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Bertorello S, Cei F, Fink D, Niccolai E, Amedei A. The Future Exploring of Gut Microbiome-Immunity Interactions: From In Vivo/Vitro Models to In Silico Innovations. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1828. [PMID: 39338502 PMCID: PMC11434319 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating the complex interactions between microbiota and immunity is crucial for a fruitful understanding progress of human health and disease. This review assesses animal models, next-generation in vitro models, and in silico approaches that are used to decipher the microbiome-immunity axis, evaluating their strengths and limitations. While animal models provide a comprehensive biological context, they also raise ethical and practical concerns. Conversely, modern in vitro models reduce animal involvement but require specific costs and materials. When considering the environmental impact of these models, in silico approaches emerge as promising for resource reduction, but they require robust experimental validation and ongoing refinement. Their potential is significant, paving the way for a more sustainable and ethical future in microbiome-immunity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bertorello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.B.); (F.C.); (D.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Francesco Cei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.B.); (F.C.); (D.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Dorian Fink
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.B.); (F.C.); (D.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.B.); (F.C.); (D.F.); (A.A.)
- Laboratorio Congiunto MIA-LAB (Microbiome-Immunity Axis Research for a Circular Health), University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.B.); (F.C.); (D.F.); (A.A.)
- Laboratorio Congiunto MIA-LAB (Microbiome-Immunity Axis Research for a Circular Health), University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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2
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Rossouw C, Ryan FJ, Lynn DJ. The role of the gut microbiota in regulating responses to vaccination: current knowledge and future directions. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 39102299 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Antigen-specific B and T cell responses play a critical role in vaccine-mediated protection against infectious diseases, but these responses are highly variable between individuals and vaccine immunogenicity is frequently sub-optimal in infants, the elderly and in people living in low- and middle-income countries. Although many factors such as nutrition, age, sex, genetics, environmental exposures, and infections may all contribute to variable vaccine immunogenicity, mounting evidence indicates that the gut microbiota is an important and targetable factor shaping optimal immune responses to vaccination. In this review, we discuss evidence from human, preclinical and experimental studies supporting a role for a healthy gut microbiota in mediating optimal vaccine immunogenicity, including the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the potential mechanisms through which this could occur and discuss strategies that could be used to target the microbiota to boost vaccine immunogenicity where it is currently sub-optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charné Rossouw
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Feargal J Ryan
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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3
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Latifi T, Kachooei A, Jalilvand S, Zafarian S, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Correlates of immune protection against human rotaviruses: natural infection and vaccination. Arch Virol 2024; 169:72. [PMID: 38459213 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses are the leading viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age worldwide. Despite progress in the characterization of the pathogenesis and immunology of rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis, correlates of protection (CoPs) in the course of either natural infection or vaccine-induced immunity are not fully understood. There are numerous factors such as serological responses (IgA and IgG), the presence of maternal antibodies (Abs) in breast milk, changes in the intestinal microbiome, and rotavirus structural and non-structural proteins that contribute to the outcome of the CoP. Indeed, while an intestinal IgA response and its surrogate, the serum IgA level, are suggested as the principal CoPs for oral rotavirus vaccines, the IgG level is more likely to be a CoP for parenteral non-replicating rotavirus vaccines. Integrating clinical and immunological data will be instrumental in improving rotavirus vaccine efficacy, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where vaccine efficacy is significantly lower than in high-income countries. Further knowledge on CoPs against rotavirus disease will be helpful for next-generation vaccine development. Herein, available data and literature on interacting components and proposed CoPs against human rotavirus disease are reviewed, and limitations and gaps in our knowledge in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Zafarian
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Hensley C, Roier S, Zhou P, Schnur S, Nyblade C, Parreno V, Frazier A, Frazier M, Kiley K, O’Brien S, Liang Y, Mayer BT, Wu R, Mahoney C, McNeal MM, Petsch B, Rauch S, Yuan L. mRNA-Based Vaccines Are Highly Immunogenic and Confer Protection in the Gnotobiotic Pig Model of Human Rotavirus Diarrhea. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:260. [PMID: 38543894 PMCID: PMC10974625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is still a leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis globally, particularly in infants and children. Previously, we demonstrated the immunogenicity of mRNA-based HRV vaccine candidates expressing the viral spike protein VP8* in rodent models. In the present study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two mRNA-based HRV trivalent vaccine candidates, encoding VP8* of the genotypes P[8], P[6], or P[4], in the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of Wa (G1P[8]) HRV infection and diarrhea. Vaccines either encoded VP8* alone fused to the universal T-cell epitope P2 (P2-VP8*) or expressed P2-VP8* as a fusion protein with lumazine synthase (LS-P2-VP8*) to allow the formation and secretion of protein particles that present VP8* on their surface. Gn pigs were randomly assigned into groups and immunized three times with either P2-VP8* (30 µg) or LS-P2-VP8* (30 µg or 12 µg). A trivalent alum-adjuvanted P2-VP8* protein vaccine or an LNP-formulated irrelevant mRNA vaccine served as the positive and negative control, respectively. Upon challenge with virulent Wa HRV, a significantly shortened duration and decreased severity of diarrhea and significant protection from virus shedding was induced by both mRNA vaccine candidates compared to the negative control. Both LS-P2-VP8* doses induced significantly higher VP8*-specific IgG antibody titers in the serum after immunizations than the negative as well as the protein control. The P[8] VP8*-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells in the ileum, spleen, and blood seven days post-challenge, as well as VP8*-specific IFN-γ-producing T-cell numbers increased in all three mRNA-vaccinated pig groups compared to the negative control. Overall, there was a clear tendency towards improved responses in LS-P2-VP8* compared to the P2-VP8*mRNA vaccine. The demonstrated strong humoral immune responses, priming for effector T cells, and the significant reduction of viral shedding and duration of diarrhea in Gn pigs provide a promising proof of concept and may provide guidance for the further development of mRNA-based rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sandro Roier
- CureVac SE, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (B.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sofia Schnur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Viviana Parreno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kelsey Kiley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bryan T. Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Ruizhe Wu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Celia Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Monica M. McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | | | - Susanne Rauch
- CureVac SE, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (B.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
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Barducci RS, Santos AAD, Pacheco LG, Putarov TC, Koch JFA, Callegari MA, Dias CP, de Carvalho RH, da Silva CA. Enhancing Weaned Piglet Health and Performance: The Role of Autolyzed Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and β-Glucans as a Blood Plasma Alternative in Diets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:631. [PMID: 38396599 PMCID: PMC10886371 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of the autolyzed yeast (AY) Saccharomyces cerevisiae with or without an immunomodulator (1,3/1,6 β-glucans) as a total/partial substitute for blood plasma (BP) in the diet of post-weaning piglets; zootechnical performance, intestinal health and microbiota, immune responses and energy metabolism were assessed. A total of 240 castrated male and female piglets, with a mean age of 22 days and mean initial weight of 5.24 ± 0.82 kg, were randomly divided into blocks of four treatments with 12 replicates. The dietary inclusions were blood plasma (BP), autolyzed yeast (AY), autolyzed yeast + immunomodulator (AYI) and 50% BP and 50% AY (BPAY). In pre-initial phase II (29-35 days), piglets fed AY showed better feed conversion (FCR = 1.358) than the piglets in the BP (1.484), AYI (1.379) and BPAY (1.442) groups, i.e., 8.49% (0.126), 1.52% (0.021) and 4.50% (0.084), respectively (p = 0.0293). In the total period (21-42 days), better FCR was observed in the AYI (1.458) group, i.e., 4.64% (0.071), 1.15% (0.017) and 4.58% (0.070), than in the BP (1.529), AY (1.475) and BPAY (1.528) groups, respectively (p = 0.0150). In piglets fed AY (n = 3) and BPAY (n = 2), there was a reduction in the number of medications, i.e., 82.35% (-14n) and 88.23% (-15n), respectively (p = 0.0001), compared with that in the BP group (n = 17). In the AY group (73.83 mg/dL), AYI group (69.92 mg/dL), and BPAY group (69.58 mg/dL), piglets exhibited increases in triglyceride levels of 79.32%, 69.83%, and 69.00%, respectively, in comparison to those in the BP group, which had triglyceride levels of 41.17 mg/dL (p = 0.0400). The beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the AY group (79.96 ng/μL) was lower by 31.95%, 22.64%, and 5.89% compared to the BP group (117.50 ng/μL), AYI group (103.36 ng/μL), and BPAY group (84.67 ng/μL), respectively (p = 0.0072). In the AYI group, there was modulation of the microbiota, with an increase in the relative abundance of bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Collinsella and Bulleidia. AY, associated or not associated with an immunomodulator, is a potential substitute for BP in diets for piglets in the nursery phase, with positive effects on immune, metabolic, and intestinal microbial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Sfaciotti Barducci
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | | | - Leticia Graziele Pacheco
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | - Thaila Cristina Putarov
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | - João Fernando Albers Koch
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | | | | | - Rafael Humberto de Carvalho
- Akei Animal Research, Fartura 18870-970, SP, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (C.P.D.); (R.H.d.C.)
