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Beshir A, Takele S, Kedir M, Tareke T, Tasew S, Yewhalaw D. Tsetse fly density and trypanosoma infection rate in Bedele and Dabo Hana districts of Buno Bedele Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:402. [PMID: 39245726 PMCID: PMC11382368 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosome and primarily transmitted by tsetse flies. This study aimed to determine the density of tsetse flies and the rate of trypanosome infection in the Bedele and Dabo Hana districts of the Buno Bedele Zone in Ethiopia. RESULTS A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2023 to catch tsetse flies, determine tsetse density, and estimate the trypanosome infection rate. We used 100 traps (40 NGU, 30 pyramidal, and 30 biconical) to catch the flies. The following standard procedures were followed to identify the specific trypanosome species in the collected tsetse flies: The flies were dissected, and the salivary glands were removed. We placed the salivary glands in a drop of saline solution on a microscope slide. A coverslip was placed over the salivary glands, the slide was examined under a microscope, and the trypanosomes were identified based on their morphology. A total of 3,740 tsetse flies were captured from 100 traps, resulting in an overall apparent density of 18.7 flies per trap per day. Within the study area, only one species of tsetse fly, Glossina tachinoides, was identified. Of the 1,320 dissected Glossina tachinoides, 1.82% were found to be infected with trypanosome parasites. Among these infections, 58.33% were attributed to Trypanosoma congolense, while the remaining 41.67% were caused by Trypanosoma brucei. The infection rate of trypanosomes was significantly higher in female tsetse flies (87.5%) as compared to male flies (12.5%). Furthermore, a significantly higher infection rate was observed in flies older than 20 days (83.33%) and in hunger stage 1 flies (58.33%) compared to hunger stages 2, 3, and 4. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the necessity of implementing control and suppression measures targeting the vector (tsetse flies) and the parasite (trypanosomes) to effectively manage and prevent pathogenic animal trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahimedin Beshir
- Bedele Animal Health Research Centre, Bedele Southwest, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Takele
- Kaliti Tsetse fly Research Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mohammed Kedir
- Bedele Animal Health Research Centre, Bedele Southwest, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Tareke
- Bedele Animal Health Research Centre, Bedele Southwest, Ethiopia
| | - Senbeta Tasew
- Bedele Animal Health Research Centre, Bedele Southwest, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Tora E, Dana D. Epidemiology and Economic Cost of Trypanosomosis Among SmallHolder Cattle Herders in Arba Minch and Zuria Districts, Gamo Zone, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2024; 18:11786302241274698. [PMID: 39192969 PMCID: PMC11348359 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241274698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
A significant limitation to cattle production is animal trypanosomosis, which threatens household food security and livelihoods. In addition to stalling livestock productivity, the disease has a devastating impact on animal health. Besides, halting livestock productivity, the disease has a devastating effect on health. Thus, the objectives this study was to assess the epidemiology, and financial impacts of bovine trypanosomosis on livestock producers' in Arba Minch and Zuria districts of Gamo zone, Ethiopia, from December 2021 to January 2023. Both repeated survey and cross-sectional study were carried out to assess the economic losses, estimate the prevalence and assess the determinants of bovine trypanosomosis. Direct microscopy was applied using buffy coat method to detect trypanosome parasite. The study included 182 households and 384 bovine species. Bovine trypanosomosis caused substantial economic losses through cattle mortality, drug purchases, and the oxen's loss of draft power. Also, farmers spent a significantly (P < .05) higher amount of money treating trypanosomosis than all other diseases combined. The annual losses per household were estimated to be 9528 ± 1754 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) (95% CI: 6065-12 992) (US$ 176.4) which were spent on purchasing trypanocidal drugs per year per household. The overall mortality from bovine trypanosomiasis was 8.8%. Many farmers prioritized draft power losses as the most significant impact of the disease. Analysis of blood samples also showed a 7.8% overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis. The disease burden was significantly (P < .05) higher in the black body coat animals compared to white ones. This study showed that trypanosomosis is an important animal health problem and a potential threat to health and productivity of cattle in Arba Minch and zuria districts of Gamo, Southern Ethiopia. The common trypanocidal drugs were administered by the farmers themselves. Hence, policymakers and professionals should prevent irrational drug use and regularly monitor local trypanocide usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrem Tora
- Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Gamo, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Dana
- Livestock and Fishery Office, Arba Minch City, Gamo, Ethiopia
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Mekuria S, Abebe R, Abera M, Mekibib B, Sisay S, Gebeyehu A, Gemeda I, Ushecho S, Assefa T, Kore K, Asfaw N, Sheferaw D. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse fly density in Loka Abaya and Derara districts in Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:296. [PMID: 39115753 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Animal trypanosomosis is a significant livestock disease with economic and social repercussions, reducing the supply of animal products and restricting the utilization of animals for traction and transportation. In Ethiopia, it is prevalent and poses a major hindrance to the advancement of animal production. This repeated cross-sectional study was aimed at assessing seasonal variation in bovine trypanosomosis prevalence and tsetse fly density and identifying the potential risk factors in the Loka Abaya and Derara districts of the Sidama National Regional State. Blood samples were collected from 964 cattle, 484 samples during the dry season, and 480 during the wet season. The buffy coat method was employed to analyze these samples. Furthermore, 78 standard NGU traps were set up at various locations in the two districts during both seasons for entomological investigation. The overall apparent prevalence of trypanosomosis was 9% (95% CI 7.3-11.0), without a significant difference (p > 0.05) between the dry season (7.4%) and wet season (10.6%). The apparent prevalence was significantly higher in Loka Abaya (11.8%) than in Derara (6.3%) district (OR = 2.04; p = 0.003) and in cattle with black coat color (29%) than in mixed color (6.8%) (OR = 5.3; p < 0.001). The majority of infections were caused by Trypanosoma congolense (70%), followed by T. vivax (29%), and mixed infections (1%) with the two species. The average packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly (p < 0.0001) lower in infected animals (20.7 ± 4%) compared to uninfected ones (25.5 ± 5.4%), in cattle examined during the dry season (24.1 ± 6%) versus the wet season (26.1 ± 4.7%), in cattle sampled from the Loka Abaya district (24.2 ± 5.5%) versus Derara district (26 ± 5.3%), and in cattle with poor body condition (23.6 ± 5.7%) compared to those with good body condition (26.5 ± 5.3%). A total of 5282 flies were captured during the study, with 4437 (84%) being tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes), 439 (8.3%) Tabanids, 190 (3.6%) Stomoxys spp., and 216 (4.1%) Musca spp. The apparent density (AD) of G. pallidipes was 28.4 flies/trap/day, showing no statistically significant difference between wet (32.1) and dry (24.6) seasons (p > 0.05). The AD of G. pallidipes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the Loka Abaya district (57.3) than in the Derara district (0.9). The study highlights a moderate trypanosomosis apparent prevalence and high AD of G. pallidipes, showing significant variation between the study districts but no seasonal difference. The observed apparent prevalence of trypanosomosis and tsetse fly density notably affects animal health and productivity. As a result, strategies for vector control like insecticide-treated targets, trypanocidal medications for infected animals, and community-based initiatives such as education and participation in control programs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Mekuria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Rahmeto Abebe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mesele Abera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Mekibib
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Samrawit Sisay
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Gebeyehu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Israel Gemeda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Saifemichael Ushecho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Assefa
- Arba Minich Animal Health Research Center, Animal Health Institute, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Kokeb Kore
- Arba Minich Animal Health Research Center, Animal Health Institute, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Netsanet Asfaw
- Arba Minich Animal Health Research Center, Animal Health Institute, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Desie Sheferaw
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Tsolo A, Kore K, Sheferaw D. Bovine trypanosomosis, vector distribution and infection rate in three districts of Gamo Zone, southwestern Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 26:e00374. [PMID: 39282215 PMCID: PMC11395718 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
African animal trypanosomosis is one of the main obstacles to the development of livestock and agricultural output in Ethiopia. It usually results in a severe, frequently fatal sickness, and the infected animals were more weakened as the disease progress and become unfit for work. A cross sectional study design was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 with the aim of estimating the prevalence of trypanosome infection both in Glossina spp. and cattle, and to assess apparent density of Glossina spp. A total of 298 cattle were selected and examined for trypanosome by using buffy coat technique. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 19.1%; and two species of trypanosomes, T. congolense and T. vivax, were identified in the study area. The prevalence of T. congolense and T. vivax were 15.8% and 2.3%, respectively. The prevalence of trypanosomosis was significantly higher in adult animals (OR = 2.7; p < 0.05) than in younger cattle and poor body condition (OR = 3.18; p < 0.05) than medium body condition animals. The mean PCV value of infected animals was 14.3% (13.3-15.4) significantly lower than the non-infected animals 18.5% (17.8-19.2). Glossina pallidipes is the only tsetse species encountered in all the study areas. In total, 2992 flies were caught of which 90.8% belong to G. pallidipes and 9.2% were other biting flies. The overall apparent density of G. pallidipes was 20.1 F/T/D and other biting flies were 2.0 F/T/D. A total of 307 live Glossina pallidipes were dissected. The overall prevalence of Glossina pallidipes infection rate was 9.1% (95% CI = 5.9-12.4). The prevalence of G. pallidipes infection was significantly higher in Kucha district (OR = 3.2, χ2 = 2.6, p < 0.05) than the other two districts, Daramalo and Arba Minch Zuria. Also it was significantly higher in flies trapped from riverine forest areas (OR = 5.5, χ2 = 2.86, p < 0.05). Therefore, to reduce the impact of trypanosomosis and Glossina, vector control and treating infected cattle with prophylactic or chemotherapeutic drugs and active community participation can play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amsayas Tsolo
