xyl2 belongs to the GH11 family. The optimal temperature/pH values were 35 °C/6.0, 50 °C/5.0 and 55 °C/6.0 for Xyl1, Xyl2, and Xyl3, respectively. The three xylanases exhibited synergistic effects, with the maximum synergy observed between Xyl3 and Xyl2, which are from different families. The synergy between xylanases could also improve the hydrolysis of cellulase (C), with the maximum amount of reducing sugars (5.68 mg/mL) observed using the combination of C + Xyl2 + Xyl3. Although the enzymatic activity of Xyl1 toward xylan was low, it was shown to be capable of hydrolyzing xylooligosaccharides into xylose. Xyl2 was shown to hydrolyze xylan to long-chain xylooligosaccharides, whereas Xyl3 hydrolyzed xylan to xylooligosaccharides with a lower degree of polymerization. Conclusions Synergistic effect exists among different xylanases, and it was higher between xylanases from different families. The cooperation of hydrolysis modes comprised the primary mechanism for the observed synergy between different xylanases. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that the hydrolysates of GH11 xylanases can be further hydrolyzed by GH10 xylanases, but not vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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29
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Wang W, Archbold T, Lam JS, Kimber MS, Fan MZ. A processive endoglucanase with multi-substrate specificity is characterized from porcine gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13630. [PMID: 31541154 PMCID: PMC6754456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulases play important roles in the dietary fibre digestion in pigs, and have multiple industrial applications. The porcine intestinal microbiota display a unique feature in rapid cellulose digestion. Herein, we have expressed a cellulase gene, p4818Cel5_2A, which singly encoded a catalytic domain belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 5 subfamily 2, and was previously identified from a metagenomic expression library constructed from porcine gut microbiome after feeding grower pigs with a cellulose-supplemented diet. The activity of purified p4818Cel5_2A was maximal at pH 6.0 and 50 °C and displayed resistance to trypsin digestion. This enzyme exhibited activities towards a wide variety of plant polysaccharides, including cellulosic substrates of avicel and solka-Floc®, and the hemicelluloses of β-(1 → 4)/(1 → 3)-glucans, xyloglucan, glucomannan and galactomannan. Viscosity, reducing sugar distribution and hydrolysis product analyses further revealed that this enzyme was a processive endo-β-(1 → 4)-glucanase capable of hydrolyzing cellulose into cellobiose and cellotriose as the primary end products. These catalytic features of p4818Cel5_2A were further explored in the context of a three-dimensional homology model. Altogether, results of this study report a microbial processive endoglucanase identified from the porcine gut microbiome, and it may be tailored as an efficient biocatalyst candidate for potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tania Archbold
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Joseph S Lam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew S Kimber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ming Z Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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30
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Identification and characterization of an Endo-glucanase secreted from cellulolytic Escherichia coli ZH-4. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:63. [PMID: 31455320 PMCID: PMC6712877 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the previous study, the cellulolytic Escherichia coli ZH-4 isolated from bovine rumen was found to show extracellular cellulase activity and could degrade cellulose in the culture. The goal of this work was to identify and characterize the secreted cellulase of E. coli ZH-4. It will be helpful to re-understand E. coli and extend its application in industry. Results A secreted cellulase was confirmed to be endo-glucanase BcsZ which was encoded by bcsZ gene and located in the cellulose synthase operon bcsABZC in cellulolytic E. coli ZH-4 by western blotting. Characterization of BcsZ indicated that a broad range of pH and temperature tolerance with optima at pH 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and maximal reaction rate (Vmax) for BcsZ were 8.86 mg/mL and 0.3 μM/min·mg, respectively. Enzyme activity of BcsZ was enhanced by Mg2+ and inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+. BcsZ could hydrolyze carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to produce cello-oligosaccharides, cellotriose, cellobiose and glucose. Conclusions It is confirmed that extracellular cellulolytic capability of E. coli ZH-4 was attributed to BcsZ, which explained why E. coli ZH-4 can grow on cellulose. The endo-glucanase BcsZ from E. coli-ZH4 has some new characteristics which will extend the understanding of endo-glucanase. Analysis of the secretion characteristics of BcsZ provided a great reference for applying E. coli in multiple industrial fields.
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31
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Processivity and the Mechanisms of Processive Endoglucanases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:448-463. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Barruetabeña N, Alonso-Lerma B, Galera-Prat A, Joudeh N, Barandiaran L, Aldazabal L, Arbulu M, Alcalde M, De Sancho D, Gavira JA, Carrion-Vazquez M, Perez-Jimenez R. Resurrection of efficient Precambrian endoglucanases for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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33
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A novel beta-1,4 glucanase produced by symbiotic Bacillus sp. CF96 isolated from termite (Anacanthotermes). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:752-759. [PMID: 30904535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel beta-1,4-glucanase was purified and characterized from symbiotic Bacillus sp. CF96 of termite. The SDS-PAGE and zymogram analyses revealed a molecular mass of 35.6 kDa. Optimal activity was at 50 °C and pH 5.5, while the enzyme was active over a wide range of temperature 20-80 °C and pH 4-10 and interestingly more than 60% of the maximum activity remained up to pH 9. The enzyme activity increased in the presence of hexane, chloroform and methanol (20% v/v). while, the enzyme activity was inhibited by metal ions such as Mn2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+. The isolated enzyme was able to degrade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), avicel and cellulose. Cellobiose was the hydrolytic product of enzymatic reaction based on thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. Regarding beta-1,4 endo/exoglucanase activity and high temperature, pH and solvent stability, the enzyme has potential for various industrial applications especially in designing pesticide for termite.
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Wang Z, Zhang T, Long L, Ding S. Altering the linker in processive GH5 endoglucanase 1 modulates lignin binding and catalytic properties. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:332. [PMID: 30568732 PMCID: PMC6297974 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-productive adsorption of cellulases onto lignin in biomass is a key issue for the biofuel process economy. It would be helpful to reduce the inhibitory effect of lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis by engineering weak lignin-binding cellulases. Cellulase linkers are highly divergent in their lengths, compositions, and glycosylations. Numerous studies have revealed that linkers can facilitate optimal interactions between structured domains. Recently, efforts have focused on the contributions and mechanisms of carbohydrate-binding modules and catalytic domains that affect lignin affinity and processivity of cellulases, but our understanding of the effects of the linker regions on lignin adsorption and processivity of GH5 processive endoglucanases is still limited. RESULTS Eight GH5 endoglucanase 1 variants of varying length, flexibility, and sequence in the linker region were constructed. Their characteristics were then compared to the wild-type enzyme (EG1). Remarkably, significant differences in the lignin adsorption profiles and processivities were observed for EG1 and other variants. Our studies suggest that either the length or the specific amino acid composition of the linker has a prominent influence on the lignin-binding affinity of the enzymes. Comparatively, the processivity may depend primarily on the length of the linker and less so on the specific amino acid composition. EG1-ApCel5A, a variant with better performance in enzymatic hydrolysis in the presence of lignin, was obtained by replacing a longer, flexible linker. In total, up to between 28.2 and 30.1% more reducing sugars were generated from filter paper by EG1-ApCel5A in the presence of lignin compared to EG1. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the relevance of the linker region in the lignin adsorption and processivity of a processive endoglucanase. Our findings suggest that the linker region may be used as a target for the design of more active and weaker lignin-binding cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
| | - Tianrui Zhang
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
| | - Liangkun Long
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
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