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Caio Abércio da Silva
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
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Nyblade C, Zhou P, Frazier M, Frazier A, Hensley C, Fantasia-Davis A, Shahrudin S, Hoffer M, Agbemabiese CA, LaRue L, Barro M, Patton JT, Parreño V, Yuan L. Human Rotavirus Replicates in Salivary Glands and Primes Immune Responses in Facial and Intestinal Lymphoid Tissues of Gnotobiotic Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:1864. [PMID: 37766270 PMCID: PMC10534682 DOI: 10.3390/v15091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children across the globe. The virus has long been established as a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract, targeting small intestine epithelial cells and leading to diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Recently, this classical infection pathway was challenged by the findings that murine strains of rotavirus can infect the salivary glands of pups and dams and transmit via saliva from pups to dams during suckling. Here, we aimed to determine if HRV was also capable of infecting salivary glands and spreading in saliva using a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of HRV infection and disease. Gn pigs were orally inoculated with various strains of HRV, and virus shedding was monitored for several days post-inoculation. HRV was shed nasally and in feces in all inoculated pigs. Infectious HRV was detected in the saliva of four piglets. Structural and non-structural HRV proteins, as well as the HRV genome, were detected in the intestinal and facial tissues of inoculated pigs. The pigs developed high IgM antibody responses in serum and small intestinal contents at 10 days post-inoculation. Additionally, inoculated pigs had HRV-specific IgM antibody-secreting cells present in the ileum, tonsils, and facial lymphoid tissues. Taken together, these findings indicate that HRV can replicate in salivary tissues and prime immune responses in both intestinal and facial lymphoid tissues of Gn pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Ariana Fantasia-Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Shabihah Shahrudin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Miranda Hoffer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Lauren LaRue
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Mario Barro
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
- INCUINTA, IVIT (INTA-Conicet), Hurligham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
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7
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Cowardin CA, Syed S, Iqbal N, Jamil Z, Sadiq K, Iqbal J, Ali SA, Moore SR. Environmental enteric dysfunction: gut and microbiota adaptation in pregnancy and infancy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:223-237. [PMID: 36526906 PMCID: PMC10065936 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a subclinical syndrome of intestinal inflammation, malabsorption and barrier disruption that is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries in which poverty, food insecurity and frequent exposure to enteric pathogens impair growth, immunity and neurodevelopment in children. In this Review, we discuss advances in our understanding of EED, intestinal adaptation and the gut microbiome over the 'first 1,000 days' of life, spanning pregnancy and early childhood. Data on maternal EED are emerging, and they mirror earlier findings of increased risks for preterm birth and fetal growth restriction in mothers with either active inflammatory bowel disease or coeliac disease. The intense metabolic demands of pregnancy and lactation drive gut adaptation, including dramatic changes in the composition, function and mother-to-child transmission of the gut microbiota. We urgently need to elucidate the mechanisms by which EED undermines these critical processes so that we can improve global strategies to prevent and reverse intergenerational cycles of undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Cowardin
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sana Syed
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Najeeha Iqbal
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zehra Jamil
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Sadiq
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Asad Ali
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sean R Moore
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Lee A, Liang L, Connerton PL, Connerton IF, Mellits KH. Galacto-oligosaccharides fed during gestation increase Rotavirus A specific antibodies in sow colostrum, modulate the microbiome, and reduce infectivity in neonatal piglets in a commercial farm setting. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1118302. [PMID: 36825236 PMCID: PMC9941646 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1118302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rotavirus A is a major cause of acute dehydrating diarrhea in neonatal pigs resulting in significant mortality, morbidity, reduced performance and economic loss. Commercially available prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides are similar to those of mammalian milk and stimulate the development of the microbiota and immune system in neonates. Little is known about the effects of supplementing sows' diets with galacto-oligosaccharides during gestation. This study aimed to determine if dietary galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation during gestation could improve immunity, reduce rotavirus infection and modulate the microbiota in sows and neonates in a commercial farm setting with confirmed natural endemic rotavirus challenge. Methods In a randomized controlled trial, control sows received lactation diet with no galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation and test sows received lactation diet with 30 g/day galacto-oligosaccharide top-dressed into feed daily, seven days before farrowing. Colostrum was collected from sows 24 hours post-partum and tested for rotavirus specific antibodies. Fecal samples were collected from sows and piglets three days post-partum, tested for rotavirus A by qPCR and the microbiome composition assessed by 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Results Supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides during gestation significantly increased rotavirus-specific IgG and IgA in sow colostrum and reduced the number of rotavirus positive piglet fecal samples. Abundance of potential pathogens Treponema and Clostridiales were higher in fecal samples from non-galacto-oligosaccharide fed sows, their piglets and rotavirus positive samples. Discussion This study demonstrates that galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation during gestation significantly increases rotavirus specific IgG and IgA in sow colostrum thereby reducing neonatal rotavirus infection and suppresses potential pathogenic bacteria in nursing sows and neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Liang
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Phillippa L. Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth H. Mellits
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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9
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Anti-rotavirus Properties and Mechanisms of Selected Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotics on Polarized Human Colonic (HT-29) Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:107-128. [PMID: 35034323 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics have been investigated to improve the universal rotavirus (RV) vaccination as well as to ameliorate the RV infection. However, underlying mechanisms how probiotics mediate beneficial effects needs more investigation. Thus, in the present study, we used polarized HT-29 cells to assess the anti-RV properties of Gram-positive, (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, and Bifidobacterium subsp. Lactis Bb12) and Gram negative, (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917) probiotics and study their underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that pre-treatment of HT-29 cells for 4 h with probiotics, significantly reduced (p < 0.05) human RV replication and this effect was most pronounced for E. coli Nissle followed by L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus GG. Strikingly, only pre-treatment with live bacteria or their supernatants demonstrated anti-RV properties. Except Gram negative E. coli Nissle, the Gram-positive probiotics tested did not bind to RV. Ingenuity pathway analysis of tight junction (TJ)- and innate immune-associated genes indicated that E. coli Nissle or E. coli Nissle + RV treatments improved cell-cell adhesion and cell contact, while L. acidophilus or L. acidophilus + RV treatments also activated cell-cell contact but inhibited cell movement functions. RV alone inhibited migration of cells event. Additionally, E. coli Nissle activated pathways such as the innate immune and inflammatory responses via production of TNF, while RV infection activated NK cells and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, E. coli Nissle's ability to bind RV, modulate expression of TJ events, innate immune and inflammatory responses, via specific upstream regulators may explain superior anti-RV properties of E. coli Nissle. Therefore, prophylactic use of E. coli Nissle might help to reduce the RV disease burden in infants in endemic areas.
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10
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Guevarra RB, Kim ES, Cho JH, Song M, Cho JH, Lee JH, Kim H, Kim S, Keum GB, Lee CH, Cho WT, Watthanaphansak S, Kim HB. Gut microbial shifts by synbiotic combination of Pediococcus acidilactici and lactulose in weaned piglets challenged with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1101869. [PMID: 36713861 PMCID: PMC9879705 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1101869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in the swine industry have been the focused of many pig gut microbiota studies to improve animal health. In this study, we evaluated the effects of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici (PRO), prebiotic lactulose (PRE), and their synbiotic combination (SYN) on gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in weaned piglets challenged with Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Our data showed that prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics improved the intestinal health in weaned piglets. No significant differences were observed in species richness and species diversity in weaned piglets fed prebiotics, probiotics and their synbiotic combination. However, beta diversity analysis revealed distinct clustering of the microbiota of according to dietary treatment and by oral challenge of STEC. At the phylum level, Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio was lower in the dietary treatment groups than the control group. Oral supplementation of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics enriched the abundance of Prevotella and Roseburia. Succinivibrio was elevated in PRO group; however, Phascolarctobacterium was depleted with STEC challenge regardless of dietary treatment. Overall, our data showed that administration of synbiotics in piglets improved intestinal health through gut microbiota modulation. Our data indicated that prebiotics, probiotics and their synbiotic combination could promote intestinal health through gut microbiota modulation in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B. Guevarra
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sol Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheena Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Keum
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Lee
- Gene Bio Tech Co., Ltd., Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tak Cho
- Gene Bio Tech Co., Ltd., Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Suphot Watthanaphansak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Hyeun Bum Kim ✉
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11
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Raev S, Amimo J, Saif L, Vlasova A. Intestinal mucin-type O-glycans: the major players in the host-bacteria-rotavirus interactions. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2197833. [PMID: 37020288 PMCID: PMC10078158 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2197833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes severe diarrhea in young children and animals worldwide. Several glycans terminating in sialic acids (SAs) and histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) surface have been recognized to act as attachment sites for RV. IECs are protected by the double layer of mucus of which O-glycans (including HBGAs and SAs) are a major organic component. Luminal mucins, as well as bacterial glycans, can act as decoy molecules removing RV particles from the gut. The composition of the intestinal mucus is regulated by complex O-glycan-specific interactions among the gut microbiota, RV and the host. In this review, we highlight O-glycan-mediated interactions within the intestinal lumen prior to RV attachment to IECs. A better understanding of the role of mucus is essential for the development of alternative therapeutic tools including the use of pre- and probiotics to control RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - J.O. Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L.J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - A.N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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12
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Kumar D, Shepherd FK, Springer NL, Mwangi W, Marthaler DG. Rotavirus Infection in Swine: Genotypic Diversity, Immune Responses, and Role of Gut Microbiome in Rotavirus Immunity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101078. [PMID: 36297136 PMCID: PMC9607047 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are endemic in swine populations, and all swine herds certainly have a history of RV infection and circulation. Rotavirus A (RVA) and C (RVC) are the most common among all RV species reported in swine. RVA was considered most prevalent and pathogenic in swine; however, RVC has been emerging as a significant cause of enteritis in newborn piglets. RV eradication from swine herds is not practically achievable, hence producers’ mainly focus on minimizing the production impact of RV infections by reducing mortality and diarrhea. Since no intra-uterine passage of immunoglobulins occur in swine during gestation, newborn piglets are highly susceptible to RV infection at birth. Boosting lactogenic immunity in gilts by using vaccines and natural planned exposure (NPE) is currently the only way to prevent RV infections in piglets. RVs are highly diverse and multiple RV species have been reported from swine, which also contributes to the difficulties in preventing RV diarrhea in swine herds. Human RV-gut microbiome studies support a link between microbiome composition and oral RV immunogenicity. Such information is completely lacking for RVs in swine. It is not known how RV infection affects the functionality or structure of gut microbiome in swine. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of genotypic diversity of swine RVs, host-ranges, innate and adaptive immune responses to RVs, homotypic and heterotypic immunity to RVs, current methods used for RV management in swine herds, role of maternal immunity in piglet protection, and prospects of investigating swine gut microbiota in providing immunity against rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (W.M.); (D.G.M.); Tel.: +1-804-503-1241 (D.K.)