- Daramalo District Livestock and Fisheries Resource Office, Gamo Zone, Ethiopia
| | - Kokeb Kore
- Animal Health Institution Arba-Minch Center, Ethiopia
| | - Desie Sheferaw
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Mulat G, Maru M, Tarekegn ZS, Dejene H. A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in East Africa. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 26:e00371. [PMID: 39184304 PMCID: PMC11341968 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine trypanosomosis is an incapacitating and lethal ailment brought about by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. The disease leads to losses in livestock and agricultural productivity, resulting in significant socio-economic repercussions. In East Africa, trypanosomosis has been endemic for an extensive period due to ecological factors and vector biology that facilitate the persistent circulation of trypanosomes. This investigation outlines the occurrence of bovine trypanosomosis in East Africa through a meta-analysis. A thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and AJOL. Suitable studies were chosen using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The prevalence was estimated through a random effect model. Publication bias and the variation in prevalence estimates due to heterogeneity were also evaluated. The analysis was performed on 115 studies that contained relevant prevalence data. The collective estimate of bovine trypanosomosis prevalence across the studies stood at 12% (95% CI: 11, 13), ranging from 1% (95% CI: 0, 2) to 51% (95% CI: 45, 58). The subgroup analysis by country revealed considerable disparities in prevalence. The highest estimated prevalence was 24% (95% CI: 18, 30) in Somalia, whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in Ethiopia at 10% (95% CI: 9, 11). A significant level of heterogeneity was noted in most pooled estimates, even after conducting subgroup analysis. The visual examination of the funnel plot and the Egger's regression asymmetry coefficient (b = -5.13, 95% CI: -7.49, -2.76, p = 0.00) and Begg's plot (p = 0.00) indicate the presence of publication bias. In conclusion, bovine trypanosomosis is a pervasive and noteworthy malady affecting livestock. The findings of this investigation imply a high prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the majority of the countries under scrutiny. Despite the well-known hindrance that livestock trypanosomosis poses to livestock production in Africa, little attention has been devoted to the trypanosomosis situation, particularly in East African nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getie Mulat
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Maru
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdu Seyoum Tarekegn
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
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Ahmed AD, Kebede IA, Gebremeskel HF, Beriso TE. Epidemiological study on cattle trypanosomiasis and its vectors distributions in the Gambella regional state, southwestern Ethiopia. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105227. [PMID: 38513458 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease that causes significant economic losses in livestock due to anaemia, loss of condition, emaciation, and mortality. It is a key impediment to increased cattle output and productivity in Ethiopia. Cross-sectional entomological and parasitological studies were performed in the Gambella Region state of southwestern Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, apparent fly density, and potential risk factors. Blood samples were taken from 546 cattle for the parasitological study and analyzed using the buffy coat technique and stained with Giemsa. A total of 189 biconical (89) and NGU (100) traps were deployed in the specified districts for the entomological survey. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis at the animal level was 5.5% (95% CI: 3.86-7.75). Trypanosoma vivax (50.0%), T. congolense (30.0%), T. brucei (20.0%), and no mixed trypanosome species were found. The prevalence of trypanosomosis was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by altitude, body score conditions, age, mean packed cell volume (PCV), and peasant associations, while sex and coat color had no significant effect. According to the entomological survey results, a total of 2303 flies were captured and identified as tsetse (Glossina pallidipes (5.3%)) and G. fuscipes fuscipes (3.3%) and other biting flies (Tabanus (60.1%) and Stomoxys (31.3%)). In the current study, the overall apparent density was 4.1 flies/trap/day. This study shows that trypanosomosis remains a significant cattle disease in the Gambella regional state even during the dry season. Thus, the findings support the necessity to improve vector and parasite control measures in the area.
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Mouliom Mouiche MM, Nguemou Wafo EE, Mpouam SE, Moffo F, Kameni Feussom JM, Njayou Ngapagna A, Mfopit YM, Saegerman C, Abdoulmoumini M. Zoo-Sanitary Situation Assessment, an Initial Step in Country Disease Prioritization Process: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from 2000 to 2020 in Cameroon. Pathogens 2023; 12:1076. [PMID: 37764884 PMCID: PMC10537522 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent and/or control infectious diseases in animal and human health, an appropriate surveillance system based on suitable up-to-date epidemiological data is required. The systematic review protocol was designed according to the PRISMA statement to look at the available data on infectious diseases of livestock in Cameroon from 2000-2020. Data were searched through online databases. Grey literature was comprised of dissertations and theses from veterinary higher education institutions in Cameroon. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled prevalence using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software. Based on disease prevalence, major infectious diseases of livestock in Cameroon were gastrointestinal parasitosis (57.4% in cattle, 67.2% in poultry, 88% in pigs), hemoparasites (21.6% in small ruminants, 19.7% in cattle), bovine pasteurellosis (55.5%), fowl salmonellosis (48.2%), small ruminant plague (39.7%), foot-and-mouth disease (34.5% in cattle), and African swine fever (18.9%). Furthermore, other important endemic zoonoses in the country included: Rift Valley fever (10.9% in cattle, 3.7% in small ruminants), brucellosis (7% in cattle, 8% in pigs), bovine tuberculosis (4.7% in cattle), hepatitis E virus (8.4% in pigs) and bovine leptospirosis (2.5%). Most of the retrieved research were carried out in the Adamawa, Northwest, and West regions of Cameroon. The evaluation of existing data as evidence, albeit publication-specific, is an important step towards the process of prioritizing animal diseases, including zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche
- USAID’s Infectious Disease Detection and Surveillance (IDDS), ICF, Yaoundé P.O. Box 8211, Cameroon;
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
- Epidemiology-Public Health-Veterinary Association (ESPV), Yaoundé P.O. Box 15670, Cameroon; (J.M.K.F.); (A.N.N.)
| | - Eugenie Elvire Nguemou Wafo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Serge Eugene Mpouam
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
- Epidemiology-Public Health-Veterinary Association (ESPV), Yaoundé P.O. Box 15670, Cameroon; (J.M.K.F.); (A.N.N.)
- IMMANA Fellow, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Frédéric Moffo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Jean Marc Kameni Feussom
- Epidemiology-Public Health-Veterinary Association (ESPV), Yaoundé P.O. Box 15670, Cameroon; (J.M.K.F.); (A.N.N.)
- Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries (MINEPIA), Yaoundé P.O. Box 8211, Cameroon
| | - Arouna Njayou Ngapagna
- Epidemiology-Public Health-Veterinary Association (ESPV), Yaoundé P.O. Box 15670, Cameroon; (J.M.K.F.); (A.N.N.)
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite des Montagnes, Bangangté P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Youssouf Mouliom Mfopit
- Veterinary Research Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Wakwa Regional Center, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 65, Cameroon;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Mamoudou Abdoulmoumini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
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Al-Ghafli H, Barribeau SM. Double trouble: trypanosomatids with two hosts have lower infection prevalence than single host trypanosomatids. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:202-218. [PMID: 37404250 PMCID: PMC10317189 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are a diverse family of protozoan parasites, some of which cause devastating human and livestock diseases. There are two distinct infection life cycles in trypanosomatids; some species complete their entire life cycle in a single host (monoxenous) while others infect two hosts (dixenous). Dixenous trypanosomatids are mostly vectored by insects, and the human trypanosomatid diseases are caused mainly by vectored parasites. While infection prevalence has been described for subsets of hosts and trypanosomatids, little is known about whether monoxenous and dixenous trypanosomatids differ in infection prevalence. Here, we use meta-analyses to synthesise all published evidence of trypanosomatid infection prevalence for the last two decades, encompassing 931 unique host-trypansomatid systems. In examining 584 studies that describe infection prevalence, we find, strikingly, that monoxenous species are two-fold more prevalent than dixenous species across all hosts. We also find that dixenous trypanosomatids have significantly lower infection prevalence in insects than their non-insect hosts. To our knowledge, these results reveal for the first time, a fundamental difference in infection prevalence according to host specificity where vectored species might have lower infection prevalence as a result of a potential 'jack of all trades, master of none' style trade-off between the vector and subsequent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawra Al-Ghafli
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Seth M Barribeau
- Corresponding author. Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. E-mail:
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Tsouloufi TK, MacVicar IS, Donnison LM, Smyth KL, Peters AR. Systematic map of the most recent evidence (2010-2019) on ruminant production-limiting disease prevalence and associated mortality in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:995213. [PMID: 36814468 PMCID: PMC9940709 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.995213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia's livestock sector supports the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers. However, despite the improvements of recent years, livestock productivity remains low due to critical constraints, including infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to collate and synthesize the published evidence on ruminant disease frequency and disease-associated mortality in Ethiopia, by identifying knowledge gaps and clusters in the literature to provide the basis for a decision-making tool. Methods Searches on both bibliographic and organization databases were conducted in English and were restricted to the period 2010-2019. Search results were screened for relevance at title, abstract and full text level. Results There were 716 articles identified relevant to the research question. The systematic map revealed an increased publication output from 2012-2017, compared to 2010-2011 and 2018-2019. Most studies were conducted in Oromia, Amhara and SNNPR. A substantial body of evidence was found for trypanosomosis, ectoparasite infestation, fasciolosis, nematodiasis, echinococcosis, and brucellosis. Conclusion This study suggests that despite the high output of epidemiological publications, further understanding of a considerable number of diseases is required and where evidence is abundant, synthesis of information should be carried out in order to better inform decisions on disease control priorities in the livestock sector.
