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do Vale TL, Costa AR, Miranda LM, Silva GF, Silva NCS, Lima TB, Chaves DP, Sager H, Lasmar PVF, Costa-Junior LM. Efficacy of lotilaner against myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in naturally infested dogs. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:86. [PMID: 36879347 PMCID: PMC9987041 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, is widely distributed across South America. This parasitic insect is a significant cause of primary myiasis in animals, including dogs. There is an urgent need for a rapid and efficient treatment to improve the recovery of affected animals. In the present study we evaluated the potential of lotilaner for the treatment of myiasis caused by C. hominivorax larvae in naturally infested dogs. Lotilaner belongs to the isoxazoline class of chemical compounds and is marketed as Credelio™ for use against ticks and fleas in dogs and cats. METHODS Eleven dogs with naturally acquired myiasis were enrolled in this study based on the severity of lesions and the number of identified larvae. All animals received a single oral administration of lotilaner at a minimum dose of 20.5 mg/kg body weight. After treatment, the number of expelled larvae, live or dead, was determined at 2, 6 and 24 h, and the larval expulsion rate, larvicidal effect and overall efficacy were calculated. After 24 h, the remaining larvae were removed, counted and identified. The lesions were cleaned, and palliative treatment was administered when necessary, according to the animal's health status. RESULTS All larvae were identified as C. hominivorax. The larval expulsion rate was 80.5% and 93.0% at 2 and 6 h post-treatment, respectively. Lotilaner showed an overall efficacy of 100% at 24 h post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Lotilaner demonstrated a rapid onset of action and a high efficacy against C. hominivorax. We therefore recommend lotilaner for the effective treatment of myiasis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia Lopes do Vale
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Alcyjara Rego Costa
- Department of Pathology, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tiago Barbalho Lima
- Department of Pathology, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Heinz Sager
- Elanco Animal Health Inc, Basel, Switzerland
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Forster S, Wiseman S, Snyder DE. Field study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio ® Plus) against natural flea and tick infestations on dogs presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:299. [PMID: 34088338 PMCID: PMC8178840 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pivotal randomised, blinded, positive-controlled, multicentre, European field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a novel combination tablet of lotilaner and milbemycin oxime (Credelio® Plus) administered orally to client-owned dogs naturally infested with fleas and/or ticks. METHODS In this field study, households with flea- or tick-infested dog(s) were enrolled on Day 0 into the study to provide data for either the tick or flea infestation cohorts. Households were randomised in a 2:1 ratio to receive either the combination investigational product (IP, Credelio Plus® tablets) or the control product (CP: Nexgard Spectra® tablets). Dogs were administered IP (flea cohort n = 135; tick cohort: n = 147) or CP (flea cohort: n = 67; tick cohort: n = 74) once every 4 weeks for a total of three times at a dose rate of 20.0-41.5 mg/kg bodyweight lotilaner and 0.75-1.53 mg/kg bodyweight milbemycin oxime (IP) or as recommended (CP). Percentage reduction was calculated by comparing individual dog flea and tick counts at each assessed post-treatment time point to their respective baseline (pre-treatment) infestation. Resolution of the clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) was assessed in flea-allergic dogs on the days that flea counts were performed. RESULTS Flea effectiveness of Credelio Plus® after 3 consecutive monthly treatments was 100% against Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis and Pulex irritans. Tick effectiveness of Credelio Plus® over the same time frame was 99.3% for Ixodes ricinus and 100% against Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.). Flea effectiveness of the CP after three consecutive monthly treatments was 100% against C. felis, C. canis and P. irritans. Tick effectiveness of the CP over the same time frame was 99.8% for I. ricinus and 100% against R. sanguineus. Credelio Plus® was well tolerated based on the safety assessments in all treated dogs in this field study. Within both treatment groups there was a reduction in total FAD scores from baseline. CONCLUSIONS This pivotal European field study demonstrated the excellent effectiveness and safety of a combination of lotilaner and milbemycin oxime (Credelio Plus®) administered orally to dogs naturally infested with fleas and/or ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Forster
- Elanco Animal Health, Bartley Way, Bartley Wood Business Park, Hook, Hants, RG27 9XA, UK
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Bartley Way, Bartley Wood Business Park, Hook, Hants, RG27 9XA, UK
| | - Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder, DVM PhD. Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
