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Yuan L, Wang Y, Shen X, Ma F, Wang J, Yan F. Soluble form of immune checkpoints in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2024; 147:103278. [PMID: 38943864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are essential regulators of immune responses, either by activating or suppressing them. Consequently, they are regarded as pivotal elements in the management of infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. In recent years, researchers have identified numerous soluble immune checkpoints that are produced through various mechanisms and demonstrated biological activity. These soluble immune checkpoints can be produced and distributed in the bloodstream and various tissues, with their roles in immune response dysregulation and autoimmunity extensively documented. This review aims to provide a thorough overview of the generation of various soluble immune checkpoints, such as sPD-1, sCTLA-4, sTim-3, s4-1BB, sBTLA, sLAG-3, sCD200, and the B7 family, and their importance as indicators for the diagnosis and prediction of autoimmune conditions. Furthermore, the review will investigate the potential pathological mechanisms of soluble immune checkpoints in autoimmune diseases, emphasizing their association with autoimmune diseases development, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, Sichuan Geriatric Medical Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xuxia Shen
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- Department of Training, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Fang Yan
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Geriatrics, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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2
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Kennedy PT, Saulters EL, Duckworth AD, Lim YJ, Woolley JF, Slupsky JR, Cragg MS, Ward FJ, Dahal LN. Soluble CTLA-4 attenuates T cell activation and modulates anti-tumor immunity. Mol Ther 2024; 32:457-468. [PMID: 38053333 PMCID: PMC10861965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a crucial immune checkpoint receptor involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, tolerance, and tumor control. Antibodies targeting CTLA-4 have been promising treatments for numerous cancers, but the mechanistic basis of their anti-tumoral immune-boosting effects is poorly understood. Although the ctla4 gene also encodes an alternatively spliced soluble variant (sCTLA-4), preclinical/clinical evaluation of anti-CTLA-4-based immunotherapies have not considered the contribution of this isoform. Here, we explore the functional properties of sCTLA-4 and evaluate the efficacy of isoform-specific anti-sCTLA-4 antibody targeting in a murine cancer model. We show that expression of sCTLA-4 by tumor cells suppresses CD8+ T cells in vitro and accelerates growth and experimental metastasis of murine tumors in vivo. These effects were accompanied by modification of the immune infiltrate, notably restraining CD8+ T cells in a non-cytotoxic state. sCTLA-4 blockade with isoform-specific antibody reversed this restraint, enhancing intratumoral CD8+ T cell activation and cytolytic potential, correlating with therapeutic efficacy and tumor control. This previously unappreciated role of sCTLA-4 suggests that the biology and function of multi-gene products of immune checkpoint receptors need to be fully elucidated for improved mechanistic understanding of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Emma L Saulters
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew D Duckworth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Yeong Jer Lim
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - John F Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph R Slupsky
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK
| | - Frank J Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK.
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3
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Aprilia A, Handono K, Sujuti H, Sabarudin A, Winaris N. sCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4 as soluble marker candidates for detecting immunosenescence. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:9. [PMID: 38243300 PMCID: PMC10799430 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammaging, the characteristics of immunosenescence, characterized by continuous chronic inflammation that could not be resolved. It is not only affect older people but can also occur in young individuals, especially those suffering from chronic inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disease, malignancy, or chronic infection. This condition led to altered immune function and as consequent immune function is reduced. Detection of immunosenescence has been done by examining the immune risk profile (IRP), which uses flow cytometry. These tests are not always available in health facilities, especially in developing countries and require fresh whole blood samples. Therefore, it is necessary to find biomarkers that can be tested using stored serum to make it easier to refer to the examination. Here we proposed an insight for soluble biomarkers which represented immune cells activities and exhaustion, namely sCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4. Those markers were reported to be elevated in chronic diseases that caused early aging and easily detected from serum samples using ELISA method, unlike IRP. Therefore, we conclude these soluble markers are beneficial to predict pathological condition of immunosenescence. AIM To identify soluble biomarkers that could replace IRP for detecting immunosenescence. CONCLUSION Soluble costimulatory molecule suchsCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4 are potential biomarkers for detecting immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aprilia
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Kusworini Handono
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia.