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Gebre T, Kapitano B, Beyene D, Alemu D, Beshir A, Worku Z, Kifle T, Selamu A, Debas E, Kalsa A, Asfaw N, Zhao W, Paone M, Cecchi G. The national atlas of tsetse flies and African animal trypanosomosis in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:491. [PMID: 36578020 PMCID: PMC9798648 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the largest cattle population in Africa and vast swathes of fertile lands infested by tsetse flies, trypanosomosis is a major challenge for Ethiopian farmers. Managing the problem strategically and rationally requires comprehensive and detailed information on disease and vector distribution at the national level. To this end, the National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT) developed a national atlas of tsetse and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) for Ethiopia. METHODS This first edition of the atlas focused on the tsetse-infested areas in western Ethiopia. Data were collected between 2010 and 2019 in the framework of national surveillance and control activities. Over 88,000 animals, mostly cattle, were tested with the buffy-coat technique (BCT). Odour-enhanced traps were deployed in approximately 14,500 locations for the entomological surveys. Animal- and trap-level data were geo-referenced, harmonized and centralized in a single database. RESULTS AAT occurrence was confirmed in 86% of the districts surveyed (107/124). An overall prevalence of 4.8% was detected by BCT in cattle. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) of positive animals was 22.4, compared to 26.1 of the negative. Trypanosoma congolense was responsible for 61.9% of infections, T. vivax for 35.9% and T. brucei for 1.7%. Four tsetse species were found to have a wide geographic distribution. The highest apparent density (AD) was reported for Glossina pallidipes in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region (SNNPR) (3.57 flies/trap/day). Glossina tachinoides was the most abundant in Amhara (AD 2.39), Benishangul-Gumuz (2.38), Gambela (1.16) and Oromia (0.94) regions. Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and G. morsitans submorsitans were detected at lower densities (0.19 and 0.42 respectively). Only one specimen of G. longipennis was captured. CONCLUSIONS The atlas establishes a reference for the distribution of tsetse and AAT in Ethiopia. It also provides crucial evidence to plan surveillance and monitor control activities at the national level. Future work on the atlas will focus on the inclusion of data collected by other stakeholders, the broadening of the coverage to tsetse-free areas and continuous updates. The extension of the atlas to data on control activities is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berisha Kapitano
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ethiopia Country Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Dereje Alemu
- Animal Health Institute, Bedelle Animal Health Centre, Bedelle, Ethiopia
| | - Ahimedin Beshir
- Animal Health Institute, Bedelle Animal Health Centre, Bedelle, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Worku
- Animal Health Institute, Asossa Animal Health Centre, Asossa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Kifle
- Animal Health Institute, Asossa Animal Health Centre, Asossa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayana Selamu
- Animal Health Institute, Finote Selam Animal Health Centre, Finote Selam, Ethiopia
| | - Endalew Debas
- Animal Health Institute, Finote Selam Animal Health Centre, Finote Selam, Ethiopia
| | - Aschenaki Kalsa
- Animal Health Institute, Arba Minch Animal Health Centre, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Netsanet Asfaw
- Animal Health Institute, Arba Minch Animal Health Centre, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Weining Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Paone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
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Mathewos M, Endale H, Fesseha H. Study on the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomiasis in Zaba Gazo Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:53-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Efrem D, Kassa T, Kebede N, Worku T. Seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and trypanosome species distribution in Jimma Horo district, Oromia regional state, Western Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 20:e00280. [PMID: 36545242 PMCID: PMC9761842 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in rainy (June 2019) and dry (February 2020) seasons in Jimma Horoo district, Kellem Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. A total of 720 blood samples were examined using buffy coat and thin blood smear techniques. The packed cell volume (PCV) of each animal was determined. The overall bovine trypanosomosis prevalence was 4.3% (χ2 = 1.25, P = 0.26). The prevalence was 5% (95% CI = 4.1-8.3) and 3.3% (95% CI = 2.7-6.3) in the dry and rainy reasons, respectively (P > 0.05). Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. b. brucei were detected in (60%), (33.3%) and (6.7%) of infected cattle, respectively. The highest trypanosome prevalence was observed in Burka Gudina (7.6%), and the lowest in Melka Nega village (2.1%). There were significant variations between trypanosome prevalence in relation to body condition scores (χ2 = 23.16; P = 0.0.00) of examined cattle. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between seasons, age, and sex categories of cattle. The PCV values of trypanosome infected (22.94%) was significantly lower than non-infected cattle (26.47%) (χ2 = 19.60; (P < 0.05). The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Jimma Horo district was low and it can be controlled by treatment of infected cattle using sanative pairs of trypanocidal drugs with additional application of deltamethrin pour-on in the dry season. Further, in view of poor sensitivity of buffy coat technique used the use of molecular techniques should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degneh Efrem
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia,Corresponding author.
| | - Tesfu Kassa
- Aklilu Lemma, Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma, Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Worku
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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Glossina pallidipes Density and Trypanosome Infection Rate in Arba Minch Zuria District of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:3004054. [PMID: 36317107 PMCID: PMC9617703 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African trypanosomosis is a disease of both animals and humans resulting from infection with parasitaemic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma transmitted mainly by the tsetse flies (Glossina species). The disease has been reported in different parts of the country. However, information on the apparent density and trypanosome infection rates of the vectors is very limited in the Southern part of Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the apparent density, infection rate of trypanosomes in Glossina pallidipes, and the trypanosome species involved in Arba Minch Zuria district of Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2018 in two purposely selected kebeles of Arbaminch Zuria district and in the escarpments of Nech Sar National Park of Southern Ethiopia. For entomological survey, a total of 40 standard NGU traps were deployed around the watering and grazing areas. A total of 300 fresh Glossina pallidipes were examined for trypanosome infection using a dissection procedure as described by the FAO Training manual for tsetse control personnel. Results The study revealed the presence of only one Glossina species, known as Glossina pallidipes, and biting flies including Stomoxys and Tabanus. A total of 2176 flies were caught of which 1803 (82.86%) belong to Glossina pallidipes and the remaining 373 (17.14%) were biting flies. The overall apparent density of Glossina pallidipes and biting flies in the study area were 15.03 fly/trap/day (F/T/D) and 3.11 F/T/D, respectively. Relatively higher Glossina pallidipes and biting flies, respectively, were caught in a wood-grass land (15.87 F/T/D and 3.69 F/T/D) and riverine forest (15.13 F/T/D and 3.42 F/T/D) than bush land vegetation types (13.87 F/T/D and 1.76 F/T/D). The overall trypanosome infection rate of Glossina pallidipes was 17.67% (53/300). Two trypanosome species, namely, Trypanosoma congolense (66.04%) and Trypanosoma vivax (33.96%), were responsible for Glossina pallidipes infection in the study area. Trypanosome infection rate was significantly higher in female G. pallidipes than in male (OR = 3.39, 95%CI = 1.53‐7.52). Significantly, higher trypanosome infection rate was observed in flies older than 20 days (OR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.12‐5.56) and in hunger stage 1 flies (OR = 14.24, 95%CI = 4.01‐50.59). Glossina pallidipes infection was significantly higher in and around park grazing areas (OR = 3.41, 95%CI = 1.76‐6.6) and wood-grass land vegetation type (OR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.2‐6.5). Conclusion The current study revealed high apparent density and trypanosome infection in Glossina pallidipes in Arba Minch Zuria district of Southern Ethiopia. So, this study warrants the need for strengthening both vector and parasite control strategies in the study area.
