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Sibille G, Mannino G, Frasson I, Pavan M, Luganini A, Salata C, Maffei ME, Gribaudo G. The Novel A-Type Proanthocyanidin-Rich Phytocomplex SP4™ Acts as a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent against Human Respiratory Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7370. [PMID: 39000477 PMCID: PMC11242173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The appearance of new respiratory virus infections in humans with epidemic or pandemic potential has underscored the urgent need for effective broad-spectrum antivirals (BSAs). Bioactive compounds derived from plants may provide a natural source of new BSA candidates. Here, we investigated the novel phytocomplex formulation SP4™ as a candidate direct-acting BSA against major current human respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses and influenza viruses. SP4™ inhibited the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2, hCoV-OC43, hCoV-229E, Influenza A and B viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus in the low-microgram range. Using hCoV-OC43 as a representative respiratory virus, most of the antiviral activity of SP4™ was observed to stem primarily from its dimeric A-type proanthocyanidin (PAC-A) component. Further investigations of the mechanistic mode of action showed SP4™ and its PAC-A-rich fraction to prevent hCoV-OC43 from attaching to target cells and exert virucidal activity. This occurred through their interaction with the spike protein of hCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2, thereby interfering with spike functions and leading to the loss of virion infectivity. Overall, these findings support the further development of SP4™ as a candidate BSA of a natural origin for the prevention of human respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Sibille
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Mannino
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Torino, Italy; (G.M.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Ilaria Frasson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (I.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Marta Pavan
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Anna Luganini
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (I.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Torino, Italy; (G.M.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (M.P.); (A.L.)
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2
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Berland JL, Njifon H, Westeel E, Moumbeket H, Komurian-Pradel F, Ilouga P, Njouom R, Perraut R. Impact of the 2022 African Cup of Nations mass-gathering event on the COVID-19 epidemic in Garoua, Cameroon. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024:fdae072. [PMID: 38762221 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2022 African Cup of Nations (AFCON) took place in Cameroon from January 9th to February 5th, 2022, including Garoua in the north. We aimed to measure the impact of this event on the local COVID-19 epidemic given the implementation of a preventive strategy based on a health pass. METHODS All players, staff and fans involved in the AFCON event were screened with PCR tests. Symptomatic cases were also continuously monitored in the general population and screened for variants of concern. Daily numbers of confirmed cases were compared to neighboring countries numbers retrieved from a public domain source. RESULTS In total, 1479 and 2481 tests were performed in the general population and on asymptomatic AFCON attendees, respectively. From the latter, 12.5% were PCR-positive; 97% were infected with Omicron, with no significant difference compared to the passive program (G-test, P value = 0.162). Surveillance indicated the AFCON did not increase the number of symptomatic PCR-positive cases in the general population compared to neighboring countries. CONCLUSIONS Though the COVID-19 epidemic was fueled by asymptomatic cases infected with the Omicron variant at the time, the non-therapeutic preventive measures implemented for AFCON mitigated an increase in the epidemic in the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Berland
- Scientific and Medical Department, Fondation Merieux, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Hermann Njifon
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Annexe de Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Emilie Westeel
- Scientific and Medical Department, Fondation Merieux, 69002 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronald Perraut
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Annexe de Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon
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3
