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Vulu F, Futami K, Sunahara T, Mampuya P, Bobanga TL, Mumba Ngoyi D, Minakawa N. Geographic expansion of the introduced Aedes albopictus and other native Aedes species in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:35. [PMID: 38279140 PMCID: PMC10811949 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus has been reported in several Central African countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The establishment of this mosquito species poses a serious threat as a vector of various infectious diseases. Although Ae. albopictus has been reported in the western region of the DRC, information about its distribution is still scarce in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the current nationwide distribution of the invasive Ae. albopictus, as well as other native Aedes mosquitoes, in the DRC and to identify suitable areas for its future expansion. METHODS Two entomological surveys were conducted in 2017-2019 and 2022. Based on the occurrence sites of Ae. albopictus, important environmental variables were identified. Then, geographical areas suitable for Ae. albopictus establishment were determined using the maximum entropy model. The distribution and abundance of Ae. albopictus were also compared with those of the major native Aedes species. RESULTS Aedes albopictus was found in the western, northern, central, and eastern regions of the DRC, but it was not found in the southeastern region. The maximum entropy model predicted that most parts of the DRC are suitable for the establishment of this mosquito. The unsuitable areas encompassed the eastern highlands, known for their low temperatures, and the southeastern highlands, which experience both low temperatures and a long dry season. The native Aedes species found were Aedes aegypti, Aedes simpsoni, Aedes africanus, and Aedes vittatus. Aedes albopictus dominated in the western and northern regions, while Ae. aegypti was more prevalent in other regions. CONCLUSIONS Aedes albopictus has been well established in the western and northern regions of the DRC. This mosquito is expanding its distribution while replacing the native Aedes species. Most of the country is suitable for the establishment of this mosquito species, except the highlands of the eastern and the southeastern regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Vulu
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
- Department of Vector Ecology & Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Kyoko Futami
- Department of Vector Ecology & Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sunahara
- Department of Vector Ecology & Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Pitshou Mampuya
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Thierry L Bobanga
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dieudonne Mumba Ngoyi
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Noboru Minakawa
- Department of Vector Ecology & Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Poungou N, Sevidzem SL, Koumba AA, Koumba CRZ, Mbehang P, Onanga R, Zahouli JZB, Maganga GD, Djogbénou LS, Borrmann S, Adegnika AA, Becker SC, Mavoungou JF, Nguéma RM. Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses Occurrence and Distribution in the Last Three Decades in Central Africa: A Systematic Literature Review. Microorganisms 2023; 12:4. [PMID: 38276174 PMCID: PMC10819313 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses represent a real public health problem globally and in the Central African subregion in particular, which represents a high-risk zone for the emergence and re-emergence of arbovirus outbreaks. Furthermore, an updated review on the current arbovirus burden and associated mosquito vectors is lacking for this region. To contribute to filling this knowledge gap, the current study was designed with the following objectives: (i) to systematically review data on the occurrence and distribution of arboviruses and mosquito fauna; and (ii) to identify potential spillover mosquito species in the Central African region in the last 30 years. A web search enabled the documentation of 2454 articles from different online databases. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) and the quality of reporting of meta-analyses (QUORUM) steps for a systematic review enabled the selection of 164 articles that fulfilled our selection criteria. Of the six arboviruses (dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), and West Nile virus (WNV)) of public health concern studied, the most frequently reported were chikungunya and dengue. The entomological records showed >248 species of mosquitoes regrouped under 15 genera, with Anopheles (n = 100 species), Culex (n = 56 species), and Aedes (n = 52 species) having high species diversity. Three genera were rarely represented, with only one species included, namely, Orthopodomyia, Lutzia, and Verrallina, but individuals of the genera Toxorhinchites and Finlayas were not identified at the species level. We found that two Aedes species (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus) colonised the same microhabitat and were involved in major epidemics of the six medically important arboviruses, and other less-frequently identified mosquito genera consisted of competent species and were associated with outbreaks of medical and zoonotic arboviruses. The present study reveals a high species richness of competent mosquito vectors that could lead to the spillover of medically important arboviruses in the region. Although epidemiological studies were found, they were not regularly documented, and this also applies to vector competence and transmission studies. Future studies will consider unpublished information in dissertations and technical reports from different countries to allow their information to be more consistent. A regional project, entitled "Ecology of Arboviruses" (EcoVir), is underway in three countries (Gabon, Benin, and Cote d'Ivoire) to generate a more comprehensive epidemiological and entomological data on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Poungou