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Prevalence of Cattle Trypanosomosis and Temporal Vector Distribution in Jima Arjo District, Upper Didessa Valley, Western Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:2923446. [PMID: 36065349 PMCID: PMC9440845 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2923446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is a protozoan disease, mostly transmitted by the tsetse fly, Glossina species, which causes severe disease of livestock in Ethiopia. The disease is also widespread across the globe especially in sub-Saharan African states. A cross-sectional study with the objectives of determining the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and assess the apparent densities of the disease vectors was conducted from October 2019 to July 2020 G.C in Jima Arjo district, east Wollega zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. A parasitological study using conventional buffy coat technique was employed for the determination of prevalence of trypanosomosis and species was identified by Giemsa stain technique, while baited traps were used for the vector survey. The results of parasitological study revealed that the overall prevalence was 36 (8.2%) at 95% CI. From the total trypanosome positive animals 22 (5.0%), 8 (1.82%) and 6 (1.36%) of them harbor T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei, respectively. Relatively higher prevalence (10.91%) was seen in animals with poor body condition than those with medium (7.38%) and good (5.55%), body condition though it is not statistically significant (
). Higher infection rate was observed in male 26 (12.26%) than female 10 (4.39%) due to male cattle more exposed to the tsetse fly area or early released from home for drought reason. Out of the total positive animals, only 12 of them were anemic on buffy coat test of sampled blood. This justifies that animal could be positive for trypanosomosis without showing clinical sign of anemia which is the dominant sign in this disease. A total of 2185 vectors trypanosomes were collected among which 1,569 were tsetse flies and 616 were other biting flies. The density of Glossina species was 15.1 fly/trap/day. Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G. tachnoides were the two dominant species of tsetse flies recorded from the area. The present study indicated that tsetse and non-tsetse fly-borne trypanosomosis is a leading bottle neck for production and health of animals in Jima Arjo districts and similar case was found throughout the country which necessitates a coordinated vector and parasite control in order to alleviate the problem of the disease.
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Fesseha H, Eshetu E, Mathewos M, Tilante T. Study on Bovine Trypanosomiasis and Associated Risk Factors in Benatsemay District, Southern Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221101833. [PMID: 35614880 PMCID: PMC9125069 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is an endemic livestock disease in Ethiopia that hinders livestock production and productivity, especially in fertile agricultural western and southwestern areas. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based and parasitological studies were conducted from October 2020 to July 2021 in the Benatsemay district, southern Ethiopia to assess the knowledge of livestock owners about trypanosomosis, its prevalence, and host-related risk factors associated with bovine trypanosomosis in the area. According to the questionnaire survey, trypanosomosis was the main bottleneck to cattle in two of the selected study Sites in the Benatsemay district. The parasitological survey revealed that 11.46% (44/384) of the cattle were infected with trypanosomosis. Moreover, Trypanosoma congolense (9.11%) is the leading trypanosome species in the area, followed by T. vivax (31.8%). The adult age group (16.15%), poor-conditioned cattle (22.22%), and black-skinned cattle (34.24%) were significantly associated (P < .05) with trypanosomosis infection in the study area. Furthermore, the mean packed cell volume (PCV) of parasitaemic cattle (22.75%) was significantly (P < .05) lower than that of aparasitaemic cattle (29.23%). Therefore, the present study revealed that the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area and participatory vector control and the rational use of trypanocidal drugs should be implemented to control trypanosomosis in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haben Fesseha
- Haben Fesseha, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, 138 Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
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Gu MM, Sun MT, Zhang JY, Yu QF, Lu DB. The prevalence of liver abnormalities in humans due to Schistosoma japonicum by ultrasonography in China: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:236. [PMID: 35260103 PMCID: PMC8903095 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma japonicum was once one of the most severe parasitic diseases in China. After 70 years of national schistosomiasis control programmes, the prevalence and associated morbidity of the infection have been reduced to a much lower level. However, due to the low sensitivity of the current detection approaches, many minor infections in humans could not be identified and ultimately develop chronic injuries with liver abnormalities, a specific ‘network’ echogenic pattern under ultrasonography. Therefore, as more people take part in physical examinations, we performed this meta-analysis to estimate the overall prevalence of schistosomiasis-associated liver abnormalities in China. Methods The publications were searched systematically across five electronic databases. All eligible studies were assessed with quality evaluation forms. Heterogeneity of studies was determined using the I2 and Q tests. A random effects or fixed effects model was employed based on heterogeneity results. The pooled prevalence and its 95% confidence intervals were calculated with the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. All analyses were conducted using R with the “meta” package. The protocol registration number was CRD42021232982. Results A total of 19 relevant articles, including 21 studies, were included. The average score of study quality was 6.4 (total score 7), indicating high quality of all included studies. A total of 268, 247 persons were included, and 43, 917 persons were diagnosed with schistosomiasis liver abnormalities by ultrasonography. High degrees of heterogeneity existed among all studies or within subgroups. The overall pooled prevalence was 18.64% (95% CI: 11.88–26.50%). The estimate significantly increased over time and varied among provinces, with the highest in Shanghai and the lowest in Sichuan. The estimate in people aged 60 years or older was significantly higher than that in people of all ages. No significant difference was seen when based on study areas (urban or rural areas) or gender. Conclusion The long-term burden of schistosomiasis in China remains large, as nearly one-fifth of the examined persons were diagnosed with schistosomiasis liver abnormalities. The pooled prevalence was associated with regions or age groups. Such may have a high reference value in the exact calculation of the disease burden and can be helpful for policy makers in prioritizing public health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07241-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Gu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-Tao Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie-Ying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Fu Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Da-Bing Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Seyoum W, Tora E, Kore K, Lejebo F. Seasonal Patterns: Bovine Trypanosomosis, Glossina pallidipes Density, and Infection in Rift Valleys of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:805564. [PMID: 35359685 PMCID: PMC8961361 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.805564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease causing serious economic losses in livestock productivity and agricultural development. The disease has been reported in different parts of Ethiopia. However, seasonal pattern of trypanosomosis, tsetse fly apparent density, and infection are very limited in the southern rift valley of the country, particularly in Gamo Zone. Therefore, the objective of this cross-sectional study design was to estimate seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, assessing tsetse fly apparent density and its infection by trypanosomes. For the parasitological study, a total of 600 cattle (300 in each season) were sampled and assayed using the buffy coat technique. A total of 80 standard NGU traps were deployed around the watering and grazing areas for the entomological survey. An overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 10.17% (61/600), of which 7.33% (22/300) and 13% (39/300) accounted for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The prevalence of trypanosomosis was significantly higher during the wet season (OR = 2.47; p < 0.05), in black coat color (OR = 7.2, p < 0.05), and poor body-conditioned (OR = 3.15; p < 0.05) animals. Two species of trypanosomes, Trypanosoma congolense, 68.85% (42/61), and Trypanosoma vivax, 31.15% (19/61), were circulating in the area. The mean PCV value in infected animals (22.56 ± 4.61) was significantly lower than in non-infected animals (25.3 ± 4.75). Entomological result indicated that Glossina pallidipes (G. pallidipes) was the only species of tsetse found in the study area. Totally, 3,789 flies were caught of which 81.42% (3,085/3,789) belong to G. pallidipes and 18.58% (704/3,789) were other biting flies. The overall apparent density of G. pallidipes was 12.85 flies/trap/day (FTD). Relatively higher G. pallidipes/trap/day were caught in the wet season (13.64 F/T/D) than in the dry season (12.07F/T/D). Of the flies caught, 342 G. pallidipes were randomly selected and dissected. The overall proportion of G. pallidipes infection was 18.42% (63/342) of which 12.28% (21/171) and 24.56% (42/171) were accounted in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Infection in G. pallidipes was significantly higher during the wet season (OR = 2.32; p < 0.05) and in park grazing areas (OR = 2.45; p < 0.05). In conclusion, trypanosomosis is the major challenge for cattle productivity in the district. So this study warrants the need for strengthening the vector and parasite control interventions in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasihun Seyoum
- Department of Animal Science and Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tora
- Department of Animal Science and Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Ephrem Tora
| | - Kokeb Kore
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomosis, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Firew Lejebo
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomosis, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Hundessa N, Esrael E, Fesseha H, Mathewos M. Study on Prevalence of Trypanosomosis in Cattle of Sodo Zuriya District, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2021; 2021:4472480. [PMID: 34925912 PMCID: PMC8683203 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4472480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosomosis is a significant impediment to Ethiopia's livestock and farm production, adding adversely to the overall growth of agriculture in general and the nation's food self-reliance efforts in particular. METHODS Cross-sectional research was performed on the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle and the distinction of Trypanosoma species and potential factors in six selected provinces of the Sodo zuriya district in southern Ethiopia. Blood samples from the ear vein of 400 local and exotic cattle species were taken randomly. A hematocrit reader was used after centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for a five-minute assessment of anemic conditions of animals, and the anemia of the thin blood spraying and buffy coat procedure was tested to assess the incidence, detection, and packaging of Trypanosoma and the cell volume of each sampled animal. RESULTS Accordingly, twenty cattle were positive for trypanosomosis, with an overall proportion of 5.0%. From this overall prevalence, Trypanosoma congolense (3.3%) and Trypanosoma vivax (1.8%) were the two common Trypanosoma species in this study. The highest and the lowest prevalence of trypanosomes occurred in Guttuto Larena (35%) and Dalbo Wogane (0.00%), respectively. Age-wise prevalence revealed that young adults (45%) were the most affected, followed by old adults (35%) and adults (20%). Cattle with poor body condition scores (65%) were the most affected, followed by cattle with medium (30%) and good (5%) body condition scores, and this was found to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.002). In addition, the variation in packed cell volume (PCV) between infected and noninfected cattle was significantly different (p ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSION Thus, the present study revealed the predominance of bovine trypanosomosis in the region and had a significant effect on body condition and anemia growth. The government and public should then collaborate in parasite-observed areas on the disease's management and prevention efforts in an environmentally sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nato Hundessa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Esrael
