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Mlowe F, Mlangwa J, Mkupasi E, Winkler AS, Nyerere AD, Churi A, Ngowi H, Karimuribo E. Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Taeniosis Reporting in the Current Medical and Veterinary Diseases Reporting Systems in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:5592872. [PMID: 38405364 PMCID: PMC10894050 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5592872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniosis (TSCT) are two forms of a zoonotic disease caused by T. solium tapeworm. Towards promotion of a One Health approach to the control of TSCT, we assessed TSCT reporting in the medical and veterinay sectors in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional study between January and April 2020 in Babati and Mbulu districts (northern Tanzania), Kongwa district (central Tanzania), Mbinga and Nyasa districts (southern Tanzania), and the Zonal Veterinary Centres in Iringa (southern Tanzania) and Arusha (northern Tanzania) regions. A questionnaire was administered to 154 officers in charge (OsIC) of primary healthcare facilities (PHFs) and 110 meat inspectors (MIs) to collect quantitative data. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted to 16 medical and 17 veterinary officers from level one healthcare facilities and district livestock offices, respectively, to their respective ministries. OsIC admitted absence of specific reporting (100%, n = 154) of T. solium taeniosis and neurocysticercosis (NCC) in the medical diseases reporting system (MDRS) despite the presence of optimum facilitation in terms of report preparation and submission (92.2%, n = 154) with 83.8% (n = 154) timely report submission rate. The veterinary diseases reporting system (VDRS) accommodated porcine cysticercosis (PCC) reporting. Nevertheless, approximately 77.3% (n = 110) of the MIs admitted inadequate facilitation in VDRS that hindered efficient reporting of PCC among other diseases. In addition, all MIs admitted that disease reports submitted were incomplete, submitted late (73.3%, n = 110), or not submitted at all (88.8%, n = 110). Similarly, KIIs results revealed suboptimal facilitation and reporting efficiency in VDRS than it was with the MDRS. It is concluded that the MDRS did not provide for specific reporting of taeniosis and NCC. Inadequate facilitation of the general VDRS hindered efficient PCC reporting despite its provision for PCC reporting. A One Health approach in strengthening the medical and veterinary diseases reporting systems for efficient TSCT reporting is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Mlowe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - James Mlangwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ernatus Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Antony D. Nyerere
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ayubu Churi
- Department of Informatics and Information Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Helena Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Esron Karimuribo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Tunali V, Korkmaz M. Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:679-699. [PMID: 37987400 PMCID: PMC10660548 DOI: 10.3390/idr15060062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varol Tunali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45030 Manisa, Turkey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir Metropolitan Municipality Eşrefpaşa Hospital, 35170 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Metin Korkmaz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
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Grzegorek K, Kroidl I, Prazeres da Costa C, Rothe C. Spectrum of Helminth Infections in Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe: A Literature Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:1096-1104. [PMID: 37094791 PMCID: PMC10540113 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is endemic to numerous neglected tropical diseases, including many helminth diseases. With the migration of people from this part of the world to Europe, as has been happening on a large scale since 2015, these diseases are becoming more relevant to European physicians. This work aims to summarize the recent literature on this topic and to raise awareness of helminth diseases afflicting SSA migrants. The databases PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE were screened for literature published in English and German between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2020. In total, 74 articles were included in this review. The spectrum of helminth infections in migrants from SSA found in the literature review is broad; current research, however, is particularly focused on infections with Schistosoma spp. and Strongyloides stercoralis. Both diseases are often characterized by a long course, with few or no symptoms, with the risk of long-term organ damage. Successful and reliable screening for schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis is strongly recommended. However, the current diagnostic methods lack sensitivity and specificity, rendering the diagnosis challenging and reliable assessment of disease prevalence difficult. Novel diagnostic methods and a greater awareness of these diseases are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Grzegorek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Clarissa Prazeres da Costa
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Global Health, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Camilla Rothe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
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Castillo Y, Toribio LM, Guzman C, Arroyo G, Espinoza C, Saavedra H, Bustos JA, Dorny P, O’Neal SE, Garcia HH. Consistent Measurement of Parasite-Specific Antigen Levels in Sera of Patients with Neurocysticercosis Using Two Different Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. Pathogens 2023; 12:566. [PMID: 37111451 PMCID: PMC10143799 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a complementary diagnosis technique for neurocysticercosis (NCC), which detects circulating parasite antigen (Ag) indicative of viable infection and Ag levels that correlate well with the parasite burden. In this study, we compared the performance of two Ag-ELISA techniques for the detection of NCC. We assessed the agreement between our in-house TsW8/TsW5 Ag-ELISA and the widely used B158/B60 Ag-ELISA for measuring T. solium antigen levels in the sera from 113 patients with calcified, parenchymal, and subarachnoid NCC. Concordance was demonstrated evaluating the limits of agreement (LoAs) stratified by the type of NCC. Both ELISA's detected 47/48 (97.8%) subarachnoid NCC cases. In parenchymal and calcified NCC, the B158/B60 Ag-ELISA detected 19/24 (79.2%) and 18/41 (43.9%) cases, while the TsW8/TsW5 Ag-ELISA detected 21/24 (87.5%) and 13/41 (31.7%), respectively. Parenchymal and calcified NCC obtained a perfect agreement (100%), indicating that all sample results were within the predicted LoA, while for subarachnoid NCC, the agreement was 89.6%. The high concordance between the assays was confirmed by Lin's concordance coefficient (LCC = 0.97). Patients with viable parenchymal NCC (LCC = 0.95) obtained the highest concordance between assays, followed by subarachnoid NCC (LCC = 0.93) and calcified NCC (LCC = 0.92). The TsW8/TsW5 Ag-ELISA and B158/B60 Ag-ELISA showed high Ag measurement correlations across diverse types of NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Castillo
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
| | - Luz M. Toribio
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Carolina Guzman
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Gianfranco Arroyo
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
| | - Cindy Espinoza
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
| | - Herbert Saavedra
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Javier A. Bustos
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2060 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Sciences, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School for Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Zulu G, Stelzle D, Mwape KE, Welte TM, Strømme H, Mubanga C, Mutale W, Abraham A, Hachangu A, Schmidt V, Sikasunge CS, Phiri IK, Winkler AS. The epidemiology of human Taenia solium infections: A systematic review of the distribution in Eastern and Southern Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011042. [PMID: 37000841 PMCID: PMC10096517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Taenia solium is a tapeworm that causes taeniosis in humans and cysticercosis in humans and pigs. Within Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA), information on the presence of human taeniosis and cysticercosis seems scarce. This systematic review aimed to describe the current information available and gaps in the epidemiology of human T. solium infections in ESA.
Methods/Principle findings
Scientific literature published between 1st January 2000 and 20th June 2022 in international databases [MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Global Health (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), African Index Medicus (via WHO Global Index Medicus), and Open Grey] was systematically reviewed for ESA. The study area included 27 countries that make up the ESA region. Information on either taeniosis, cysticercosis or NCC was available for 16 of 27 countries within the region and a total of 113 reports were retained for the review. Most case reports for cysticercosis and NCC were from South Africa, while Tanzania had the most aggregated cysticercosis reports. Eleven countries reported on NCC with seven countries reporting data on NCC and epilepsy. Unconfirmed human T. solium taeniosis cases were reported in nine countries while two countries (Madagascar and Zambia) reported confirmed T. solium cases. The cysticercosis seroprevalence ranged between 0.7–40.8% on antigen (Ag) ELISA and between 13.1–45.3% on antibody (Ab) ELISA. Based on immunoblot tests the Ab seroprevalence was between 1.7–39.3%, while the proportion of NCC-suggestive lesions on brain CT scans was between 1.0–76% depending on the study population. The human taeniosis prevalence based on microscopy ranged between 0.1–14.7%. Based on Copro Ag-ELISA studies conducted in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia, the highest prevalence of 19.7% was reported in Kenya.
Conclusions
Despite the public health and economic impact of T. solium in ESA, there are still large gaps in knowledge about the occurrence of the parasite, and the resulting One Health disease complex, and monitoring of T. solium taeniosis and cysticercosis is mostly not in place.