| | - Hidayat Sujuti
- Opthamology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Akhmad Sabarudin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Nuning Winaris
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
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Banerjee S, Galarza-Muñoz G, Garcia-Blanco MA. Role of RNA Alternative Splicing in T Cell Function and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1896. [PMID: 37895245 PMCID: PMC10606310 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative RNA splicing, a ubiquitous mechanism of gene regulation in eukaryotes, expands genome coding capacity and proteomic diversity. It has essential roles in all aspects of human physiology, including immunity. This review highlights the importance of RNA alternative splicing in regulating immune T cell function. We discuss how mutations that affect the alternative splicing of T cell factors can contribute to abnormal T cell function and ultimately lead to autoimmune diseases. We also explore the potential applications of strategies that target the alternative splicing changes of T cell factors. These strategies could help design therapeutic approaches to treat autoimmune disorders and improve immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | | | - Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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Zanini G, Selleri V, De Gaetano A, Gibellini L, Malerba M, Mattioli AV, Nasi M, Apostolova N, Pinti M. Differential Expression of Lonp1 Isoforms in Cancer Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233940. [PMID: 36497197 PMCID: PMC9739308 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lonp1 is a mitochondrial protease that degrades oxidized and damaged proteins, assists protein folding, and contributes to the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. A higher expression of LonP1 has been associated with higher tumour aggressiveness. Besides the full-length isoform (ISO1), we identified two other isoforms of Lonp1 in humans, resulting from alternative splicing: Isoform-2 (ISO2) lacking aa 42-105 and isoform-3 (ISO3) lacking aa 1-196. An inspection of the public database TSVdb showed that ISO1 was upregulated in lung, bladder, prostate, and breast cancer, ISO2 in all the cancers analysed (including rectum, colon, cervical, bladder, prostate, breast, head, and neck), ISO3 did not show significant changes between cancer and normal tissue. We overexpressed ISO1, ISO2, and ISO3 in SW620 cells and found that the ISO1 isoform was exclusively mitochondrial, ISO2 was present in the organelle and in the cytoplasm, and ISO3 was exclusively cytoplasmatic. The overexpression of ISO1 and, at a letter extent, of ISO2 enhanced basal, ATP-linked, and maximal respiration without altering the mitochondria number or network, mtDNA amount. or mitochondrial dynamics. A higher extracellular acidification rate was observed in ISO1 and ISO2, overexpressing cells, suggesting an increase in glycolysis. Cells overexpressing the different isoforms did not show a difference in the proliferation rate but showed a great increase in anchorage-independent growth. ISO1 and ISO2, but not ISO3, determined an upregulation of EMT-related proteins, which appeared unrelated to higher mitochondrial ROS production, nor due to the activation of the MEK ERK pathway, but rather to global metabolic reprogramming of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Zanini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Selleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Mara Malerba
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-205-5386
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Fathi M, Razavi SM, Sojoodi M, Ahmadi A, Ebrahimi F, Namdar A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Gholamin S, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Targeting the CTLA-4/B7 axes in glioblastoma: preclinical evidence and clinical interventions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:949-961. [PMID: 36527817 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2160703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is one of the fatal cancers of the Central Nervous System (CNS). A variety of reasons exist for why previous immunotherapy strategies, especially Immune Checkpoint Blockers (ICBs), did not work in treating GBM patients. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a key immune checkpoint receptor. Its overexpression in cancer and immune cells causes tumor cell progression. CTLA-4 suppresses anti-tumor responses inside the GBM tumor-immune microenvironment. AREAS COVERED It has been attempted to explain the immunobiology of CTLA-4 as well as its interaction with different immune cells and cancer cells that lead to GBM progression. Additionally, CTLA-4 targeting studies have been reviewed and CTLA-4 combination therapy, as a promising therapeutic target and strategy for GBM immunotherapy, is recommended. EXPERT OPINION CTLA-4 could be a possible supplement for future cancer immunotherapies of GBM. However, many challenges remain such as the high toxicity of CTLA-4 blockers, and the unresponsiveness of most patients to immunotherapy. For the future clinical success of CTLA-4 blocker therapy, combination approaches with other targeted treatments would be a potentially effective strategy. Going forward, predictive biomarkers can be used to reduce trial timelines and increase the chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Fathi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Farbod Ebrahimi