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Di H, Pusch EA, Jones J, Kovacs NA, Hassell N, Sheth M, Lynn KS, Keller MW, Wilson MM, Keong LM, Cui D, Park SH, Chau R, Lacek KA, Liddell JD, Kirby MK, Yang G, Johnson M, Thor S, Zanders N, Feng C, Surie D, DeCuir J, Lester SN, Atherton L, Hicks H, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Coughlin MM, Self WH, Rhoads JP, Gibbs KW, Hager DN, Shapiro NI, Exline MC, Lauring AS, Rambo-Martin B, Paden CR, Kondor RJ, Lee JS, Barnes JR, Thornburg NJ, Zhou B, Wentworth DE, Davis CT. Antigenic Characterization of Circulating and Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the U.S. throughout the Delta to Omicron Waves. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:505. [PMID: 38793756 PMCID: PMC11125585 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved into numerous lineages with unique spike mutations and caused multiple epidemics domestically and globally. Although COVID-19 vaccines are available, new variants with the capacity for immune evasion continue to emerge. To understand and characterize the evolution of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants in the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initiated the National SARS-CoV-2 Strain Surveillance (NS3) program and has received thousands of SARS-CoV-2 clinical specimens from across the nation as part of a genotype to phenotype characterization process. Focus reduction neutralization with various antisera was used to antigenically characterize 143 SARS-CoV-2 Delta, Mu and Omicron subvariants from selected clinical specimens received between May 2021 and February 2023, representing a total of 59 unique spike protein sequences. BA.4/5 subvariants BU.1, BQ.1.1, CR.1.1, CQ.2 and BA.4/5 + D420N + K444T; BA.2.75 subvariants BM.4.1.1, BA.2.75.2, CV.1; and recombinant Omicron variants XBF, XBB.1, XBB.1.5 showed the greatest escape from neutralizing antibodies when analyzed against post third-dose original monovalent vaccinee sera. Post fourth-dose bivalent vaccinee sera provided better protection against those subvariants, but substantial reductions in neutralization titers were still observed, especially among BA.4/5 subvariants with both an N-terminal domain (NTD) deletion and receptor binding domain (RBD) substitutions K444M + N460K and recombinant Omicron variants. This analysis demonstrated a framework for long-term systematic genotype to antigenic characterization of circulating and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants in the U.S., which is critical to assessing their potential impact on the effectiveness of current vaccines and antigen recommendations for future updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Di
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Pusch
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Joyce Jones
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Kovacs
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Norman Hassell
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mili Sheth
- Division of Core Laboratory Services and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kelly Sabrina Lynn
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Matthew W. Keller
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Malania M. Wilson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Lisa M. Keong
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Dan Cui
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - So Hee Park
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Eagle Global Scientific, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Reina Chau
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kristine A. Lacek
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jimma D. Liddell
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Marie K. Kirby
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Genyan Yang
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Monique Johnson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sharmi Thor
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Natosha Zanders
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Diya Surie
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jennifer DeCuir
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sandra N. Lester
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Lydia Atherton
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Heather Hicks
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Synergy America, Inc., Duluth, GA 30329, USA
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Harcourt
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Melissa M. Coughlin
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Wesley H. Self
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jillian P. Rhoads
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin W. Gibbs
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - David N. Hager
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nathan I. Shapiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew C. Exline
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adam S. Lauring
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Rambo-Martin
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Clinton R. Paden
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kondor
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Justin S. Lee
- Division of Core Laboratory Services and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - John R. Barnes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Charles Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Tai CG, Haviland MJ, Kissler SM, Lucia RM, Merson M, Maragakis LL, Ho DD, Anderson DJ, DiFiori J, Grubaugh ND, Grad YH, Mack CD. Low antibody levels associated with significantly increased rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a highly vaccinated population from the US National Basketball Association. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29505. [PMID: 38465748 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels may serve as a correlate for immunity and could inform optimal booster timing. The relationship between antibody levels and protection from infection was evaluated in vaccinated individuals from the US National Basketball Association who had antibody levels measured at a single time point from September 12, 2021, to December 31, 2021. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk of infection within 90 days of serologic testing by antibody level (<250, 250-800, and >800 AU/mL1 ), adjusting for age, time since last vaccine dose, and history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individuals were censored on date of booster receipt. The analytic cohort comprised 2323 individuals and was 78.2% male, 68.1% aged ≤40 years, and 56.4% vaccinated (primary series) with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Among the 2248 (96.8%) individuals not yet boosted at antibody testing, 77% completed their primary vaccine series 4-6 months before testing and the median (interquartile range) antibody level was 293.5 (interquartile range: 121.0-740.5) AU/mL. Those with levels <250 AU/mL (adj hazard ratio [HR]: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-3.7) and 250-800 AU/mL (adj HR: 1.5; 95% CI: 0.98-2.4) had greater infection risk compared to those with levels >800 AU/mL. Antibody levels could inform individual COVID-19 risk and booster scheduling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven M Kissler
- Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michael Merson
- Duke University Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa L Maragakis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deverick J Anderson
- Duke University Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John DiFiori
- National Basketball Association, New York, New York, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Gupta DL, Meher J, Giri AK, Shukla AK, Mohapatra E, Ruikar MM, Rao DN. RBD mutations at the residues K417, E484, N501 reduced immunoreactivity with antisera from vaccinated and COVID-19 recovered patients. Drug Target Insights 2024; 18:20-26. [PMID: 38860262 PMCID: PMC11163369 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2024.3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is unclear whether induced spike protein-specific antibodies due to infections with SARS-CoV-2 or to the prototypic Wuhan isolate-based vaccination can immune-react with the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Aim/objectives The main objective of the study was to measure the immunoreactivity of induced antibodies postvaccination with Covishield™ (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccines) or infections with SARS-CoV-2 by using selected peptides of the spike protein of wild type and variants of SARS-CoV-2. Methodology Thirty patients who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infections and 30 individuals vaccinated with both doses of Covishield™ were recruited for the study. Venous blood samples (5 mL) were collected at a single time point from patients within 3-4 weeks of recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infections or receiving both doses of Covishield™ vaccines. The serum levels of total immunoglobulin were measured in both study groups. A total of 12 peptides of 10 to 24 amino acids length spanning to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of wild type of SARS-CoV-2 and their variants were synthesized. The serum levels of immune-reactive antibodies were measured using these peptides. Results The serum levels of total antibodies were found to be significantly (p<0.001) higher in the vaccinated individuals as compared to COVID-19 recovered patients. Our study reported that the mutations in the RBD at the residues K417, E484, and N501 have been associated with reduced immunoreactivity with anti-sera of vaccinated people and COVID-19 recovered patients. Conclusion The amino acid substitutions at the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with a higher potential to escape the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dablu Lal Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Jhasketan Meher
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Anjan Kumar Giri
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Arvind K Shukla
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Eli Mohapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - Manisha M Ruikar
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh - India
| | - DN Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi - India
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6
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Frei A, Kaufmann M, Amati R, Butty Dettwiler A, von Wyl V, Annoni AM, Vincentini J, Pellaton C, Pantaleo G, Fehr JS, D'Acremont V, Bochud M, Albanese E, Puhan MA. Development of hybrid immunity during a period of high incidence of Omicron infections. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1696-1707. [PMID: 37407273 PMCID: PMC10749742 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seroprevalence and the proportion of people with neutralizing activity (functional immunity) against SARS-CoV-2 variants were high in early 2022. In this prospective, population- based, multi-region cohort study, we assessed the development of functional and hybrid immunity (induced by vaccination and infection) in the general population during this period of high incidence of infections with Omicron variants. METHODS We randomly selected and assessed individuals aged ≥16 years from the general population in southern (n = 739) and north-eastern (n = 964) Switzerland in March 2022. We assessed them again in June/July 2022, supplemented with a random sample from western (n = 850) Switzerland. We measured SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against three variants (ancestral strain, Delta, Omicron). RESULTS Seroprevalence