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Stelzle D, Abraham A, Kaminski M, Schmidt V, De Meijere R, Bustos JA, Garcia HH, Sahu PS, Bobić B, Cretu C, Chiodini P, Dermauw V, Devleesschauwer B, Dorny P, Fonseca A, Gabriël S, Morales MÁG, Laranjo-González M, Hoerauf A, Hunter E, Jambou R, Jurhar-Pavlova M, Reiter-Owona I, Sotiraki S, Trevisan C, Vilhena M, Walker NF, Zammarchi L, Winkler AS. Clinical characteristics and management of neurocysticercosis patients: a retrospective assessment of case reports from Europe. J Travel Med 2023; 30:6759132. [PMID: 36222148 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium. NCC mainly occurs in Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia and can cause a variety of clinical signs/symptoms. Although it is a rare disease in Europe, it should nonetheless be considered as a differential diagnosis. The aim of this study was to describe clinical characteristics and management of patients with NCC diagnosed and treated in Europe. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of published and unpublished data on patients diagnosed with NCC in Europe (2000-2019) and extracted demographic, clinical and radiological information on each case, if available. RESULTS Out of 293 identified NCC cases, 59% of patients presented initially with epileptic seizures (21% focal onset); 52% presented with headache and 54% had other neurological signs/symptoms. The majority of patients had a travel or migration history (76%), mostly from/to Latin America (38%), Africa (32%) or Asia (30%). Treatment varied largely depending on cyst location and number. The outcome was favorable in 90% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS Management of NCC in Europe varied considerably but often had a good outcome. Travel and migration to and from areas endemic for T. solium will likely result in continued low prevalence of NCC in Europe. Therefore, training and guidance of clinicians is recommended for optimal patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Stelzle
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Abraham
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Miriam Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert De Meijere
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Javier A Bustos
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector Hugo Garcia
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Branko Bobić
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carmen Cretu
- Department of Parasitology, Carol Davila University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Peter Chiodini
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
- Diagnostic Parasitology Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ana Fonseca
- Public Health Department, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Maria Ángeles Gómez Morales
- Department of Infectious Diseases, European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Minerva Laranjo-González
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ewan Hunter
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, The Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ronan Jambou
- Global Health Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maja Jurhar-Pavlova
- Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical faculty, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Ingrid Reiter-Owona
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation DIMITRA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Manuela Vilhena
- MED-Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Naomi F Walker
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lopes M, Ferreira M, Ramos I, Melo Freitas P. Neurocysticercosis: a contemporary presentation of the neuroimaging main stages. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e247927. [PMID: 35140100 PMCID: PMC8830162 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lopes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ramos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Melo Freitas
- Neuroradiology Unit - Medical Imaging Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
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Hernández-González A, González-Bertolín B, Urrea L, Fleury A, Ferrer E, Siles-Lucas M, Tamarozzi F, Perteguer MJ. Multiple-bead assay for the differential serodiagnosis of neglected human cestodiases: Neurocysticercosis and cystic echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010109. [PMID: 35030166 PMCID: PMC8759687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocysticercosis (NCC), and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are two neglected diseases caused by cestodes, co-endemic in many areas of the world. Imaging studies and serological tests are used in the diagnosis of both parasitic diseases, but cross-reactions may confound the results of the latter. The novel multiplex bead-based assay with recombinant antigens has been reported to increases the diagnostic accuracy of serological techniques. METHODOLOGY We set-up an immunoassay based on the multiplex bead-based platform (MBA), using the rT24H (against Cysticercus cellulosae, causing cysticercosis) and r2B2t (against Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, causing CE) recombinant antigens, for simultaneous and differential diagnosis of these infections. The antigens were tested on 356 sera from 151 patients with CE, 126 patients with NCC, and 79 individuals negative for both diseases. Specificity was calculated including sera from healthy donors, other neurological diseases and the respective NCC or CE sera counterpart. The diagnostic accuracy of this assay was compared with two commercial ELISA tests, Novalisa and Ridascreen, widely used in the routine diagnosis of cysticercosis and CE, respectively. MAIN FINDINGS For the diagnosis of NCC, sensitivity ranged from 57.94-63.49% for the rT24H-MBA, and 40.48-46.03% for Novalisa ELISA depending on exclusion or inclusion of sera having equivocal results on ELISA from the analysis; specificities ranged from 90.87-91.30% and 70.43-76.96%, respectively. AUC values of the ROC curve were 0.783 (rT24H) and 0.619 (Novalisa) (p-value < 0.001). For the diagnosis of CE, the sensitivity of the r2B2t-MBA ranged from 68.87-69.77% and of Ridascreen ELISA from 50.00-57.62%; specificities from 92.47-92.68% and from 74.15-80.98%, respectively. AUC values were 0.717 and 0.760, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, the recombinant antigens tested with the bead-based technology showed better diagnostic accuracy than the commercial assays, particularly for the diagnosis of NCC. The possibility of testing the same serum sample simultaneously for the presence of antibodies against both antigens is an added value particularly in seroprevalence studies for cysticercosis linked to control programs in endemic areas where these two parasites coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hernández-González
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén González-Bertolín
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Urrea
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); México/Instituto Nacional de Neurología and Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ferrer
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Dr. Francisco J. Triana Alonso" (BIOMED), Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo Sede Aragua, Maracay, estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales and Agrobiología de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria J. Perteguer
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Risk Factors for Bovine Cysticercosis in North-West Italy: A Multi-Year Case-Control Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113049. [PMID: 34827781 PMCID: PMC8614484 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine cysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by Cysticercus bovis, the larval stage of the human tapeworm Taenia saginata, which is the causative agent of human taeniasis, a foodborne parasitic disease caused by the consumption of infected raw or undercooked beef meat. Although commonly asymptomatic, bovine cysticercosis has an important impact worldwide, causing huge economic losses to the meat industry due to carcass condemnation or downgrading. Given the lack of epidemiological case-control surveys carried out in Italy, the present survey’s aim was to assess the presence of farm-level risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in an endemic area in North-West Italy. The results of our survey show a significant association between the detection of bovine cysticercosis cases at slaughter and farm proximity to picnic spots, closeness of wastewater treatment plant effluents, presence of employees along with the family members and loose-housing systems. These findings highlight the need for enforced food chain information and surveillance strategies and the crucial role that hygiene-related campaigns would play to educate both the general public and farm operators on the transmission pathways of T. saginata. Abstract Taenia saginata is the causative agent of bovine cysticercosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. Bovine cysticercosis is considered to be an important food safety issue responsible for human taeniasis and a major economic concern since infected carcasses undergo condemnation, freezing and downgrading. The aim of the current investigation was to assess the presence of farm-level risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in an endemic area in North-West Italy. A questionnaire was designed to collect information relating to several farm structural features, as well as management practices, environmental characteristics and attitudes of farmers. The questionnaire was administered in two separate time intervals by direct interview to previously selected case and control farms. Overall, 32 case farms and 131 control farms were included between 2005 and 2011 and 50 case farms and 192 control farms were included between 2014 and 2020. The present survey showed a significant association between the detection of bovine cysticercosis cases at slaughter and farm proximity to picnic spots, closeness of wastewater treatment plant effluents, loose-housing systems and presence of employees along with the family members, highlighting the need for targeted awareness raising policies.
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Evaluating Different Storage Media for Identification of Taenia saginata Proglottids Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102006. [PMID: 34683327 PMCID: PMC8539231 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia saginata is a helminth that can cause taeniasis in humans and cysticercosis in cattle. A species-specific diagnosis and differentiation from related species (e.g., Taenia solium) is crucial for individual patient management and disease control programs. Diagnostic stool microscopy is limited by low sensitivity and does not allow discrimination between T. saginata and T. solium. Molecular diagnostic approaches are not routinely available outside research laboratories. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was proposed as a potentially suitable technique for species-specific helminth diagnosis. However, standardized protocols and commercial databases for parasite identification are currently unavailable, and pre-analytical factors have not yet been assessed. The purpose of this study was to employ MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of T. saginata proglottids obtained from a human patient, and to assess the effects of different sample storage media on the technique’s diagnostic accuracy. We generated T. saginata-specific main spectral profiles and added them to an in-house database for MALDI-TOF MS-based diagnosis of different helminths. Based on protein spectra, T. saginata proglottids could be successfully differentiated from other helminths, as well as bacteria and fungi. Additionally, we analyzed T. saginata proglottids stored in (i) LC–MS grade water; (ii) 0.45% sodium chloride; (iii) 70% ethanol; and (iv) 37% formalin after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks of storage. MALDI-TOF MS correctly identified 97.2–99.7% of samples stored in water, sodium chloride, and ethanol, with log-score values ≥2.5, thus indicating reliable species identification. In contrast, no protein spectra were obtained for samples stored in formalin. We conclude that MALDI-TOF-MS can be successfully employed for the identification of T. saginata, and that water, sodium chloride, and ethanol are equally effective storage solutions for prolonged periods of at least 24 weeks.
