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Tsegaye A, Demissew A, Hawaria D, Abossie A, Getachew H, Habtamu K, Degefa T, Wang X, Lee MC, Zhou G, Yewhalaw D, Yan G. Anopheles larval habitats seasonality and environmental factors affecting larval abundance and distribution in Arjo-Didessa sugar cane plantation, Ethiopia. Malar J 2023; 22:350. [PMID: 37968712 PMCID: PMC10652594 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water resource development projects are essential for increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. However, these activities require the modification of pre-existing environmental settings, which may alter mosquito larval habitat availability and seasonality. The intensive utilization of current adult vector control tools results in insecticide resistance among the main vectors. When coupled with behavioural resistances, a shift in malaria vector feeding and resting behaviours could compromise the effectiveness of the current adult vector control strategies. Thus, it is important to look for new or alternative vector control interventions for immatures to complement adult control by focusing on different larval habitats and their seasonal availability. Thus, this study investigated larval habitat seasonality and seasonal larval abundance and distribution in irrigated sugar cane plantation settings in Ethiopia. METHODS Anopheles mosquito larval habitats were surveyed and visited twice a month for a period of 14 months. Anopheline larvae and pupae were collected, reared, and fed finely ground fish food. Adults were provided with sucrose solution and kept under standard conditions. Female Anopheles mosquitoes were identified morphologically and using a species-specific PCR assay. Environmental parameters, which include habitats' physico-chemical characteristics, were assessed. Larval habitat diversity and larval abundance and distribution were determined across different seasons. RESULTS The study revealed that Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was the most predominant 4197(57%) vector species, followed by Anopheles coustani complex 2388 (32.8%). Molecular analysis of sub-samples of An. gambiae s.l. resulted in Anopheles arabiensis (77.9%) and Anopheles amharicus (21.5%), and the remaining 1.1% (n = 7) sub-samples were not amplified. Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature (t = 2.22, p = 0.028), conductivity (t = 3.21, p = 0.002), dissolved oxygen (t = 7.96, p = 0.001), nitrate ion (t = 2.51, p = 0.013), and ammonium ion (t = 2.26, p = 0.025) showed a significant and direct association with mosquito larval abundance. Furthermore, mosquito larval abundance was correlated with distance to the nearest houses (r = - 0.42, p = 0.001), exposure to sunlight (r = 0.34, p = 0.001), during long and short rainy season animal hoof prints, truck tires/road puddles and rain pools were negatively correlated (r = - 0.22, p = 0.01) and types of habitat (r = - 0.20, p = 0.01). Significant habitat type productivity were observed in man-made pools (t = 3.881, P = 0.01163), rain pools, animal hoof prints, (t = - 4.332, P = 0.00749 in both short and long rainy season, whereas, during dry seasons habitat type productivity almost similar and have no significance difference. CONCLUSION The study found that different larval habitats had variable productivity in different seasons, and that physical and physicochemical features like ammonium and nitrate, as well as the distance between larval habitats and households, are related to larval production. As a result, vector control should take into account the seasonality of Anopheles larval habitat as well as the impact of pesticide application on larval source management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arega Tsegaye
- College of Natural Science, Department of Biology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Assalif Demissew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Hawaria
- School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Abossie
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Hallelujah Getachew
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Habtamu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Menelik II College of Medicine and Health Science, Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular & Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Degefa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Zavell M, Chung K, Key P, Pennington P, DeLorenzo M. Interactive effects of Louisiana Sweet Crude (LSC) thin oil sheens and ultraviolet light on mortality and swimming behavior of the larval Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100117. [PMID: 37637491 PMCID: PMC10458706 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is an important commercial bivalve species which also has numerous ecological roles including biogeochemical cycling, providing habitat for larval fish and crustaceans, and reducing the impacts of coastal storms. Oil may pose a threat to oyster larvae swimming in the water column, leading to potential negative effects on survival, growth, and development. Oil toxicity may be further enhanced by chemical changes in the presence of sunlight. This study determined the toxicity of thin oil sheens with and without ultraviolet (UV) light, then examined the latent effects of the short term exposure on longer term survival and swimming ability. Larval C. virginica were exposed to four different oil sheen thicknesses for 24 h with either no UV light or 2-h UV light. Following the exposure, larvae were transferred to clean seawater and no UV light for 96 h. The presence of a 2-h UV light exposure significantly increased oyster mortality, indicating photo-enhanced toxicity. The LC50 for a 24-h oil sheen exposure without UV was 7.26 µm (23 µg/L PAH50) while a 2 h-UV exposure lowered the sheen toxicity threshold to 2.67 µm (10 µg/L PAH50). A previous 24-h oil sheen exposure (≥0.5 µm) led to latent effects on larval oyster survival, regardless of previous UV exposure. Sublethal impacts to larval oyster swimming behavior were also observed from the previous oil sheen exposure combined with UV exposure. This study provides new data for the toxicity of thin oil sheens to a sensitive early life stage of estuarine bivalve.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.D. Zavell