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Haben Fesseha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Kalayou S, Okal MN, Odhiambo PO, Mathenge K, Gamba DO, Kariuki E, McOdimba F, Masiga D. Prevalence of Trypanosome Species in Cattle Near Ruma National Park, Lambwe Valley, Kenya: An Update From the Historical Focus for African Trypanosomosis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:750169. [PMID: 34796227 PMCID: PMC8594777 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.750169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective control of diseases in areas shared with wildlife depends on the validity of the epidemiologic parameters that guide interventions. Epidemiologic data on animal trypanosomosis in Lambwe valley are decades old, and the recent suspected outbreaks of the disease in the valley necessitate the urgent bridging of this data gap. This cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, identified risk factors, and investigated the occurrence of species with zoonotic potential in Lambwe valley. The area is ~324 km2, of which 120 km2 is the Ruma National Park. Blood was sampled from the jugular and marginal ear veins of 952 zebu cattle between December 2018 and February 2019 and tested for trypanosomes using the Buffy Coat Technique (BCT) and PCR-High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis of the 18S RNA locus. Risk factors for the disease were determined using logistic regression. The overall trypanosome prevalence was 11.0% by BCT [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.0–13.0] and 27.9% by PCR-HRM (95% CI: 25.1–30.8). With PCR-HRM as a reference, four species of trypanosomes were detected at prevalences of 12.7% for T. congolense savannah (95% CI: 10.6–14.8), 7.7% for T. brucei brucei (CI: 6.0–9.4), 8.7% for T. vivax (CI: 6.9–10.5), and 1.3% for T. theileri (CI: 0.6–2.0). About 2.4% of cattle had mixed infections (CI: 1.4–3.41). No human-infective trypanosomes were found. Infections clustered across villages but were not associated with animal age, sex, herd size, and distance from the park. Approximately 85% of infections occurred within 2 km of the park. These findings add to evidence that previous interventions eliminated human trypanosomosis but not bovine trypanosomosis. Risk-tailored intervention within 2 km of Ruma Park, especially in the north and south ends, coupled with stringent screening with molecular tools, could significantly reduce bovine trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shewit Kalayou
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Kawira Mathenge
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Edward Kariuki
- Veterinary and Capture Service Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis McOdimba
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Asghari MM, Rassouli M. First identification of Trypanosoma vivax among camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Yazd, central Iran, jointly with Trypanosoma evansi. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102450. [PMID: 34506947 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are protozoan parasites of class Kinetoplastida. Trypanosoma vivax is one of the organisms that can cause Nagana and Trypanosoma evansi can cause Surra. In Africa, Trypanosoma vivax is mainly transmitted by Glossina spp. (tsetse fly) but it can be transmitted mechanically by other blood-feeding dipters. Trypanosoma evansi is transmitted mechanically and non-dependent to tsetse fly. In this research, T. vivax and T. evansi among camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Yazd, Iran were identified by microscopy and molecular examinations but the sensitivity of microscopy was lower than molecular examinations. Trypanosoma vivax and T. evansi were observed in 4 out of 134 blood film samples (2.98%). The prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. among 134 male camels (C. dromedarius) based on molecular examinations was 30.6% (22.76-38.44% with 95% confidence interval), 25 out of 134 (18.65%) had co-infection of T. evansi and T. vivax, and 16 out of 134 (11.94%) had an infection of T. vivax alone. We provided the first confirmation of infection with T. vivax among camels in Iran, and also in Asia, which has important implications on our knowledge of the occurrence and possible spread of this pathogen at the global level. Investigations in other species such as cattle and sheep are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Rassouli
- Pathobiology Department of Veterinary Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran; Pathobiology Department of Shahmirzad School of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
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21
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Robi DT, Diriba S. Epidemiological investigation of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution of vectors in Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 14:e00221. [PMID: 34430725 PMCID: PMC8367841 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is highly reliant on the distribution of vectors responsible for transmission. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis as well as the distribution of vectors in the Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Blood samples from a total of 2088 cattle were collected and tested using a buffy coat and Giemsa techniques. An overall 13.36% prevalence of trypanosomosis was recorded in study areas. The highest proportion of the infections was caused by T. vivax (44.80%) followed by T. congolense (36.92%) and mixed infection (18.28%) of both species. The study also revealed that trypanosomosis was associated with anemia as the mean PCV was significantly lower among trypanosome-infected animals (20.34 ± 4.39) than non-infected ones (27.98 ± 3.68). Moreover, anemia was more pronounced with T. congolense infection (19.54 ± 3.22) than T. vivax (21.07 ± 3.96) and mixed infection of both species (20.16 ± 2.71). This study identified age, body condition, and agro-ecology as risk factors for the occurrence of trypanosomosis in cattle. Vector survey was conducted by deploying 377 mono-pyramidal traps in selected districts. Accordingly, Glossina species and other biting flies (Stomoxys and Tabanus) were identified with an apparent density of 5.27 and 1.74 fly/trap/day, respectively. Moreover, a higher 4.49 fly/trap/day of G. tachinoides than G. morsitans submorsitans (0.79 fly/trap/day) was noted in study areas. The present study indicated that trypanosomosis is the major cattle production constraint in the areas. Hence, applicable management techniques of the disease and its vector should be implemented and further investigation involving molecular technique should be conducted in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shibiru Diriba
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomosis, P.O Box: 113, Bedele, Ethiopia
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Degneh E, Kassa T, Kebede N, Asefa Z. Epidemiological investigation of bovine trypanosomosis in Bedele district, Buno Bedele zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 14:e00218. [PMID: 34235278 PMCID: PMC8246633 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2018 in four purposively selected villages of Bedele district, Oromia Regional State, Southwest Ethiopia. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factors of trypanosome infections in cattle. A total of 384 blood samples were collected from systematically selected cattle and examined using buffy coat and thin blood smear examination methods. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 8.3%. Trypanosoma congolense (68.8%) and T. vivax (31.2%) were the prevailing trypanosome species identified in the area. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis between body condition scores of cattle. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was slightly higher in female (9%) as opposed to male (7.3%) cattle, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between age categories of cattle. The mean PCV value of trypanosome infected cattle (21.4 ± 3.6) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of non-infected (25.6 ± 4.6). The current study indicated that, despite vector control measures implemented for several years, bovine trypanosomosis persists and continues to be a core problem to cattle health and production in the Bedele district. Therefore, more attention should be given to control the disease and its vectors based on temporal and spatial distribution. Also, the use of molecular techniques should be encouraged in view of their greater sensitivity when compared to the buffy coat method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrem Degneh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfu Kassa
- Aklilu Lemma, Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma, Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Asefa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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23
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Abro Z, Kassie M, Muriithi B, Okal M, Masiga D, Wanda G, Gisèle O, Samuel A, Nguertoum E, Nina RA, Mansinsa P, Adam Y, Camara M, Olet P, Boucader D, Jamal S, Garba ARI, Ajakaiye JJ, Kinani JF, Hassan MA, Nonga H, Daffa J, Gidudu A, Chilongo K. The potential economic benefits of controlling trypanosomiasis using waterbuck repellent blend in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254558. [PMID: 34283848 PMCID: PMC8291668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is a significant productivity-limiting livestock disease in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to poverty and food insecurity. In this paper, we estimate the potential economic gains from adopting Waterbuck Repellent Blend (WRB). The WRB is a new technology that pushes trypanosomiasis-transmitting tsetse fly away from animals, improving animals’ health and increasing meat and milk productivity. We estimate the benefits of WRB on the production of meat and milk using the economic surplus approach. We obtained data from an expert elicitation survey, secondary and experimental sources. Our findings show that the adoption of WRB in 5 to 50% of the animal population would generate an economic surplus of US$ 78–869 million per annum for African 18 countries. The estimated benefit-cost ratio (9:1) further justifies an investment in WRB. The technology’s potential benefits are likely to be underestimated since our estimates did not include the indirect benefits of the technology adoption, such as the increase in the quantity and quality of animals’ draught power services and human and environmental health effects. These benefits suggest that investing in WRB can contribute to nutrition security and sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdu Abro
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Menale Kassie
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beatrice Muriithi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael Okal
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gift Wanda
- African Union, Coordinator of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ouedraogo Gisèle
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Abah Samuel
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Etienne Nguertoum
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Rock Aimé Nina
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Philémon Mansinsa
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Yahaya Adam
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Pamela Olet
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Diarra Boucader
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Susana Jamal
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Abdoul Razak Issa Garba
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Joseph Joachim Ajakaiye
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Jean Felix Kinani
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Mohamed Adam Hassan
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Hezron Nonga
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Joyce Daffa
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Ambrose Gidudu
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
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24
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Anaemia Associated with Trypanosomes Infections in Cattle of West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:5531537. [PMID: 34306606 PMCID: PMC8263224 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5531537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomosis is a major veterinary problem over a large area of the tsetse belt region of Africa. Anaemia is a cardinal sign of trypanosome infections. The mechanism of anaemia due to trypanosomosis is complex and multifactorial in origin. Packed cell volume (PCV) usually gives an indication of the anaemia and disease status of a trypanosome-infected animal. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to January 2018 in West Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia, to determine the trypanosome infections rate and the possible correlation between parasitic infection and anaemia using the dark ground buffy coat technique, Giemsa-stained thin blood smear, and PCV reading on a haematocrit reader. Results The overall trypanosomosis prevalence was 7.81%, 95% CI = 7.45–8.17. Trypanosoma congolense (4.25%) and T. vivax (3.56%) were the trypanosomes species identified in the studied area. PCV for all sampled cattle was analysed to estimate the degree of anaemia. From the total examined animals (N = 730), 356 (48.77%) were anaemic and 374 (51.23%) were nonanaemic. The mean PCV of parasitemic cattle was significantly lower (21.09%, 95% CI = 20.13–22.05) than that of aparasitemic ones (25.96%, 95% CI = 25.68–26.24). There was a positive association between trypanosome infection and anaemia. Although both trypanosome species are significantly associated with a decreased herd mean PCV (<24), the mean PCV of cattle infected with T. congolense (19.45%) was lower than that of infected with T. vivax (23.04%). The herd mean PCV was not significantly associated to locations, age, and sex of the studied animals. Conclusions The study confirms that the prevalence of trypanosomes infections and herd mean PCV has a significant association. The mean herd PCV can be a useful cheap tool to screen for possible trypanosome infection. However, there were cattle positive for trypanosomes having mean PCV within the reference interval and negative animals with anaemia. Furthermore, PCV reading should be confirmed by other diagnostic techniques to accurately conclude that trypanosomosis is the only cause of anaemia.