| | - Frances K Shepherd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA
| | - Nora L. Springer
- Clinical Pathology, Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (W.M.); (D.G.M.); Tel.: +1-804-503-1241 (D.K.)
| | - Douglas G. Marthaler
- Indical Inc., 1317 Edgewater Dr #3722, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (W.M.); (D.G.M.); Tel.: +1-804-503-1241 (D.K.)
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13
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Michael H, Amimo JO, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Mechanisms of Kwashiorkor-Associated Immune Suppression: Insights From Human, Mouse, and Pig Studies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826268. [PMID: 35585989 PMCID: PMC9108366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition refers to inadequate energy and/or nutrient intake. Malnutrition exhibits a bidirectional relationship with infections whereby malnutrition increases risk of infections that further aggravates malnutrition. Severe malnutrition (SM) is the main cause of secondary immune deficiency and mortality among children in developing countries. SM can manifest as marasmus (non-edematous), observed most often (68.6% of all malnutrition cases), kwashiorkor (edematous), detected in 23.8% of cases, and marasmic kwashiorkor, identified in ~7.6% of SM cases. Marasmus and kwashiorkor occur due to calorie-energy and protein-calorie deficiency (PCD), respectively. Kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor present with reduced protein levels, protein catabolism rates, and altered levels of micronutrients leading to uncontrolled oxidative stress, exhaustion of anaerobic commensals, and proliferation of pathobionts. Due to these alterations, kwashiorkor children present with profoundly impaired immune function, compromised intestinal barrier, and secondary micronutrient deficiencies. Kwashiorkor-induced alterations contribute to growth stunting and reduced efficacy of oral vaccines. SM is treated with antibiotics and ready-to-use therapeutic foods with variable efficacy. Kwashiorkor has been extensively investigated in gnotobiotic (Gn) mice and piglet models to understand its multiple immediate and long-term effects on children health. Due to numerous physiological and immunological similarities between pigs and humans, pig represents a highly relevant model to study kwashiorkor pathophysiology and immunology. Here we summarize the impact of kwashiorkor on children's health, immunity, and gut functions and review the relevant findings from human and animal studies. We also discuss the reciprocal interactions between PCD and rotavirus-a highly prevalent enteric childhood pathogen due to which pathogenesis and immunity are affected by childhood SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husheem Michael
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Joshua O. Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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14
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Benedicto-Matambo P, Bines JE, Malamba-Banda C, Shawa IT, Barnes K, Kamng’ona AW, Hungerford D, Jambo KC, Iturriza-Gomara M, Cunliffe NA, Flanagan KL, Jere KC. Leveraging Beneficial Off-Target Effects of Live-Attenuated Rotavirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:418. [PMID: 35335050 PMCID: PMC8948921 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the introduction of live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines in many countries, a notable reduction in deaths and hospitalisations associated with diarrhoea in children <5 years of age has been reported. There is growing evidence to suggest that live-attenuated vaccines also provide protection against other infections beyond the vaccine-targeted pathogens. These so called off-target effects of vaccination have been associated with the tuberculosis vaccine Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), measles, oral polio and recently salmonella vaccines, and are thought to be mediated by modified innate and possibly adaptive immunity. Indeed, rotavirus vaccines have been reported to provide greater than expected reductions in acute gastroenteritis caused by other enteropathogens, that have mostly been attributed to herd protection and prior underestimation of rotavirus disease. Whether rotavirus vaccines also alter the immune system to reduce non targeted gastrointestinal infections has not been studied directly. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying off-target effects of vaccines and propose a mechanism by which the live-attenuated neonatal rotavirus vaccine, RV3-BB, could promote protection beyond the targeted pathogen. Finally, we consider how vaccine developers may leverage these properties to improve health outcomes in children, particularly those in low-income countries where disease burden and mortality is disproportionately high relative to developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Benedicto-Matambo
- Virology Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312225, Malawi; (P.B.-M.); (C.M.-B.); (I.T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.K.); (K.C.J.)
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (D.H.); (M.I.-G.); (N.A.C.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health Professions, College of Medicine, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Julie E. Bines
- Enteric Diseases Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children’s Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Chikondi Malamba-Banda
- Virology Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312225, Malawi; (P.B.-M.); (C.M.-B.); (I.T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.K.); (K.C.J.)
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (D.H.); (M.I.-G.); (N.A.C.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health Professions, College of Medicine, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Isaac T. Shawa
- Virology Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312225, Malawi; (P.B.-M.); (C.M.-B.); (I.T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.K.); (K.C.J.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health Professions, College of Medicine, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Kayla Barnes
- Virology Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312225, Malawi; (P.B.-M.); (C.M.-B.); (I.T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.K.); (K.C.J.)
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arox W. Kamng’ona
- Virology Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312225, Malawi; (P.B.-M.); (C.M.-B.); (I.T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.K.); (K.C.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health Profession, College of Medicine, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Daniel Hungerford
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (D.H.); (M.I.-G.); (N.A.C.)
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- Virology Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312225, Malawi; (P.B.-M.); (C.M.-B.); (I.T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.K.); (K.C.J.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gomara
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (D.H.); (M.I.-G.); (N.A.C.)
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
- Centre for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), 1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nigel A. Cunliffe
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (D.H.); (M.I.-G.); (N.A.C.)
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Khuzwayo C. Jere
- Virology Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312225, Malawi; (P.B.-M.); (C.M.-B.); (I.T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.K.); (K.C.J.)
