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Rusu EC, Monfort-Lanzas P, Bertran L, Barrientos-Riosalido A, Solé E, Mahmoudian R, Aguilar C, Briansó S, Mohamed F, Garcia S, Camaron J, Auguet T. Towards understanding post-COVID-19 condition: A systematic meta-analysis of transcriptomic alterations with sex-specific insights. Comput Biol Med 2024; 175:108507. [PMID: 38657468 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC), characterized by lingering symptoms post-acute COVID-19, poses clinical challenges, highlighting the need to understand its underlying molecular mechanisms. This meta-analysis aims to shed light on the transcriptomic landscapes and sex-specific molecular dynamics intrinsic to PCC. METHODS A systematic review identified three studies suitable for comprehensive meta-analysis, encompassing 135 samples (57 PCC subjects and 78 recovered subjects). We performed meta-analysis on differential gene expression, a gene set enrichment analysis of Reactome pathways, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). We performed a drug and disease enrichment analysis and also assessed sex-specific differences in expression patterns. KEY FINDINGS A clear difference was observed in the transcriptomic profiles of PCC subjects, with 530 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified. Enrichment analysis revealed that the altered pathways were predominantly implicated in cell cycle processes, immune dysregulation and histone modifications. Antioxidant compounds such as hesperitin were predominantly linked to the hub genes of the DEGs. Sex-specific analyses highlighted disparities in DEGs and altered pathways in male and female PCC patients, revealing a difference in the expression of ribosomal proteins. PCC in men was mostly linked to neuro-cardiovascular disorders, while women exhibited more diverse disorders, with a high index of respiratory conditions. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the intricate molecular processes underlying PCC, highlighting that the differences in molecular dynamics between males and females could be key to understanding and effectively managing the varied symptomatology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cristina Rusu
- GEMMAIR Research Unit (AGAUR) - Applied Medicine (URV), Department of Medicine and Surgery. University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Health Research Institute Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 46980, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pablo Monfort-Lanzas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Laia Bertran
- GEMMAIR Research Unit (AGAUR) - Applied Medicine (URV), Department of Medicine and Surgery. University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Health Research Institute Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Andrea Barrientos-Riosalido
- GEMMAIR Research Unit (AGAUR) - Applied Medicine (URV), Department of Medicine and Surgery. University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Health Research Institute Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Emilia Solé
- Internal Medicine Unit, Joan XXIII University Hospital of Tarragona, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Razieh Mahmoudian
- GEMMAIR Research Unit (AGAUR) - Applied Medicine (URV), Department of Medicine and Surgery. University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Health Research Institute Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- GEMMAIR Research Unit (AGAUR) - Applied Medicine (URV), Department of Medicine and Surgery. University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Health Research Institute Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Briansó
- Internal Medicine Unit, Joan XXIII University Hospital of Tarragona, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Fadel Mohamed
- Internal Medicine Unit, Joan XXIII University Hospital of Tarragona, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Susana Garcia
- Internal Medicine Unit, Joan XXIII University Hospital of Tarragona, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Javier Camaron
- Internal Medicine Unit, Joan XXIII University Hospital of Tarragona, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Auguet
- GEMMAIR Research Unit (AGAUR) - Applied Medicine (URV), Department of Medicine and Surgery. University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Health Research Institute Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain; Internal Medicine Unit, Joan XXIII University Hospital of Tarragona, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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Singh RS, Singh A, Masih GD, Batra G, Sharma AR, Joshi R, Prakash A, Suroy B, Sarma P, Prajapat M, Kaur H, Bhattacharyya A, Upadhyay S, Medhi B. A comprehensive insight on the challenges for COVID-19 vaccine: A lesson learnt from other viral vaccines. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16813. [PMID: 37303517 PMCID: PMC10245239 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to comprehensively analyze previous viral vaccine programs and identify potential challenges and effective measures for the COVID-19 vaccine program. Previous viral vaccine programs, such as those for HIV, Zika, Influenza, Ebola, Dengue, SARS, and MERS, were evaluated. Paramount challenges were identified, including quasi-species, cross-reactivity, duration of immunity, revaccination, mutation, immunosenescence, and adverse events related to viral vaccines. Although a large population has been vaccinated, mutations in SARS-CoV-2 and adverse events related to vaccines pose significant challenges. Previous vaccine programs have taught us that predicting the final outcome of the current vaccine program for COVID-19 cannot be determined at a given state. Long-term follow-up studies are essential. Validated preclinical studies, long-term follow-up studies, alternative therapeutic approaches, and alternative vaccines are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Soloman Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Gladson David Masih
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Gitika Batra
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rupa Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Benjamin Suroy
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Manisha Prajapat
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Anusuya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector-32, Chandigarh, 160030, India