- Nanoparticle Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Khanolkar RC, Zhang C, Al-Fatyan F, Lawson L, Depasquale I, Meredith FM, Muller F, Nicolson M, Dahal LN, Abu-Eid R, Rajpara S, Barker RN, Ormerod AD, Ward FJ. TGFβ2 Induces the Soluble Isoform of CTLA-4 - Implications for CTLA-4 Based Checkpoint Inhibitor Antibodies in Malignant Melanoma. Front Immunol 2022; 12:763877. [PMID: 35069536 PMCID: PMC8767111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an aggressive form of cancer, which can be treated with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor antibodies but while anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have clear benefits for some patients with melanoma, productive responses are difficult to predict and often associated with serious immune related adverse events. Antibodies specific to CTLA-4 bind two major isoforms of CTLA-4 in humans, the receptor isoform and a second naturally secretable, soluble isoform - sCTLA-4. The primary aim here was to examine the effect of selectively blocking the function of sCTLA-4 on in vitro immune responses from volunteer healthy or melanoma patient PBMC samples. Addition of recombinant sCTLA-4 to healthy PBMC samples demonstrated sCTLA-4 to have immunosuppressive capacity comparable to recombinant CTLA4-Ig, partially reversible upon antibody blockade. Further, we identified a mechanistic relationship where melanoma patient TGFβ2 serum levels correlated with sCTLA-4 levels and provided the basis for a novel protocol to enhance sCTLA-4 production and secretion by T cells with TGFβ2. Finally, a comparison of selective antibody blockade of sCTLA-4 demonstrated that both healthy and melanoma patient effector cytokine responses can be significantly increased. Overall, the data support the notion that sCTLA-4 is a contributory factor in cancer immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul C Khanolkar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Chu Zhang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Al-Fatyan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Lawson
- Burnside House, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Depasquale
- Ward 214 Plastic Reconstructive Surgery & Burns Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Meredith
- Burnside House, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Muller
- Burnside House, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Nicolson
- Anchor Unit - Clinic D, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh Nath Dahal
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Rajpara
- Burnside House, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Norman Barker
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frank James Ward
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Li W, Syed F, Yu R, Yang J, Xia Y, Relich RF, Russell PM, Zhang S, Khalili M, Huang L, Kacena MA, Zheng X, Yu Q. Soluble Immune Checkpoints Are Dysregulated in COVID-19 and Heavy Alcohol Users With HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833310. [PMID: 35281051 PMCID: PMC8904355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints (ICPs) consist of paired receptor-ligand molecules that exert inhibitory or stimulatory effects on immune defense, surveillance, regulation, and self-tolerance. ICPs exist in both membrane and soluble forms in vivo and in vitro. Imbalances between inhibitory and stimulatory membrane-bound ICPs (mICPs) in malignant cells and immune cells in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) have been well documented. Blockades of inhibitory mICPs have emerged as an immense breakthrough in cancer therapeutics. However, the origin, structure, production regulation, and biological significance of soluble ICPs (sICPs) in health and disease largely remains elusive. Soluble ICPs can be generated through either alternative mRNA splicing and secretion or protease-mediated shedding from mICPs. Since sICPs are found in the bloodstream, they likely form a circulating immune regulatory system. In fact, there is increasing evidence that sICPs exhibit biological functions including (1) regulation of antibacterial immunity, (2) interaction with their mICP compartments to positively or negatively regulate immune responses, and (3) competition with their mICP compartments for binding to the ICP blocking antibodies, thereby reducing the efficacy of ICP blockade therapies. Here, we summarize current data of sICPs in cancer and infectious diseases. We particularly focus on sICPs in COVID-19 and HIV infection as they are the two ongoing global pandemics and have created the world's most serious public health challenges. A "storm" of sICPs occurs in the peripheral circulation of COVID-19 patients and is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Similarly, sICPs are highly dysregulated in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and some sICPs remain dysregulated in PLHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART), indicating these sICPs may serve as biomarkers of incomplete immune reconstitution in PLHIV on ART. We reveal that HIV infection in the setting of alcohol misuse exacerbates sICP dysregulation as PLHIV with heavy alcohol consumption have significantly elevated plasma levels of many sICPs. Thus, both stimulatory and inhibitory sICPs are present in the bloodstream of healthy people and their balance can be disrupted under pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, COVID-19, HIV infection, and alcohol misuse. There is an urgent need to study the role of sICPs in immune regulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Fahim Syed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Richard Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ryan F. Relich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Patrick M. Russell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Shanxiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mandana Khalili