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Jacob SS, Sengupta PP, Chandu AGS, Shamshad S, Yogisharadhya R, Sudhagar S, Ramesh P. Existence of genetic lineages within Asian genotype of Taenia solium-Genetic characterization based on mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA markers. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2256-2265. [PMID: 34235870 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis is a potentially eradicable neglected zoonotic disease with public health importance. The genetic lineages of T. solium in Asia and Africa/America are distinct and the genetic composition of the parasite was found to influence the clinical symptoms in patients with cysticercosis. In the present study, the Cysticerci collected from pigs of two southern states of India (Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh) were genetically characterized based on mitochondrial (COX 1 and Cyt b) and ribosomal (ITS-1 and TBR) DNA markers. The study confirms the existence of two mitochondrial lineages of the parasite as Asian and African/American. Cytochrome oxidase 1 (COX 1) based analysis revealed the existence of two sub-lineages of the parasite within the Asian lineage based on the polymorphism at 994 position as 994A/G. In India, both the sub-lineages were identified and genetic divergence among different Indian isolates was evident. Further, the sequence analysis of Cytochrome B (Cyt b) revealed the existence of six sub-lineages of T. solium in India as 69T/69G, 97A/97G as well as 264T/264C. The analysis of nucleotide sequence of large subunit ribosomal DNA (TBR) revealed the existence of two sub-lineages in India based on the deletion of a nucleotide at 624th position. The cysts collected in the present study were more closely related to those of China and Indonesia than with other Indian isolates. Further, the sequence analysis did not indicate the presence of Taenia asiatica in the examined pigs and African/American lineages of T. solium. The results of the present study help to better understand the genetic diversity of T. solium in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siju Susan Jacob
- Department of Parasitology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pinaki Prasad Sengupta
- Department of Parasitology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Atru Gnana Surya Chandu
- Department of Parasitology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Samer Shamshad
- Department of Parasitology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Revanaiah Yogisharadhya
- Department of Parasitology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Subramanium Sudhagar
- Department of Parasitology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Palakurthi Ramesh
- Department of Parasitology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
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A Large Case Series of Neurocysticercosis in Kuwait, a Nonendemic Arabian Gulf Country in the Middle East Region. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061221. [PMID: 34199952 PMCID: PMC8226849 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a leading global cause of severe progressive headache and epilepsy, in developed or affluent countries is mostly diagnosed among immigrants from poor or developing Taenia solium taeniasis-endemic countries. Taeniasis carriers in Kuwait are routinely screened by insensitive stool microscopy. In this study, enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) was used as a confirmatory test for NCC. Screening was performed on 970 patients referred for suspected NCC on the basis of relevant history and/or ring-enhancing lesions on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging during a 14-year period in Kuwait. Demographic data and clinical details were retrieved from laboratory or hospital records. EITB was positive in 150 subjects (15.5%), including 98 expatriates mostly originating from taeniasis-endemic countries and, surprisingly, 52 Kuwaiti nationals. The clinical details of 48 of 50 NCC cases diagnosed during 2014–2019 were available. Most common symptoms included seizures, persistent headache with/without fever, and fits or loss of consciousness. Cysticercal lesions were located at various brain regions in 39 of 48 patients. Multiple members of 3 families with NCC were identified; infection was linked to domestic workers from taeniasis-endemic countries and confirmed in at least 1 family. Our data show that NCC is predominantly imported in Kuwait by expatriates originating from taeniasis-endemic countries who transmit the infection to Kuwaiti citizens.
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Ito A, Budke CM. Genetic Diversity of Taenia solium and its Relation to Clinical Presentation of Cysticercosis. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:343-349. [PMID: 34211353 PMCID: PMC8223547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this perspectives paper, we discuss fertilization strategies for Taenia saginata and Taenia saginata asiatica as well as heterogeneity in Taenia solium, the causative agent of human cysticercosis. Two different genotypes of T. solium (Asian and Afro/American) were confirmed by mitochondrial DNA analysis approximately two decades ago. Since then, outcrossings of the two genotypes have been identified in Madagascar where the two genotypes are distributed sympatrically. Outcrossings were confirmed by the presence of discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Since multiple tapeworm infections are common in endemic areas, outcrossing events likely occur quite frequently. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA from T. solium specimens collected from humans and pigs in endemic areas should be analyzed. If variations are found between specimens, nuclear DNA analysis should be performed to confirm the presence of discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Additional outcrossings likely add complexity to understanding the existing genetic diversity. Serological surveys are also recommended since serodiagnostic glycoprotein can also differentiate between the two genotypes. Viable eggs from different genotypes or from hybrids of two different genotypes should be used for experimental infection of pigs or dogs in order to observe any pathological heterogeneity in cysticercosis development. Although genetic diversity of T. solium is expected to result in clinical heterogeneity of cysticercosis in humans and pigs, there is currently no evidence showing that this occurs. There are also no comparative experimental studies on this topic. Therefore, studies evaluating the link between parasite heterogeneity and clinical outcome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical
University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Christine M. Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences,
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M
University, College Station, TX, USA
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Gómez-Morales MÁ, Pezzotti P, Ludovisi A, Boufana B, Dorny P, Kortbeek T, Blocher J, Schmidt V, Amati M, Gabriël S, Pozio E, Winkler AS, Participants TRT. Collaborative Studies for the Detection of Taenia spp. Infections in Humans within CYSTINET, the European Network on Taeniosis/Cysticercosis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061173. [PMID: 34072437 PMCID: PMC8229687 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory tools for diagnosing taeniosis/cysticercosis in non-endemic countries are available; however, there is little data on their performance. To provide information on the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of these tools, inter-laboratory studies were organized within the EU COST-Action CYSTINET (TD1302). Two serological and one coprological Ring Trials (RTs) were organized to test a panel of human-derived sera and stool samples using assays routinely conducted by the participating laboratories to detect Taenia spp. infections. Four Western blots (WBs) and five ELISAs were used by nine laboratories for cysticercosis diagnosis. In the first serological RT, the overall sensitivity was 67.6% (95% CI, 59.1–75.4), whereas specificity was 97% (95% CI, 89.8–99.6). WBs recorded the best accuracy. A second serological RT was organized, to assess the three tests most frequently used during the first RT. Two out of six laboratories performed all the three tests. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 52.8% (95% CI, 42.8–62.7) and 98.1% (95% CI, 93.2–99.7), respectively. Laboratory performance strongly affected test results. Twelve laboratories participated in the coprological RT using conventional microscopy and six laboratories used molecular assays. Traditional diagnosis by microscopy yielded better results than molecular diagnosis. This may have been influenced by the lack of standardization of molecular tests across participating laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Gómez-Morales
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.P.); (A.L.); or (B.B.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.P.); (A.L.); or (B.B.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.P.); (A.L.); or (B.B.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Belgees Boufana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.P.); (A.L.); or (B.B.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
- National Reference Laboratory for Trichinella & Echinococcus National Wildlife Management Centre (NWMC) Animal and Plant Health Agency Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Veterinary Helminthology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium;
| | - Titia Kortbeek
- Center IDS, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Joachim Blocher
- Institute of Acute Neurology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, 6800 Feldkirch, Austria;
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.S.); (A.S.W.)
| | - Marco Amati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.P.); (A.L.); or (B.B.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.P.); (A.L.); or (B.B.); (M.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.S.); (A.S.W.)
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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Benelli G, Wassermann M, Brattig NW. Insects dispersing taeniid eggs: Who and how? Vet Parasitol 2021; 295:109450. [PMID: 34038808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Taeniosis/cysticercosis and echinococcosis are neglected zoonotic helminth infections with high disease burden caused by tapeworms which circulate between definitive and intermediate host reflecting a predator-prey interaction. Taeniid eggs can remain vital for months, allowing arthropods to mechanically transport them to intermediate hosts. However, the multiple routes that arthropods provide as carriers of taeniid eggs are still often unregarded or not considered. This review focuses on the prevalence and importance of arthropods as carriers and spreaders of taeniid eggs in the epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis and echinococcosis. Current scientific knowledge showed a relevant role of houseflies (Muscidae), blowflies (Calliphoridae), dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea), darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae), ground beetles (Carabidae) and skin beetles (Dermestidae) in the spread of taeniid eggs in the environment, which may favor the infection of new hosts through the direct ingestion of an insect or of contaminated food and water. At last, key research challenges are highlighted, illustrating that further knowledge on the topic is needed to develop and improve guidelines and actions to prevent taeniid infections worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marion Wassermann
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Norbert W Brattig
- Epidemiology and Diagnostics Section, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Abuseir S. Meat-borne parasites in the Arab world: a review in a One Health perspective. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4153-4166. [PMID: 33856533 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Meat-borne parasitic zoonoses are generally not well-monitored, and so understanding extent and overall prevalence is problematic. Without sufficient attention, their prevalence can become unexpectedly and unacceptably high. This review sheds light on meat-borne parasites in the Arab world, which includes all the Arab countries situated in the continents of Asia and Africa, with more than 400 million inhabitants distributed in 22 countries. Meat-borne parasites can be divided into two main categories-helminths and protozoa. The main helminths included in this review are Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, Echinococcus spp., Fasciola spp., and Trichinella spiralis, while the meat-borne protozoan parasites are Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., and Sarcocystis spp. In addition, Linguatula serrata, which belongs to the class Pentastomida, was included. Among those, the genus Taenia is the most frequently reported in the Arab world, particularly T. saginata. Many parasitic infections that are mainly transmitted through pork, although widespread in many parts of the world, are rare in the Arab countries, primarily due to religious proscriptions. The majority of the publications concerning meat-borne parasites were from Egypt, which contains the largest population in the Arab world and the highest population density, in addition to various economic, social, and environmental reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Abuseir
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, P. O. Box 7, Nablus, West Bank, Palestine.