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (D.H.); (M.I.-G.); (N.A.C.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health Professions, College of Medicine, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
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Pallikkuth S, Mendez R, Russell K, Sirupangi T, Kvistad D, Pahwa R, Villinger F, Banerjee S, Pahwa S. Age Associated Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites Modulation and Its Association With Systemic Inflammation in a Rhesus Macaque Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748397. [PMID: 34737748 PMCID: PMC8560971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with declining immunity and inflammation as well as alterations in the gut microbiome with a decrease of beneficial microbes and increase in pathogenic ones. The aim of this study was to investigate the age associated gut microbiome in relation to immunologic and metabolic profile in a non-human primate (NHP) model. 12 geriatric (age 19-24 years) and 4 young adult (age 3-4 years) Rhesus macaques were included in this study. Immune cell subsets were characterized in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by flow cytometry and plasma cytokines levels were determined by bead based multiplex cytokine analysis. Stool samples were collected by ileal loop and investigated for microbiome analysis by shotgun metagenomics. Serum, gut microbial lysate, and microbe-free fecal extract were subjected to metabolomic analysis by mass-spectrometry. Our results showed that the gut microbiome in geriatric animals had higher abundance of Archaeal and Proteobacterial species and lower Firmicutes than the young adults. Highly abundant microbes in the geriatric animals showed a direct association with plasma biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation such as neopterin, CRP, TNF, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ. Significant enrichment of metabolites that contribute to inflammatory and cytotoxic pathways was observed in serum and feces of geriatric animals compared to the young adults. We conclude that aging NHP undergo immunosenescence and age associated alterations in the gut microbiome that has a distinct metabolic profile. Aging NHP can serve as a model for investigating the relationship of the gut microbiome to particular age-associated comorbidities and for strategies aimed at modulating the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Roberto Mendez
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kyle Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tirupataiah Sirupangi
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Daniel Kvistad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center (MIMRC), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Center for Scientific Review, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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16
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Significance of the Gut Microbiome for Viral Diarrheal and Extra-Intestinal Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081601. [PMID: 34452466 PMCID: PMC8402659 DOI: 10.3390/v13081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the mammalian gut microbiome is very important for the health and disease of the host. Significant correlations of particular gut microbiota with host immune responsiveness and various infectious and noninfectious host conditions, such as chronic enteric infections, type 2 diabetes, obesity, asthma, and neurological diseases, have been uncovered. Recently, research has moved on to exploring the causalities of such relationships. The metabolites of gut microbiota and those of the host are considered in a ‘holobiontic’ way. It turns out that the host’s diet is a major determinant of the composition of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Animal models of bacterial and viral intestinal infections have been developed to explore the interrelationships of diet, gut microbiome, and health/disease phenotypes of the host. Dietary fibers can act as prebiotics, and certain bacterial species support the host’s wellbeing as probiotics. In cases of Clostridioides difficile-associated antibiotic-resistant chronic diarrhea, transplantation of fecal microbiomes has sometimes cured the disease. Future research will concentrate on the definition of microbial/host/diet interrelationships which will inform rationales for improving host conditions, in particular in relation to optimization of immune responses to childhood vaccines.
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The Interaction Between Viruses and Intestinal Microbiota: A Review. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3597-3608. [PMID: 34350485 PMCID: PMC8336530 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the main pathogen threatening human and animal health, viruses can affect the immunity and metabolism of bodies. There are innate microbial barriers in the digestive tract of the body to preserve the homeostasis of the animal body, which directly or indirectly influences the host defence against viral infection. Understanding the interaction between viruses and intestinal microbiota or probiotics is helpful to study the pathogenesis of diseases. Here, we review recent studies on the interaction mechanism between intestinal microbiota and viruses. The interaction can be divided into two aspects: inhibition of viral infection by microbiota and promotion of viral infection by microbiota. The treatment of viral infection by probiotics is summarized.
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18
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Gresse R, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Garrido JJ, Denis S, Jiménez-Marín A, Beaumont M, Van de Wiele T, Forano E, Blanquet-Diot S. Pathogen Challenge and Dietary Shift Alter Microbiota Composition and Activity in a Mucin-Associated in vitro Model of the Piglet Colon (MPigut-IVM) Simulating Weaning Transition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703421. [PMID: 34349744 PMCID: PMC8328230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the principal pathogen responsible for post-weaning diarrhea in newly weaned piglets. Expansion of ETEC at weaning is thought to be the consequence of various stress factors such as transient anorexia, dietary change or increase in intestinal inflammation and permeability, but the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated. As the use of animal experiments raise more and more ethical concerns, we used a recently developed in vitro model of piglet colonic microbiome and mucobiome, the MPigut-IVM, to evaluate the effects of a simulated weaning transition and pathogen challenge at weaning. Our data suggested that the tested factors impacted the composition and functionality of the MPigut-IVM microbiota. The simulation of weaning transition led to an increase in relative abundance of the Prevotellaceae family which was further promoted by the presence of the ETEC strain. In contrast, several beneficial families such as Bacteroidiaceae or Ruminococcaceae and gut health related short chain fatty acids like butyrate or acetate were reduced upon simulated weaning. Moreover, the incubation of MPigut-IVM filtrated effluents with porcine intestinal cell cultures showed that ETEC challenge in the in vitro model led to an increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes by the porcine cells. This study provides insights about the etiology of a dysbiotic microbiota in post-weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaële Gresse
- INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand SAS, Blagnac, France
| | | | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sylvain Denis
- INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Angeles Jiménez-Marín
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Forano
- INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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19
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Hamza KH, Dunér E, Ulmert I, Arias A, Sorobetea D, Lahl K. Minor alterations in the intestinal microbiota composition upon Rotavirus infection do not affect susceptibility to DSS colitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13485. [PMID: 34188111 PMCID: PMC8242028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral triggers at the intestinal mucosa can have multiple global effects on intestinal integrity, causing elevated intestinal barrier strength and relative protection from subsequent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) induction in various models. As viruses can interfere with the intestinal immune system both directly and indirectly through commensal bacteria, cause-effect relationships are difficult to define. Due to the complexity of putatively causative factors, our understanding of such virus-mediated protection is currently very limited. We here set out to better understand the impact that adult enteric infection with rotavirus (RV) might have on the composition of the intestinal microbiome and on the severity of IBD. We found that RV infection neither induced significant long-lasting microbiota community changes in the small or large intestine nor affected the severity of subsequent dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Hence, adult murine RV infection does not exert lasting effects on intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Dunér
- Immunology Section, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabel Ulmert
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Armando Arias
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Daniel Sorobetea
- Immunology Section, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Immunology Section, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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20
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Effect of Tumor Red Blood Cell Immunity and Tumor Cell Cycle in Mice Bearing Solid Liver Cancer with Intelligent Cancer Zhongning Therapeutic Apparatus. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:3329800. [PMID: 34194680 PMCID: PMC8203346 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3329800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
People's unhealthy lifestyles, especially the number of smoking and passive smoking populations, are increasing year by year and the population is aging. With the development and progress of lung cancer cell and molecular biology, the incidence rate and mortality rate of lung cancer are increasing year by year. The existing tumor biochemotherapy has rapidly developed from preliminary research and animal research to clinical research. The smart cancer Zhongning therapeutic device can induce necrosis and apoptosis of tumor cells. The effect of treating tumors is getting more and more attention. Therefore, this article focuses on the effect of the smart cancer Zhongning therapeutic device on the tumor red blood cells and tumor cell cycle of mice with solid liver cancer. The immunological effects of the drug were discussed. Forty mice were randomly divided into high-dose group, low-dose group, 5-FU group, and model group. The effects of different treatment stages on tumor red blood cell immune function and cell cycle were recorded and evaluated, and the survival rate by multiplying the positive limit method was calculated. The model group is controlled by the exact probability method, and the Pss18.0 system is used to test the hypothesis of survival rate comparison. The experimental results showed that the tumor inhibition rate in this group was 65.8%. Compared with the 5-FU group and model group, the dose group has shown an antitumor effect and had significantly improved the tumor-bearing body's antitumor red blood cell immune function and tumor cell cycle.
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21
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Reens AL, Cabral DJ, Liang X, Norton JE, Therien AG, Hazuda DJ, Swaminathan G. Immunomodulation by the Commensal Microbiome During Immune-Targeted Interventions: Focus on Cancer Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643255. [PMID: 34054810 PMCID: PMC8155485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence in clinical and preclinical studies indicates that success of immunotherapies can be impacted by the state of the microbiome. Understanding the role of the microbiome during immune-targeted interventions could help us understand heterogeneity of treatment success, predict outcomes, and develop additional strategies to improve efficacy. In this review, we discuss key studies that reveal reciprocal interactions between the microbiome, the immune system, and the outcome of immune interventions. We focus on cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and vaccination as two crucial therapeutic areas with strong potential for immunomodulation by the microbiota. By juxtaposing studies across both therapeutic areas, we highlight three factors prominently involved in microbial immunomodulation: short-chain fatty acids, microbe-associate molecular patterns (MAMPs), and inflammatory cytokines. Continued interrogation of these models and pathways may reveal critical mechanistic synergies between the microbiome and the immune system, resulting in novel approaches designed to influence the efficacy of immune-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Reens
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Damien J. Cabral
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xue Liang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - James E. Norton
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alex G. Therien
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daria J. Hazuda
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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22
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Hensley C, Zhou P, Schnur S, Mahsoub HM, Liang Y, Wang MX, Page C, Yuan L, Bronshtein V. Thermostable, Dissolvable Buccal Film Rotavirus Vaccine Is Highly Effective in Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pig Challenge Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:437. [PMID: 33946555 PMCID: PMC8147248 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Difficulties related to storage and transport of currently available live oral rotavirus vaccines can have detrimental consequences on the efficacy of the vaccines. Thus, there is a great need for thermostable vaccines that can eliminate the necessity for cold chain storage or reconstitution before administration. In this study, we developed a dissolvable oral polymeric film comprised of a live attenuated thermostable tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) powder and antacid (CaCO3). Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine after buccal delivery was evaluated in the gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus (HRV) infection and diarrhea. Two doses of the vaccine were highly immunogenic and conferred strong protection against virus shedding and diarrhea upon challenge with a high dose of a virulent G1 HRV in gnotobiotic pigs. Those pigs vaccinated with the preserved film vaccine had significantly delayed onset of diarrhea; reduced duration and area under the curve of diarrhea; delayed onset of fecal virus shedding; and reduced duration and peak of fecal virus shedding titers compared to pigs in both the placebo and the reconstituted liquid oral RRV-TV vaccine groups. Associated with the strong protection, high titers of serum virus neutralization antibodies against each of the four RRV-TV mono-reassortants and G1 HRV-specific serum IgA and IgG antibodies, as well as intestinal IgA antibodies, were induced by the preserved film vaccine. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of our thermostable buccal film rotavirus vaccine and warrant further investigation into the promise of the novel technology in addressing drawbacks of the current live oral HRV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (H.M.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (H.M.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sofia Schnur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (H.M.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hassan M. Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (H.M.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (H.M.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Min-Xuan Wang
- Universal Stabilization Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (M.-X.W.); (C.P.)
| | - Caroline Page
- Universal Stabilization Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (M.-X.W.); (C.P.)