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Snyder DE, Wiseman S, Crawley E, Wallace K, Bowman DD, Reinemeyer CR. Effectiveness of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio ® Plus) for the treatment of larval and immature adult stages of Ancylostoma caninum in experimentally infected dogs. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:255. [PMID: 34001200 PMCID: PMC8127199 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, is a common and important zoonotic intestinal nematode parasite that infects dogs globally. Both the immature and adult stages of A. caninum ingest large volumes of blood during the feeding process and can cause severe anemia and death in young dogs, even before patent infections can be diagnosed using routine faecal examination methods. Thus, effective treatment of any pre-patent stages of immature hookworms can reduce or eliminate the risk of clinical disease in infected dogs and additionally reduce environmental contamination of eggs and infective larvae. Two randomized, blinded, GCP-compliant, pivotal laboratory dose confirmation studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new novel combination of lotilaner and milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio Plus®) administered orally to dogs experimentally infected with immature (L4 and immature adult [L5]) stages of A. caninum. METHODS Treatments using the intended global commercial tablet formulation of Credelio Plus were administered in a time frame relative to inoculation with infective larvae so that effectiveness could be assessed against each specific immature stage of A. caninum. In each study, dogs were randomized to one of six (study 1) or four (study 2) treatment groups. Each treatment group contained 8 (study 1) or 10 (study 2) dogs that had been experimentally inoculated with infective A. caninum larvae on day 0 and were dosed once on day 7 or day 11. Enrolled subjects were administered placebo tablets, Credelio Plus tablets, or lotilaner mono tablets to provide minimum dosages of 0.75 mg/kg of milbemycin oxime and 20 mg/kg of lotilaner. All dogs were necropsied 5 days after their respective treatment. All nematodes recovered from the gastrointestinal tract at necropsy were counted by species and stage. RESULTS For both dose confirmation studies and based on geometric mean worm counts, efficacy of Credelio Plus was ≥ 97.3% against L4 larval stage of A. caninum and ≥ 98.7% against immature adult (L5) A. caninum. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that the orally administered Credelio Plus combination tablet was highly efficacious in treating immature (L4 and immature adult [L5]) stages of A. caninum in experimentally infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder DVM PhD. Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Priestley Road Basingstoke, Hants, RG24 9NL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Crawley
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Kim Wallace
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Young LM, Wiseman S, Crawley E, Bowman DD, Reinemeyer CR, Snyder DE. Effectiveness of Credelio ® Plus, a novel chewable tablet containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner for the treatment of larval and immature adult stages of Toxocara canis in experimentally infected dogs. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:256. [PMID: 34001224 PMCID: PMC8127296 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascarid, Toxocara canis, is a common and important zoonotic intestinal nematode parasite that infects dogs globally. An effective treatment that kills any pre-patent stages of immature T. canis could additionally reduce or eliminate the development of patent infections that can result in clinical disease in infected dogs and would further reduce environmental contamination of eggs. Two randomized, blinded, GCP-compliant, pivotal laboratory dose confirmation studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness and safety of a new novel combination of lotilaner and milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio Plus) administered orally to dogs that were experimentally infected with immature (L4 or immature adult [L5]) stages of T. canis. METHODS The commercial tablet formulation of Credelio Plus® was administered in a time frame relative to inoculation with infective eggs. This allowed for effectiveness to be assessed against each specific immature stage of T. canis. In each study, dogs were randomized and allocated to one of four treatment groups. Each treatment group contained ten dogs that had been experimentally inoculated on Day 0 with infective T. canis eggs and then were dosed once on Day 14 or Day 24 using either placebo tablets or Credelio Plus tablets (IP) to provide minimum dosages of 0.75 mg/kg of milbemycin oxime and 20 mg/kg of lotilaner. All dogs were necropsied 5 or 6 days after their respective treatment. At necropsy, all nematodes recovered from the gastrointestinal tract were counted by species and stage. RESULTS In both dose confirmation studies using geometric mean worm counts, effectiveness of Credelio Plus was ≥ 98.6% and ≥ 96.8% against L4 larval stage T. canis and immature adult [L5] T. canis in both studies, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that the Credelio Plus combination tablet administered orally to dogs was highly efficacious against experimental infections with L4 and immature adult [L5] stages of T. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Young