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - K.W. Chung
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - P.B. Key
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - P.L. Pennington
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - M.E. DeLorenzo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Hill BN, Britton KN, Hunter DL, Olin JK, Lowery M, Hedge JM, Knapp BR, Jarema KA, Rowson Z, Padilla S. Inconsistencies in variable reporting and methods in larval zebrafish behavioral assays. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 96:107163. [PMID: 36758822 PMCID: PMC10337341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
New approaches in developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) screening are needed due to the tens of thousands of chemicals requiring hazard assessments. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are an alternative vertebrate model for DNT testing, but without a standardized protocol for larval behavioral assays, comparison of results among laboratories is challenging. To evaluate the congruence of protocols across laboratories, we conducted a literature review of DNT studies focusing on larval zebrafish behavior assays and cataloged experimental design consistencies. Our review focused on 51 unique method variables in publications where chemical exposure occurred in early development and subsequent larval locomotor evaluation focused on assays that included a light/dark photoperiod transition. We initially identified 94 publications, but only 31 exclusively met our inclusion criteria which focused on parameters that are important to an assay employed by our laboratory. No publication reported 100% of the targeted variables; only 51 to 86% of those variables were reported in the reviewed publications, with some aspects of the experimental design consistent among laboratories. However, no protocol was exactly the same for any two publications. Many of these variables had more than one parameter/design reported, highlighting the inconsistencies among methods. Overall, there is not only a strong need for the development of a standardized testing protocol for larval zebrafish locomotor assays, but there is also a need for a standardized protocol for reporting experimental variables in the literature. Here we include an extensive guideline checklist for conducting larval zebrafish developmental behavior assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgett N Hill
- ORISE Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Katy N Britton
- ORAU Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Deborah L Hunter
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Jeanene K Olin
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Morgan Lowery
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Joan M Hedge
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Advanced Experimental Toxicology Models Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Bridget R Knapp
- ORISE Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Jarema
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Immediate Office, Program Operations Staff, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Zachary Rowson
- ORISE Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Ames J, Miragem AA, Cordeiro MF, Cerezer FO, Loro VL. Effects of glyphosate on zebrafish: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ecotoxicology 2022; 31:1189-1204. [PMID: 36065034 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate herbicide is widely used in worldwide crop production. Consequently, its active ingredient, surfactants, and adjuvants commonly reach the aquatic ecosystem, thereby harming the biota. An investigation into how this herbicide affects aquatic species is important, especially in fish, as they have the ability to absorb and concentrate toxins. We aimed to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on the embryonic, larval and adult stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio), an appreciable organismal model. In this sense, we performed a meta-analysis using published articles from online databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect), which covered studies published until 2022. From a massive compilation of studies evaluating the effects of active substance glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides (GBH) on zebrafish, we selected 36 studies used in downstream analyses. Overall, we report that glyphosate affects developmental stages and demonstrates toxicity and damage in zebrafish. We observed that embryos exposed to glyphosate exhibit increased mortality. There was also an increase in the number of morphological abnormalities related to yolk sac oedema, pericardial oedema, spinal curvature and body malformations, and a decrease in body size was observed. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the number of beats. The biochemical results demonstrated an increase in reactive oxygen species and antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals in the gills. The literature shows that glyphosate decreased the distance covered and the mean speed of the animals and increased the number of rotations. We concluded that glyphosate causes damage in the embryonic, larval and adult stages of this species. These results are valid for zebrafish and can be applied to other freshwater fish species. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaíne Ames
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Biológicas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Santa Rosa, RS, 98787-740, Brazil
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Azambuja Miragem
- Laboratório de Análises Biológicas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Santa Rosa, RS, 98787-740, Brazil
| | - Marcos Freitas Cordeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Osmari Cerezer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Vania Lucia Loro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Análises Biológicas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Santa Rosa, RS, 98787-740, Brazil.