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Abraham A, Bustos JA, Carabin H, de Meijere R, Sahu PS, Rajshekhar V, Singh G, White AC, Chiodini PL, Gabriël S, Homeida M, Nash T, Ngowi B, Zhou XN, Coyle C, Garcia HH, Winkler AS. The effectiveness of anti-inflammatory and anti-seizure medication for individuals with single enhancing lesion neurocysticercosis: A meta-analysis and expert group-based consensus recommendations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009193. [PMID: 33788843 PMCID: PMC8057605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single brain enhancing lesions (SEL) are the most common presentation of neurocysticercosis (NCC) observed on neuroimaging in people presenting with epileptic seizures not only on the Indian sub-continent and in travelers returning from cysticercosis-endemic regions, but are also present in other parts of the world. The aim of this study, which consisted of a systematic review (CRD42019087665), a meta-analysis and an expert group consultation, was to reach consensus on the best anti-seizure medication and anti-inflammatory treatment for individuals with SEL NCC. Standard literature review methods were used. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used and random effects model meta-analyses were performed. The quality of the body of evidence was rated using GRADE tables. The expert committee included 12 gender and geographically balanced members and recommendations were reached by applying the GRADE framework for guideline development. The 1-1.5-year cumulative incidence of seizure recurrence, cyst resolution or calcification following anti-seizure medication (ASM) withdrawal was not statistically different between ASM of 6, 12 or 24 months. In contrast, in persons whose cyst calcified post treatment, longer ASM decreased seizure recurrence. The cumulative incidence ratio (CIR) 1-1.5 years after stopping ASM was 1.79 95% CI: (1.00, 3.20) for patients given 6 versus 24 months treatment. Anti-inflammatory treatment with corticosteroids in patients treated with ASM compared to patients treated with ASM only showed a statistically significant beneficial effect on seizure reduction (CIR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23, 0.85) and cyst resolution (CIR 1.37, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.75). Our results indicate that ASM in patients with SEL NCC whose cysts resolved can be withdrawn, while patients whose cysts calcified seem to benefit from prolonged anti-seizure medication. Additional corticosteroid treatment was found to have a beneficial effect both on seizure reduction and cyst resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Abraham
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Javier A. Bustos
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, and Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Hélène Carabin
- Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique, université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal et du Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de sud de l’île de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Montréal, Canada
| | - Robert de Meijere
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Priyadarshi S. Sahu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of the Americas, Nevis, West Indies
| | - Vedantam Rajshekhar
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - A. Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Chiodini
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Mamoun Homeida
- University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Theodore Nash
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, United States of America
| | - Bernard Ngowi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Xiao Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Christina Coyle
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, and Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Albertini N, Pecchini F, Esposito S, Gozzo D, Colli G, Piccoli M. An unexpected finding after robotic subtotal gastrectomy: Vomiting of Taenia Saginata. Int J Surg Case Rep 2020; 77:S72-S74. [PMID: 33083203 PMCID: PMC7560383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Most Human taeniasis are asymptomatic or associated with vague clinical manifestations, but cases of unusual migration of these parasites have been described. Presentation of a case A case of challenging diagnosis of human Taenia Saginata infection is here presented: during COVID-19 pandemic we performed a mininvasive robotic subtotal gastrectomy for gastric angulus adenocarcinoma. 10 h after the end of the operation the patient presented an episode of vomiting with expulsion of a 5-meter-long adult form of Taenia Saginata. Discussion Parasitic infections are more frequent in the developing countries; in our case the transposition of small intestinal loop surely promoted the migration of Taenia Saginata through the gastro-jejunal anastomosis into the gastric stump.Preoperative evaluation (history, physical examination and imaging features) led to gastric cancer diagnosis and hindered the recognition of the taeniasis because of similar clinical presentations and the need to start quickly a therapeutic oncological strategy. Conclusion Even if these cases are exceptional especially in Western Europe, it is important to obtain a detail clinical history and exclude parasitic infection as a cause of loss of weight and gastrointesinal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Albertini
- Department of General Surgery, Emergencies and New Technologies, Baggiovara Civil Hospital, Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pecchini
- Department of General Surgery, Emergencies and New Technologies, Baggiovara Civil Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Sofia Esposito
- Department of General Surgery, Emergencies and New Technologies, Baggiovara Civil Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Gozzo
- Department of General Surgery, Emergencies and New Technologies, Baggiovara Civil Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Colli
- Department of General Surgery, Emergencies and New Technologies, Baggiovara Civil Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Micaela Piccoli
- Department of General Surgery, Emergencies and New Technologies, Baggiovara Civil Hospital, Modena, Italy
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Hamamoto Filho PT, Singh G, Winkler AS, Carpio A, Fleury A. Could Differences in Infection Pressure Be Involved in Cysticercosis Heterogeneity? Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:826-834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Deksne G, Davidson RK, Buchmann K, Kärssin A, Kirjušina M, Gavarāne I, Miller AL, Pálsdóttir GR, Robertson LJ, Mørk T, Oksanen A, Palinauskas V, Jokelainen P. Parasites in the changing world - Ten timely examples from the Nordic-Baltic region. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00150. [PMID: 32435705 PMCID: PMC7232095 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is changing, and parasites adapt. The Nordic-Baltic region in northern Europe - including the Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and the Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - is facing new parasitological challenges due to changes in populations of parasites and their hosts and the spread of new parasites to the region due to climate change. Some changes can also be ascribed to increased awareness and detection. In this paper, we review and discuss a convenience selection of ten timely examples of recent observations that exemplify trends and challenges from different fields of parasitology, with particular focus on climate change and potential changes in epidemiology of pathogens in northern Europe. The examples illustrate how addressing parasitological challenges often requires both intersectoral and international collaboration, and how using both historical baseline data and modern methodologies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food safety, Animal health and Environment “BIOR”, Lejupes Str. 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Age Kärssin
- Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Muza Kirjušina
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes Str. 1A, Daugavpils LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Inese Gavarāne
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes Str. 1A, Daugavpils LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Andrea L. Miller
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Department for Terrestrial Ecology, Postboks 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guðný Rut Pálsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section for Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Parasitology Lab, Adamstuen Campus, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Mørk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Stakkevollvegen 23b, 9010 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, 90590 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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21
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Dermauw V, Van Den Broucke S, Van Bockstal L, Luyten L, Luyckx K, Bottieau E, Dorny P. Cysticercosis and taeniasis cases diagnosed at two referral medical institutions, Belgium, 1990 to 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31481148 PMCID: PMC6724463 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.35.1800589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Few case reports on human infections with the beef tapeworm Taenia saginata and the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, diagnosed in Belgium have been published, yet the grey literature suggests a higher number of cases. Aim To identify and describe cases of taeniasis and cysticercosis diagnosed at two Belgian referral medical institutions from 1990 to 2015. Methods In this observational study we retrospectively gathered data on taeniasis and cysticercosis cases by screening laboratory, medical record databases as well a uniform hospital discharge dataset. Results A total of 221 confirmed taeniasis cases were identified. All cases for whom the causative species could be determined (170/221, 76.9%) were found to be T. saginata infections. Of those with available information, 40.0% were asymptomatic (26/65), 15.4% reported diarrhoea (10/65), 9.2% reported anal discomfort (6/65) and 15.7% acquired the infection in Belgium (11/70). Five definitive and six probable cases of neurocysticercosis (NCC), and two cases of non-central nervous system cysticercosis (non-CNS CC) were identified. Common symptoms and signs in five of the definitive and probable NCC cases were epilepsy, headaches and/or other neurological disorders. Travel information was available for 10 of the 13 NCC and non-CNS CC cases; two were Belgians travelling to and eight were immigrants or visitors travelling from endemic areas. Conclusions The current study indicates that a non-negligible number of taeniasis cases visit Belgian medical facilities, and that cysticercosis is occasionally diagnosed in international travellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Dermauw
- Unit of Veterinary Helminthology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Lieselotte Van Bockstal
- Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Parasitologie en Hygiëne (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Leon Luyten
- Dienst Medische Informatie, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kim Luyckx
- Dienst ICT, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Unit of Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Unit of Veterinary Helminthology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Gutema FD, Shiberu T, Agga GE, Abdi RD, Hiko A, Tufa TB, Hailu Y. Bovine cysticercosis and human taeniasis in a rural community in Ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:525-533. [PMID: 32558313 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine cysticercosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that affects cattle caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia saginata, the adult parasite that causes taeniasis in humans. Although bovine cysticercosis, and the associated human taeniasis, is controlled in developed countries, it is one of the neglected tropical diseases. Like other parts of Ethiopia, raw or undercooked beef consumption is common in the rural community of Yem district with no meat inspection services. METHODS We conducted an abattoir survey to estimate the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in cattle and a questionnaire survey to determine the level of historical human taeniasis infection in Yem district of Ethiopia. RESULTS Bovine cysticercosis was detected in 3.1% of 485 cattle examined. Although animal level prevalence was low, a subset of positive animals had a higher rate of cysticercosis infection widely distributed in various parts of the body. Over two-fifths (40%) of the cysts were found in the tongue making it an important organ to look for during meat inspection. Over half of the cysts were viable indicating their potential to infect people. History of taeniasis was reported by 71.5% of 151 residents interviewed during the study. Raw meat consumption was very common (89.4%) among the residents; people who consumed raw meat were 25 times more likely to report taeniasis than those who did not. In addition, traditional treatments using herbs and chemicals of unknown efficacy and risk were very common. CONCLUSIONS Bovine cysticercosis and human taeniasis are important in this rural community. Providing meat inspection services and public health education on intervention measures such as proper cooking of meat, access to latrines and clean water are effective strategies that can break the lifecycle of the parasite and ensure beef safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta D Gutema
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teferi Shiberu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun E Agga
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Reta D Abdi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY, USA
| | - Adem Hiko
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Takele B Tufa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yacob Hailu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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23
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Ursini T, Di Giacomo R, Caldrer S, Angheben A, Zammarchi L, Filipponi S, Pizio NR, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D. Neurocysticercosis-related seizures in the post-partum period: two cases and a review of the literature. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:e204-e214. [PMID: 32569624 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis, the infection of the CNS with larval cysts of Taenia solium, is a leading cause of seizures in low-income countries. The clinical presentation of neurocysticercosis is variable and depends on the number, size, and location of cysticerci, and on the immune response of the host. In most patients, the affected site is the brain parenchyma, where cysts can precipitate seizures. Neurocysticercosis has seldom been described in pregnant women. In this Grand Round, we report two cases of pregnant women who immigrated to Italy from Bolivia and Ecuador, and who developed seizures in the early post-partum period, due to calcified parenchymal neurocysticercosis lesions. We discuss the complex interactions between neurocysticercosis and the immune system in pregnancy and the post-partum period. Building on this scenario, we propose practices for the management of neurocysticercosis in pregnancy and the post-partum period, highlighting important gaps in the literature that should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ursini
- Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy.