- Ecole Doctorale Regionale en Infectiologie Tropical de Franceville (EDR), University of Science and Technique of Masuku (USTM), Franceville P.O. Box 943, Gabon;
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville P.O. Box 1177, Gabon
| | - Silas Lendzele Sevidzem
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville P.O. Box 1177, Gabon
| | - Aubin Armel Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Christophe Roland Zinga Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Phillipe Mbehang
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Richard Onanga
- Center of Interdisciplinary Medical Analysis of Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | - Julien Zahouli Bi Zahouli
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké 01 BPV 18, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Gael Darren Maganga
- Center of Interdisciplinary Medical Analysis of Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | - Luc Salako Djogbénou
- Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Ouidah P.O. Box 384, Benin
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné P.O. Box 242, Gabon
| | - Stefanie C. Becker
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Rodrigue Mintsa Nguéma
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville P.O. Box 1177, Gabon
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
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Sumera NS, Iqbal SS, Khan ST, Rehman ZU. Fusarium oxysporum; its enhanced entomopathogenic activity with acidic silver nanoparticles against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e266741. [PMID: 36820787 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.266741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an entomopathogenic fungus, and it has anti-biological activity against arthropods. Ticks are blood sucking arthropods which are responsible for transmitting different diseases in humans and animals. The use of chemical insecticides against ticks is not eco-friendly option and results in the development of acaricide resistance. Previously, we had cultured a local isolate of Fusarium oxysporum from soil samples which were identified through microscopy and confirmed through molecular technique. In our previous experiments, we have prepared Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) at pH 7 and they had been characterized through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-visible and zeta-potential. In our current study, the AgNP were prepared at different pH conditions and characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The protein molecules of F. oxysporum were charged with Ag ions. F. oxysporum NP were observed to enhance anti-biological activity by killing Rhipicephalus microplus and they caused 100% mortality at pH 4 and pH 5 in 24 h in anti-tick biological assay. Our study is the first report to do biological assay against Rhipicehalus ticks by using Fusarium AgNP at acidic pH. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi can be the best alternative of the chemical method to control the tick population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Sumera
- Government College for Women, Department of Physics, Mustafabad, Lahore, Pakistan.,University of Lahore, Department of Physics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S S Iqbal
- University of Lahore, Department of Physics, Lahore, Pakistan.,Lahore Garrison University, Department of Physics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S T Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Z Ul Rehman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Rezende TMT, Macera G, Heyndrickx L, Michiels J, Coppens S, Thibaut HJ, Dallmeier K, Van Esbroeck M, Neyts J, Ariën KK, Bartholomeeusen K. Validation of a Reporter Cell Line for Flavivirus Inhibition Assays. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0502722. [PMID: 36786659 PMCID: PMC10100686 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05027-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the validation of a new reporter cell line, Hec1a-IFNB-Luc, for use in inhibition studies of various flaviviruses relevant to human pathology. The reporter system allows the detection of viral replication after luciferase gene activation driven by an interferon beta (IFN-β) promoter. We found the reporter cell line to be highly responsive to all 10 flaviviruses tested, including the 4 dengue virus serotypes. The applicability of the Hec1a-IFNB-Luc reporter cell line for serodiagnostic purposes in neutralizing antibody assays was confirmed by comparison of its sensitivity and specificity to those of "gold-standard," clinically applied, cytopathic effect-based assays, showing comparable performances. The reporter cell line used for the assessment of viral inhibition by small-molecule antiviral compounds was also confirmed, and the sensitivity of the Hec1a-IFNB-Luc reporter cell line was compared to those from published data reporting on the activity of the antivirals in various other assays, indicating that the