remained stable from March 2022 (97.6%, n = 1894) to June/July 2022 (98.4%, n = 2553). In June/July, the percentage of individuals with neutralizing capacity against ancestral strain was 94.2%, against Delta 90.8% and against Omicron 84.9%, and 50.6% developed hybrid immunity. Individuals with hybrid immunity had highest median levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies titres [4518 World Health Organization units per millilitre (WHO U/mL)] compared with those with only vaccine- (4304 WHO U/mL) or infection- (269 WHO U/mL) induced immunity, and highest neutralization capacity against ancestral strain (hybrid: 99.8%, vaccinated: 98%, infected: 47.5%), Delta (hybrid: 99%, vaccinated: 92.2%, infected: 38.7%) and Omicron (hybrid: 96.4%, vaccinated: 79.5%, infected: 47.5%). CONCLUSIONS This first study on functional and hybrid immunity in the Swiss general population after Omicron waves showed that SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic. The high levels of antibodies and neutralization support the emerging recommendations of some countries where booster vaccinations are still strongly recommended for vulnerable persons but less so for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Frei
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Kaufmann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Amati
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Butty Dettwiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viktor von Wyl
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Annoni
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Julia Vincentini
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Pellaton
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan S Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valérie D'Acremont
- Department of Research and Innovation, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Milo A Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Aiewsakun P, Jamsai B, Phumiphanjarphak W, Sawaengdee W, Palittapongarnpim P, Mahasirimongkol S. Spatiotemporal evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the Bangkok metropolitan region, Thailand, 2020-2022: implications for future outbreak preparedness. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001170. [PMID: 38117547 PMCID: PMC10763513 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Thailand experienced five waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between 2020 and 2022, with the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) being at the centre of all outbreaks. The molecular evolution of the causative agent of the disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has previously been characterized in Thailand, but a detailed spatiotemporal analysis is still lacking. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed the development and timelines of the five COVID-19 outbreaks in Thailand and the public health responses, and also conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 27 913 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Thailand, together with 7330 global references, to investigate the virus's spatiotemporal evolution during 2020 and 2022, with a particular focus on the BMR. Limited cross-border transmission was observed during the first four waves in 2020 and 2021, but was common in 2022, aligning well with the timeline of change in the international travel restrictions. Within the country, viruses were mostly restricted to the BMR during the first two waves in 2020, but subsequent waves in 2021 and 2022 saw extensive nationwide transmission of the virus, consistent with the timeline of relaxation of disease control measures employed within the country. Our results also suggest frequent epidemiological connections between Thailand and neighbouring countries during 2020 and 2021 despite relatively stringent international travel controls. The overall sequencing rate of the viruses circulating in the BMR was ~0.525 %, meeting the recommended benchmark, and our analysis supports that this is sufficient for tracking of the trend of the virus burden and genetic diversity. Our findings reveal insights into the local transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Thailand, and provide a valuable reference for planning responses to future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Bharkbhoom Jamsai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Worakorn Phumiphanjarphak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Waritta Sawaengdee
- Genomics Medicine Center, Medical Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Surakameth Mahasirimongkol
- Genomics Medicine Center, Medical Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
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8