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Laurence Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiaoqun Zheng
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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9
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Khan M, Arooj S, Wang H. Soluble B7-CD28 Family Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Proteins and Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651634. [PMID: 34531847 PMCID: PMC8438243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-inhibitory B7-CD28 family member proteins negatively regulate T cell responses and are extensively involved in tumor immune evasion. Blockade of classical CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4) and PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) checkpoint pathways have become the cornerstone of anti-cancer immunotherapy. New inhibitory checkpoint proteins such as B7-H3, B7-H4, and BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator) are being discovered and investigated for their potential in anti-cancer immunotherapy. In addition, soluble forms of these molecules also exist in sera of healthy individuals and elevated levels are found in chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Soluble forms are generated by proteolytic shedding or alternative splicing. Elevated circulating levels of these inhibitory soluble checkpoint molecules in cancer have been correlated with advance stage, metastatic status, and prognosis which underscore their broader involvement in immune regulation. In addition to their potential as biomarker, understanding their mechanism of production, biological activity, and pathological interactions may also pave the way for their clinical use as a therapeutic target. Here we review these aspects of soluble checkpoint molecules and elucidate on their potential for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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10
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A structural perspective on the design of decoy immune modulators. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105735. [PMID: 34146695 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic mAbs have dominated the class of immunotherapeutics in general and immune checkpoint inhibitors in particular. The high specificity of mAbs to the target molecule as well as their extended half-life and (or) the effector functions raised by the Fc part are some of the important aspects that contribute to the success of this class of therapeutics. Equally potential candidates are decoys and their fusions that can address some of the inherent limitations of mAbs, like immunogenicity, resistance development, low bio-availability and so on, besides maintaining the advantages of mAbs. The decoys are molecules that trap the ligands and prevent them from interacting with the signaling receptors. Although a few FDA-approved decoy immune modulators are very successful, the potential of this class of drugs is yet to be fully realized. Here, we review various strategies employed in fusion protein therapeutics with a focus on the design of decoy immunomodulators from the structural perspective and discuss how the information on protein structure and function can strategically guide the development of next-generation immune modulators.
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11
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Liu J, Tian X, Wang Y, Kang X, Song W. Soluble cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (sCTLA-4) as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and evaluation of the prognosis in Glioma. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:33. [PMID: 34006227 PMCID: PMC8132428 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is widely considered as a pivotal immune checkpoint molecule to suppress antitumor immunity. However, the significance of soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) remains unclear in the patients with brain glioma. Here we aimed to investigate the significance of serum sCTLA-4 levels as a noninvasive biomarker for diagnosis and evaluation of the prognosis in glioma patients. Methods In this study, the levels of sCTLA-4 in serum from 50 patients diagnosed with different grade gliomas including preoperative and postoperative, and 50 healthy individuals were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). And then ROC curve analysis and survival analyses were performed to explore the clinical significance of sCTLA-4. Results Serum sCTLA-4 levels were significantly increased in patients with glioma compared to that of healthy individuals, and which was also positively correlated with the tumor grade. ROC curve analysis showed that the best cutoff value for sCTLA-4 for glioma is 112.1 pg/ml, as well as the sensitivity and