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (H.M.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Victor Bronshtein
- Universal Stabilization Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (M.-X.W.); (C.P.)
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23
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Abstract
The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse community of microbes, fungi, archaea, and viruses. In addition to occupying the same enteric niche, recent evidence suggests that microbes and viruses can act synergistically and, in some cases, promote disease. In this review, we focus on the disease-promoting interactions of the gut microbiota and rotavirus, norovirus, poliovirus, reovirus, and astrovirus. Microbes and microbial compounds can directly interact with viruses, promote viral fitness, alter the glycan structure of viral adhesion sites, and influence the immune system, among other mechanisms. These interactions can directly and indirectly affect viral infection. By focusing on microbe–virus interplay, we hope to identify potential strategies for targeting offending microbes and minimizing viral infection.
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24
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Kim AH, Hogarty MP, Harris VC, Baldridge MT. The Complex Interactions Between Rotavirus and the Gut Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:586751. [PMID: 33489932 PMCID: PMC7819889 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is the leading worldwide cause of acute diarrhea-related death in children under the age of five. RV infects the small intestine, an important site of colonization by the microbiota, and studies over the past decade have begun to reveal a complex set of interactions between RV and the gut microbiota. RV infection can temporarily alter the composition of the gut microbiota and probiotic administration alleviates some symptoms of infection in vivo, suggesting reciprocal effects between the virus and the gut microbiota. While development of effective RV vaccines has offered significant protection against RV-associated mortality, vaccine effectiveness in low-income countries has been limited, potentially due to regional differences in the gut microbiota. In this mini review, we briefly detail research findings to date related to HRV vaccine cohorts, studies of natural infection, explorations of RV-microbiota interactions in gnotobiotic pig models, and highlight various in vivo and in vitro models that could be used in future studies to better define how the microbiota may regulate RV infection and host antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew HyoungJin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael P. Hogarty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vanessa C. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Global Health (AIGHD), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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25
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Prevotella in Pigs: The Positive and Negative Associations with Production and Health. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101584. [PMID: 33066697 PMCID: PMC7602465 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse and dynamic microbial community (known as microbiota) resides within the pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The microbiota contributes to host health and performance by mediating nutrient metabolism, stimulating the immune system, and providing colonization resistance against pathogens. Manipulation of gut microbiota to enhance growth performance and disease resilience in pigs has recently become an active area of research in an era defined by increasing scrutiny of antimicrobial use in swine production. In order to develop microbiota-targeted strategies, or to identify potential next-generation probiotic strains originating from the endogenous members of GIT microbiota in pigs, it is necessary to understand the role of key commensal members in host health. Many, though not all, correlative studies have associated members of the genus Prevotella with positive outcomes in pig production, including growth performance and immune response; therefore, a comprehensive review of the genus in the context of pig production is needed. In the present review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the genus Prevotella in the intestinal microbial community of pigs, including relevant information from other animal species that provide mechanistic insights, and identify gaps in knowledge that must be addressed before development of Prevotella species as next-generation probiotics can be supported.
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26
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Engevik MA, Banks LD, Engevik KA, Chang-Graham AL, Perry JL, Hutchinson DS, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Hyser JM. Rotavirus infection induces glycan availability to promote ileum-specific changes in the microbiome aiding rotavirus virulence. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1324-1347. [PMID: 32404017 PMCID: PMC7524290 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1754714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have identified changes within the gut microbiome in response to diarrheal-inducing bacterial pathogens. However, examination of the microbiome in response to viral pathogens remains understudied. Compounding this, many studies use fecal samples to assess microbiome composition; which may not accurately mirror changes within the small intestine, the primary site for most enteric virus infections. As a result, the functional significance of small intestinal microbiome shifts during infection is not well defined. To address these gaps, rotavirus-infected neonatal mice were examined for changes in bacterial community dynamics, host gene expression, and tissue recovery during infection. Profiling bacterial communities using 16S rRNA sequencing suggested significant and distinct changes in ileal communities in response to rotavirus infection, with no significant changes for other gastrointestinal (GI) compartments. At 1-d post-infection, we observed a loss in Lactobacillus species from the ileum, but an increase in Bacteroides and Akkermansia, both of which exhibit mucin-digesting capabilities. Concomitant with the bacterial community shifts, we observed a loss of mucin-filled goblet cells in the small intestine at d 1, with recovery occurring by d 3. Rotavirus infection of mucin-producing cell lines and human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) stimulated release of stored mucin granules, similar to in vivo findings. In vitro, incubation of mucins with Bacteroides or Akkermansia members resulted in significant glycan degradation, which altered the binding capacity of rotavirus in silico and in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that the response to and recovery from rotavirus-diarrhea is unique between sub-compartments of the GI tract and may be influenced by mucin-degrading microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A. Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lori D. Banks
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristen A. Engevik
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Chang-Graham
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob L. Perry
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane S. Hutchinson
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadim J. Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph F. Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,CONTACT Joseph M. Hyser 1 Baylor Plaza, HoustonTX77030, USA
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27
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Overview of the Development, Impacts, and Challenges of Live-Attenuated Oral Rotavirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030341. [PMID: 32604982 PMCID: PMC7565912 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness are paramount to vaccine development. Following the isolation of rotavirus particles in 1969 and its evidence as an aetiology of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide, the quest to find not only an acceptable and reliable but cost-effective vaccine has continued until now. Four live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines (LAORoVs) (Rotarix®, RotaTeq®, Rotavac®, and RotaSIIL®) have been developed and licensed to be used against all forms of rotavirus-associated infection. The efficacy of these vaccines is more obvious in the high-income countries (HIC) compared with the low- to middle-income countries (LMICs); however, the impact is far exceeding in the low-income countries (LICs). Despite the rotavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, more than 90 countries (mostly Asia, America, and Europe) are yet to implement any of these vaccines. Implementation of these vaccines has continued to suffer a setback in these countries due to the vaccine cost, policy, discharging of strategic preventive measures, and infrastructures. This review reappraises the impacts and effectiveness of the current live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines from many representative countries of the globe. It examines the problems associated with the low efficacy of these vaccines and the way forward. Lastly, forefront efforts put forward to develop initial procedures for oral rotavirus vaccines were examined and re-connected to today vaccines.
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28
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Lei S, Twitchell EL, Ramesh AK, Bui T, Majette E, Tin CM, Avery R, Arango-Argoty G, Zhang L, Becker-Dreps S, Azcarate-Peril MA, Jiang X, Yuan L. Enhanced GII.4 human norovirus infection in gnotobiotic pigs transplanted with a human gut microbiota. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1530-1540. [PMID: 31596195 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of commensal microbiota in enteric viral infections has been explored extensively, but the interaction between human gut microbiota (HGM) and human norovirus (HuNoV) is poorly understood. In this study, we established an HGM-Transplanted gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of HuNoV infection and disease, using an infant stool as HGM transplant and a HuNoV GII.4/2006b strain for virus inoculation. Compared to germ-free Gn pigs, HuNoV inoculation in HGMT Gn pigs resulted in increased HuNoV shedding, characterized by significantly higher shedding titres on post inoculation day (PID) 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9, and significantly longer mean duration of virus shedding. In addition, virus titres were significantly higher in duodenum and distal ileum of HGMT Gn pigs on PID10, while comparable and transient HuNoV viremia was detected in both groups. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that HuNoV infection dramatically altered intestinal microbiota in HGMT Gn pigs at the phylum (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) and genus (Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Anaerococcus, Bacteroides and Lactobacillus) levels. In summary, enhanced GII.4 HuNoV infection was observed in the presence of HGM, and host microbiota was susceptible to disruption upon HuNoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Present address: Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Erica L Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Elizabeth Majette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Christine M Tin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Roger Avery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Gustavo Arango-Argoty
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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29
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Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum modified gut microbiota, bile acid profile and glucose homoeostasis in weaning piglets. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:797-808. [PMID: 32436488 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) have emerged as signalling molecules regulating intestinal physiology. The importance of intestinal microbiota in production of secondary BA, for example, lithocholic acid (LCA) which impairs enterocyte proliferation and permeability, triggered us to determine the effects of oral probiotics on intestinal BA metabolism. Piglets were weaned at 28 d of age and allocated into control (CON, n 14) or probiotic (PRO, n 14) group fed 50 mg of Lactobacillus plantarum daily, and gut microbiota and BA profile were determined. To test the potential interaction of LCA with bacteria endotoxins in inducing damage of enterocytes, IPEC-J2 cells were treated with LCA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LCA + LPS and expressions of genes related to inflammation, antioxidant capacity and nutrient transport were determined. Compared with the CON group, the PRO group showed lower total LCA level in the ileum and higher relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in faeces. In contrast, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Parabacteroides and Ruminococcus_1, important bacteria genera in BA biotransformation, were all lower in the PRO than in the CON group. Moreover, PRO piglets had lower postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 level, while higher glucose level than CON piglets. Co-administration of LPS and LCA led to down-regulated expression of glucose and peptide transporter genes in IPEC-J2 cells. Altogether, oral L. plantarum altered BA profile probably by modulating relative abundances of gut microbial genera that play key roles in BA metabolism and might consequently impact glucose homoeostasis. The detrimental effect of LCA on nutrient transport in enterocytes might be aggravated under LPS challenge.