Hec1a-IFNB-Luc reporter cell line allowed the determination of the inhibitory capacity at least as sensitive as alternative assays. By measuring luciferase activity as a proxy for viral replication, the reporter cell line allows early detection, reducing the time to results from often 5 to 7 days to 3 days, without the need for optical inspection of cytopathic effects, which often differ between viruses and cell lines, streamlining the development of flavivirus assays. IMPORTANCE The Hec1a-IFNB-Luc reporter cell line allows the detection of all 10 flaviviruses tested, including the 4 dengue virus serotypes. Its use for serodiagnostic purposes, measuring neutralizing antibody activity in sera, and the assessment of the antiviral activities of small-molecule compounds was confirmed, and it was found to be comparable to clinically applied assays. The Hec1a-IFNB-Luc reporter cell line allows the rapid and quantitative determination of antiviral effects on multiple human pathological flaviviruses using a single protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M. T. Rezende
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Macera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Michiels
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandra Coppens
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery (MVVD), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Reference Lab, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery (MVVD), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
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Mbanzulu KM, Mboera LEG, Wumba R, Zanga JK, Luzolo FK, Misinzo G, Kimera SI. Community Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Viral Diseases in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. EPIDEMIOLOGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 4:1-17. [PMID: 36648775 PMCID: PMC9844489 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) create a dramatic health situation worldwide. There is a need to improve the understanding of factors to be addressed in intervention programmes. This study explored community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding MBVD in Kinshasa. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out between January and April 2019. The socio-demographic and KAP data collected through a questionnaire were analysed using Epi Info 7. RESULTS The study included 1464 male and female respondents aged from 18 to 70 years old. Open garbage cans and outdoor water storage units were found in 61.2% and 33.4% of respondent residences, respectively. Polluted water bodies (80.3%) were the most mentioned as mosquito breeding places. Among 86.6% of the respondents that had heard about yellow fever, 12% knew that it is an MBVD. The majority of respondents (72.5%) were perceived to be at risk of contracting MBVD. Environment sanitation (58%) and insecticide use (25%) were among the measures implemented to control mosquitoes. The greater overall knowledge score and attitude were not associated with good practice. CONCLUSION The residents of Kinshasa had limited knowledge of MBVD. Raising awareness and educational sessions are essential in empowering the community regarding the correct attitudes and practices to effectively manage the risk posed by MBVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy M. Mbanzulu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 747, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +243-898788072
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
| | - Roger Wumba
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 747, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Josué K. Zanga
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 747, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Flory K. Luzolo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 747, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
| | - Sharadhuli I. Kimera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3021, Tanzania
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Tavares W, Morais J, Martins JF, Scalsky RJ, Stabler TC, Medeiros MM, Fortes FJ, Arez AP, Silva JC. Malaria in Angola: recent progress, challenges and future opportunities using parasite demography studies. Malar J 2022; 21:396. [PMID: 36577996 PMCID: PMC9795141 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a considerable expansion of malaria interventions has occurred at the national level in Angola, together with cross-border initiatives and regional efforts in southern Africa. Currently, Angola aims to consolidate malaria control and to accelerate the transition from control to pre-elimination, along with other country members of the Elimination 8 initiative. However, the tremendous heterogeneity in malaria prevalence among Angolan provinces, as well as internal population movements and migration across borders, represent major challenges for the Angolan National Malaria Control Programme. This review aims to contribute to the understanding of factors underlying the complex malaria situation in Angola and to encourage future research studies on transmission dynamics and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum, important areas to complement host epidemiological information and to help reenergize the goal of malaria elimination in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Tavares
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Morais
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Em Saúde, INIS, Luanda, Angola
| | - José F. Martins
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, PNCM, Luanda, Angola