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Hormazábal J, Nuñez-Franz L, Rubilar P, Apablaza M, Vial C, Cortés LJ, González N, Vial P, Said M, González C, Olivares K, Aguilera X, Ramírez-Santana M. Factors influencing neutralizing antibody response to the original SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Omicron variant in a high vaccination coverage country, a population-based study. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100372. [PMID: 37693843 PMCID: PMC10492202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study compared immunity to the original SARS-CoV-2 virus (Wuhan) and the Omicron variant using neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), that provide a good approximation of protective immunity. The results might help determine immunization strategies. DESIGN AND METHODS Unlike previous studies, we analyzed NAbs in a random sample of 110 IgG positive sera from individuals who participated in a population-based seroprevalence transversal study, carried out in May 2022 in two Chilean cities, a country with high vaccination coverage. RESULTS Our findings indicate that 98.2% of individuals had NAbs against Wuhan, 65.5% against Omicron, and 32.7% tested positive for Wuhan but not Omicron. Factors influencing protective immunity included a prior natural infection and the number of vaccines received. NAbs titers against the original virus were high, demonstrating vaccine effectiveness in the population. However, the level of antibodies decreased when measuring NAbs against Omicron, particularly among older individuals, indicating a decline in vaccine protection. Previous COVID-19 episodes acted as a natural booster, increasing NAbs titers against both virus strains. CONCLUSIONS Protective immunity against the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 virus is reduced when compared to Omicron variant. Updating vaccine to target emerging variants and continued monitoring of effectiveness at the population level are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hormazábal
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Nuñez-Franz
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Paola Rubilar
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cecilia Vial
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Jimena Cortés
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia González
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Vial
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Said
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudia González
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kathya Olivares
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ximena Aguilera
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Stevanovic V, Kovac S, Borko E, Bogdanic M, Miletic G, Hruskar Z, Ferenc T, Coric I, Vujica Ferenc M, Milasincic L, Antolasic L, Barbic L. Neutralizing Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Patients with COVID-19 and Vaccinated Individuals. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:61. [PMID: 37873858 PMCID: PMC10594469 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological diagnosis of COVID-19 is complex due to the emergence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. METHODS 164 serum samples from (I) patients who recovered from COVID-19 (n = 62) as well as (II) vaccinated individuals (n = 52) and (III) vaccinated individuals who were infected with different SARS-CoV-2 variants after vaccination (n = 50) were included. All samples were tested using EIA (binding antibodies) and a virus neutralization test (VNT) using the Wuhan strain (NT antibodies). Group III was further tested with a VNT using the Alpha/Delta/Omicron strains. RESULTS The highest antibody index (AI) was observed in vaccinated individuals infected with COVID-19 (median AI = 50, IQR = 27-71) and the lowest in vaccinated individuals (median AI = 19, IQR = 8-48). Similarly, NT antibody titer was highest in vaccinated individuals infected with COVID-19 (median 128; IQR = 32-256) compared to vaccinated individuals (median 32, IQR = 4-128) and patients with COVID-19 (median 32, IQR = 8-64). The correlation between AI and NT titer was strongly positive in vaccinated individuals and moderately positive in patients with COVID-19. No significant correlation was observed in vaccinated individuals infected with COVID-19. In patients infected with Alpha and Delta, the lowest VNT positivity rate was for the Omicron variant (85.0%/83.3%). Patients infected with the Alpha variant showed the lowest NT titer for the Omicron variant (median titer 32) compared to the Wuhan/Delta variants (64/128). Patients infected with the Delta variant had the lowest NT titer to the Omicron variant (median 32), compared to the Wuhan/Alpha variants (64/128). Patients infected with the Omicron variant showed similar titers to the Delta/Wuhan variants (128) and higher to the Alpha variant (256). CONCLUSIONS The cross-immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is lowest for the Omicron variant compared to the Alpha/Delta variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (L.M.); (L.A.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.K.); (G.M.); (I.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Snjezana Kovac
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.K.); (G.M.); (I.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Ema Borko
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (L.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (L.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Gorana Miletic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.K.); (G.M.); (I.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Zeljka Hruskar
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (L.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Thomas Ferenc
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivona Coric
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.K.); (G.M.); (I.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Mateja Vujica Ferenc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ljiljana Milasincic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (L.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Ljiljana Antolasic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (L.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.K.); (G.M.); (I.C.); (L.B.)