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Fix J, Chandrashekhar K, Perez J, Bucardo F, Hudgens MG, Yuan L, Twitchell E, Azcarate-Peril MA, Vilchez S, Becker-Dreps S. Association between Gut Microbiome Composition and Rotavirus Vaccine Response among Nicaraguan Infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:213-219. [PMID: 31802728 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of childhood deaths due to diarrhea. Although existing oral rotavirus vaccines are highly efficacious in high-income countries, these vaccines have been demonstrated to have decreased efficacy in low- and middle-income countries. A possible explanation for decreased efficacy is the impact of gut microbiota on the enteric immune system's response to vaccination. We analyzed the gut microbiome of 50 children enrolled in a prospective study evaluating response to oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccination (RV5) to assess associations between relative abundance of bacterial taxa and seroconversion following vaccination. Stool samples were taken before the first RV5 dose, and microbiome composition characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology software. Relative abundance of bacterial taxa between seroconverters following the first RV5 dose, those with ≥ 4-fold increase in rotavirus-specific IgA titers, and nonseroconverters were compared using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. We identified no significant differences in microbiome composition between infants who did and did not respond to vaccination. Infants who responded to vaccination tended to have higher abundance of Proteobacteria and Eggerthella, whereas those who did not respond had higher abundance of Fusobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae; however, these differences were not statistically significant following a multiple comparison correction. This study suggests a limited impact of gut microbial taxa on response to oral rotavirus vaccination among infants; however, additional research is needed to improve our understanding of the impact of gut microbiome on vaccine response, toward a goal of improving vaccine efficacy and rotavirus prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fix
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Johann Perez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Samuel Vilchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
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Greyson-Gaito CJ, Bartley TJ, Cottenie K, Jarvis WMC, Newman AEM, Stothart MR. Into the wild: microbiome transplant studies need broader ecological reality. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192834. [PMID: 32097591 PMCID: PMC7062022 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial communities (microbiomes) profoundly shape the ecology and evolution of multicellular life. Interactions between host and microbiome appear to be reciprocal, and ecological theory is now being applied to better understand how hosts and their microbiome influence each other. However, some ecological processes that underlie reciprocal host-microbiome interactions may be obscured by the current convention of highly controlled transplantation experiments. Although these approaches have yielded invaluable insights, there is a need for a broader array of approaches to fully understand host-microbiome reciprocity. Using a directed review, we surveyed the breadth of ecological reality in the current literature on gut microbiome transplants with non-human recipients. For 55 studies, we categorized nine key experimental conditions that impact the ecological reality (EcoReality) of the transplant, including host taxon match and donor environment. Using these categories, we rated the EcoReality of each transplant. Encouragingly, the breadth of EcoReality has increased over time, but some components of EcoReality are still relatively unexplored, including recipient host environment and microbiome state. The conceptual framework we develop here maps the landscape of possible EcoReality to highlight where fundamental ecological processes can be considered in future transplant experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J. Bartley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Cottenie
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Will M. C. Jarvis
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy E. M. Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mason R. Stothart
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Yuan L, Hensley C, Mahsoub HM, Ramesh AK, Zhou P. Microbiota in viral infection and disease in humans and farm animals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:15-60. [PMID: 32475521 PMCID: PMC7181997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the microbiota on viral infection susceptibility and disease outcome is undisputable although varies among viruses. The purpose of understanding the interactions between microbiota, virus, and host is to identify practical, effective, and safe approaches that target microbiota for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases in humans and animals, as currently there are few effective and reliable antiviral therapies available. The initial step for achieving this goal is to gather clinical evidences, focusing on the viral pathogens-from human and animal studies-that have already been shown to interact with microbiota. The subsequent step is to identify mechanisms, through experimental evidences, to support the development of translational applications that target microbiota. In this chapter, we review evidences of virus infections altering microbiota and of microbiota enhancing or suppressing infectivity, altering host susceptibility to certain viral diseases, and influencing vaccine immunogenicity in humans and farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hassan M Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Parenterally Administered P24-VP8* Nanoparticle Vaccine Conferred Strong Protection against Rotavirus Diarrhea and Virus Shedding in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040177. [PMID: 31698824 PMCID: PMC6963946 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current live rotavirus vaccines are costly with increased risk of intussusception due to vaccine replication in the gut of vaccinated children. New vaccines with improved safety and cost-effectiveness are needed. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel P24-VP8* nanoparticle vaccine using the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of human rotavirus infection and disease. Three doses of P24-VP8* (200 μg/dose) intramuscular vaccine with Al(OH)3 adjuvant (600 μg) conferred significant protection against infection and diarrhea after challenge with virulent Wa strain rotavirus. This was indicated by the significant reduction in the mean duration of diarrhea, virus shedding in feces, and significantly lower fecal cumulative consistency scores in post-challenge day (PCD) 1-7 among vaccinated pigs compared to the mock immunized controls. The P24-VP8* vaccine was highly immunogenic in Gn pigs. It induced strong VP8*-specific serum IgG and Wa-specific virus-neutralizing antibody responses from post-inoculation day 21 to PCD 7, but did not induce serum or intestinal IgA antibody responses or a strong effector T cell response, which are consistent with the immunization route, the adjuvant used, and the nature of the non-replicating vaccine. The findings are highly translatable and thus will facilitate clinical trials of the P24-VP8* nanoparticle vaccine.
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Zambrana LE, McKeen S, Ibrahim H, Zarei I, Borresen EC, Doumbia L, Boré A, Cissoko A, Douyon S, Koné K, Perez J, Perez C, Hess A, Abdo Z, Sangaré L, Maiga A, Becker-Dreps S, Yuan L, Koita O, Vilchez S, Ryan EP. Rice bran supplementation modulates growth, microbiota and metabolome in weaning infants: a clinical trial in Nicaragua and Mali. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13919. [PMID: 31558739 PMCID: PMC6763478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran supplementation provides nutrients, prebiotics and phytochemicals that enhance gut immunity, reduce enteric pathogens and diarrhea, and warrants attention for improvement of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) in children. EED is a subclinical condition associated with stunting due to impaired nutrient absorption. This study investigated the effects of rice bran supplementation on weight for age and length for age z-scores (WAZ, LAZ), EED stool biomarkers, as well as microbiota and metabolome signatures in weaning infants from 6 to 12 months old that reside in Nicaragua and Mali. Healthy infants were randomized to a control (no intervention) or a rice bran group that received daily supplementation with increasing doses at each month (1–5 g/day). Stool microbiota were characterized using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Stool metabolomes were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. Statistical comparisons were completed at 6, 8, and 12 months of age. Daily consumption of rice bran was safe and feasible to support changes in LAZ from 6–8 and 8–12 months of age in Nicaragua and Mali infants when compared to control. WAZ was significantly improved only for Mali infants at 8 and 12 months. Mali and Nicaraguan infants showed major differences in the overall gut microbiota and metabolome composition and structure at baseline, and thus each country cohort demonstrated distinct microbial and metabolite profile responses to rice bran supplementation when compared to control. Rice bran is a practical dietary intervention strategy that merits development in rice-growing regions that have a high prevalence of growth stunting due to malnutrition and diarrheal diseases. Rice is grown as a staple food, and the bran is used as animal feed or wasted in many low- and middle-income countries where EED and stunting is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Zambrana
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Starin McKeen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Hend Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Iman Zarei
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Erica C Borresen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Lassina Doumbia
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Campus de Badalabougou, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye Boré
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Campus de Badalabougou, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alima Cissoko
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Campus de Badalabougou, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Douyon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Campus de Badalabougou, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Karim Koné
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Campus de Badalabougou, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Johann Perez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Claudia Perez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Ann Hess
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Zaid Abdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Lansana Sangaré
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Campus de Badalabougou, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ababacar Maiga
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Campus de Badalabougou, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Departments of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7595, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ousmane Koita
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Campus de Badalabougou, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP: 1805, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Samuel Vilchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua.