specificity with 82.0 and 78.0%, respectively, and a cut-off value of 220.43 pg/ml was best distinguished in patients between low-grade glioma group and high-grade glioma group with sensitivity 73.1% and specificity 79.2%. Survival analysis revealed that the patients with high sCTLA-4 levels (> 189.64 pg/ml) had shorter progression-free survival (PFS) compared to those with low sCTLA-4 levels (≤189.64 pg/ml). In the univariate analysis, elder, high-grade tumor, high sCTLA-4 levels and high Ki-67 index were significantly associated with shorter PFS. In the multivariate analysis, sCTLA-4 levels and tumor grade remained an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion These findings indicated that serum sCTLA-4 levels play a critical role in the pathogenesis and development of glioma, which might become a valuable predictive biomarker for supplementary diagnosis and evaluation of the progress and prognosis in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiaoyi Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xixiong Kang
- Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Wenqi Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Qian J, Gu C, Yang Y. Alternative splicing and cancer: a systematic review. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:78. [PMID: 33623018 PMCID: PMC7902610 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal regulation of alternative splicing is usually accompanied by the occurrence and development of tumors, which would produce multiple different isoforms and diversify protein expression. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review in order to describe the regulatory mechanisms of alternative splicing, as well as its functions in tumor cells, from proliferation and apoptosis to invasion and metastasis, and from angiogenesis to metabolism. The abnormal splicing events contributed to tumor progression as oncogenic drivers and/or bystander factors. The alterations in splicing factors detected in tumors and other mis-splicing events (i.e., long non-coding and circular RNAs) in tumorigenesis were also included. The findings of recent therapeutic approaches targeting splicing catalysis and splicing regulatory proteins to modulate pathogenically spliced events (including tumor-specific neo-antigens for cancer immunotherapy) were introduced. The emerging RNA-based strategies for the treatment of cancer with abnormally alternative splicing isoforms were also discussed. However, further studies are still required to address the association between alternative splicing and cancer in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiao Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Magnetic bead extraction with acid dissociation immunoassay for the determination of serum CD80-Fc fusion protein. Bioanalysis 2020; 13:89-100. [PMID: 33356549 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To detect concentrations of subtherapeutic doses of the CD80-Fc fusion protein FPT155 in serum in Phase I studies, a highly sensitive assay was developed. Materials & methods: FPT155 was purified from human serum using magnetic beads coupled to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4. After washing away the serum components, FTP155 was released by acid dissociation and neutralization. The eluted drug was quantified in an ELISA using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 as a capture reagent and biotinylated anti-human Fc for detection. The assay was validated with a calibration range of 5-40 ng/ml and a dilutional integrity of up to 100,000 ng/ml. Conclusion: A highly sensitive assay to determine serum concentrations of FPT155 using readily available reagents was developed. The results were in conformity with theoretical calculations.
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Novel human immunomodulatory T cell receptors and their double-edged potential in autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:919-935. [PMID: 33235388 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, approaches based on T cells and their immunomodulatory receptors have emerged as a solid improvement in treatments for various types of cancer. However, the roles of these molecules in the therapeutic context of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases are still relatively unexplored. Here, we review the best known and most commonly used immunomodulatory T cell receptors in clinical practice (PD-1 and CTLA-4), along with the rest of the receptors with known functions in animal models, which have great potential as modulators in human pathologies in the medium term. Among these other receptors is the receptor CD69, which has recently been described to be expressed in mouse and human T cells in autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, inhibition of these receptors individually or in combination by drugs or monoclonal antibodies generates a loss of immunological tolerance and can trigger multiple autoimmune disorders in different organs and immune-related adverse effects. In the coming decades, knowledge on the functions of different immunomodulatory receptors will be pivotal for the development of new and better therapies with less harmful side effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of these receptors in the control of immunity from a perspective focused on therapeutic potential in not only cancer but also autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, and myocarditis.