| | - Sujata Upadhyay
- Department of Physiology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Ismail MMF, El-Awady RR, Farrag AM, Mahmoud SH, Abo Shama NM, Mostafa A, Ali MA, Rashed MH, Ibrahim IH. Potential role of PIM1 inhibition in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:65. [PMID: 37211584 PMCID: PMC10200336 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection involves disturbing multiple molecular pathways related to immunity and cellular functions. PIM1 is a serine/threonine-protein kinase found to be involved in the pathogenesis of several viral infections. One PIM1 substrate, Myc, was reported to interact with TMPRSS2, which is crucial for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. PIM1 inhibitors were reported to have antiviral activity through multiple mechanisms related to immunity and proliferation. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential role in hindering the progression of COVID-19. It also aimed to assess PIM1 inhibitor's effect on the expression of several genes of Notch signaling and Wnt pathways. In vitro study was conducted on Vero-E6 cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 "NRC-03-nhCoV" virus. Protein-protein interaction of the study genes was assessed to evaluate their relation to cell proliferation and immunity. The effect of 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor treatment on viral load and mRNA expression of target genes was assessed at three time points. RESULTS Treatment with 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor showed potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 of 37.255 µg/ml), significantly lowering the viral load. Functional enrichments of the studied genes include negative regulation of growth rate, several biological processes involved in cell proliferation, and Interleukin-4 production, with interleukin-6 as a predicted functional partner. These results suggest an interplay between study genes with relation to cell proliferation and immunity. Following in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection, Notch pathway genes, CTNNB1, SUMO1, and TDG, were found to be overexpressed compared to uninfected cells. Treatment with 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor significantly lowers the expression levels of study genes, restoring Notch1 and BCL9 to the control level while decreasing Notch2 and CTNNB1 below control levels. CONCLUSION 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor could hinder cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 and modulate several pathways implicated in immunity, suggesting a potential benefit in the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda M. F. Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab R. El-Awady
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo Egypt
| | - Amal M. Farrag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H. Rashed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman H. Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo Egypt
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Mirtaleb MS, Falak R, Heshmatnia J, Bakhshandeh B, Taheri RA, Soleimanjahi H, Zolfaghari Emameh R. An insight overview on COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Advantageous, pharmacology, mechanism of action, and prospective considerations. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109934. [PMID: 36867924 PMCID: PMC9968612 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has urged scientists to present some novel vaccine platforms during this pandemic to provide a rather prolonged immunity against this respiratory viral infection. In spite of many campaigns formed against the administration of mRNA-based vaccines, those platforms were the most novel types, which helped us meet the global demand by developing protection against COVID-19 and reducing the development of severe forms of this respiratory viral infection. Some societies are worry about the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administration and the potential risk of genetic integration of inoculated mRNA into the human genome. Although the efficacy and long-term safety of mRNA vaccines have not yet been fully clarified, obviously their application has switched the mortality and morbidity of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study describes the structural features and technologies used in producing of COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines as the most influential factor in controlling this pandemic and a successful pattern for planning to produce other kind of genetic vaccines against infections or cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadat Mirtaleb
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jalal Heshmatnia
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behnaz Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
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Aditianingsih D, Soenarto RF, Puiantana AM, Pranata R, Lim MA, Raharja PAR, Birowo P, Meyer M. Dose response relationship between D-dimer level and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a retrospective observational study. F1000Res 2023; 11:269. [PMID: 38665691 PMCID: PMC11043662 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.108972.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic. Coagulopathy is one of the most common complications characterized by increased D-dimer level. We aimed to investigate the dose-response relationship between elevated D-dimer level and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study in 259 critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring intensive care unit admission between March and December 2020. We compared the mortality rate between patients with and without elevated D-dimer. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, Fagan's nomogram, and dose-response relationship were performed to determine the association between D-dimer level and mortality. RESULTS Overall mortality rate was 40.9% (106 patients). Median D-dimer level was higher in non-survivor group (10,170 ng/mL vs 4,050 ng/mL, p=0.028). The association remained significant after multivariate logistic regression analysis (p=0.046). The optimal cut-off for D-dimer level to predict mortality from ROC curve analysis was 9,020 ng/mL (OR (odds ratio) 3.73 [95% CI (confidence interval) 1.91 - 7.28], p<0.001). D-dimer level >9,020 ng/mL confers 67% posterior probability of mortality and D-dimer level <9,020 ng/mL had 35% probability of mortality. CONCLUSIONS There was a non-linear dose-response relationship between D-dimer level and mortality with P nonlinearity of 0.004. D-dimer level was associated with mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients in the non-linear dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Aditianingsih