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Vlasova AN, Takanashi S, Miyazaki A, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. How the gut microbiome regulates host immune responses to viral vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 37:16-25. [PMID: 31163292 PMCID: PMC6863389 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The co-evolution of the microbiota and immune system has forged a mutually beneficial relationship. This relationship allows the host to maintain the balance between active immunity to pathogens and vaccines and tolerance to self-antigens and food antigens. In children living in low-income and middle-income countries, undernourishment and repetitive gastrointestinal infections are associated with the failure of oral vaccines. Intestinal dysbiosis associated with these environmental influences, as well as some host-related factors, compromises immune responses and negatively impacts vaccine efficacy. To understand how immune responses to viral vaccines can be optimally modulated, mechanistic studies of the relationship between the microbiome, host genetics, viral infections and the development and function of the immune system are needed. We discuss the potential role of the microbiome in modulating vaccine responses in the context of a growing understanding of the relationship between the gastrointestinal microbiota, host related factors (including histo-blood group antigens) and resident immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Sayaka Takanashi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Dawley C, Gibson KE. Virus–Bacteria Interactions: Implications for Prevention and Control of Human Enteric Viruses from Environment to Host. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:81-89. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Dawley
- Department of Food Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Kristen E. Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Bartelt LA, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL. Disentangling Microbial Mediators of Malnutrition: Modeling Environmental Enteric Dysfunction. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 7:692-707. [PMID: 30630118 PMCID: PMC6477186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) (also referred to as environmental enteropathy) is a subclinical chronic intestinal disorder that is an emerging contributor to early childhood malnutrition. EED is common in resource-limited settings, and is postulated to consist of small intestinal injury, dysfunctional nutrient absorption, and chronic inflammation that results in impaired early child growth attainment. Although there is emerging interest in the hypothetical potential for chemical toxins in the environmental exposome to contribute to EED, the propensity of published data, and hence the focus of this review, implicates a critical role of environmental microbes. Early childhood malnutrition and EED are most prevalent in resource-limited settings where food is limited, and inadequate access to clean water and sanitation results in frequent gastrointestinal pathogen exposures. Even as overt diarrhea rates in these settings decline, silent enteric infections and faltering growth persist. Furthermore, beyond restricted physical growth, EED and/or enteric pathogens also associate with impaired oral vaccine responses, impaired cognitive development, and may even accelerate metabolic syndrome and its cardiovascular consequences. As these potentially costly long-term consequences of early childhood enteric infections increasingly are appreciated, novel therapeutic strategies that reverse damage resulting from nutritional deficiencies and microbial insults in the developing small intestine are needed. Given the inherent limitations in investigating how specific intestinal pathogens directly injure the small intestine in children, animal models provide an affordable and controlled opportunity to elucidate causal sequelae of specific enteric infections, to differentiate consequences of defined nutrient deprivation alone from co-incident enteropathogen insults, and to correlate the resulting gut pathologies with their functional impact during vulnerable early life windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther A Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - David T Bolick
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Miyazaki A, Kandasamy S, Michael H, Langel SN, Paim FC, Chepngeno J, Alhamo MA, Fischer DD, Huang HC, Srivastava V, Kathayat D, Deblais L, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Protein deficiency reduces efficacy of oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in a human infant fecal microbiota transplanted gnotobiotic pig model. Vaccine 2018; 36:6270-6281. [PMID: 30219368 PMCID: PMC6180620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein deficiency impacted immunity and reduced human RV vaccine efficacy. Human infant fecal microbiota exacerbated the negative effects of protein deficiency. Immunological dysfunction could have been induced by altered tryptophan catabolism. Our findings provide an explanation for RV vaccine failures in malnourished children.
Background Low efficacy of rotavirus (RV) vaccines in developing African and Asian countries, where malnutrition is prevalent, remains a major concern and a challenge for global health. Methods To understand the effects of protein malnutrition on RV vaccine efficacy, we elucidated the innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to attenuated human RV (AttHRV) vaccine and virulent human RV (VirHRV) challenge in germ-free (GF) pigs or human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) transplanted gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs fed protein-deficient or -sufficient bovine milk diets. We also analyzed serum levels of tryptophan (TRP), a predictor of malnutrition, and kynurenine (KYN). Results Protein-deficient pigs vaccinated with oral AttHRV vaccine had lower protection rates against diarrhea post-VirHRV challenge and significantly increased fecal virus shedding titers (HIFM transplanted but not GF pigs) compared with their protein-sufficient counterparts. Reduced vaccine efficacy in protein-deficient pigs coincided with altered serum IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ responses to oral AttHRV vaccine and the suppression of multiple innate immune parameters and HRV-specific IFN-γ producing T cells post-challenge. In protein-deficient HIFM transplanted pigs, decreased serum KYN, but not TRP levels were observed throughout the experiment, suggesting an association between the altered TRP metabolism and immune responses. Conclusion Collectively, our findings confirm the negative effects of protein deficiency, which were exacerbated in the HIFM transplanted pigs, on innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to HRV and on vaccine efficacy, as well as on TRP-KYN metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA(1)
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Dipak Kathayat
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Yitbarek A, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Hodgins DC, Read L, Nagy É, Weese JS, Caswell JL, Parkinson J, Sharif S. Gut microbiota-mediated protection against influenza virus subtype H9N2 in chickens is associated with modulation of the innate responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13189. [PMID: 30181578 PMCID: PMC6123399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal gut microbiota plays an important role in health and disease. The current study was designed to assess the role of gut microbiota of chickens in the initiation of antiviral responses against avian influenza virus. Day-old layer chickens received a cocktail of antibiotics for 12 (ABX-D12) or 16 (ABX-D16) days to deplete their gut microbiota, followed by treatment of chickens from ABX-12 with five Lactobacillus species combination (PROB), fecal microbial transplant suspension (FMT) or sham treatment daily for four days. At day 17 of age, chickens were challenged with H9N2 virus. Cloacal virus shedding, and interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β and interleukin (IL)-22 expression in the trachea, lung, ileum and cecal tonsils was assessed. Higher virus shedding, and compromised type I IFNs and IL-22 expression was observed in ABX-D16 chickens compared to control, while PROB and FMT showed reduced virus shedding and restored IL-22 expression to levels comparable with undepleted chickens. In conclusion, commensal gut microbiota of chickens can modulate innate responses to influenza virus subtype H9N2 infection in chickens, and modulating the composition of the microbiome using probiotics- and/or FMT-based interventions might serve to promote a healthy community that confers protection against influenza virus infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada.,Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Al Shamlah, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Douglas C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Leah Read
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada.,Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada.
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40
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Harris VC. The Significance of the Intestinal Microbiome for Vaccinology: From Correlations to Therapeutic Applications. Drugs 2018; 78:1063-1072. [PMID: 29943376 PMCID: PMC6061423 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite unprecedented advances in understanding the intestinal microbiome, its potential to improve fields such as vaccinology has yet to be realized. This review briefly outlines the immunologic potential of the intestinal microbiome for vaccinology and highlights areas where the microbiome holds specific promise in vaccinology. Oral rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in low-income countries is used as a case study to describe how the intestinal microbiome may be employed to improve a vaccine's immunogenicity. A top-down, evidence-based approach is proposed to identify effective microbiota-based applications for vaccine improvement. Applying evidence from field studies in pertinent populations that correlate microbiome composition with vaccine effectiveness to appropriate experimental platforms will lead to the identification of safe, vaccine-supporting microbiota targets that are relevant to populations in need of improvement in vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Harris
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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41
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Church JA, Parker EPK, Kosek MN, Kang G, Grassly NC, Kelly P, Prendergast AJ. Exploring the relationship between environmental enteric dysfunction and oral vaccine responses. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1055-1070. [PMID: 29926747 PMCID: PMC6136084 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccines significantly underperform in low-income countries. One possible contributory factor is environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a subclinical disorder of small intestinal structure and function among children living in poverty. Here, we review studies describing oral vaccine responses and EED. We identified eight studies evaluating EED and oral vaccine responses. There was substantial heterogeneity in study design and few consistent trends emerged. Four studies reported a negative association between EED and oral vaccine responses; two showed no significant association; and two described a positive correlation. Current evidence is therefore insufficient to determine whether EED contributes to oral vaccine underperformance. We identify roadblocks in the field and future research needs, including carefully designed studies those can investigate this hypothesis further.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Church
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal & Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Centre for Genomics & Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Edward PK Parker
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Centre for Genomics & Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal & Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Centre for Genomics & Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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42
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Desselberger U. The Mammalian Intestinal Microbiome: Composition, Interaction with the Immune System, Significance for Vaccine Efficacy, and Potential for Disease Therapy. Pathogens 2018; 7:E57. [PMID: 29933546 PMCID: PMC6161280 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gut is colonized by a large variety of microbes, collectively termed ‘the microbiome’. The gut microbiome undergoes rapid changes during the first few years of life and is highly variable in adulthood depending on various factors. With the gut being the largest organ of immune responses, the composition of the microbiome of the gut has been found to be correlated with qualitative and quantitative differences of mucosal and systemic immune responses. Animal models have been very useful to unravel the relationship between gut microbiome and immune responses and for the understanding of variations of immune responses to vaccination in different childhood populations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying optimal immune responses to infection or vaccination are not fully understood. The gut virome and gut bacteria can interact, with bacteria facilitating viral infectivity by different mechanisms. Some gut bacteria, which have a beneficial effect on increasing immune responses or by overgrowing intestinal pathogens, are considered to act as probiotics and can be used for therapeutic purposes (as in the case of fecal microbiome transplantation).