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15
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Lampropoulou IT, Stangou Μ, Sarafidis P, Gouliovaki A, Giamalis P, Tsouchnikas I, Didangelos T, Papagianni Α. TNF-α pathway and T-cell immunity are activated early during the development of diabetic nephropathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108423. [PMID: 32304735 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim of the present study was to investigate the possible involvement of TNF-α signaling pathway and T-lymphocyte activation in DN. Eighty-two diabetic patients [39 male, age 69.5(56-78)years] were divided into three groups, according to Albumin/Creatinine ratio (ACR) levels, Group I (ACR < 30 μg/mg), Group II (ACR 30-300 μg/mg), Group III (ACR > 300 μg/mg). Urinary Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and serum TNF-α, ΤNF-receptor 1 (TNFR1), TNFR2, B7-1, CD28, Cytoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein-4 (CTLA4), were estimated. There were significant differences between Groups I, II, III regarding the concentration of urinary TNF-α (p < .001), serum TNFR1 (p < .001), serum TNFR2(p < .001), CTLA4 (p < .001) and CD28(p = .034). In multivariate analysis, independent parameters correlated with ACR were serum TNFR1 (p = .003), TNFR2 (p = .012) and urinary TNF-α (p = .015) levels. There was a significant correlation between markers of T-cell activation and TNF-α signaling pathway activation. Activation of TNF-α signaling pathway and T-lymphocytes seem to synergize and participate in the development of DN in type II DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Μaria Stangou
- Department of Nephrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Giamalis
- Department of Nephrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsouchnikas
- Department of Nephrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Triantafillos Didangelos
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Αikaterini Papagianni
- Department of Nephrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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16
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Li W, Xia Y, Yang J, Guo H, Sun G, Sanyal AJ, Shah VH, Lou Y, Zheng X, Chalasani N, Yu Q. Immune Checkpoint Axes Are Dysregulated in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:588-605. [PMID: 32258953 PMCID: PMC7109345 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a severe inflammatory liver disease that develops in some heavy drinkers. The immune system in patients with AH is hyperactive and yet dysfunctional. Here, we investigated whether this immune-dysregulated state is related to the alcoholic impact on immune checkpoints (ICPs). We used multiplex immunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify plasma levels of 18 soluble ICPs (sICPs) from 81 patients with AH, 65 heavy drinkers without liver diseases (HDCs), and 39 healthy controls (HCs) at baseline, 33 patients with AH and 32 HDCs at 6-month follow-up, and 18 patients with AH and 29 HDCs at 12-month follow-up. We demonstrated that baseline levels of 6 sICPs (soluble T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 [sTIM-3], soluble cluster of differentiation [sCD]27, sCD40, soluble Toll-like receptor-2 [sTLR-2], soluble herpesvirus entry mediator [sHVEM], and soluble lymphotoxin-like inducible protein that competes with glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry on T cells [sLIGHT]) were up-regulated, while 11 sICPs (soluble B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator [sBTLA], sCD160, soluble cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 [sCTLA-4], soluble lymphocyte-activation gene 3 [sLAG-3], soluble programmed death 1 [sPD-1], sPD ligand 1 [sPD-L1], sCD28, soluble glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein [sGITR], sGITR ligand [sGITRL], sCD80, and inducible T-cell costimulator [sICOS]) were down-regulated in patients with AH compared to HDCs. The up-regulated sICPs except sLIGHT and down-regulated sCD80, sCD160, sCTLA-4, and sLAG-3 correlated positively or negatively with AH disease severity, bacterial translocation, and inflammatory factors. At follow-up, abstinent patients with AH still had higher levels of several sICPs compared to HDCs. We also compared expression of 10 membrane-bound ICPs (mICPs) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with AH and HCs by flow cytometry and found that several mICPs were dysregulated on blood cells from patients with AH. The function and regulation of sICPs and mICPs were studied using PBMCs from patients with AH and HCs. Recombinant sHVEM affected tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ production by T cells from patients with AH and HCs. Conclusion: Both sICPs and mICPs were dysregulated in patients with AH, and alcohol abstinence did not fully reverse these abnormalities. The HVEM axis plays a role in regulating T-cell function in patients with AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- Department of Clinical Laboratorythe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- School of Laboratory MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- School of Laboratory MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Guoqing Sun
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Yongliang Lou
- School of Laboratory MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xiaoqun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratorythe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- School of Laboratory MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
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Camellino D, Giusti A, Girasole G, Bianchi G, Dejaco C. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management of Polymyalgia Rheumatica. Drugs Aging 2020; 36:1015-1026. [PMID: 31493201 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-019-00705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory rheumatic disease of the elderly characterised by pain and stiffness in the neck and pelvic girdle, and is the second most common inflammatory rheumatic condition in this age group, after rheumatoid arthritis. Polymyalgia rheumatica can occur independently or in association with giant cell arteritis, which is the most common form of primary vasculitis. The diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica is usually based on clinical presentation and increase of inflammatory markers. There are no pathognomonic findings that can confirm the diagnosis. However, different imaging techniques, especially ultrasonography, can assist in the identification of polymyalgia rheumatica. Glucocorticoids are the cornerstone of the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica, but they might be associated with different adverse events. A subgroup of patients presents with a refractory disease course and, in these cases, adding methotrexate as a steroid-sparing agent could be useful. In this review, we summarise the latest findings regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of polymyalgia rheumatica and try to highlight the possible pitfalls, especially in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Camellino
- Division of Rheumatology, La Colletta Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale 3, Via del Giappone 3, 16011, Arenzano, GE, Italy.