| | - Roberta Di Giacomo
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Caldrer
- Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Andrea Angheben
- Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Referral Centre for Tropical Diseases of Tuscany, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Filipponi
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurological Disorders, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
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24
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Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH. Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Its Impact in Neurological Disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:e00085-19. [PMID: 32461308 PMCID: PMC7254859 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00085-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in most of the world and contributes significantly to the burden of epilepsy and other neurological morbidity. Also present in developed countries because of immigration and travel, NCC is one of few diseases targeted for eradication. This paper reviews all aspects of its life cycle (taeniasis, porcine cysticercosis, human cysticercosis), with a focus on recent advances in its diagnosis, management, and control. Diagnosis of taeniasis is limited by poor availability of immunological or molecular assays. Diagnosis of NCC rests on neuroimaging findings, supported by serological assays. The treatment of NCC should be approached in the context of the particular type of infection (intra- or extraparenchymal; number, location, and stage of lesions) and has evolved toward combined symptomatic and antiparasitic management, with particular attention to modulating inflammation. Research on NCC and particularly the use of recently available genome data and animal models of infection should help to elucidate mechanisms of brain inflammation, damage, and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector H Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Norman FF, Chamorro S, Comeche B, Pérez-Molina JA, López-Vélez R. Update on the major imported helminth infections in travelers and migrants. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:437-444. [PMID: 32250168 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections cause considerable morbidity worldwide and may be frequently underdiagnosed especially in areas of lower endemicity. Patients may harbor latent infections that may become symptomatic years or decades after the initial exposure and timely diagnosis may be critical to prevent complications and improve outcomes. In this context, disease in special populations, such as immunosuppressed patients, may be of particular concern. Heightened awareness and recent diagnostic developments may contribute to the correct management of helminth infections in nonendemic regions. A review of the main helminth infections in travelers and migrants (strongyloidiasis, taeniasis-neurocysticercosis and schistosomiasis) is presented, focusing on epidemiology, developments in diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Norman
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Chamorro
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Comeche
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Pérez-Molina
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - R López-Vélez
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Abraham A, Schmidt V, Kaminski M, Stelzle D, De Meijere R, Bustos J, Sahu PS, Garcia HH, Bobić B, Cretu C, Chiodini P, Deksne G, Dermauw V, Devleesschauwer B, Dorny P, Fonseca A, Gabriël S, Gómez-Morales MA, Kucsera I, Laranjo-González M, Trevisan C, Vilhena M, Walker NF, Zammarchi L, Winkler AS. Epidemiology and surveillance of human (neuro)cysticercosis in Europe: is enhanced surveillance required? Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:566-578. [PMID: 32083787 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report on relevant national surveillance systems of (N)CC and taeniasis (the infection with the adult tapeworm) in the European Union/European Economic Area and to assess the magnitude of (N)CC occurrence by retrieving information on cases for the period 2000-2016. METHODS (N)CC cases were retrieved via national reporting systems, a systematic literature search, contact with clinicians and a search for relevant 'International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems' (ICD)-based data. RESULTS Mandatory notification systems for (N)CC were found in Hungary, Iceland and Poland. Ten cases were reported in Poland and none in Hungary and Iceland. Through the systematic literature review and information given by clinicians, 263 individual and 721 aggregated (N)CC cases from 19 European countries were identified. ICD-based data were obtained from five countries. From 2000 to 2016, a total of 3489 cases (N)CC cases were coded: 832 in Italy, eight in Latvia, 357 in Portugal, 2116 in Spain and 176 in Sweden. CONCLUSION Despite being classified as a possible eradicable disease, (N)CC is still diagnosed across Europe, yet its true extent and impact remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Abraham
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Miriam Kaminski
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Stelzle
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert De Meijere
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Javier Bustos
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Hector Hugo Garcia
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Branko Bobić
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carmen Cretu
- Department of Parasitology, Carol Davila University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Peter Chiodini
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College Hospital, London, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ana Fonseca
- Public Health Department, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Minerva Laranjo-González
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manuela Vilhena
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Naomi F Walker
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College Hospital, London, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Moura VBL, Milhomem AC, Lima SB, Matos-Silva H, Sugita DM, Vinaud MC, Lino-Júnior RDS. Demyelination in experimental intraventricular neurocysticercosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 78:103-111. [PMID: 32022135 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is classified as a neglected tropical disease, which affects mainly Latin America and Africa in spite of some reports in North America and Europe. NCC represents the cause of up to 30% of the reported cases of epilepsy in endemic countries. The NCC injuries present direct relation to the development stage, location, and number of parasites as well as to the host immune response. This study aimed the characterization of the inflammatory response and tissue injuries by means of the analyses of the periventricular and parenchymatous demyelination through the experimental intraventricular NCC infection. Therefore, BALB/c mice were submitted to experimental NCC inoculation with Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. Their brains were removed at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after the inoculation (DAI), and analyzed after staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Luxol Fast Blue, and Nissl. It was possible to observe ventriculomegaly, inflammatory infiltration composed by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, and foamy macrophages. The presence of inflammatory cells was associated with neurodegeneration detected by the areas with demyelination observed initially in the periventricular area and lately in the parenchyma. In conclusion, the presence of cysticerci and the consequent inflammation were able to promote initial periventricular demyelination followed by parenchymatous demyelination as the infection progressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Analia Cirqueira Milhomem
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia GO, Brazil
| | - Sarah Buzaim Lima
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Clare Vinaud
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia GO, Brazil
| | - Ruy de Souza Lino-Júnior
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia GO, Brazil
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28
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Zhu GQ, Li L, Ohiolei JA, Wu YT, Li WH, Zhang NZ, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. A multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Taenia hydatigena, T. multiceps, T. pisiformis, and Dipylidium caninum infections. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:854. [PMID: 31619188 PMCID: PMC6796438 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia hydatigena, T. multiceps, T. pisiformis, and Dipylidium caninum are four common large and medium-sized tapeworms parasitizing the small intestine of dogs and other canids. These parasites cause serious impact on the health and development of livestock. However, there are, so far, no commercially available molecular diagnostic kits capable of simultaneously detecting all four parasites in dogs. The aim of the study was therefore to develop a multiplex PCR assay that will accurately detect all four cestode infections in one reaction. Methods Specific primers for a multiplex PCR were designed based on corresponding mitochondrial genome sequences, and its detection limit was assessed by serial dilutions of the genomic DNAs of tapeworms examined. Furthermore, field samples of dog feces were tested using the developed assay. Results A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that accurately and simultaneously identify four cestode species in one reaction using specific fragment sizes of 592, 385, 283, and 190 bp for T. hydatigena, T. multiceps, T. pisiformis, and D. caninum, respectively. The lowest DNA concentration detected was 1 ng for T. hydatigena, T. multiceps and T. pisiformis, and 0.1 ng for D. caninum in a 25 μl reaction system. This assay offers high potential for the rapid detection of these four tapeworms in host feces simultaneously. Conclusions This study provides an efficient tool for the simultaneous detection of T. hydatigena, T. multiceps, T. pisiformis, and D. caninum. The assay will be potentially useful in epidemiological studies, diagnosis, and treatment of these four cestodes infections during prevention and control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/ Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/ Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/ Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/ Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/ Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/ Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/ Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/ Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/ Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/ Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/ Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/ Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/ Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/ Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/ Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/ Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/ Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/ Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Zammarchi L, Angheben A, Fantoni T, Chiappini E, Mantella A, Galli L, Marchese V, Zavarise G, Bisoffi Z, Bartoloni A. Screening for neurocysticercosis in internationally adopted children: yield, cost and performance of serological tests, Italy, 2001 to 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 30301492 PMCID: PMC6178589 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.40.1700709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is one of the leading causes of epilepsy worldwide. The majority of cases in Europe are diagnosed in immigrants. Currently in Italy, routine serological screening for cysticercosis is recommended for internationally adopted children (IAC) coming from endemic countries. Methods: We retrospectively analyse the results of the serological screening for cysticercosis in IAC 16 years old or younger, attending two Italian third level paediatric clinics in 2001–16. Results: Of 2,973 children included in the study, 2,437 (82.0%) were screened by enzyme-linked immune electro transfer blot (EITB), 1,534 (51.6%) by ELISA, and 998 (33.6%) by both tests. The seroprevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 1.7% and 8.9% according to EITB and ELISA, respectively. Overall, 13 children were diagnosed with NCC accounting for a NCC frequency of 0.