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T T, O T, U D, J B. Prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis in tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2021; 192:105340. [PMID: 34022712 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its potential risk factors was conducted in tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia from November 2018- May 2019. A total of 1284 blood samples from local zebu cattle (642 each in dry and wet season) were examined by using buffy coat technique and thin blood smear method. The overall prevalence was 11.05 % with 14.33 % in dry and 7.78 % in wet season. According to multiple logistic regression analysis of tsetse suppression areas, higher prevalence in female than male (OR = 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.27, 0.83), in poor (OR = 3.25, 95 % CI: 1.26, 11.09) and medium (OR = 2.07, 95 % CI: 0.74, 7.37) than good body conditioned animals was recorded. Moreover, tethered animals (OR = 2.07, 95 % CI: 1.06, 3.92) were more likely to be infected than communal grazers and also higher prevalence in dry season than wet season (OR = 0.52, 95 % CI: 0.30, 0.87). Similarly, in tsetse non-suppression areas, higher prevalence in female than male (OR = 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.27, 0.85) and in wet season (OR = 0.41, 95 % CI: 0.23, 0.7) than dry season was recorded. Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax were found in cattle with the former more prevalent in both areas. Overall pooled mean packed cell volume (PCV) of parasitaemic animals (23.57 ± 3.13) was significantly lower than aparasitaemic animals (27.80 ± 4.95). Similarly, parasitaemic animals from tsetse suppression areas and tsetse non-suppression areas had significantly lower mean PCV than their aparasitaemic counterparts. Mean PCV of T. congolense (23.59 ± 3.22) infected animals was not different (P > 0.05) from T. vivax infected animals (23.26 ± 3.31). It was also indicated that the probability of anaemic animals to be parasitaemic was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than non-anaemic animals in both areas. In conclusion, the prevalence of trypanosomosis revealed its endemicity which bottlenecked the livestock production and productivity in the study area despite of tsetse suppression activities. Therefore, integrated parasite and vector control approach should be undertaken to curve the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegegn T
- Jinka Agricultural Research Center, Livestock Research Directorate, Jinka, Ethiopia.
| | - Tekle O
- Department of Animal Science, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia
| | - Dikaso U
- Department of Animal Science, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia
| | - Belete J
- Department of Animal Science, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia
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26
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Mekuria S, Ashenafi H, Kebede N, Kassa T, B Debella D, Eyasu T, Sheferaw D, Terefe G. Bovine trypanosomosis in upstream and downstream of Ghibe-III hydroelectric dam: parasitological and entomological study, southern Ethiopia. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 23:100507. [PMID: 33678364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two-point cross-sectional study design in dry and rainy seasons was employed near Ghibe-III Dam from December 2018 to July 2019. Trypanosomosis prevalence comparison between downstream (Kindodidaye) and upstream (Loma districts), associated risk factors, vector dispersion, identification and vector infection rate considered. Blood sample collected from 1280 cattle from two districts during dry and rainy seasons; the assumed risk factors recorded. Samples were examined using heamatological and parasitological techniques. In this study 9.1% (116/1280) trypanosomosis prevalence recorded. Prevalence was significantly (p < 0.05) different between Kindodidaye (11.7%) and Loma (6.4%). Most of the infections were due to T. congolense (79.3%) followed by T. vivax (17.2%) and T. brucei (2.6%) and one mixed infection recorded. Significant (p < 0.05) difference observed in season, within district and between districts. Among the assumed risk factors: district, season, Kebele and body condition score showed significant (p < 0.05) difference; whereas sex, age, color weren't significantly (p > 0.05) different. Significantly (p < 0.05) low mean PCV observed in infected group, dry season and Kindodidaye district. Entomological survey revealed 1030 tsetse spp. (G. pallidipes and G. fuscipes) and 2045 biting flies mainly Stomoxysis and Tabanus, and other unidentified spp. recorded. Tsetse apparent density were significantly (p < 0.05) high in Kindodidaye and rainy season with value of 5.3 and 7.1 F/T/D, respectively. Out of 182 tsetse fly dissected twenty seven (14.6%) of them were infected. A proportion of 23.0%, 30.8% and 46.2% infection rate recorded in proboscis, salivary gland and mid gut, respectively. The study shows Kindodidaye and rainy season had high trypanosomosis and tsetse apparent density than Loma. The difference might be associated with water reserve created due to Ghibe III hydroelectric dam and this could be a golden opportunity in the area to contribute tsetse control program. Stakeholders' need to aware to use this opportunity before tsetse adapts itself into new environment or niche for their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Mekuria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa university, P. O. box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Parasitology Department, Addis Ababa University college of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia.
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Parasitology Department, Addis Ababa University college of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Department of Infectious and Zoonotic Disease, Institute of patho-biology, Addis Ababa University Aklilu Lemma, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfu Kassa
- Department of Infectious and Zoonotic Disease, Institute of patho-biology, Addis Ababa University Aklilu Lemma, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnachew B Debella
- National Institute for Control of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICTT), Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eyasu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa university, P. O. box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Desie Sheferaw
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa university, P. O. box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Terefe
- Parasitology Department, Addis Ababa University college of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia
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Zou HY, Yu QF, Qiu C, Webster JP, Lu DB. Meta-analyses of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild rodents across China over time indicates a potential challenge to the 2030 elimination targets. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008652. [PMID: 32877407 PMCID: PMC7491725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
China once suffered greatly from schistosomiasis japonica, a major zoonotic disease. Nearly 70 years of multidisciplinary efforts have achieved great progress in disease control, with infections in both humans and bovines significantly reduced to very low levels. However, reaching for the target of complete interruption of transmission at the country level by 2030 still faces great challenges, with areas of ongoing endemicity and/or re-emergence within previously 'eliminated' regions. The objectives of this study were, by using meta-analytical methods, to estimate the overall prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in abundant commensal rodent species in mainland China after the introduction of praziquantel for schistosomiasis treatment in humans and bovines in 1980s. In doing so we thereby aimed to further assess the role of wild rodents as potential reservoirs in ongoing schistosome transmission. Published studies on infection prevalence of S. japonicum in wild rodents in mainland China since 1980 were searched across five electronic bibliographic databases and lists of article references. Eligible studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Risks of within and across study biases, and the variations in prevalence estimates attributable to heterogeneities were assessed. The pooled infection prevalence and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. We identified a total of 37 relevant articles involving 61 field studies which contained eligible data on 8,795 wild rodents across mainland China. The overall pooled infection prevalence was 3.86% (95% CI: 2.16-5.93%). No significant change in the overall pooled prevalence was observed between 1980-2003 (n = 23 studies) and 2004-current (n = 38 studies). However, whilst the estimated prevalence decreased over time in the marshland and lake regions, there was an apparent increase in prevalence within hilly and mountainous regions. Among seven provinces, a significant prevalence reduction was only seen in Jiangsu where most endemic settings are classified as the marshland and lakes. These estimates changed over season, ranging from 0.58% in spring to 22.39% in winter, in association with increases in rodent density. This study systematically analyzed S. japonicum infections in wild rodents from the published literature over the last forty years after the introduction of praziquantel for schistosomiasis treatment in humans and bovines in 1980s. Although numbers of schistosomiasis cases in humans and bovines have been greatly reduced, no such comparable overall change of infection prevalence in rodents was detected. Furthermore, there appeared to be an increase in S. japonicum prevalence in rodents over time within hilly and mountainous regions. Rodents have been projected to become the dominant wildlife in human-driven environments and the main reservoir of zoonotic diseases in general within tropical zones. Our findings thus suggest that it is now necessary to include monitoring and evaluation of potential schistosome infection within rodents, particularly in hilly and mountainous regions, if we are ever to reach the new 2030 elimination goals and to maximize the impact of future public, and indeed One Health, interventions across, regional, national and international scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiu-Fu Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Da-Bing Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
