1
|
Divenuto F, Marascio N, Quirino A, Giancotti A, Filice S, Gigliotti S, Campolo MP, Campolo M, Barreca GS, Lamberti AG, Castelli G, Bruno F, Matera G. Cellular mediators in human leishmaniasis: Critical determinants in parasite killing or disease progression. Acta Trop 2023; 248:107037. [PMID: 37805040 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Data on cellular immunity mediators in the early phase of human leishmaniasis are still limited and controversial. In order to mimic the changes of humoral mediators during the early phase of human natural infection, some Th1, Th2, Treg, and Breg cytokines, MCP-1, and the nitric oxide (NO) from human PBMC, stimulated by Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica infective metacyclic promastigotes, were determined. After 4 h of L. major, L. donovani, and L. tropica challenge, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 levels were significantly higher than negative control cultures with saline (SF) instead of Leishmania promastigotes, unlike L. infantum-stimulated TNFα and L. major-stimulated IL-1β. We obtained higher levels of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines after stimulation of human PBMCs by L. infantum and L. donovani, compared to those observed after the challenge of PBMCs by L. major and L. tropica. Regarding IL-35, such cytokine levels were significantly increased following infection with L. infantum and L. donovani, in contrast to L. major and L. tropica. Up to our knowledge, we are the first to study the effect of four different species of Leishmania on IL-35 levels in human cells. Our study highlights how several Leishmania species can up-regulate different groups of cytokines (Th1, Th2, Treg and Breg) and modulate NO release in a different way. This original aspect can be explained by different Leishmania cell products, such as LPG, obtained from different strains/species of live parasites. Our findings would contribute to the development of new therapeutics or vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Divenuto
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - N Marascio
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A Quirino
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - A Giancotti
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - S Filice
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - S Gigliotti
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M P Campolo
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M Campolo
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G S Barreca
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A G Lamberti
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G Castelli
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - F Bruno
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - G Matera
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fiuza JA, Gannavaram S, Gaze ST, de Ornellas LG, Alves ÉA, Ismail N, Nakhasi HL, Correa-Oliveira R. Deletion of MIF gene from live attenuated LdCen -/- parasites enhances protective CD4 + T cell immunity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7362. [PMID: 37147351 PMCID: PMC10163264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with live attenuated Leishmania parasites such as centrin deleted Leishmania donovani (LdCen-/-) against visceral leishmaniasis has been reported extensively. The protection induced by LdCen-/- parasites was mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. While the host immune mediators of protection are known, parasite determinants that affect the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations remain unknown. Parasite encoded inflammatory cytokine MIF has been shown to modulate the T cell differentiation characteristics by altering the inflammation induced apoptosis during contraction phase in experimental infections with Leishmania or Plasmodium. Neutralization of parasite encoded MIF either by antibodies or gene deletion conferred protection in Plasmodium and Leishmania studies. We investigated if the immunogenicity and protection induced by LdCen-/- parasites is affected by deleting MIF genes from this vaccine strain. Our results showed that LdCen-/-MIF-/- immunized group presented higher percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells, increased CD8+ T cell proliferation after challenge compared to LdCen-/- immunization. LdCen-/-MIF-/- immunized group presented elevated production of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells concomitant with a reduced parasite load in spleen and liver compared to LdCen-/-group following challenge with L. infantum. Our results demonstrate the role of parasite induced factors involved in protection and long-term immunity of vaccines against VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Soraya Torres Gaze
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Alessandra Alves