| | - Ryan J. Scalsky
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Thomas C. Stabler
- grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Márcia M. Medeiros
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filomeno J. Fortes
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Arez
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana C. Silva
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA ,grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Mbanzulu KM, Wumba R, Mboera LEG, Kayembe JMN, Engbu D, Bojabwa MM, Zanga JK, Misinzo G, Kimera SI. Pattern of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Associated with Human Exposure to Dengue Virus in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:392. [PMID: 36422943 PMCID: PMC9695267 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a worldwide public health concern. The current study assessed the extent of human exposure to the dengue virus in relation to the distribution pattern of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Kinshasa. Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in 2021 and 2022. The baseline entomological survey involved 19 municipalities using a grid cell sampling approach. All containers holding water were inspected for the presence of larvae in each grid. The collected larvae were kept in an insectary until the adult emergence for morphological identification. Four hundred febrile patients attending the hospital were screened for the presence of dengue antibodies (IgG, IgM) and NS1 antigen using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) Biosynex®. Residences of positive cases were geo-referenced. We evaluated 1850 grid cells, of which 19.5% were positive for Aedes larvae. The positive grid cells were identified in the Ndjili (44.0%), Mont Ngafula (32.0%) and Ngaliema (26.0%), and Limete (32.0%) municipalities. The Ae. aegypti (11.2%) predominated in the northwestern, and Ae. albopictus (9.1%) appeared in the high vegetation coverage areas. Of 61 (15.3%) participants exposed to dengue, 8.3% presented acute dengue. Young, (6-17 years), male, and Mont Amba district participants were most exposed to dengue. In conclusion, dengue occurrence in Kinshasa overlaps somewhat the geographical and ecological distributions of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Both species are not homogenously distributed, likely due to environmental factors. These findings can assist the targeted control activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Makola Mbanzulu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 01306, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
| | - Roger Wumba
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 01306, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
| | - Jean-Marie Ntumba Kayembe
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 747, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Danoff Engbu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 01306, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Michael Mondjo Bojabwa
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 01306, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Josué Kikana Zanga
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 01306, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
| | - Sharadhuli Iddi Kimera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3021, Tanzania
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Mbanzulu KM, Mboera LEG, Wumba R, Engbu D, Bojabwa MM, Zanga J, Mitashi PM, Misinzo G, Kimera SI. Physicochemical Characteristics of Aedes Mosquito Breeding Habitats in Suburban and Urban Areas of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.789273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe knowledge of key elements of the ecosystem affecting mosquito distribution and their population dynamics is essential for designing mosquito-borne disease interventions. The present study characterized the physicochemical properties of Aedes mosquito breeding habitats in Democratic Republic of the Congo.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was carried out in Kinshasa, from February to April 2021. The physicochemical characteristics of the natural and artificial aquatic habitats of Aedes were measured using a multiparametric device.ResultsOut of 438 breeding habitats inspected, 273 (62.3%) contained mosquito larvae. The Aedes mosquitoes identified in 76.19% of positive breeding sites were Aedes albopictus (67.30%) and Aedes aegypti (37.98%). The median values of dissolved oxygen (DO) (1.0), turbidity (19.15), and salinity (0.115) in water breeding sites of Aedes were respectively 0.8, 55.0, and 0.29 in Culex breeding sites (p < 0.05). The physicochemical characteristics of the breeding habitat for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were almost identical. In urban areas, the median temperature was 29.82 while it was 29.60 in suburban areas (p < 0.05). Significantly, the salinity was higher in bamboo and metal containers while DO was higher in tins. After analysis using simple linear regression, total dissolved solids (r = 0.23; p = 0.000), conductivity (r = 0.23), salinity (r = 0.23), and temperature (r = 0.13) were associated with larval density (p < 0.05). In the final model (r = 0.30, p = 0.01), salinity (r = 0.23) and DO (r = 0.138) adjusted to temperature, pH, and turbidity were associated positively to larvae density.ConclusionThe Aedes breeding sites and mosquito density were significantly influenced by water salinity, DO, temperature, pH, and turbidity.