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Dagnachew S, Mohammed S, Dessie B, Tilahun M, Ayele A, Kefyalew H. Bovine and equine trypanosomosis in Northwest Ethiopia: Prevalence, density of vectors and control measures. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 11:e00170. [PMID: 32875128 PMCID: PMC7452100 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2016 to May 2017 in selected districts of Northwest Ethiopia (Jawi, South Achefer, Dembecha and Jabitehenan) with the aim of determining the prevalence of bovine and equine trypanosomosis, estimating the apparent density of vectors and assessing the effectiveness of control measures of the disease. A total of 1257 animals of which 803 bovine and 454 equine were examined for the determination of prevalence using blood sample collected from ear vein of animals. The buffy coat technique was employed to determine the prevalence and the packed cell volume (PCV) value. During sampling animals were categorized into age, body condition score, sex and hair coat color. A total of 40 monoconical traps 10 per district were deployed to estimate the apparent density of vectors. To assess control measures representative number of farmers were interviewed with a prepared questionnaire and using secondary data from veterinary offices. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 7.47% and 4.40% for bovine and equine species, respectively. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 9.46%, 6.13%, 8.11% and 5.98% while prevalence in equine was 7.8%, 5.3%, 2.7% and 1.8% in Jawi, South Achefer, Dembecha and Jabitehenan districts, respectively. Significance differences in the prevalence of trypanosomosis were observed in hair coat color, age and body condition score in bovine while only body condition was significant in equine. The mean PCV value of parasitemic animals was significantly (P < .001) lower than that of aparasitaemic animals. The apparent densities of vectors were 1.04, 0.97, 0.32 fly/trap/day for Glossina, Stomoxys and Tabanus respectively. Glossina m. submorsitans and G. tachinoides were the species of tsetse identified. The questionnaire response indicated that trypanosomosis was found to be a serious constraint on livestock health in the study areas. The application of continuous trypanosomosis control measures particularly in Jawi and South Achefer districts which were showed an increasing trend in livestock number might be attributed to control effectiveness. In conclusion the presence of trypanosomes and potential vectors necessitate the application of sustainable and integrated control methods in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimelis Dagnachew
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P. O. Box, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Shemesia Mohammed
- Bahir Dar Animal Health and Disease Investigation Center, P. O. Box, 17, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Dessie
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P. O. Box, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Tilahun
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, P. O. Box, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abrham Ayele
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P. O. Box, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Kefyalew
- Bahir Dar Animal Health and Disease Investigation Center, P. O. Box, 17, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Integrated Health Interventions for Improved Livelihoods: A Case Study in Ethiopia. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12062284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face multifaceted and co-existing risks, such as human and animal diseases and pests. Even though smallholder farmers often experience these challenges simultaneously, interventions to address these challenges are often implemented in a piecemeal fashion. However, managing agricultural production constraints without alleviating human and livestock health burdens might not generate significant and sustained benefits to achieve the desired development outcome (e.g., reducing hunger, malnutrition, and poverty). As such, building farmers’ resilience and adaptive capacity to co-existing production constraints and health burdens may require an integrated and holistic approach. Understanding the potential benefits of an integrated approach would provide critical information, for example, for revisiting the extension systems and for designing pro-poor holistically integrated interventions to tackle interrelated challenges facing smallholder farmers. In this paper, we examined the economic benefits of integrated human–plant–animal health interventions aimed at controlling malaria, stemborer infestations of crops, and trypanosomiasis, along with beekeeping as a livelihood diversification option in rural Ethiopia. We developed a whole-farm multiperiod mathematical linear programming model to examine the economic consequences of the interventions. Our results suggest that relaxing livelihoods and the human–plant–animal health constraints that farmers face has the potential to at least double income. The results further show that exploiting the potential synergies among interventions can generate higher economic benefits. The annual income from the combined interventions is 35% higher than the sum of the income gains from each intervention alone. Our results support an integrated approach to achieve holistic outcomes in areas where these development constraints co-exist.
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Li M, Chan CWH, Chow KM, Xiao J, Choi KC. A systematic review and meta-analysis of couple-based intervention on sexuality and the quality of life of cancer patients and their partners. Support Care Cancer 2019; 28:1607-1630. [PMID: 31872299 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-05215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To synthesize the characteristics and effects of couple-based intervention on sexuality and the quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients and their intimate partners and its implications for future research and practice. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled studies of interventions was conducted in nine English databases and two Chinese databases, with identification of related studies published in English and Chinese. The quality of the studies was assessed using the tools of the Effective Public Health Practice Project. RESULTS A total of 33 articles were identified for systematic review and 23 articles were identified for meta-analysis. For patients, the effect size was 0.42 (Hedges's g, 95% CI = 0.05-0.78, p = 0.03) for physical health. For partners, the effect size was 0.52 (Hedges's g, 95% CI = 0.06-0.98, p = 0.03) for sexual relationships. However, moderate to high heterogeneity was reported. Effects on sexual function, sexual self-concept, and mental health for couples were not significant. CONCLUSION Couple-based interventions had small to medium-sized effects on physical health for cancer patients. Partners could derive medium effects for improvement in sexual relationships from couple-based intervention. Future research should pay more attention to sexual self-concept in cancer patients and target types of cancer that are more likely to compromise sexuality and QOL. PROSPERO REGISTRATION The systematic review and meta-analysis has been registered in PROSPERO with registration number: CRD42019119047.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Li
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen W H Chan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Ka Ming Chow
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jinnan Xiao
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kai Chow Choi
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Kalinda C, Mutengo M, Chimbari M. A meta-analysis of changes in schistosomiasis prevalence in Zambia: implications on the 2020 elimination target. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:1-10. [PMID: 31773307 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects more than 4 million school-aged children in Zambia, mostly in rural communities due to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation facilities. Although several studies were done in Zambia between 1976 and 2019, empirical estimates of the disease burden remain unavailable. Therefore, appraisal of the current schistosomiasis burden is pertinent in the re-evaluation of schistosomiasis-control strategies in Zambia. A random-effect model was used to estimate the prevalence of schistosomiasis infection in Zambia across different age groups for the period between 1976 and 2019. A literature search was done in the following databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and African Journals Online. Twenty-eight studies with relevant prevalence data were identified and included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence estimate of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni across studies for the entire period was 35.5% (95% CI: 25.8-45.9) and 34.9% (95% CI: 20.7-50.6), respectively. Prevalence estimates among school-aged children for S. haematobium and S. mansoni were 32.2% (95% CI: 21.1-44.7) and 18.1% (95% CI: 3.0-38.4), respectively. The reported pooled prevalence estimate for S. haematobium among the adults was 54% (95% CI: 23.2-83.7). Only two studies collected information from preschool aged children. Substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 100%, p < 0.0001) was observed among the studies. Although a reduction in disease prevalence was observed from 1990 to 2010, this was not sustained after 2010. In this meta-analysis, S. haematobium was more prevalent compared to S. mansoni, with more cases observed among school-aged children (SAC). Thus, control programs should target age groups that are highly infected or are at high risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Kalinda
- University of Namibia, Katima Mulilo Campus, Box 1096, Katima Mulilo, Namibia. .,Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Mable Mutengo
- Institute of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, P.O Box 33991, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Chimbari
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Ebhodaghe F, Ohiolei J, Isaac C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (1986 to 2018). Acta Trop 2018; 188:118-131. [PMID: 30179607 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The appraisal of the disease burden of African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) in some livestock at country level could invite a re-evaluation of trypanosomiasis-control strategy. This study thus estimates small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries. It also describes Trypanosoma species prevalence in small ruminants and pigs and attempts identification of factors explaining between-study variations in prevalence. Articles reporting animal trypanosomiasis prevalence in sheep, goats, and pigs in countries within sub-Saharan Africa were retrieved from different databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and African Journal Online) and reference lists of relevant literatures. A total of 85 articles from 13 countries published between 1986 and 2018 were included in the analysis. Overall random-effects meta-analytic mean prevalence estimates were: 7.67% (95% CI: 5.22-10.49), 5.84% (95% CI: 3.81-8.23), and 19.46% (95% CI: 14.61-24.80) respectively, for sheep, goats, and pigs with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = >95.00%. p < 0.0001) noted between studies. Ovine, caprine, and porcine prevalence were highest in Tanzania (91.67%. 95% CI: 76.50-99.84), Equatorial Guinea (27%. 95% CI: 0-81.09), and Cameroon (47%. 95% CI: 29.67-66.06), respectively. Trypanosoma brucei s. l., T. vivax, and T. congolense were the most prevalent in the livestock. Trypanosoma brucei subspecies (T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense) occurred in all three livestock being mostly prevalent in pigs. Country of study was a significant predictor of trypanosomiasis prevalence in each livestock in addition to time and sample size for caprine hosts, diagnostic technique for both caprine and ovine hosts, and sample size for porcine hosts. The pattern of animal trypanosomiasis prevalence in the studied livestock reflects their susceptibility to trypanosomal infections and tsetse fly host feeding preferences. In conclusion, sheep, goats, and especially pigs are reservoirs of human infective trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa; consequently, their inclusion in sleeping sickness control programmes could enhance the goal of the disease elimination.