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10
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Dulipsingh L, Schaefer EJ, Wakefield D, Williams K, Halilovic A, Crowell R. Comparing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody levels in convalescent unvaccinated, convalescent vaccinated, and naive vaccinated subjects. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17410. [PMID: 37366522 PMCID: PMC10276490 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and spread rapidly. The purpose of this study was to compare neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) following the original booster vaccine in convalescent and naive vaccinated individuals and in a third comparison group consisting of unvaccinated convalescent plasma donors. Methods We assessed NAbs before and 2 months after a booster vaccine in 68 adults who had completed the initial vaccine series for SARS-CoV-2. Of these subjects, 58 had no history of prior infection (naïve vaccinated group) and 10 had been infected with SARS-COV-2 prior to the completing the first vaccine series (convalescent vaccinated group). A third comparison group included unvaccinated convalescent plasma donors (n = 55) from an earlier study with NAbs assessed approximately 2 months after a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. Results Prior to the booster, convalescent vaccinated subjects had higher NAbs compared to naive vaccinated subjects (p = 0.02). Two months following the booster, NAbs increased in both vaccinated groups. The naive vaccinated group increased more than the convalescent vaccinated group (p = 0.02). NAbs in the naive vaccinated group were almost four times higher than NAbs in the 55 unvaccinated subjects, while the convalescent vaccinated group had levels 2.5 times higher p < 0.01. Conclusion NAbs in both vaccinated/boosted groups were significantly higher than in the convalescent unvaccinated group (p < 0.01). Our data indicates that subjects with a single infection with SARS-CoV-2 did not have the same levels of neutralizing antibodies that we observed in subjects who were either in the convalescent vaccinated or the naive vaccinated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Dulipsingh
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, 114 Woodland St., Hartford, CT, USA 06105
| | - Ernst J Schaefer
- Boston Heart Diagnostics, 200 Crossing Boulevard, Framingham, MA, USA, 01702
| | - Dorothy Wakefield
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, 114 Woodland St., Hartford, CT, USA 06105
| | - Kendra Williams
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, 114 Woodland St., Hartford, CT, USA 06105
| | - Adis Halilovic
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, 114 Woodland St., Hartford, CT, USA 06105
| | - Rebecca Crowell
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, 114 Woodland St., Hartford, CT, USA 06105
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Madhi SA, Kwatra G, Richardson SI, Koen AL, Baillie V, Cutland CL, Fairlie L, Padayachee SD, Dheda K, Barnabas SL, Bhorat QE, Briner C, Ahmed K, Aley PK, Bhikha S, Bhorat AE, Esmail A, Horne E, Kaldine H, Mukendi CK, Madzorera VS, Manamela NP, Masilela M, Hermanus ST, Motlou T, Mzindle N, Oelofse S, Patel F, Rhead S, Rossouw L, Taoushanis C, van Eck S, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Pollard AJ, Moore PL, Izu A. Durability of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine and hybrid humoral immunity against variants including omicron BA.1 and BA.4 6 months after vaccination (COV005): a post-hoc analysis of a randomised, phase 1b-2a trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:295-306. [PMID: 36273491 PMCID: PMC9584570 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccine rollout is lagging in Africa, where there has been a high rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aimed to evaluate the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection before vaccination with the ChAdOx-nCoV19 (AZD1222) vaccine on antibody responses through to 180 days. METHODS We did an unmasked post-hoc immunogenicity analysis after the first and second doses of AZD1222 in a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1b-2a study done in seven locations in South Africa. AZD1222 recipients who were HIV-uninfected, were stratified into baseline seropositive or seronegative groups using the serum anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) immunoglobulin G (IgG) electroluminescence immunoassay to establish SARS-CoV-2 infection before the first dose of AZD1222. Binding IgG to spike (anti-S) and receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) were measured before the first dose (day 0), second dose (day 28), day 42, and day 180. Neutralising antibody (NAb) against SARS-CoV-2 variants D614G, beta, delta, gamma, and A.VOI.V2, and omicron BA1 and BA.4 variants, were measured by pseudovirus assay (day 28, day 42, and day 180). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04444674, and the Pan African Clinicals Trials Registry, PACTR202006922165132. FINDINGS Of 185 individuals who were randomly assigned to AZD1222, we included 91 individuals who were baseline seropositive and 58 who were baseline seronegative, in the final analysis. In the seropositive group, there was little change of anti-S IgG (and anti-RBD IgG) or neutralising antibody (NAb) titres at day 42 compared with at day 28. Anti-S (and anti-RBD) IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were higher throughout in the seropositive compared with the seronegative group, including at day 180 (GMCs 517·8 [95% CI 411·3-651·9] vs 82·1 [55·2-122·3] BAU/mL). Also D614G NAb geometric mean titres (GMTs) were higher in the seropositive group than the seronegative group, as was the percentage with titres of at least 185 (80% putative risk reduction threshold [PRRT] against wild-type-alpha COVID-19), including at day 180 (92·0% [74·0-99·0] vs 18·2% [2·3-51·8). Similar findings were observed for beta, A.VOI.V2, and gamma. For delta, BA.1, and BA.4, NAb GMTs and the proportion with titres above the PRRT were substantially higher in the seropositive compared with seronegative group at day 28 and day 42, but no longer differed between the groups by day 180. INTERPRETATION A single dose of AZD1222 in the general African population, where COVID-19 vaccine coverage is low and SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity is 90%, could enhance the magnitude and quality of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. FUNDING The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the South African Medical Research Council, the UK Research and Innovation, the UK National Institute for Health Research, and the South African Medical Research Council. TRANSLATION For the Zulu translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simone I Richardson
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anthonet L Koen
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vicky Baillie
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clare L Cutland
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lee Fairlie