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2–0.6%). Among the 168 seropositive children, only seven (4.2%) were diagnosed with NCC. Of these children, three were asymptomatic and four presented epilepsy. Among seronegative children (n = 2,805), seven presented with neurological symptoms that lead to the diagnosis of NCC in six cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of NCC were 54.5%, 98.6%, 14.6%, 99.8% for EITB and 22.2%, 91.1%, 1.4%, 99.5% for ELISA. The yield of the screening programme was 437 NCC cases per 100,000. The number needed to screen to detect one NCC case was 228. The cost per NCC case detected was EUR 10,372. Conclusion: On the base of our findings we suggest the ongoing serological screening for cysticercosis to be discontinued, at least in Italy, until further evidence in support will be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Angheben
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Teresa Fantoni
- Health Human Sciences School, Medicine and Surgery Degree Course, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonia Mantella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchese
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases & WHO Collaborating Centre for TB/HIV and TB elimination, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zavarise
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria, Negrar, Italy
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Hunter E, Cliff M, Armstrong M, Manji H, Jäger HR, Chiodini P, Brown M. Active neurocysticercosis at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London: a clinical case series. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 112:326-334. [PMID: 29982795 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurocysticercosis is the commonest infectious cause of epilepsy in endemic countries, and accounts for a greater number of cases worldwide than any other single pathology. Infection is associated with long-term exposure in low-income countries, although acquisition after travel has been recognized. The standard of care in the UK is inpatient treatment with anti-helminthic drugs and steroids. Methods The authors reviewed all cases of neurocysticercosis managed at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London, England, between 2001 and 2015. Active disease was defined as evidence of either viable cysts or involuting cysts with associated parenchymal inflammation. Results Of 26 active cases, 65.4% were migrants from nine different countries; 34.6% were UK-born travellers who had visited 19 countries across South and Central America, sub-Saharan Africa, South and South-east Asia; India was the commonest country of exposure in both groups. Only 73.1% presented with seizures; two diagnoses were made through brain imaging of patients with peripheral cysticerci; 53.8% had a single cyst. Migrants were more likely to be seropositive than travellers (p=0.033). Only two patients had seizures during admission, one of whom had multiple seizures prior to diagnosis. Conclusions Neurocysticercosis presents in a non-endemic setting in both migrants and travellers. Travellers are less likely to be sero-positive. Not all cases of neurocysticercosis present with seizures. Outpatient management could be considered for selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Hunter
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College Hospital, London.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
| | | | | | - Hadi Manji
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- Academic Neuroradiological Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Peter Chiodini
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College Hospital, London.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
| | - Mike Brown
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College Hospital, London.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
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Ischemic stroke and infectious diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Curr Opin Neurol 2019; 32:43-48. [PMID: 30516643 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To address the important relationships between stroke and infection, focusing on the most frequent infections found in low-income and middle-income countries. RECENT FINDINGS Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with a great proportion of the stroke burden occurring in low-income and middle-income countries. Infectious diseases are still a great health problem in developing countries and it is possible that the proportion of infection-related strokes is greater in these nations. Infectious diseases and stroke have a bidirectional relationship. Common infections may act as risk factors and can trigger stroke through different mechanisms in their acute phase. Several intracranial and systemic infections can cause stroke as a direct complication, such as Chagas disease, neurosyphilis, tuberculous meningitis, and neurocysticercosis. These conditions are of particular interest to low-income and middle-income countries, but also relevant to high-income nations because of increasing migration. Finally, infection is a frequent poststroke complication, with great impact in the patient outcome. SUMMARY Infectious diseases and stroke are common problems in low-income and middle-income countries. More studies are necessary to fully elucidate the real impact of infectious diseases on stroke burden, especially in countries where epidemiological data are still scarce.
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Hendrickx E, Thomas LF, Dorny P, Bobić B, Braae UC, Devleesschauwer B, Eichenberger RM, Gabriël S, Saratsis A, Torgerson PR, Robertson LJ, Dermauw V. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in West and Central Africa. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:324. [PMID: 31248445 PMCID: PMC6598244 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zoonotic tapeworm Taenia saginata, although causing only minor discomfort in humans, is responsible for considerable economic losses in the livestock sector due to condemnation or downgrading of infected beef carcasses. An overview of current knowledge on the distribution and prevalence of this parasite in West and Central Africa is lacking. METHODS We conducted a systematic review, collecting information on published and grey literature about T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis from 27 countries/territories in West and Central Africa, published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. RESULTS The literature search retrieved 1672 records, of which 51 and 45 were retained for a qualitative and quantitative synthesis, respectively. Non-specified human taeniosis cases were described for Nigeria, Cameroon, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic Congo, Guinea, and Ivory Coast (seven out of 27 countries/territories), while T. saginata taeniosis specifically was only reported for Cameroon. Most prevalence estimates for taeniosis ranged between 0-11%, while three studies from Nigeria reported prevalence estimates ranging between 23-50%. None of the studies included molecular confirmation of the causative species. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported for Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tristan da Cunha (14 out of 27 countries/territories). Prevalence estimates ranged between 0-29%. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review has revealed that human taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis are seriously understudied in West and Central Africa. The high prevalence estimates of both conditions suggest an active dissemination of this parasite in the region, calling for a concerted One Health action from public health, veterinary health and food surveillance sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute for Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Branko Bobić
- Centre of Excellence for Food and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
| | - Uffe Christian Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Greece
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Deigendesch N, Schlüter D, Siebert E, Stenzel W. [Infections of the central nervous system by protozoa, helminths and fungi]. DER NERVENARZT 2019; 90:623-641. [PMID: 31073673 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-019-0719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of different parasites and fungi can lead to infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and cause different clinical symptoms and outcomes depending on the pathogen and the anatomic location of the infection. The diagnosis and treatment of these eukaryotic infections is challenging. The prevalence of CNS infections depends on many factors, including geographical location, living conditions, genetic background and the immune status of the individual. In Germany, infections of the CNS by fungi and parasites are rare but can lead to considerable morbidity. Some parasitic and fungal CNS infections are becoming increasingly more prevalent and clinically relevant due to the increasing number of immunocompromised people. Case fatality rates of these infections, which are difficult to diagnose and to treat, are high. This article provides an overview of a subjective selection of parasitic and fungal infections of the CNS relevant to clinical practice in Germany and presents the diagnostic and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Deigendesch
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Pathologie, Universitätsspital Basel, Schönbeinstraße 40, 4031, Basel, Schweiz.