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43
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Magwira CA, Taylor MB. Composition of gut microbiota and its influence on the immunogenicity of oral rotavirus vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 36:3427-3433. [PMID: 29752022 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of oral rotavirus vaccines (ORVVs) has led to a reduction in number of hospitalisations and deaths due to rotavirus (RV) infection. However, the efficacy of the vaccines has been varied with low-income countries showing significantly lower efficacy as compared to high-income countries. The reasons for the disparity are not fully understood but are thought to be multi-factorial. In this review article, we discuss the concept that the disparity in the efficacy of oral rotavirus vaccines between the higher and lower socio-economical countries could be due the nature of the bacteria that colonises and establishes in the gut early in life. We further discuss recent studies that has demonstrated significant correlations between the composition of the gut bacteria and the immunogenicity of oral vaccines, and their implications in the development of novel oral RV vaccines or redesigning the current ones for maximum impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff A Magwira
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Maureen B Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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44
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Monedero V, Buesa J, Rodríguez-Díaz J. The Interactions between Host Glycobiology, Bacterial Microbiota, and Viruses in the Gut. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020096. [PMID: 29495275 PMCID: PMC5850403 DOI: 10.3390/v10020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the major etiological agents of viral acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Host genetic factors, the histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), are associated with RV and NoV susceptibility and recent findings additionally point to HBGA as a factor modulating the intestinal microbial composition. In vitro and in vivo experiments in animal models established that the microbiota enhances RV and NoV infection, uncovering a triangular interplay between RV and NoV, host glycobiology, and the intestinal microbiota that ultimately influences viral infectivity. Studies on the microbiota composition in individuals displaying different RV and NoV susceptibilities allowed the identification of potential bacterial biomarkers, although mechanistic data on the virus-host-microbiota relation are still needed. The identification of the bacterial and HBGA interactions that are exploited by RV and NoV would place the intestinal microbiota as a new target for alternative therapies aimed at preventing and treating viral gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Monedero
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Av Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Javier Buesa
- Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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45
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Parker EPK, Ramani S, Lopman BA, Church JA, Iturriza-Gómara M, Prendergast AJ, Grassly NC. Causes of impaired oral vaccine efficacy in developing countries. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:97-118. [PMID: 29218997 PMCID: PMC7026772 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccines are less immunogenic when given to infants in low-income compared with high-income countries, limiting their potential public health impact. Here, we review factors that might contribute to this phenomenon, including transplacental antibodies, breastfeeding, histo blood group antigens, enteric pathogens, malnutrition, microbiota dysbiosis and environmental enteropathy. We highlight several clear risk factors for vaccine failure, such as the inhibitory effect of enteroviruses on oral poliovirus vaccine. We also highlight the ambiguous and at times contradictory nature of the available evidence, which undoubtedly reflects the complex and interconnected nature of the factors involved. Mechanisms responsible for diminished immunogenicity may be specific to each oral vaccine. Interventions aiming to improve vaccine performance may need to reflect the diversity of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward PK Parker
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James A Church
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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46
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Vlasova AN, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Interactions between human microbiome, diet, enteric viruses and immune system: Novel insights from gnotobiotic pig research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 28:95-103. [PMID: 33149747 PMCID: PMC7594741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the past few decades demonstrated that gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs provide an unprecedented translational model to study human intestinal health and diseases. Due to the high degree of anatomical, physiological, metabolic, immunological, and developmental similarity, the domestic pig closely mimics the human intestinal microenvironment. Also, Gn piglets can be efficiently transplanted with human microbiota from infants, children and adults with resultant microbial profiles remarkably similar to the original human samples, a feat consistently not achievable in rodent models. Finally, Gn and human microbiota-associated (HMA) piglets are susceptible to human enteric viral pathogens (including human rotavirus, HRV) and can be fed authentic human diets, which further increases the translational potential of these models. In this review, we will focus on recent studies that evaluated the pathophysiology of protein malnutrition and the associated dysbiosis and immunological dysfunction in neonatal HMA piglets. Additionally, we will discuss studies of potential dietary interventions that moderate the effects of malnutrition and dysbiosis on antiviral immunity and HRV vaccines in HMA pigs. Such studies provide novel models and novel mechanistic insights critical for development of drug interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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47
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Qiu K, Zhang X, Jiao N, Xu D, Huang C, Wang Y, Yin J. Dietary protein level affects nutrient digestibility and ileal microbiota structure in growing pigs. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:537-546. [PMID: 29271556 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether dietary protein content influences pig health as indicated by ileal microbiota structure and coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients. Seventy-two gilts, with an initial body weight of 29.9 ± 1.5 kg, were used in this 42-day feeding study. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments of corn-soybean meal contained 14, 16 or 18% crude protein (CP). As dietary CP content decreased, the CTTAD of most essential amino acids (AAs), except for arginine and histidine, increased linearly, while those of most nonessential AAs decreased linearly. The concentration of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) was higher in pigs fed the diet with 14% CP content than others. Ileal microbiota structure was changed by dietary treatments. In particular, at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Tenericutes in ileal digesta decreased as the dietary protein content reduced, while that of cyanobacteria increased. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Weeksella, Phaseolus acutifolius, Slackia, Sulfurimonas and Aerococcus showed significant differences among the three dietary treatments. In conclusion, ileal microbiota structure was changed by dietary protein content. Moderate reduction of protein intake can benefit gut health by enhancing the gut microbial fermentation and SCFA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Doudou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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48
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Differences of Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness by Country: Likely Causes and Contributing Factors. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040065. [PMID: 29231855 PMCID: PMC5750589 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and in many other mammalian and avian host species. Since 2006, two live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix® and RotaTeq®, have been licensed in >100 countries and are applied as part of extended program of vaccination (EPI) schemes of childhood vaccinations. Whereas the vaccines have been highly effective in high-income countries, they were shown to be considerably less potent in low- and middle-income countries. Rotavirus-associated disease was still the cause of death in >200,000 children of <5 years of age worldwide in 2013, and the mortality is concentrated in countries of sub-Saharan Africa and S.E. Asia. Various factors that have been identified or suggested as being involved in the differences of rotavirus vaccine effectiveness are reviewed here. Recognition of these factors will help to achieve gradual worldwide improvement of rotavirus vaccine effectiveness.
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49
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Jazayeri O, Daghighi SM, Rezaee F. Lifestyle alters GUT-bacteria function: Linking immune response and host. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:625-635. [PMID: 29566905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota in human is a "mixture society" of different species (i.e. bacteria, viruses, funguses) populations with a different way of relationship classification to Human. Human GUT serves as the host of the majority of different bacterial populations (GUT flora, more than 500 species), which are with us ("from the beginning") in an innate manner known as the commensal (no harm to each other) and symbiotic (mutual benefit) relationship. A homeostatic balance of host-bacteria relationship is very important and vital for a normal health process. However, this beneficial relationship and delicate homeostatic state can be disrupted by the imbalance of microbiome-composition of gut microbiota, expressing a pathogenic state. A strict homeostatic balance of microbiome-composition strongly depends on several factors; 1- lifestyle, 2- geography, 3- ethnicities, 4- "mom" as prime of the type of bacterial colonization in infant and 5- the disease. With such diversity in individuals combined with huge number of different bacterial species and their interactions, it is wise to perform an in-depth systems biology (e.g. genomics, proteomics, glycomics, and etcetera) analysis of personalized microbiome. Only in this way, we are able to generate a map of complete GUT microbiota and, in turn, to determine its interaction with host and intra-interaction with pathogenic bacteria. A specific microbiome analysis provides us the knowledge to decipher the nature of interactions between the GUT microbiota and the host and its response to the invading bacteria in a pathogenic state. The GUT-bacteria composition is independent of geography and ethnicity but lifestyle well affects GUT-bacteria composition and function. Microbiome knowledge obtained by systems biology also helps us to change the behavior of GUT microbiota in response to the pathogenic microbes as protection. Functional microbiome changes in response to environmental factors will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Jazayeri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - S Mojtaba Daghighi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaee
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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50
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Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides as potential prebiotics on performance, immune function and gut microbiota in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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