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shaun L Barnabas
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Carmen Briner
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Khatija Ahmed
- Setshaba Research Centre, Tshwane, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Parvinder K Aley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sutika Bhikha
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A E Bhorat
- Soweto Clinical Trials Centre, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Aliasgar Esmail
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizea Horne
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christian K Mukendi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vimbai Sharon Madzorera
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - S Tandile Hermanus
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thopisang Motlou
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Mzindle
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Suzette Oelofse
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Faeezah Patel
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sarah Rhead
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lindie Rossouw
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carol Taoushanis
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Samuel van Eck
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Penny L Moore
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alane Izu
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Amati R, Piumatti G, Franscella G, Buttaroni P, Camerini AL, Corna L, Levati S, Fadda M, Fiordelli M, Annoni AM, Bezani K, Amendola A, Fragoso Corti C, Sabatini S, Kaufmann M, Frei A, Puhan MA, Crivelli L, Albanese E. Trajectories of Seroprevalence and Neutralizing Activity of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Switzerland between July 2020 and July 2021: An Ongoing, Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3703. [PMID: 36834397 PMCID: PMC9964112 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic continues, and evidence on infection- and vaccine-induced immunity is key. We assessed COVID-19 immunity and the neutralizing antibody response to virus variants across age groups in the Swiss population. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a cohort study in representative community-dwelling residents aged five years or older in southern Switzerland (total population 353,343), and we collected blood samples in July 2020 (in adults only, N = 646), November-December 2020 (N = 1457), and June-July 2021 (N = 885). METHODS We used a previously validated Luminex assay to measure antibodies targeting the spike (S) and the nucleocapsid (N) proteins of the virus and a high-throughput cell-free neutralization assay optimized for multiple spike protein variants. We calculated seroprevalence with a Bayesian logistic regression model accounting for the population's sociodemographic structure and the test performance, and we compared the neutralizing activity between vaccinated and convalescent participants across virus variants. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence was 7.8% (95% CI: 5.4-10.4) by July 2020 and 20.2% (16.4-24.4) by December 2020. By July 2021, the overall seroprevalence increased substantially to 72.5% (69.1-76.4), with the highest estimates of 95.6% (92.8-97.8) among older adults, who developed up to 10.3 more antibodies via vaccination than after infection compared to 3.7 times more in adults. The neutralizing activity was significantly higher for vaccine-induced than infection-induced antibodies for all virus variants (all p values < 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Vaccination chiefly contributed to the reduction in immunonaive individuals, particularly those in older age groups. Our findings on the greater neutralizing activity of vaccine-induced antibodies than infection-induced antibodies are greatly informative for future vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Amati
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Giovanni Franscella
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Peter Buttaroni
- Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Linda Camerini
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Corna
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, 6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Sara Levati
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, 6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Marta Fadda
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maddalena Fiordelli
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Lucerne, 6002 Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Annoni
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Kleona Bezani
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Amendola
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, 6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Fragoso Corti
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, 6501 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Serena Sabatini
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marco Kaufmann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Frei
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo Alan Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Crivelli
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, 6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
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Serological Responses up to 9 Months following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Residents and Health-Care Workers of Long-Term Care Facilities: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study in Northern Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122183. [PMID: 36560593 PMCID: PMC9784767 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) were severely affected by COVID-19, in particular in Northern Italy. We aimed to assess antibody responses among residents and healthcare workers (HCWs) of 13 LTCFs through serum samples collected at three time points: prior to, two weeks, and 9 months after receiving Pfizer/BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (respectively t0, t1, and t2). IgG antibodies targeted towards the S1 domain of the spike protein were measured, and results were expressed in binding antibody units (BAU/mL). Friedman's average rank test was performed to compare antibody titres between the three time points. Two logistic regression models were built to identify independent predictors of (1) developing and (2) maintaining a significant antibody response to vaccination, using a previously identified threshold. In total, 534 subjects were enrolled (371 HCWs and 163 residents). The antibody titres at t1 were the highest; at t2, the IgG titres significantly decreased, remaining however 10 times higher compared to titres at t0. Previous infection was the only significant predictor of developing and maintaining a response over threshold in both models. Results of this study provided further insights on the humoral response elicited by vaccination, and on host factors determining variations in its magnitude and kinetics.