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Faerberg DF, Gurarie V, Ruvinsky I. Inferring temporal organization of postembryonic development from high-content behavioral tracking. Dev Biol 2021; 475:54-64. [PMID: 33636188 PMCID: PMC8107144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding temporal regulation of development remains an important challenge. Whereas average, species-typical timing of many developmental processes has been established, less is known about inter-individual variability and correlations in timing of specific events. We addressed these questions in the context of postembryonic development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Based on patterns of locomotor activity of freely moving animals, we inferred durations of four larval stages (L1-L4) in over 100 individuals. Analysis of these data supports several conclusions. Individuals have consistently faster or slower rates of development because durations of L1 through L3 stages are positively correlated. The last larval stage, the L4, is less variable than the earlier stages and its duration is largely independent of the rate of early larval development, implying existence of two distinct larval epochs. We describe characteristic patterns of variation and correlation, as well as the fact that stage durations tend to scale relative to total developmental time. This scaling relationship suggests that each larval stage is not limited by an absolute duration, but is instead terminated when a subset of events that must occur prior to adulthood have been completed. The approach described here offers a scalable platform that will facilitate the study of temporal regulation of postembryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis F Faerberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Victor Gurarie
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Ilya Ruvinsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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Snyder DE, Wiseman S, Crawley E, Wallace K, Bowman DD, Reinemeyer CR. Effectiveness of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio ® Plus) for the treatment of larval and immature adult stages of Ancylostoma caninum in experimentally infected dogs. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:255. [PMID: 34001200 PMCID: PMC8127199 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, is a common and important zoonotic intestinal nematode parasite that infects dogs globally. Both the immature and adult stages of A. caninum ingest large volumes of blood during the feeding process and can cause severe anemia and death in young dogs, even before patent infections can be diagnosed using routine faecal examination methods. Thus, effective treatment of any pre-patent stages of immature hookworms can reduce or eliminate the risk of clinical disease in infected dogs and additionally reduce environmental contamination of eggs and infective larvae. Two randomized, blinded, GCP-compliant, pivotal laboratory dose confirmation studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new novel combination of lotilaner and milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio Plus®) administered orally to dogs experimentally infected with immature (L4 and immature adult [L5]) stages of A. caninum. METHODS Treatments using the intended global commercial tablet formulation of Credelio Plus were administered in a time frame relative to inoculation with infective larvae so that effectiveness could be assessed against each specific immature stage of A. caninum. In each study, dogs were randomized to one of six (study 1) or four (study 2) treatment groups. Each treatment group contained 8 (study 1) or 10 (study 2) dogs that had been experimentally inoculated with infective A. caninum larvae on day 0 and were dosed once on day 7 or day 11. Enrolled subjects were administered placebo tablets, Credelio Plus tablets, or lotilaner mono tablets to provide minimum dosages of 0.75 mg/kg of milbemycin oxime and 20 mg/kg of lotilaner. All dogs were necropsied 5 days after their respective treatment. All nematodes recovered from the gastrointestinal tract at necropsy were counted by species and stage. RESULTS For both dose confirmation studies and based on geometric mean worm counts, efficacy of Credelio Plus was ≥ 97.3% against L4 larval stage of A. caninum and ≥ 98.7% against immature adult (L5) A. caninum. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that the orally administered Credelio Plus combination tablet was highly efficacious in treating immature (L4 and immature adult [L5]) stages of A. caninum in experimentally infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder DVM PhD. Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Priestley Road Basingstoke, Hants, RG24 9NL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Crawley
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Kim Wallace