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Eberhard Siebert
- Institut für Neuroradiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
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Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in central and western Asia and the Caucasus. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:175. [PMID: 30999942 PMCID: PMC6472068 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zoonotic parasite Taenia saginata transmits between humans, the definitive host (causing taeniosis), and bovines as the intermediate host (causing cysticercosis). Central and western Asia and the Caucasus have large cattle populations and beef consumption is widespread. However, an overview of the extent of human T. saginata infection and bovine cysticercosis is lacking. This review aims to summarize the distribution of T. saginata in this region. Methods A systematic review was conducted, that gathered published and grey literature, and official data concerning T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in central and western Asia and the Caucasus published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2018. Where no data were available for a country within this period, published data from 1985–1990 were also accessed. Results From 10,786 articles initially scanned, we retrieved 98 full-text articles from which data were extracted. In addition, two unpublished datasets were provided on the incidence of human taeniosis. Data for human taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis were found for all countries except Turkmenistan. Human taeniosis prevalence varied from undetected to over 5.3%, with regional variations. Where bovine cysticercosis was detected, prevalences varied from case reports to 25%. Conclusions The public health burden of T. saginata is assumed to be small as the parasite is of low pathogenicity to humans. However, this review indicates that infection continues to be widespread and this may result in a large economic burden, due to the resources utilized in meat inspection and condemnation or processing with subsequent downgrading of infected carcasses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3438-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Saratsis A, Sotiraki S, Braae UC, Devleesschauwer B, Dermauw V, Eichenberger RM, Thomas LF, Bobić B, Dorny P, Gabriël S, Robertson LJ. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in the Middle East and North Africa. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:113. [PMID: 30876439 PMCID: PMC6419812 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zoonotic parasite Taenia saginata utilizes bovines as an intermediate host (causing cysticercosis) and humans as the definitive host (causing taeniosis). The public health burden of T. saginata is assumed to be low, but the economic burden is large, due to the resources utilized in the detection and condemnation of infected carcasses and carcass parts. As part of a collaborative effort to synthesize worldwide epidemiological data on this parasite, we present here the results of a systematic review on the distribution of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). METHODS Information on the occurrence and prevalence of T. saginata taeniosis and cysticercosis in the MENA region was obtained through a systematic review of published and grey literature, including OIE reports, published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. RESULTS A total of 63 publications were retrieved across the 21 MENA countries. Taenia saginata taeniosis was reported in 11 of these countries, whereas unspecified taeniosis was reported for a further seven. Microscopy-based prevalence values ranged between 0.02-8.6%. Bovine cysticercosis prevalence estimates based on meat inspection were only reported for Egypt and Israel, with prevalence data ranging between 0.2-20% and 0.1-9.1% for cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The presence of bovine cysticercosis could be confirmed for 10 additional countries through OIE reports. CONCLUSIONS Human taeniosis occurrence was confirmed for 86% (18/21) of the countries in the MENA region, although in several of these countries the species responsible was not specified. Religious prohibitions on the consumption of pork and the limited extent of pig farming across much of this region, however, suggest that many reported taeniosis cases are likely to be attributable to T. saginata rather than Taenia solium or Taenia asiatica. There was a paucity of data regarding both the prevalence and economic impact of bovine cysticercosis. More detailed epidemiological data on both T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis could be obtained by adopting an integrated "One Health" approach, considering the characteristics (e.g. ecosystem related and sociopolitical aspects) of the MENA region. Compared with more conventional approaches, this could lead to an enhanced performance and cost-effectiveness of surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Saratsis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Greece
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Greece
| | - Uffe C. Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Ixelles, Brussels Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, IC2 Building, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF UK
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - Branko Bobić
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sentrum, PO Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Migration is increasing and practitioners need to be aware of the unique health needs of this population. The prevalence of infectious diseases among migrants varies and generally mirrors that of their countries of origin, but is modified by the circumstance of migration, the presence of pre-arrival screening programs and post arrival access to health care. To optimize the health of migrants practitioners; (1) should take all opportunities to screen migrants at risk for latent infections such as tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis B and C, HIV, strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis and Chagas disease, (2) update routine vaccines in all age groups and, (3) be aware of "rare and tropical infections" related to migration and return travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Greenaway
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital, Room E0057, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; J.D. MacLean Center for Tropical Diseases at McGill, McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Francesco Castelli
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Piazza del Mercato, 15, Lombardy, Brescia 25121, Italy; UNESCO Chair "Training and Empowering Human Resources for Health Development in Resource-Limited Countries", University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Meester M, Swart A, Deng H, van Roon A, Trevisan C, Dorny P, Gabriël S, Vieira-Pinto M, Johansen MV, van der Giessen J. A quantitative risk assessment for human Taenia solium exposure from home slaughtered pigs in European countries. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:82. [PMID: 30755275 PMCID: PMC6371533 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium, a zoonotic tapeworm, is responsible for about a third of all preventable epilepsy human cases in endemic regions. In Europe, adequate biosecurity of pig housing and meat inspection practices have decreased the incidence of T. solium taeniosis and cysticercosis. Pigs slaughtered at home may have been raised in suboptimal biosecurity conditions and slaughtered without meat inspection. As a result, consumption of undercooked pork from home slaughtered pigs could pose a risk for exposure to T. solium. The aim of this study was to quantify the risk of human T. solium exposure from meat of home slaughtered pigs, in comparison to controlled slaughtered pigs, in European countries. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model (QMRA) was developed and porcine cysticercosis prevalence data, the percentage of home slaughtered pigs, meat inspection sensitivity, the cyst distribution in pork and pork consumption in five European countries, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Romania and Spain, were included as variables in the model. This was combined with literature about cooking habits to estimate the number of infected pork portions eaten per year in a country. RESULTS The results of the model showed a 13.83 times higher prevalence of contaminated pork portions from home slaughtered pigs than controlled slaughtered pigs. This difference is brought about by the higher prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs that are home raised and slaughtered. Meat inspection did not affect the higher exposure from pork that is home slaughtered. Cooking meat effectively lowered the risk of exposure to T. solium-infected pork. CONCLUSIONS This QMRA showed that there is still a risk of obtaining an infection with T. solium due to consumption of pork, especially when pigs are reared and slaughtered at home, using data of five European countries that reported porcine cysticercosis cases. We propose systematic reporting of cysticercosis cases in slaughterhouses, and in addition molecularly confirming suspected cases to gain more insight into the presence of T. solium in pigs and the risk for humans in Europe. When more data become available, this QMRA model could be used to evaluate human exposure to T. solium in Europe and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Meester
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno Swart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Huifang Deng
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annika van Roon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animale Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Dermauw V, Dorny P, Braae UC, Devleesschauwer B, Robertson LJ, Saratsis A, Thomas LF. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in southern and eastern Africa. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:578. [PMID: 30400948 PMCID: PMC6219070 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, causing cysticercosis in bovines and taeniosis in humans, is thought to have a global distribution. In eastern and southern Africa, cattle production plays a crucial role in the economy, but a clear overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in the region is still lacking. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis distribution in eastern and southern Africa. Methods A systematic review was conducted, that gathered published and grey literature, including OIE reports, concerning T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. Results A total of 1232 records were initially retrieved, with 78 full text articles retained for inclusion in the database. Unspecified taeniosis cases were reported for Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, whereas T. saginata taeniosis cases were found for Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.2–8.1% based on microscopy, and between 0.12–19.7% based on coproAg-ELISA. In Ethiopia, the percentage of tapeworm self-reporting was high (45.0–64.2%), and a substantial number of anthelmintic treatments were reported to be sold in towns. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported in all 27 countries/territories included in the study, except for Rwanda and Somalia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles and Socotra. The prevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 0.02–26.3% based on meat inspection, and between 6.1–34.9% based on Ag-ELISA. Conclusions Although T. saginata has been reported in the majority of countries/territories of the study area, T. saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis remains a largely ignored condition, probably due to the absence of symptoms in cattle, the lack of data on its economic impact, and the fact that human taeniosis is considered a minor health problem. However, the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis is a clear sign of inadequate sanitation, insufficient meat inspection, and culinary habits that may favour transmission. Measures to reduce transmission of T. saginata are therefore warranted and the infection should be properly monitored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Uffe Christian Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lian F Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Trevisan C, Sotiraki S, Laranjo-González M, Dermauw V, Wang Z, Kärssin A, Cvetkovikj A, Winkler AS, Abraham A, Bobić B, Lassen B, Cretu CM, Vasile C, Arvanitis D, Deksne G, Boro I, Kucsera I, Karamon J, Stefanovska J, Koudela B, Pavlova MJ, Varady M, Pavlak M, Šarkūnas M, Kaminski M, Djurković-Djaković O, Jokelainen P, Jan DS, Schmidt V, Dakić Z, Gabriël S, Dorny P, Devleesschauwer B. Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: eastern Europe. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:569. [PMID: 30376899 PMCID: PMC6208121 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are food-borne parasites of global importance. In eastern Europe only fragmented information is available on the epidemiology of these zoonotic parasites in humans and animal populations. In particular for T. solium, on-going transmission is suspected. The aim of this systematic review was to collect the available data and describe the current knowledge on the epidemiology of T. solium and T. saginata in eastern Europe. METHODS Literature published in international databases from 1990 to 2017 was systematically reviewed. Furthermore, local sources and unpublished data from national databases were retrieved from local eastern European experts. The study area included 22 countries. RESULTS Researchers from 18 out of the 22 countries provided data from local and unpublished sources, while no contacts could be established with researchers from Belarus, Kosovo, Malta and Ukraine. Taeniosis and human cysticercosis cases were reported in 14 and 15 out of the 22 countries, respectively. Estonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia reported cases of porcine cysticercosis. Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine reported bovine cysticercosis. CONCLUSIONS There is indication that taeniosis and cysticercosis are present across eastern Europe but information on the occurrence of T. solium and T. saginata across the region remains incomplete. Available data are scarce and species identification is in most cases absent. Given the public health impact of T. solium and the potential economic and trade implications due to T. saginata, notification of taeniosis and human cysticercosis should be implemented and surveillance and notification systems in animals should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej, 100 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, HAO-DEMETER, Campus Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Minerva Laranjo-González