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Priestley Road Basingstoke, Hants, RG24 9NL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Crawley
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder, DVM PhD. Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
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Hayes B, Wiseman S, Snyder DE. Field study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio ® Plus) against natural intestinal nematode infections in dogs presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:258. [PMID: 34001223 PMCID: PMC8127225 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A randomised, blinded, positive controlled, multicentre, Good Clinical Practice-compliant, pivotal field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new combination of lotilaner + milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio® Plus; Elanco Animal Health) administered orally to client-owned dogs naturally infected with intestinal nematodes. METHODS Client-owned dogs presenting to veterinary clinics from households in France, Hungary and Germany were screened for intestinal nematodes. Dogs with an initial positive faecal egg count that was subsequently confirmed with a follow-up faecal examination to demonstrate the presence of naturally occurring mixed or mono-infections with Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis or Ancylostoma caninum were enrolled on Day 0 into the study. Households were randomised in an approximately 2:1 ratio to receive either an investigational product (IP; Credelio Plus tablets) or control product (CP; Nexgard Spectra® tablets) as treatment. Dogs were administered the IP (n = 278) or CP (n = 117) once on Day 0 at a dose rate of 0.75-1.56 mg/kg bodyweight milbemycin oxime and 20.0-41.5 mg/kg bodyweight lotilaner (IP) or as recommended (CP). Effectiveness of the IP and CP treatments was based on the post-treatment reduction in geometric mean faecal egg counts on Day 8 (range Day 7-10) after treatment as compared to their pre-treatment nematode faecal egg counts. RESULTS Geometric mean (GM) faecal egg counts for T. canis, A caninum and T. vulpis were reduced by ≥ 97.2% in the Credelio Plus group and by ≥ 95.3% in the afoxolaner + milbemycin oxime group. There were insufficient data to calculate a percentage reduction in GM faecal egg counts between Day 0 and Day 8 for T. leonina due to low prevalence. Credelio Plus was well tolerated in this field study. Of the 355 total doses administered, 82.3% were accepted free choice in the IP group compared to 80.8% in the CP group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated effectiveness (≥ 97.2% reduction), safety and tablet acceptance of a combination of milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio Plus) administered orally to dogs with natural intestinal infections of T. canis, A. caninum and T. vulpis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Hayes
- Elanco Animal Health, Bartley Way, Hook, Hampshire, RG27 9XA, UK
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Bartley Way, Hook, Hampshire, RG27 9XA, UK
| | - Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder DVM PhD Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
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Zhou X, Hohman AE, Hsu WH. Current review of isoxazoline ectoparasiticides used in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:1-15. [PMID: 33733534 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The isoxazolines are a novel class of ectoparasiticides with potent inhibitory activity on glutamate- and gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channel located in nervous system of invertebrates. In recent years, studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of isoxazolines against various types of ectoparasites, including fleas, ticks, and mites. As more single and combined isoxazoline products have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency, a more comprehensive understanding of isoxazolines becomes essential for veterinary clinical practitioners. This article provides a complete review of isoxazolines with respect to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, ectoparasiticidal efficacy, and safety, which will provide veterinarians information to allow them to make the best choice of ectoparasiticide for their clients' specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexandra E Hohman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Allen K, Little S, Petersen M, Gruntmeir J, Barrett A, Herrin B, Starkey L, Sun F, Guerino F. Evaluation of oral fluralaner (Bravecto ®) for efficacy against nymphs of Amblyomma americanum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:315. [PMID: 32552774 PMCID: PMC7302130 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amblyomma americanum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) nymphs commonly feed on and transmit pathogens to dogs (Canis familiaris). Control of immature and adult tick life stages is necessary to fully protect animals. We evaluated efficacy of oral fluralaner (Bravecto®) against induced infestations with A. americanum and R. sanguineus (s.l.) nymphs on dogs in two experiments. METHODS In each experiment, 10 dogs were administered oral fluralaner chewable tablets one time on Day 0 at a targeted minimum dose of 25 mg/kg body weight and 10 dogs remained non-treated controls. Dogs were infested with two groups of 50 A. americanum nymphs and two groups of 50 R. sanguineus (s.l.) nymphs on Days -1, 