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Brown KE, King CK, Harrison PL. Impacts of Petroleum Fuels on Fertilization and Development of the Antarctic Sea Urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:2527-2539. [PMID: 32946126 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic marine environments are at risk from petroleum fuel spills as shipping activities in the Southern Ocean increase. Knowledge of the sensitivity of Antarctic species to fuels under environmentally realistic exposure conditions is lacking. We determined the toxicity of 3 fuels, Special Antarctic Blend diesel (SAB), marine gas oil (MGO), and intermediate fuel oil (IFO 180) to a common Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri. Sensitivity was estimated for early developmental stages from fertilization to the early 4-arm pluteus in toxicity tests of up to 24 d duration. The effects of the water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of fuels were investigated under different exposure scenarios to determine the relative sensitivity of stages and of different exposure regimes. Sensitivity to fuel WAFs increased through development. Both MGO and IFO 180 were more toxic than SAB, with median effect concentration values for the most sensitive pluteus stage of 3.5, 6.5, and 252 µg/L total hydrocarbon content, respectively. Exposure to a single pulse during fertilization and early embryonic development showed toxicity patterns similar to those observed from continuous exposure. The results show that exposure to fuel WAFs during critical early life stages affects the subsequent viability of larvae, with consequent implications for reproductive success. The sensitivity estimates for S. neumayeri that we generated can be utilized in risk assessments for the management of Antarctic marine ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2527-2539. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Brown
- Australian Antarctic Division, Environmental Protection, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine K King
- Australian Antarctic Division, Environmental Protection, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter L Harrison
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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Dos Santos Morais G, Vieira TB, Santos GS, Dolatto RG, Cestari MM, Grassi MT, Antônio Navarro da Silva M. Genotoxic, metabolic, and biological responses of Chironomus sancticaroli Strixino & Strixino, 1981 (Diptera: Chironomidae) after exposure to BBP. Sci Total Environ 2020; 715:136937. [PMID: 32041078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), which is widely used in industrial production, reaches the aquatic environment, mainly owing to improper disposal of plastic products. In the water, it remains adsorbed to sedimentary particles causing toxic effects in aquatic invertebrates such as Chironomidae, which are important in maintaining ecosystem dynamics and are an important link in the food chain. However, the effects of BBP on Chironomidae are still poorly known. Thus, the toxic effects of BBP on Chironomus sancticaroli at acute (48 h), subchronic (8 d), and chronic (25 d) exposures of concentrations between 0.1 and 2000 μg·L-1 were determined. Genotoxicity effects, changes in the oxidative stress pathway, and development and emergence of organisms were evaluated. Biochemical markers showed a reduction in cholinesterase (ChE) activity, indicating a neurotoxic effect on acute exposure (1-1000 μg·L-1). The antioxidant pathway, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed reduction on acute (0.1; 1-2000 μg·L-1) and subchronic (1-2000 μg·L-1) exposures and reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at all evaluated concentrations, suggesting oxidative stress. In contrast, lipid peroxidation was not observed. DNA damage occurred on acute (10 μg·L-1) and subchronic (10-2000 μg·L-1) exposures, indicating genotoxic effects. At concentrations above 10 μg·L-1, no emergence of adults occurred, while lower concentrations (0.1 and 1 μg·L-1) showed a reduction in the number of adults, mainly males. The observed effects indicate that BBP is genotoxic and causes biochemical alterations presenting high toxicity at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Tadeu Grassi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Abstract
Forward genetics remains an important approach for the unbiased identification of factors involved in biological pathways. Forward genetic analysis in the zebrafish has until now largely been restricted to the developmental period from zygotic genome activation through the end of embryogenesis. However, the use of the zebrafish as a model system for the analysis of late larval, juvenile and adult traits, including fertility and maternal and paternal effects, continues to gain momentum. Here, we describe two approaches, based on an F3-extended family and gynogenetic methods, that allow genetic screening for, and recovery of mutations affecting post-embryonic stages, including adult traits, fertility, and parental effects. For each approach, we also describe strategies to maintain, map, and molecularly clone the identified mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pelegri
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - M C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Sy O, Konaté L, Ndiaye A, Dia I, Diallo A, Taïrou F, Bâ EL, Gomis JF, Ndiaye JL, Cissé B, Gaye O, Faye O. [Identification of anopheles breeding sites in the residual foci of low malaria transmission «hotspots» in Central and Western Senegal]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 109:31-8. [PMID: 26830896 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-016-0469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria incidence has markedly declined in the Mbour, Fatick, Niakhar and Bambey districts (central and western Senegal) thanks to a scaling up of effective control measures namely LLINs (Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Net), ACTs (Artesunate Combination Therapy) and promoting care seeking. However malaria cases are now maintained by foci of transmission called hotspots. We evaluate the role of anopheles breeding sites in the identification of malaria hotspots in the health districts of Mbour, Fatick, Niakhar and Bambey. Surveys of breeding sites were made in 6 hotspot villages and 4 non-hotspot villages. A sample was taken in each water point with mosquito larvae by dipping method