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Ebhodaghe F, Isaac C, Ohiolei JA. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in some African countries from 2000 to 2018. Prev Vet Med 2018; 160:35-46. [PMID: 30388996 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine trypanosomiasis is a disease of cattle. In sub-Saharan Africa, the disease mean prevalence estimates are unknown in most endemic countries. We therefore performed a meta-analysis with the aim of estimating national mean prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in endemic countries across sub-Saharan Africa. Relevant articles reporting bovine trypanosomiasis prevalence were retrieved through systematic literature search and scanning of articles reference-lists. Eligibility criteria included that articles reported sample size, prevalence, and diagnostic technique adopted. Overall, data from 180 eligible articles from 19 countries satisfied the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of prevalence data based on the random-effects model resulted in an overall mean prevalence of 15.10% (95% CI: 13.22-17.08). National prevalence estimates were generally high except those of Benin and Senegal where estimates ranked below 10.00%. Significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98.75%. p = <0.0001) was noted between studies, and univariate meta-regression analysis identified choice of diagnostic method being major contributor to observed heterogeneity (R2 = 36.37%); while country of study (R2 = 9.57%) and sample size (R2 = 3.47%) had marginal effect on heterogeneity. In spite of past and ongoing control activities, bovine trypanosomiasis remains highly prevalent in most endemic sub-Saharan African countries. Nevertheless, dearth of epidemiological data in some countries and the use of less sensitive diagnostic tools limit reliable estimation of the disease prevalence. Therefore, there is the need to intensify efforts in aspects of surveillance and increased application of molecular diagnostic tool(s) across endemic locations as this would raise the chances of achieving a near-accurate estimate of the disease prevalence which is the first step to attempting eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ebhodaghe
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, West African Sub-Regional Centre, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.
| | - C Isaac
- Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.
| | - J A Ohiolei
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Ebhodaghe F, Billah MK, Adabie-Gomez D, Yahaya A. Morphometric diagnosis of Glossina palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae) population structure in Ghana. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:778. [PMID: 29284545 PMCID: PMC5746955 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify isolated population(s) of Glossina palpalis in Ghana using geometric morphometrics to evaluate variations in wing-shape and size between populations of the fly from three regions. RESULTS Wing shape of G. palpalis tsetse flies from the Northern, Western and Eastern Regions varied significantly between each other. Populations from the Northern and Western Regions varied the most (Mahalanobis Distance = 54.20). The least variation was noticed between populations from the Western and Eastern Regions (MD = 1.99). On morphospace, the Northern population clearly separated from the Eastern and Western populations both of which overlapped. Wing centroid size also significantly varied among populations. Reclassification scores were satisfactory reaching 100% for the Northern population. The Northern population of G. palpalis is possibly isolated from the Western and Eastern Region populations. Meanwhile, a panmictic relationship could be on-going between the Western and Eastern populations. We speculate that geographical distance and subspecific difference between populations are among factors responsible for observed pattern of wing shape variations among the studied populations. The implications of results regarding choice of control strategy and limitations of the study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Ebhodaghe
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, West-African Sub-Regional Centre, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Maxwell Kelvin Billah
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, West-African Sub-Regional Centre, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Delphina Adabie-Gomez
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, West-African Sub-Regional Centre, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adam Yahaya
- Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Unit/PATTEC, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Pong-Tamale, Ghana
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Degneh E, Shibeshi W, Terefe G, Asres K, Ashenafi H. Bovine trypanosomosis: changes in parasitemia and packed cell volume in dry and wet seasons at Gidami District, Oromia Regional State, western Ethiopia. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:59. [PMID: 28893322 PMCID: PMC5594549 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal trypanosomosis is one of the major disease problems affecting agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. The impact of the disease is believed to vary with season and agro-ecologies in line with fly vector distribution. A cross-sectional study on bovine trypanosomosis was conducted from November 2015 to June 2016, in seven selected villages of Gidami district, Oromia Regional State, western Ethiopia. A total of 930 blood samples were collected and subjected to parasitological and hematological analysis. RESULT The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 14.1%. The seasonal prevalence shows 9.06% in early dry and 18.4% in early rainy seasons. Three trypanosome species, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei were identified in the examined animals. T. congolense followed by T. vivax were the predominant species (respectively 59.0 and 35.9% in early dry season and 62.0 and 22.8% in early rainy season). The prevalence of T. vivax remained similar in both early dry and early rainy seasons in both lowland and midland agroecologies whereas T. congolense was more dominant in the lowland area in both seasons compared to mid land study sites. The disease was more prevalent in lowland (23.9%) compared to midland (11.1%) during early rainy season (P < 0.001) whereas no significant difference was observed between the two agroecologies during early dry season (P = 0.165). Packed cell volume (PCV) was much lower in parasitemic animals than in aparasitemic cattle whereas the mean PCV value for parasitemic animals (20.36%; 95% CI 19.56 to 21.16) in early dry season was similar to values in early rainy season (20.46%, 95% CI 18.84 to 21.08%). A similar situation was noticed for animals in both low land and mid land study sites. CONCLUSION Overall, the detection of trypanosomes in blood was significantly affected by agro-ecology, season and body condition of the animals. Special emphasis should be given to integrated trypanosomosis management in early rainy months where fly population is believed to start increasing.
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Bovine trypanosomosis and vector density in Omo-Ghibe tsetse belt, South Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2017; 167:79-85. [PMID: 28007483 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is a parasitic disease that causes serious economic losses in livestock from anemia, loss of condition, emaciation and death in untreated cases. It is one of the major constraints to improved livestock production and productivity in Ethiopia. Entomological and parasitological surveys were conducted in the Omo-Ghibe tsetse belt of south Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and the apparent tsetse density (AD), and identify the potential risk factors. For the parasitological study, blood samples were collected from 1508 cattle sampled from 11 districts and assayed using the buffy coat technique and Giemsa-stained thin smears. For the entomological survey, a total of 216 biconical and NGU traps were deployed in all districts. The overall animal-level prevalence of trypanosomosis was 7.8% (95% CI: 6.5, 9.3). The trypanosome species identified were Trypanosoma congolense (75.4%), T. vivax (20.3%), T. brucei brucei (1.7%) and mixed T. congolense/T. vivax (2.6%). Regarding the entomological survey result, a total of 2243 tsetse flies were captured which identified to be Glossina pallidipes (85.1%) and G. f. fuscipes (14.9%). Besides, other biting flies of the genus Stomoxys (n=146) and Tabanus (n=17) were also trapped. The AD noted in the present study was 3.5 flies/trap/day. Both the prevalence of trypanosomosis and AD of tsetse flies were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by altitude. The prevalence of trypanosomosis was also significantly (p<0.05) associated with poor body condition score, black coat color and lower mean packed cell volume while no significant prevalence difference was noted along with age and sex category. In conclusion, the present study suggested that trypanosomosis is an important disease of cattle in the Omo-Ghibe tsetse belt in dry season. The disease is mainly caused by the most pathogenic T. congolense and transmission is predominantly by tsetse flies, particularly G. pallidipes. The study warrants the need for strengthening the vector and parasite control interventions in the area.
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Meyer A, Holt HR, Selby R, Guitian J. Past and Ongoing Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomiasis Control Operations in Five African Countries: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005247. [PMID: 28027299 PMCID: PMC5222520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control operations targeting Animal African Trypanosomiasis and its primary vector, the tsetse, were covering approximately 128,000 km2 of Africa in 2001, which is a mere 1.3% of the tsetse infested area. Although extensive trypanosomiasis and tsetse (T&T) control operations have been running since the beginning of the 20th century, Animal African Trypanosomiasis is still a major constraint of livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a systematic review of the existing literature describing T&T control programmes conducted in a selection of five African countries, namely Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda and Zambia, between 1980 and 2015. Sixty-eight documents were eventually selected from those identified by the database search. This was supplemented with information gathered through semi-structured interviews conducted with twelve key informants recruited in the study countries and selected based on their experience and knowledge of T&T control. The combined information from these two sources was used to describe the inputs, processes and outcomes from 23 major T&T control programmes implemented in the study countries. Although there were some data gaps, involvement of the target communities and sustainability of the control activities were identified as the two main issues faced by these programmes. Further, there was a lack of evaluation of these control programmes, as well as a lack of a standardised methodology to conduct such evaluations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Past experiences demonstrated that coordinated and sustained control activities require careful planning, and evidence of successes, failures and setbacks from past control programmes represent a mine of information. As there is a lack of evaluation of these programmes, these data have not been fully exploited for the design, analyses and justification of future control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meyer
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah R. Holt
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Selby
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Guitian
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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