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Gerken KN, LaBeaud AD, Mandi H, L’Azou Jackson M, Breugelmans JG, King CH. Paving the way for human vaccination against Rift Valley fever virus: A systematic literature review of RVFV epidemiology from 1999 to 2021. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009852. [PMID: 35073355 PMCID: PMC8812886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a lethal threat to humans and livestock in many parts of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean. This systematic review's objective was to consolidate understanding of RVFV epidemiology during 1999-2021 and highlight knowledge gaps relevant to plans for human vaccine trials. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020221622). Reports of RVFV infection or exposure among humans, animals, and/or vectors in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean during the period January 1999 to June 2021 were eligible for inclusion. Online databases were searched for publications, and supplemental materials were recovered from official reports and research colleagues. Exposures were classified into five groups: 1) acute human RVF cases, 2) acute animal cases, 3) human RVFV sero-surveys, 4) animal sero-surveys, and 5) arthropod infections. Human risk factors, circulating RVFV lineages, and surveillance methods were also tabulated. In meta-analysis of risks, summary odds ratios were computed using random-effects modeling. 1104 unique human or animal RVFV transmission events were reported in 39 countries during 1999-2021. Outbreaks among humans or animals occurred at rates of 5.8/year and 12.4/year, respectively, with Mauritania, Madagascar, Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan having the most human outbreak years. Men had greater odds of RVFV infection than women, and animal contact, butchering, milking, and handling aborted material were significantly associated with greater odds of exposure. Animal infection risk was linked to location, proximity to water, and exposure to other herds or wildlife. RVFV was detected in a variety of mosquito vectors during interepidemic periods, confirming ongoing transmission. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE With broad variability in surveillance, case finding, survey design, and RVFV case confirmation, combined with uncertainty about populations-at-risk, there were inconsistent results from location to location. However, it was evident that RVFV transmission is expanding its range and frequency. Gaps assessment indicated the need to harmonize human and animal surveillance and improve diagnostics and genotyping. Given the frequency of RVFV outbreaks, human vaccination has strong potential to mitigate the impact of this now widely endemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli N. Gerken
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - A. Desirée LaBeaud
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Henshaw Mandi
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Charles H. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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De Weggheleire A, Nkuba-Ndaye A, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Mariën J, Kindombe-Luzolo E, Ilombe G, Mangala-Sonzi D, Binene-Mbuka G, De Smet B, Vogt F, Selhorst P, Matungala-Pafubel M, Nkawa F, Vulu F, Mossoko M, Pukuta-Simbu E, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Van Bortel W, Wat’senga-Tezzo F, Makiala-Mandanda S, Ahuka-Mundeke S. A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the First Chikungunya Virus Outbreak in Matadi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101988. [PMID: 34696418 PMCID: PMC8541179 DOI: 10.3390/v13101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early March 2019, health authorities of Matadi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alerted a sudden increase in acute fever/arthralgia cases, prompting an outbreak investigation. We collected surveillance data, clinical data, and laboratory specimens from clinical suspects (for CHIKV-PCR/ELISA, malaria RDT), semi-structured interviews with patients/caregivers about perceptions and health seeking behavior, and mosquito sampling (adult/larvae) for CHIKV-PCR and estimation of infestation levels. The investigations confirmed a large CHIKV outbreak that lasted February–June 2019. The total caseload remained unknown due to a lack of systematic surveillance, but one of the two health zones of Matadi notified 2686 suspects. Of the clinical suspects we investigated (n = 220), 83.2% were CHIKV-PCR or IgM positive (acute infection). One patient had an isolated IgG-positive result (while PCR/IgM negative), suggestive of past infection. In total, 15% had acute CHIKV and malaria. Most adult mosquitoes and larvae (>95%) were Aedes albopictus. High infestation levels were noted. CHIKV was detected in 6/11 adult mosquito pools, and in 2/15 of the larvae pools. This latter and the fact that 2/6 of the CHIKV-positive adult pools contained only males suggests transovarial transmission. Interviews revealed that healthcare seeking shifted quickly toward the informal sector and self-medication. Caregivers reported difficulties to differentiate CHIKV, malaria, and other infectious diseases resulting in polypharmacy and high out-of-pocket expenditure. We confirmed a first major CHIKV outbreak in Matadi, with main vector Aedes albopictus. The health sector was ill-prepared for the information, surveillance, and treatment needs for such an explosive outbreak in a CHIKV-naïve population. Better surveillance systems (national level/sentinel sites) and point-of-care diagnostics for arboviruses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja De Weggheleire
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-494-368-535
| | - Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Esaie Kindombe-Luzolo
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Gillon Ilombe
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (G.I.); (G.B.-M.); (F.W.-T.)
- Global Health Institute, Antwerp University, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Donatien Mangala-Sonzi
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
| | - Guillaume Binene-Mbuka
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (G.I.); (G.B.-M.); (F.W.-T.)
| | - Birgit De Smet
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Florian Vogt
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe Selhorst
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Mathy Matungala-Pafubel
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
| | - Frida Nkawa
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Fabien Vulu
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
| | - Mathias Mossoko
- Direction de Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministry of Health, B.P. 3040 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.D.S.); (F.V.); (P.S.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Francis Wat’senga-Tezzo
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (G.I.); (G.B.-M.); (F.W.-T.)
| | - Sheila Makiala-Mandanda
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, B.P. 1197 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (A.N.-N.); (P.M.-K.); (E.K.-L.); (F.N.); (E.P.-S.); (E.K.-L.); (S.M.-M.); (S.A.-M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 127 Kinshasa IX, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (D.M.-S.); (M.M.-P.); (F.V.)