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hira Lal Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ejazi SA, Saha S, Bhattacharyya A, Das S, Mateus NLF, da Costa Lima MS, Neitzke-Abreu HC, de Mendonca IL, Costa CHN, de Oliveira Melo OA, de Melo MA, Rossi-Bergmann B, Corso R, Manna L, Ali N. Development of Immunological Assays Based on Leishmania donovani Antigen for Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and Their Multicenter Evaluation in Brazil and Italy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:914477. [PMID: 35846748 PMCID: PMC9283983 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.914477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) due to Leishmania infantum infection is a zoonotic disease prevalent in the areas of South America and the Mediterranean. Infected dogs as reservoirs can contribute to disease transmission and can be a scourge to public health. Therefore, early diagnosis of infected dogs may play a pivotal role in circumscribing disease progression. Invasive tissue aspiration and insufficient serological methods impair a single assay for prompt CVL diagnosis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of Leishmania donovani isolated membrane protein, LAg, for the diagnosis of CVL through immunological assays. Initially, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was done with Brazilian dog sera to evaluate the performance of LAg in diagnosing CVL and found sensitivity and specificity of 92.50% and 95%, respectively. The study further confirmed the diagnostic efficacy of LAg in a dipstick format. The dipstick test of canine sera from three centers in Brazil and one center in Italy collectively showed sensitivity values in the range of 53.33% to 100% in recognizing symptomatic dogs and specificity values between 75% and 100% to rule out healthy dogs. Moreover, a rapid immunochromatographic test was developed and optimized using LAg. This test was able to identify 94.73% of CVL of Brazilian origin with specificity of 97.29%. The current results highlight the reactive potential of the L. donovani antigen, LAg, for L. infantum CVL diagnosis and support our previous findings, which suggest the utility of LAg for the diagnosis of both L. donovani and L. infantum human VL in a variety of endemic regions. LAg as a diagnostic candidate may be employed to identify comprehensive CVL cases in epidemiological areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samiran Saha
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Sonali Das
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nathália Lopes Fontoura Mateus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivete Lopes de Mendonca
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Otoni Alves de Oliveira Melo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Almeida de Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Saude Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raffaele Corso
- Prevention Department, Distretto Sanitario 12, Unità Operativa di Prevenzione Collettiva, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Caserta, Caserta, Italy
| | - Laura Manna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nahid Ali
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Nahid Ali,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gupta AK, Das S, Kamran M, Ejazi SA, Ali N. The Pathogenicity and Virulence of Leishmania - interplay of virulence factors with host defenses. Virulence 2022; 13:903-935. [PMID: 35531875 PMCID: PMC9154802 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2074130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Infection by different species of Leishmania results in various host immune responses, which usually lead to parasite clearance and may also contribute to pathogenesis and, hence, increasing the complexity of the disease. Interestingly, the parasite tends to reside within the unfriendly environment of the macrophages and has evolved various survival strategies to evade or modulate host immune defense. This can be attributed to the array of virulence factors of the vicious parasite, which target important host functioning and machineries. This review encompasses a holistic overview of leishmanial virulence factors, their role in assisting parasite-mediated evasion of host defense weaponries, and modulating epigenetic landscapes of host immune regulatory genes. Furthermore, the review also discusses the diagnostic potential of various leishmanial virulence factors and the advent of immunomodulators as futuristic antileishmanial drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sonali Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mohd Kamran
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Helou DG, Mauras A, Fasquelle F, Lanza JS, Loiseau PM, Betbeder D, Cojean S. Intranasal vaccine from whole Leishmania donovani antigens provides protection and induces specific immune response against visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009627. [PMID: 34403413 PMCID: PMC8370633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease associated with high fatality rate in developing countries. Although the drug pipeline is constantly improving, available treatments are costly and live-threatening side effects are not uncommon. Moreover, an approved vaccine against human leishmaniasis does not exist yet. Using whole antigens from Leishmania donovani promastigotes (LdAg), we investigated the protective potential of a novel adjuvant-free vaccine strategy. Immunization of mice with LdAg via the intradermal or the intranasal route prior to infection decreases the parasitic burden in primary affected internal organs, including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Interestingly, the intranasal route is more efficient than the intradermal route, leading to better parasite clearance and remarkable induction of adaptive immune cells, notably the helper and cytotoxic T cells. In vitro restimulation experiments with Leishmania antigens led to significant IFN-γ secretion by splenocytes; therefore, exemplifying specificity of the adaptive immune response. To improve mucosal delivery and the immunogenic aspects of our vaccine strategy, we used polysaccharide-based nanoparticles (NP) that carry the antigens. The NP-LdAg formulation is remarkably taken up by dendritic cells and induces their maturation in vitro, as revealed by the increased expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC II. Intranasal immunization with NP-LdAg does not improve the parasite clearance in our experimental timeline; however, it does increase the percentage of effector and memory T helper cells in the spleen, suggesting a potential induction of long-term memory. Altogether, this study provides a simple and cost-effective vaccine strategy against visceral leishmaniasis based on LdAg administration via the intranasal route, which could be applicable to other parasitic diseases. Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by specific species of Leishmania parasites that affect internal organs including spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The infective stage called promastigote, is transmitted into the host skin via sandfly bites. Visceral leishmaniasis is usually associated with high mortality rate in poor and developing countries, lacking proper health assistance. Moreover, treatments are expensive while no approved vaccines exist to prevent infection and avoid disease outbreaks. This study suggests an affordable and adjuvant-free vaccine formulation made from the total lysate of promastigotes. Vaccine administration via the intranasal route, ensures a remarkable clearance of Leishmania parasites from the internal organs of infected experimental mice. In particular, intranasal route known to be not invasive, is efficient in inducing adequate immune response against the infective form of the parasite. Further studies are now required to improve this prophylactic vaccine and provide therefore the basis for a promising translational approach.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/parasitology
- Female
- Immunization
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/parasitology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doumet Georges Helou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCis-UMR 8076, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- * E-mail: (DGH); (SC)
| | - Aurélie Mauras
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCis-UMR 8076, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandrine Cojean
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCis-UMR 8076, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- * E-mail: (DGH); (SC)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ejazi SA, Choudhury ST, Bhattacharyya A, Kamran M, Pandey K, Das VNR, Das P, da Silva FO, Costa DL, Costa CHN, Rahaman M, Goswami RP, Ali N. Development and Clinical Evaluation of Serum and Urine-Based Lateral Flow Tests for Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071369. [PMID: 34201902 PMCID: PMC8305891 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a fatal parasitic infection, is categorized as being neglected among tropical diseases. The use of conventional tissue aspiration for diagnosis is not possible in every setting. The immunochromatography-based lateral flow assay (LFA) has attracted attention for a long time due to its ability to give results within a few minutes, mainly in resource-poor settings. In the present study, we optimized and developed the LFA to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies for VL diagnosis. The performance of the developed test was evaluated with serum and urine samples of Indian VL patients and Brazilian sera. The new test exploits well-studied and highly-sensitive purified antigens, LAg isolated from Leishmania donovani promastigotes and protein G conjugated colloidal-gold as a signal reporter. The intensity of the bands depicting the antigen-antibody complex was optimized under different experimental conditions and quantitatively analyzed by the ImageJ software. For the diagnosis of human VL in India, LFA was found to be 96.49% sensitive and 95% specific with serum, and 95.12% sensitive and 96.36% specific with urine samples, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of LFA were 88.57% and 94.73%, respectively, for the diagnosis of Brazilian VL using patients' sera infected with Leishmania infantum. LFA is rapid and simple to apply, suitable for field usage where results can be interpreted visually and particularly sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of human VL. Serum and urine LFA may improve diagnostic outcomes and could be an alternative for VL diagnosis in settings where tissue aspiration is difficult to perform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.A.E.); (S.T.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Anirban Bhattacharyya
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.A.E.); (S.T.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Mohd Kamran
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.A.E.); (S.T.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India; (K.P.); (V.N.R.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Vidya Nand Ravi Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India; (K.P.); (V.N.R.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India; (K.P.); (V.N.R.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Fernando Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Community Medicine, Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina 64001-450, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (D.L.C.); (C.H.N.C.)
| | - Dorcas Lamounier Costa
- Department of Community Medicine, Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina 64001-450, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (D.L.C.); (C.H.N.C.)
| | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Department of Community Medicine, Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina 64001-450, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (D.L.C.); (C.H.N.C.)
| | - Mehebubar Rahaman
- School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata 700073, India; (M.R.); (R.P.G.)