and the collected specimens were identified to the genus level. Additional parameters as name of the village and breeding sites, type of collection, original water turbidity, presence of vegetation, proximity to dwellings, geographic coordinates, sizes were also collected. Sixty-two water collections were surveyed and monitored between 2013 and 2014. Temporary natural breeding sites were predominant regardless of the epidemiological status of the village. Among the 31 breeding sites located within 500 meters of dwellings in hotspots villages, 70% carried Anopheles larvae during the rainy season while 43% of the 21 breeding sites located at similar distances in non-hotspot villages carried Anopheles larvae during the same period (P = 0.042). At the end of the rainy season, the trend is the same with 27% of positive breeding sites in hotspots and 14% in non-hotspots villages. The breeding sites encountered in hotspots villages are mostly small to medium size and are more productive by Anopheles larvae than those found in non-hotspot area. This study showed that the high frequency of smallest and productive breeding sites around and inside the villages can create conditions of residual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sy
- Laboratoire d'écologie vectorielle et parasitaire, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - L Konaté
- Laboratoire d'écologie vectorielle et parasitaire, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A Ndiaye
- Département de géographie, Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - I Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A Diallo
- Laboratoire de parasitologie médicale, Faculté de médecine, pharmacie et d'odonto-stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - F Taïrou
- Laboratoire de parasitologie médicale, Faculté de médecine, pharmacie et d'odonto-stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - E L Bâ
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - J F Gomis
- Laboratoire de parasitologie médicale, Faculté de médecine, pharmacie et d'odonto-stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - J L Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie médicale, Faculté de médecine, pharmacie et d'odonto-stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - B Cissé
- Laboratoire de parasitologie médicale, Faculté de médecine, pharmacie et d'odonto-stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - O Gaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie médicale, Faculté de médecine, pharmacie et d'odonto-stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - O Faye
- Laboratoire d'écologie vectorielle et parasitaire, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
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Hartenstein V, Younossi-Hartenstein A, Lovick JK, Kong A, Omoto JJ, Ngo KT, Viktorin G. Lineage-associated tracts defining the anatomy of the Drosophila first instar larval brain. Dev Biol 2015; 406:14-39. [PMID: 26141956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fixed lineages derived from unique, genetically specified neuroblasts form the anatomical building blocks of the Drosophila brain. Neurons belonging to the same lineage project their axons in a common tract, which is labeled by neuronal markers. In this paper, we present a detailed atlas of the lineage-associated tracts forming the brain of the early Drosophila larva, based on the use of global markers (anti-Neuroglian, anti-Neurotactin, inscuteable-Gal4>UAS-chRFP-Tub) and lineage-specific reporters. We describe 68 discrete fiber bundles that contain axons of one lineage or pairs/small sets of adjacent lineages. Bundles enter the neuropil at invariant locations, the lineage tract entry portals. Within the neuropil, these fiber bundles form larger fascicles that can be classified, by their main orientation, into longitudinal, transverse, and vertical (ascending/descending) fascicles. We present 3D digital models of lineage tract entry portals and neuropil fascicles, set into relationship to commonly used, easily recognizable reference structures such as the mushroom body, the antennal lobe, the optic lobe, and the Fasciclin II-positive fiber bundles that connect the brain and ventral nerve cord. Correspondences and differences between early larval tract anatomy and the previously described late larval and adult lineage patterns are highlighted. Our L1 neuro-anatomical atlas of lineages constitutes an essential step towards following morphologically defined lineages to the neuroblasts of the early embryo, which will ultimately make it possible to link the structure and connectivity of a lineage to the expression of genes in the particular neuroblast that gives rise to that lineage. Furthermore, the L1 atlas will be important for a host of ongoing work that attempts to reconstruct neuronal connectivity at the level of resolution of single neurons and their synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive, 5009 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Amelia Younossi-Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive, 5009 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lovick
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive, 5009 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Angel Kong
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive, 5009 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jaison J Omoto
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive, 5009 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathy T Ngo
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive, 5009 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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