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Velu RM, Kwenda G, Libonda L, Chisenga CC, Flavien BN, Chilyabanyama ON, Simunyandi M, Bosomprah S, Sande NC, Changula K, Muleya W, Mburu MM, Mubemba B, Chitanga S, Tembo J, Bates M, Kapata N, Orba Y, Kajihara M, Takada A, Sawa H, Chilengi R, Simulundu E. Mosquito-Borne Viral Pathogens Detected in Zambia: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081007. [PMID: 34451471 PMCID: PMC8401848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne viral diseases are a threat to global health. This systematic review aimed to investigate the available evidence of mosquito-borne viral pathogens reported in Zambia. A search of literature was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 1 January 1930 to 30 June 2020 using a combination of keywords. Eight mosquito-borne viruses belonging to three families, Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Phenuiviridae were reported. Three viruses (Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus, Mwinilunga virus) were reported among the togaviruses whilst four (dengue virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus) were among the flavivirus and only one virus, Rift Valley fever virus, was reported in the Phenuiviridae family. The majority of these mosquito-borne viruses were reported in Western and North-Western provinces. Aedes and Culex species were the main mosquito-borne viral vectors reported. Farming, fishing, movement of people and rain patterns were among factors associated with mosquito-borne viral infection in Zambia. Better diagnostic methods, such as the use of molecular tools, to detect the viruses in potential vectors, humans, and animals, including the recognition of arboviral risk zones and how the viruses circulate, are important for improved surveillance and design of effective prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Milomba Velu
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia; (G.K.); (S.C.)
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Liyali Libonda
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka P.O. Box 37727, Zambia; (L.L.); (B.N.F.)
| | - Caroline Cleopatra Chisenga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Bumbangi Nsoni Flavien
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka P.O. Box 37727, Zambia; (L.L.); (B.N.F.)
| | | | - Michelo Simunyandi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Samuel Bosomprah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG13, Ghana
| | - Nicholus Chintu Sande
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
| | - Katendi Changula
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia;
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia;
| | | | - Benjamin Mubemba
- Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe P.O. Box 21692, Zambia;
| | - Simbarashe Chitanga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia; (G.K.); (S.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - John Tembo
- HerpeZ Infection Research and Training, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka Private Bag RW1X Ridgeway, Lusaka P.O. Box 10101, Zambia; (J.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Matthew Bates
- HerpeZ Infection Research and Training, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka Private Bag RW1X Ridgeway, Lusaka P.O. Box 10101, Zambia; (J.T.); (M.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Nathan Kapata
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka P.O. Box 30205, Zambia;
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
- Global Virus Network, 725 W Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma P.O. Box 630166, Zambia;
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Jiolle D, Moltini-Conclois I, Obame-Nkoghe J, Yangari P, Porciani A, Scheid B, Kengne P, Ayala D, Failloux AB, Paupy C. Experimental infections with Zika virus strains reveal high vector competence of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti populations from Gabon (Central Africa) for the African virus lineage. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1244-1253. [PMID: 34085899 PMCID: PMC8216262 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1939167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The two main Zika virus (ZIKV) vectors, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (invasive and native species, respectively), are present in Gabon (Central Africa). The aim of this study was to determine the entomological ZIKV risk associated with these mosquito species in Gabon by evaluating their vector competence for an African (i.e. representative of the endemic strains circulating in sub-Saharan Africa) and two Asian (i.e. representatives of exogenous epidemic strains that could be introduced) ZIKV strains. The transmission efficiency of one Ae. aegypti and two Ae. albopictus field-collected populations from Libreville and Franceville was assayed at day 7, 14 and 21 after experimental oral infection. The two mosquito species could transmit all three ZIKV strains already at day 7 post-infection, but transmission efficiency was higher for the African strain than the non-African strains (>60% versus <14%; incubation period of 14–21 days). The two mosquito species exhibited comparable vector competence for ZIKV, although the amount of viral particles (African strain) in saliva was significantly higher in Ae. albopictus than Ae. aegypti at day 14 post-infection. These findings suggest that overall, ZIKV risk in Gabon is mainly related to virus strains that circulate endemically across sub-Saharan Africa, although the transmission of non-African strains remain possible in case of introduction. Due to its high infestation indexes and ecological/geographical ranges, this risk appears mainly associated with Ae. albopictus. Vector surveillance and control methods against this invasive mosquito must be strengthened in the region to limit the risk of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Jiolle