| | | | - Nahid Ali
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.A.E.); (S.T.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-33-2499-5757
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goyal DK, Keshav P, Kaur S. Adjuvant effects of TLR agonist gardiquimod admixed with Leishmania vaccine in mice model of visceral leishmaniasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104947. [PMID: 34052416 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical and subtropical areas of the world are affected by leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania spp. It has been categorized as an NTD (neglected tropical disease) because of its negligence. The sand fly of genus Phlebotomus acts as the vector for the transmission of the promastigote form of this protozoan parasite to the mammalian host where it converts to amastigote form in the macrophages. Visceral form of leishmaniasis (VL) is a deadly infection in the endothelial system of the human and other mammals. Only a few chemotherapeutic agents are available for the treatment of this infectious disease whereas no vaccine is available for the control of leishmanial infection. Therefore in the current study, we have tested the effects of gardiquimod (a TLR agonist) as an adjuvant in combination with the formalin-killed antigen of L. donovani as a vaccine. The mice were vaccinated thrice at an interval of 2 weeks and challenged with L. donovani promastigotes after 2 weeks of the last vaccination. We assessed the parasite load, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, humoral and cell-mediated immune response in BALB/c mice before and after challenge infection with L. donovani. Immunized mice were found to have the least parasite load, high DTH response, elevated levels of Th1 cytokines, IgG2a, and nitric oxide than non-immunized and infected control mice. The efficacy of the vaccine was boosted with the use of adjuvant gardiquimod that depicts its potential as an adjuvant in this study. Our study is reporting the adjuvant effects of gardiquimod for the first time. Further studies using other Leishmania species can be performed to signify its role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Goyal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Poonam Keshav
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reimão JQ, Coser EM, Lee MR, Coelho AC. Laboratory Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current and Future Methods. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1632. [PMID: 33105784 PMCID: PMC7690623 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with two main clinical forms: cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis is still a challenge, concerning the detection and correct identification of the species of the parasite, mainly in endemic areas where the absence of appropriate resources is still a problem. Most accessible methods for diagnosis, particularly in these areas, do not include the identification of each one of more than 20 species responsible for the disease. Here, we summarize the main methods used for the detection and identification of leishmaniasis that can be performed by demonstration of the parasite in biological samples from the patient through microscopic examination, by in vitro culture or animal inoculation; by molecular methods through the detection of parasite DNA; or by immunological methods through the detection of parasite antigens that may be present in urine or through the detection of specific antibodies against the parasite. Potential new methods that can be applied for laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Quero Reimão
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil; (J.Q.R.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Magiolo Coser
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Monica Ran Lee
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil; (J.Q.R.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Adriano Cappellazzo Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Evaluation of Cysteine Protease C of Leishmania donovani in Comparison with Glycoprotein 63 and Elongation Factor 1α for Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis and for Posttreatment Follow-Up Response. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00213-20. [PMID: 32848039 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00213-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a threat in many developing countries. Much effort has been put to eliminating this disease, for which serodiagnosis remains the mainstay for VL control programs. New and improved antigens as diagnostic candidates are required, though, as the available antigens fail to demonstrate equal optimum performance in all areas of endemicity. Moreover, these diagnoses are dependent on invasive serum sampling. In the current study, we cloned and expressed Leishmania donovani cysteine protease C (CPC) and evaluated its diagnostic and test-of-cure possibilities by detecting the antibody levels in human serum and urine through ELISA and immunoblot assays. Two immunodominant antigens, recombinant glycoprotein 63 (GP63) and elongation factor 1α (EF1α), identified earlier by our group, were also assessed by employing human serum and urine samples. Of these three antigens in ELISAs, CPC demonstrated the highest sensitivities of 98.15% and 96% positive testing in serum and urine of VL patients, respectively. Moreover, CPC yielded 100% specificity with serum and urine of nonendemic healthy controls compared to GP63 and EF1α. Urine samples were found to be more specific than serum for distinguishing endemic healthy controls and other diseases by means of all three antigens. In all cases, CPC gave the most promising results. Unlike serum, urine tests demonstrated a significant decrease in antibody levels for CPC, GP63, and EF1α after 6 months of treatment. The diagnostic and test-of-cure performances of CPC in the immunoblot assay were found to be better than those of GP63 and EF1α. In conclusion, CPC, followed by GP63 and EF1α, may be utilized as candidates for diagnosis of VL and to assess treatment response.
Collapse
|