- Division of Critical Care, Universitas Indonesia Hospita, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital – Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Farida Soenarto
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital – Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Artheta Mutiara Puiantana
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital – Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Raymond Pranata
- Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Putu Angga Risky Raharja
- Department of Urology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital – Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ponco Birowo
- Department of Urology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital – Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Markus Meyer
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
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El-Kady AM, Aldakheel FM, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Dbas Alharbi R, Al Hamed H, Alsulami M, Alshehri WA, El-Ashram S, Kreys E, Mohamed K, Al-Megrin WAI, Elshabrawy HA. Clinical Characteristics, Outcomes and Prognostic Factors for Critical Illness in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:6945-6963. [PMID: 36068791 PMCID: PMC9441173 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s374090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A good understanding of the possible risk factors for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) severity could help clinicians in identifying patients who need prioritized treatment to prevent disease progression and adverse outcome. In the present study, we aimed to correlate clinical and laboratory characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients to disease outcome in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods The present study included 199 COVID-19 patients admitted to King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia, from April to December 2020. Patients were followed-up until discharge either for recovery or death. Demographic data, clinical data and laboratory results were retrieved from electronic patient records. Results Critical COVID-19 cases showed higher mean of age and higher prevalence of co-morbid conditions. Fifty-five patients died during the observation period. Risk factors for in hospital death for COVID 19 patients were leukocytosis (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.008–3.548, p = 0.081), lymphocytopenia (OR 2.152, 95% CI 1.079–4.295, p = 0.020), neutrophilia (OR 1.839, 95% CI 0.951–3.55, p = 0.047), thrombocytopenia (OR 2.152, 95% CI 0.852–5.430, p = 0.085), liver injury (OR 2.689, 95% CI 1.373–4.944, p = 0.003), acute kidney injury (OR 1.248, 95% CI 0.631–2.467 p = 0.319), pancreatic injury (OR 1.973, 95% CI 0.939–4.144, p = 0.056) and high D dimer (OR 2.635, 95% CI 0.747–9.287, p = 0.091). Conclusion Clinical and laboratory data of COVID-19 patients may help understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and subsequently improve of the outcome of patients by determination of the associated risk factors and recognition of high risk group who are more liable for complications and in hospital death. The present study put an eye on some parameters (laboratory and clinical) that should be alarming signs that the patient is at high risk bad prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M El-Kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
- Correspondence: Asmaa M El-Kady; Hatem A Elshabrawy, Email ;
| | - Fahad M Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Dbas Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Al Hamed
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, 52211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslimah Alsulami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa A Alshehri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Eugene Kreys
- Department of Clinical & Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA
| | - Khalil Mohamed
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Abdullah I Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, 77304, USA
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Mirtaleb MS, Mirtaleb AH, Nosrati H, Heshmatnia J, Falak R, Zolfaghari Emameh R. Potential therapeutic agents to COVID-19: An update review on antiviral therapy, immunotherapy, and cell therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111518. [PMID: 33774315 PMCID: PMC7962551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2020 and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) was later announced as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since then, several studies have been conducted on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 by potential vaccines and drugs. Although, the governments and global population have been attracted by some vaccine production projects, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral drugs would be an urge necessity in parallel with the efficient preventive vaccines. Various nonspecific drugs produced previously against other bacterial, viral, and parasite infections were recently evaluated for treating patients with COVID-19. In addition to therapeutic properties of these anti-COVID-19 compounds, some adverse effects were observed in different human organs as well. Not only several attentions were paid to antiviral therapy and treatment of COVID-19, but also nanomedicine, immunotherapy, and cell therapy were conducted against this viral infection. In this review study, we planned to introduce the present and potential future treatment strategies against COVID-19 and define the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadat Mirtaleb
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Mirtaleb
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-143, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Nosrati
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jalal Heshmatnia
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161 Tehran, Iran.
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