- MIVEGEC Laboratory, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Judicaël Obame-Nkoghe
- Ecologie des Systèmes Vectoriels, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.,Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Patrick Yangari
- Ecologie des Systèmes Vectoriels, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Angélique Porciani
- MIVEGEC Laboratory, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Bethsabée Scheid
- MIVEGEC Laboratory, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Kengne
- MIVEGEC Laboratory, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Ecologie des Systèmes Vectoriels, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Diego Ayala
- MIVEGEC Laboratory, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Ecologie des Systèmes Vectoriels, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Christophe Paupy
- MIVEGEC Laboratory, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Abellana DP. Modelling the interdependent relationships among epidemic antecedents using fuzzy multiple attribute decision making (F-MADM) approaches. OPEN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/comp-2020-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
With the high incidence of the dengue epidemic in developing countries, it is crucial to understand its dynamics from a holistic perspective. This paper analyzes different types of antecedents from a cybernetics perspective using a structural modelling approach. The novelty of this paper is twofold. First, it analyzes antecedents that may be social, institutional, environmental, or economic in nature. Since this type of study has not been done in the context of the dengue epidemic modelling, this paper offers a fresh perspective on this topic. Second, the paper pioneers the use of fuzzy multiple attribute decision making (F-MADM) approaches for the modelling of epidemic antecedents. As such, the paper has provided an avenue for the cross-fertilization of knowledge between scholars working in soft computing and epidemiological modelling domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharyll Prince Abellana
- Department of Computer Science , University of the Philippines – Cebu , Cebu City , Cebu , Philippines
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Wat'senga Tezzo F, Fasine S, Manzambi Zola E, Marquetti MDC, Binene Mbuka G, Ilombe G, Mundeke Takasongo R, Smitz N, Bisset JA, Van Bortel W, Vanlerberghe V. High Aedes spp. larval indices in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:92. [PMID: 33522947 PMCID: PMC7852359 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika are among the most important emerging infectious vector-borne diseases worldwide. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), increases in cases of dengue and outbreaks of yellow fever and chikungunya have been reported since 2010. The main vectors of these arboviruses, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, have been reported in DRC, but there is a lack of detailed information on their presence and spread to guide disease control efforts. METHODS In 2018, two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Kinshasa province (DRC), one in the rainy (January/February) and one in the dry season (July). Four hundred houses were visited in each of the four selected communes (N'Djili, Mont Ngafula, Lingwala and Kalamu). Within the peri-domestic area of each household, searches were conducted for larval habitats, which were then surveyed for the presence of Aedes larvae and pupae. A subset of the immature specimens were reared to adults for morphological identification followed by DNA barcoding of the specimens to validate identifications. RESULTS The most rural commune (Mont Ngafula) had the highest pupal index (number of Aedes spp. pupae per 100 inspected houses) at 246 (20) pupae/100 houses, and Breteau index (BI; number of containers positive for immature stages of Aedes spp. per 100 households) at 82.2 (19.5) positive containers/100 houses for the rainy (and dry) season, respectively. The BI was 21.5 (4.7), 36.7 (9.8) and 41.7 (7.5) in Kalamu, Lingwala and N'Djili in the rainy (and dry) season, respectively. The house index (number of houses positive for at least one container with immature stages of Aedes spp. per 100 inspected houses) was, on average, across all communes, 27.5% (7.6%); and the container index (number of containers positive for immature stages of Aedes spp. per 100 inspected containers) was 15.0% (10.0%) for the rainy (and dry) season, respectively. The vast majority of Aedes-positive containers were found outside the houses [adjusted odds ratio 27.4 (95% confidence interval 14.9-50.1)]. During the dry season, the most productive containers were the ones used for water storage, whereas in the rainy season rubbish and tires constituted key habitats. Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were found. Anopheles larvae were found in different types of Aedes larval habitats, especially during the rainy season. CONCLUSIONS In both surveys and in all communes, the larval indices (BI) were higher than the arbovirus transmission threshold values established by the World Health Organization. Management strategies for controlling Aedes in Kinshasa need to target the key types of containers for Aedes larvae, which are mainly located in outdoor spaces, for larval habitat destruction or reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Wat'senga Tezzo