- Autoimmunology Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giusti
- Division of Rheumatology, La Colletta Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale 3, Via del Giappone 3, 16011, Arenzano, GE, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Girasole
- Division of Rheumatology, La Colletta Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale 3, Via del Giappone 3, 16011, Arenzano, GE, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Bianchi
- Division of Rheumatology, La Colletta Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale 3, Via del Giappone 3, 16011, Arenzano, GE, Italy
| | - Christian Dejaco
- Dienst für Rheumatologie, Servizio di reumatologia, Südtiroler Sanitätsbetrieb, Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige, Krankenhaus Bruneck, Ospedale di Brunico, Bruneck, Italy
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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18
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Mihaylova N, Chipinski P, Bradyanova S, Velikova T, Ivanova-Todorova E, Chausheva S, Herbáth M, Kalinova D, Prechl J, Kyurkchiev D, Tchorbanov AI. Suppression of autoreactive T and B lymphocytes by anti-annexin A1 antibody in a humanized NSG murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 199:278-293. [PMID: 31724735 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory disease which involves multiple organs. Self-specific B and T cells play a main role in the pathogenesis of lupus and have been defined as a logical target for selective therapy. The protein annexin A1 (ANX A1) is a modulator of the immune system involving many cell types. An abnormal expression of ANX A1 was found on activated B and T cells during autoimmunity, suggesting its importance as a potential therapeutic target. We hypothesize that it may be possible to down-regulate the activity of autoreactive T and B cells from lupus patients in a humanized immunodeficient mouse model by treating them with an antibody against ANX A1. When cultured in the presence of anti-ANX A1, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from lupus patients showed a decreased number of immunoglobulin (Ig)G anti-dsDNA antibody-secreting plasma cells, decreased T cell proliferation and expression of activation markers and increased B and T cell apoptosis. We employed a humanized model of SLE by transferring PBMCs from lupus patients to immunodeficient non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mice. The humanized animals presented autoantibodies, proteinuria and immunoglobulin deposition in the renal glomeruli. Treatment of these NOD-SCID mice with an anti-ANX A1 antibody prevented appearance of anti-DNA antibodies and proteinuria, while the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected animals had high levels after the transfer. The treatment reduced the levels of autoantibodies to several autoantigens, lupus-associated cytokines and disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mihaylova
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - P Chipinski
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S Bradyanova
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T Velikova
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital St Ivan Rilski, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - E Ivanova-Todorova
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital St Ivan Rilski, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S Chausheva
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Herbáth
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Kalinova
- Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital St Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - J Prechl
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Kyurkchiev
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital St Ivan Rilski, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A I Tchorbanov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.,National Institute of Immunology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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DAHAL LEKHN, BARKER ROBERTN, WARD FRANKJ. The Soluble Isoform of CTLA-4 Correlates with Interferon-α Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2019; 47:302-304. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Czaja AJ. Immune inhibitory proteins and their pathogenic and therapeutic implications in autoimmunity and autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmunity 2019; 52:144-160. [PMID: 31298041 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2019.1641200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Key inhibitory proteins can blunt immune responses to self-antigens, and deficiencies in this repertoire may promote autoimmunity. The goals of this review are to describe the key immune inhibitory proteins, indicate their possible impact on the development of autoimmune disease, especially autoimmune hepatitis, and encourage studies to clarify their pathogenic role and candidacy as therapeutic targets. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 impairs ligation of CD28 to B7 ligands on antigen presenting cells and inhibits the adaptive immune response by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, generating regulatory T cells, and reducing T cell activation and proliferation. Programed cell death antigen-1 inhibits T cell selection, activation, and proliferation by binding with two ligands at different phases and locations of the immune response. A soluble alternatively spliced variant of this protein can dampen the inhibitory signal. Autoimmune hepatitis has been associated with polymorphisms of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 gene, reduced hepatic expression of a ligand of programed cell death antigen-1, an interfering soluble variant of this key inhibitory protein, and antibodies against it. Findings have been associated with laboratory indices of liver injury and suboptimal treatment response. Abatacept, belatacept, CD28 blockade, and induction of T cell exhaustion are management considerations that require scrutiny. In conclusion, deficiencies in key immune inhibitory proteins may promote the occurrence of autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis, and emerging interventions may overcome these deficiencies. Investigations should define the nature, impact and management of these inhibitory disturbances in autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an escalating global problem accounting for more than 3 million deaths annually. Bacterial infections are diagnosed in 25-47% of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and represent the most important trigger for acute decompensation, multi-organ failure, septic shock and death. Current guidelines recommend intensive antibiotic therapy, but this has led to the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, which are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. As such, there is a pressing need to explore new paradigms for anti-infective therapy and host-directed immunomodulatory therapies are a promising approach. Paradoxically, cirrhotic patients are characterised by heightened immune activity and exacerbated inflammatory processes but are unable to contend with bacterial infection, demonstrating that whilst immune effector cells are primed, their antibacterial effector functions are switched-off, reflecting a skewed homeostatic balance between anti-pathogen immunity and host-induced immunopathology. Preservation of this equilibrium physiologically is maintained by multiple immune-regulatory checkpoints and these feedback receptors serve as pivotal regulators of the host immunity. Checkpoint receptor blockade is proving to be effective at rescuing deranged/exhausted immunity in pre-clinical studies for chronic viral infection and sepsis. This approach has also obtained FDA approval for restoring anti-tumor immunity, with improved response rates and good safety profiles. To date, no clinical studies have investigated checkpoint blockade in ALD, highlighting an area for development of host-targeted immunotherapeutic strategies in ALD, for which there are no current specific treatment options. This review aims at framing current knowledge on immune checkpoints and the possibility of their therapeutic utility in ALD-associated immune dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riva
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, 111 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NT UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, 111 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NT UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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Youssef SS, Hamdy NM. SOCS1 and pattern recognition receptors: TLR9 and RIG-I; novel haplotype associations in Egyptian fibrotic/cirrhotic patients with HCV genotype 4. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3347-3354. [PMID: 28762092 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we explore the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) (rs243327), the regulator of toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) (rs352140), retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) (rs669260), and cluster of differentiation 152 (CD152) (rs231776) in fibrotic/cirrhotic patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within these genes as well as haplotype analyses were performed on a cohort of 120 Egyptian fibrotic patients. Fibrosis had progressed from HCV genotype 4 infections. Using RT-PCR, SNPs were evaluated in the DNA collected from each patient using TaqMan® genotyping assays. A regression model was used to evaluate allelic and haplotypic associations with a fibrosis/cirrhotic scale. The necroinflammatory A score was adjusted for non-genetic covariates. The genotype distributions for SOCS1 (rs243327) and TLR-9 (rs352140) differed significantly between the F1-F3 and F3-F4 groups. On the other hand, the genotype distributions for RIG-I (rs669260) and CD152 (rs231776) genes did not significantly differ. The allele frequency was calculated using Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) for the SOCS1 (rs243327), RIG-I (rs669260), and CD152 (rs231776) genes. These calculated frequency values indicated the need to compare them to another population for that locus. However, TLR9 (rs352140) did not show similar results. The A allele in SOCS1, TLR9, and RIG-I SNPs was an adverse prognostic factor for liver fibrosis and liver activity. Haplotype analysis revealed a significant association between SOCS1 and TLR9 in fibrotic/cirrhotic patients. This indicated the presence of the A allele in either gene, which is considered a risk factor for the progression of liver disease to cirrhosis. SOCS1 rs243327, TLR9 rs352140, and RIG-I rs669260 polymorphisms might affect liver pathophysiology and the cirrhotic outcome following genotype 4 HCV infection. Therefore, performing this specific SNP testing may be of value for the stratification of the population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Youssef
- Genetic Engineering Division, Microbial Biotechnology Department, National Research Centre, El Behous st, Dokki, Cairo, Giza, 12311, Egypt.
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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