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Błaszczuk A, Michalski A, Sikora D, Malm M, Drop B, Polz-Dacewicz M. Antibody Response after SARS-CoV-2 Infection with the Delta and Omicron Variant. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101728. [PMID: 36298593 PMCID: PMC9612121 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused a worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. So far, 6,120,834 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 116,773 deaths have been reported in Poland. According to WHO, a total of 54,662,485 vaccine doses have been administered. New variants emerge that become dominant. The aim of this study was a comparison of antibody level after infection caused by Delta and Omicron variants. The study included 203 persons who underwent mild COVID-19 despite two doses of vaccine. The obtained results indicate that a significantly lower titer was observed in patients with the Omicron variant infection. Therefore, these patients may be at risk of reinfection with new strains of the Omicron variant. Due to the possibility of reinfection, booster vaccinations are necessary. Further epidemiological and clinical studies are necessary to develop new prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Błaszczuk
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksander Michalski
- 1st Clinical Military Hospital with Outpatient Clinic in Lublin, 20-049 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominika Sikora
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maria Malm
- Department of Computer Science and Medical Statistics with the e-Health Laboratory, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Computer Science and Medical Statistics with the e-Health Laboratory, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Vicentini C, Bordino V, Cornio AR, Meddis D, Marengo N, Ditommaso S, Giacomuzzi M, Memoli G, Furfaro G, Mengozzi G, Ricucci V, Icardi G, Zotti CM. Seroprevalence of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare users of Northern Italy - results from two serosurveys (October-November 2019 - September-October 2021). Int J Infect Dis 2022; 124:49-54. [PMID: 36116672 PMCID: PMC9477605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective was to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in autumn 2019 (before case zero was identified in Italy) and 2021 among residual sera samples from health care users in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy. Methods Two serosurveys were conducted. Using a semiquantitative method, samples were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the S1 domain of the spike protein. Samples with positive test results from the 2019 survey were independently retested using a multiplex panel to detect IgG antibodies against the receptor binding domain, S1 and S2 domains, and nucleocapsid. Samples with positive test results from the 2021 survey underwent repeat testing with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibodies. Prevalence rates according to gender and age groups, together with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated. Results Overall, the proportion of samples with positive test results was 2/353 in 2019 and 22/363 in 2021, with an estimated seroprevalence of 0.27% (95% CI 0-1.86) and 6.21% (95% CI 3.9-9.31) in 2019 and 2021 respectively. Conclusion Results of this study support the hypothesis that the virus was circulating in Italy as early as autumn 2019. The role of these early cases in broader transmission dynamics remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Vicentini
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Valerio Bordino
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Davide Meddis
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Noemi Marengo
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Savina Ditommaso
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Giacomuzzi
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Memoli
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriella Furfaro
- S.C. Biochimica Clinica (Baldi e Riberi), A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulio Mengozzi
- S.C. Biochimica Clinica (Baldi e Riberi), A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Ricucci
- Hygiene Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Hygiene Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Zotti
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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