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvie Fasine
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emile Manzambi Zola
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Maria Del Carmen Marquetti
- Department of Vector Control, Instituto Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí (IPK), Avenida Novia del Mediodía, KM 6 1/2, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Guillaume Binene Mbuka
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gillon Ilombe
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Mundeke Takasongo
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nathalie Smitz
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa (BopCo), Leuvensesteenweg 13-17, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Juan Andre Bisset
- Department of Vector Control, Instituto Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí (IPK), Avenida Novia del Mediodía, KM 6 1/2, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit of Entomology, Biomedical Science Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Tropical Infectious Disease Group, Public Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Development of a Real-Time Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for the Detection of West Nile Virus. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.105443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The West Nile Virus (WNV), discovered in New York, USA in 1999 after it was first isolated in Uganda in 1937, has since spread not only in the United States but also around the world. Africa, Eurasia, Australia, and the Middle East have sporadic cases of the disease. Objectives: We aimed to find real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay to be more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR, and more rapid and efficient than conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR for WNV detection. Methods: A total of 32 genomic sequences from different strains of WNV were analyzed to identify conserved nucleotide sequence regions. Six WNV specific RT-LAMP primers targeting the E gene were designed. Results: The novel primer for the real-time RT-LAMP assay can detect WNV with high specificity. The efficiency of the real-time RT-LAMP assay is higher than the conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR and conventional PCR require at least 30 – 40 min and 2 h, respectively, to yield results, whereas real-time RT-LAMP provides positive results in only 10 – 20 min. Conclusions: The novel primers were developed by analyzing of 32 genomic sequences of WNV strains. The primers were designed from the most conserved region of the E gene for real-time RT-LAMP. The LAMP assay is a rapid, efficient, highly sensitive, and specific tool for the identification of WNV.
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West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and "One Health" Implications. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070589. [PMID: 32707644 PMCID: PMC7400489 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and “One Health” implications of WNV infection and disease.
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Chisenga CC, Bosomprah S, Musukuma K, Mubanga C, Chilyabanyama ON, Velu RM, Kim YC, Reyes-Sandoval A, Chilengi R. Sero-prevalence of arthropod-borne viral infections among Lukanga swamp residents in Zambia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235322. [PMID: 32609784 PMCID: PMC7329080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The re-emergence of vector borne diseases affecting millions of people in recent years has drawn attention to arboviruses globally. Here, we report on the sero-prevalence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), mayaro virus (MAYV) and zika virus (ZIKV) in a swamp community in Zambia. METHODS We collected blood and saliva samples from residents of Lukanga swamps in 2016 during a mass-cholera vaccination campaign. Over 10,000 residents were vaccinated with two doses of Shanchol™ during this period. The biological samples were collected prior to vaccination (baseline) and at specified time points after vaccination. We tested a total of 214 baseline stored serum samples for IgG antibodies against NS1 of DENV and ZIKV and E2 of CHIKV and MAYV on ELISA. We defined sero-prevalence as the proportion of participants with optical density (OD) values above a defined cut-off value, determined using a finite mixture model. RESULTS Of the 214 participants, 79 (36.9%; 95% CI 30.5-43.8) were sero-positive for Chikungunya; 23 (10.8%; 95% CI 6.9-15.7) for Zika, 36 (16.8%; 95% CI 12.1-22.5) for Dengue and 42 (19.6%; 95% CI 14.5-25.6) for Mayaro. Older participants were more likely to have Zika virus whilst those involved with fishing activities were at greater risk of contracting Chikungunya virus. Among all the antigens tested, we also found that Chikungunya saliva antibody titres correlated with baseline serum titres (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.222; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Arbovirus transmission is occurring in Zambia. This requires proper screening tools as well as surveillance data to accurately report on disease burden in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Bosomprah
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra
| | - Kalo Musukuma
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Cynthia Mubanga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Rachel M. Velu
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Young Chan Kim
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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