6, 28, 56 and 84. At 48 h and 72 h post-infestation, nymphs were collected from dogs, assessed as live or dead, and enumerated into categories defining attachment and engorgement status. Fluralaner efficacy was determined in separate analyses against all live nymphs and against live-fed nymphs, i.e. live nymphs that were attached to dogs at the time of collection and/or were engorged. Fluralaner was considered effective when mean numbers of live ticks were reduced in fluralaner-treated dogs by ≥ 90%. RESULTS Fluralaner efficacy against all live and live-fed A. americanum nymphs in the first experiment was > 94% on all collection days. Efficacy against all live R. sanguineus (s.l.) nymphs in the first experiment was > 96% on all collection days excluding the 48 h counts for infestations on Days 28 (83.7%), 56 (82.9%) and 84 (86.7%); efficacy against live-fed R. sanguineus (s.l.) nymphs was > 95% on all 48 h/72 h count days. Fluralaner efficacy against all live A. americanum nymphs in the second experiment was > 93% on all collection days for 8 weeks excluding the 48 h count for infestation on Day 56 (87.8%); efficacy against live-fed A. americanum nymphs was > 91% on all count days for 8 weeks. Efficacy against all live R. sanguineus (s.l.) nymphs in the second experiment was > 91% on all 72 h collection days except for infestations on Days 28 (76.8%) and 56 (86.3%); efficacy against live-fed R. sanguineus (s.l.) nymphs was 100% on all 72 h count days. CONCLUSIONS A single administration of oral fluralaner to dogs is effective against A. americanum and R. sanguineus (s.l.) nymphs for up to 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA
| | - Susan Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA
| | | | - Jeff Gruntmeir
- Department of Comparative Diagnostics and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - Anne Barrett
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, New Jersey 07940 USA
| | - Brian Herrin
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Lindsay Starkey
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama 36849 USA
| | - Fangshi Sun
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, New Jersey 07940 USA
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Baker K, Ellenberger C, Murphy M, Cavalleri D, Seewald W, Drake J, Nanchen S, Hacket K. Laboratory evaluations of the 3-month efficacy of oral lotilaner (Credelio™) against experimental infestations of dogs with the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:487. [PMID: 30157914 PMCID: PMC6116354 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From three days following host attachment, the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, secretes a neurotoxin that annually causes paralysis in approximately 10,000 domestic pets. Lotilaner, a novel isoxazoline formulated in a chewable flavoured tablet (CredelioTM), produces rapid onset of acaricidal activity in dogs, with an efficacy duration of at least one month. Two studies were performed to determine the efficacy of lotilaner against I. holocyclus infestations over 3 months. METHODS Both studies included 16 dogs, ranked according to I. holocyclus counts on Day -5 (from infestations on Day -8) and blocked into pairs. One dog in each pair was randomized to be a sham-treated control, the other to receive lotilaner at a minimum dose rate of 20 mg/kg on Day 0. Dogs were dosed in a fed state. Infestations were performed in both studies on Days -8 (to determine the tick carrying capacity of each dog) -1, 28, 56, 70, 77 and 84, and additionally in Study 1 on Day 91, in Study 2 on Days 14 and 42. In Study 1, ticks were counted and assessed as alive or dead at 24, 48 and 72 h post-initial infestation and post-subsequent re-infestations. In study 2, ticks were counted at 24, 48 and 72 h post-dosing or post-re-infestation. Efficacy was determined by the percent reduction in live attached tick counts in the lotilaner group compared to control. RESULTS Within 48 h post-treatment in Study 1 and within 72 h post-treatment in Study 2 all lotilaner-group dogs were free of live ticks. By 72 h post-infestation, efficacy in Study 1 remained at 100% through Day 87, except on Day 31 when a single tick was found on one dog, and through Day 59 in Study 2. Efficacy exceeded 95% through the final assessment in each study (Days 94 and 87 in Studies 1 and 2, respectively). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that lotilaner quickly kills existing I. holocyclus infestations. By providing 95.3-100.0% protection through at least 87 days post-treatment, lotilaner can be a valuable tool in reducing the risk of tick paralysis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Baker
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo Research and Development Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW 2178 Australia
| | - Claudia Ellenberger
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo Research and Development Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW 2178 Australia
| | - Martin Murphy
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Seewald
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Drake
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA
| | - Steve Nanchen
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Hacket
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo Research and Development Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW 2178 Australia
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