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ziqi Wang
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Age Kärssin
- Veterinary and Food laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aleksandar Cvetkovikj
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5–7, 1000 Skopje, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Annette Abraham
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Branko Bobić
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brian Lassen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej, 100 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carmen Michaela Cretu
- Department of Parasitology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cozma Vasile
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dimitris Arvanitis
- Department of Microbiology, 424 Military General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Health and Environment, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilievski Boro
- Institute for Pathology, Medical Faculty, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
| | - István Kucsera
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jovana Stefanovska
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5–7, 1000 Skopje, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
| | - Břetislav Koudela
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Jurhar Pavlova
- Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical faculty, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
| | - Marian Varady
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marina Pavlak
- Department of Veterinary Economics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Miriam Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Olgica Djurković-Djaković
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dagny Stojčević Jan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Zorica Dakić
- Parasitological Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Symeonidou I, Arsenopoulos K, Tzilves D, Soba B, Gabriël S, Papadopoulos E. Human taeniasis/cysticercosis: a potentially emerging parasitic disease in Europe. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 31:406-412. [PMID: 29991885 PMCID: PMC6033766 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2018.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia saginata (T. saginata)/Taenia solium (T. solium) taeniasis/cysticercosis disease complexes remain a significant challenge for food safety and public health. Human taeniasis is an infectious disease caused by the ingestion of the metacestode larval stage, the cysticerci of T. saginata in beef or T. solium in pork. Humans can also become infected via the ingestion of T. solium eggs. In this case, the cysticerci can establish in the central nervous system, causing the infection called neurocysticercosis. T. solium is of higher importance than T. saginata because the former species can cause neurocysticercosis in humans, a major cause of neurological morbidity in the world. The taeniasis/cysticercosis complex is included in the list of neglected zoonotic diseases by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization, with T. solium being the number one foodborne parasite; it occurs mostly in developing countries, such as regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America, where the disease remains endemic. Long absent in Western Europe and other developed countries, cysticercosis has been recently re-emerged as a result of immigration, travel and commerce. In this review, cysticercosis is presented with special emphasis on some aspects of this neglected disease: the main clinical manifestations, risk factors and epidemiology. In addition, any recent advances in diagnostic approaches and treatment are discussed. Finally, the complexities involved in the control of the disease and the need to revise current management strategies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Isaia Symeonidou, Konstantinos Arsenopoulos, Elias Papadopoulos)
| | - Konstantinos Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Isaia Symeonidou, Konstantinos Arsenopoulos, Elias Papadopoulos)
| | - Dimitrios Tzilves
- Gastroenterology Department, Theageneio Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece (Dimitrios Tzilves)
| | - Barbara Soba
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia (Barbara Soba)
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium (Sarah Gabriël)
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Isaia Symeonidou, Konstantinos Arsenopoulos, Elias Papadopoulos)
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Jansen F, Dorny P, Trevisan C, Dermauw V, Laranjo-González M, Allepuz A, Dupuy C, Krit M, Gabriël S, Devleesschauwer B. Economic impact of bovine cysticercosis and taeniosis caused by Taenia saginata in Belgium. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:241. [PMID: 29653598 PMCID: PMC5899399 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine cysticercosis (BCC) (due to Taenia saginata) is often claimed to cause considerable economic losses to the livestock industry, particularly in beef cattle, but recent studies estimating the economic impact are lacking. The current study aimed to quantify the annual economic impact of BCC in Belgium from 2012 to 2016, by gathering data from diverse sources in the meat and human health sectors. Results In Belgium, on average, 15 carcasses with generalised infections and 1168 carcasses with localised ones are detected upon meat inspection each year. The highest proportion of the total economic losses due to bovine cysticercosis were borne by the cattle owners with an average economic cost of €3,408,455/year: €2,954,061/year due to BCC insurance, €453,024/year due to value losses of beef of uninsured carcasses (i.e. freezing process) and €1370/year due to destruction costs of uninsured carcasses with generalised infections. The slaughterhouses suffered an economic impact of €210,806/year. They were responsible for inspection costs related to meat inspection in general, administration, processing and deboning of infected carcasses (€597,856/year), value losses (€34,848/year) and destruction costs (€105/year) of carcasses insured by the slaughterhouses (unofficial insurance) (5% of slaughtered animals). On the other hand, the slaughterhouses gained a total of €422,004/year due to unofficial insurance fees. Thirty percent of all slaughtered animals were officially insured against BCC and the insurance company generated an income of €2,322,337/year. The economic impact related to taeniosis (10,991 patients annually) amounted to a maximum of €795,858/year. Conclusion BCC and taeniosis due to T. saginata have a large economic impact in Belgium, mainly due to the insurance costs for BCC. These results indicate the need for reducing the number of BCC and taeniosis cases to avoid the costs and losses related to this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Minerva Laranjo-González
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Céline Dupuy
- General directorate for food, Slaughterhouses and cutting plants board, 69401, Lyon, France
| | - Meryam Krit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Herrador Z, Fernandez-Martinez A, Benito A, Lopez-Velez R. Clinical Cysticercosis epidemiology in Spain based on the hospital discharge database: What's new? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006316. [PMID: 29621234 PMCID: PMC5886389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysticercosis (CC) is a tissue infection caused by the larval cysts of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. It is usually acquired by eating contaminated food or drinking water. CC Cysts can develop in the muscles, the eyes, the brain, and/or the spinal cord. T. solium is found worldwide, but its prevalence has decreased in developed countries due to stricter meat inspection and better hygiene and sanitation. Nevertheless, CC is still a leading cause of seizures and epilepsy. In Spain, The disease is not nationally reportable and data on CC infected animals are also missing, despite the European Directive 2003/99/EC. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a retrospective descriptive study using the Spanish Hospitalization Minimum Data Set (CMBD). Data with ICD-9 CM cysticercosis code ("123.1") placed in first or second diagnostic position from 1997 to 2014 were analyzed. Hospitalization rates were calculated and clinical characteristics were described. Spatial distribution of cases and their temporal behavior were also assessed. A total of 1,912 hospital discharges with clinical cysticercosis were identified. From 1998 to 2008, an increasing trend in the number of CC hospitalizations was observed, decreasing afterwards, in parallel with a decrease in the external migration rate. The Murcia region had the highest median hospitalization rate (13.37 hospitalizations/100,000 population), followed by Navarra and Madrid. The 16-44 age group was the most represented (63.6%). The three most frequent associated diagnoses were epilepsy and convulsions (49.5%), hydrocephalus (11.8%) and encephalitis/myelitis/meningitis (11.6%). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE There is a need for a common strategy on data collection, monitoring and reporting, which would facilitate a more accurate picture on the CC epidemiological scenario. Even if most cases might be imported, improving the human and animal CC surveillance will result useful both in gaining extended disease knowledge and reducing morbidity and related-costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Herrador
- National Centre for Tropical Medicine, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII in Spanish), Madrid, Spain
- Network Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases (RICET in Spanish), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Amalia Fernandez-Martinez
- National Centre for Tropical Medicine, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII in Spanish), Madrid, Spain
- Network Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases (RICET in Spanish), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Benito
- National Centre for Tropical Medicine, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII in Spanish), Madrid, Spain
- Network Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases (RICET in Spanish), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rogelio Lopez-Velez
- Network Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases (RICET in Spanish), Madrid, Spain
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
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Flores MD, Gonzalez LM, Hurtado C, Motta YM, Domínguez-Hidalgo C, Merino FJ, Perteguer MJ, Gárate T. HDP2: a ribosomal DNA (NTS-ETS) sequence as a target for species-specific molecular diagnosis of intestinal taeniasis in humans. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:117. [PMID: 29486767 PMCID: PMC6389257 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium, T. asiatica and T. saginata tapeworms cause human taeniasis and are the origin of porcine and bovine cysticercosis. Furthermore, T. solium eggs can cause human cysticercosis, with neurocysticercosis being the most serious form of the disease. These helminth infections are neglected tropical diseases and are endemic in several countries in the Americas, Asia and Africa. As a result of globalization, migration in particular, the infections have been extending to non-endemic territories. Species-specific diagnosis of taeniasis is subject to drawbacks that could be resolved using molecular approaches. In the present study, conventional and real-time amplification protocols (cPCR and qPCR) based on the T. saginata HDP2 sequence were applied in the differential diagnosis of taeniasis (T. saginata, T. solium) in both fecal samples and proglottids expelled by patients. The HDP2 homolog in T. solium was cloned and characterized. Results Semi-nested cPCR and qPCR (Sn-HDP2 cPCR and Sn-HDP2 qPCR) amplified T. saginata and T. solium DNA, with an analytical sensitivity of 40 and 400 fg, respectively, and identically in both protocols. Eighteen taeniasis patients were diagnosed directly with T. saginata or T. solium, either from proglottids or fecal samples with/without eggs (detected using microscopy), based on the optimized Sn-HDP2 qPCR. After cloning, the T. solium HDP2 homolog sequence was confirmed to be a ribosomal sequence. The HDP2 fragment corresponded to a non-transcribed sequence/external transcribed repeat (NTS/ETS) of ribosomal DNA. Compared with the T. saginata HDP2 homolog, the T solium HDP2 sequence lacked the first 900 nt at the 5′ end and showed nucleotide substitutions and small deletions. Conclusions Sn-HDP2 cPCR and Sn-HDP2 qPCR were set up for the diagnosis of human taeniasis, using proglottids and fecal samples from affected patients. The new Sn-HDP2 qPCR protocol was the best option, as it directly differentiated T. saginata from T. solium. The diagnosis of an imported T. solium-taeniasis case and nine European T. saginata cases was relevant. Finally, the cloning and sequencing of the T. solium HDP2 fragment confirmed that HDP2 was part of a ribosomal unit. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2646-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Flores
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Crtra, Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis M Gonzalez
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Crtra, Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Hurtado
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Crtra, Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, 28668, Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yamileth Monje Motta
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Magdalena, 47004, Santa Marta D.T.C.H, Colombia
| | - Cristina Domínguez-Hidalgo
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Crtra, Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María J Perteguer
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Crtra, Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gárate
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Crtra, Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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