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Mitolo M, Lombardi G, Manca R, Nacmias B, Venneri A. Association between blood-based protein biomarkers and brain MRI in the Alzheimer's disease continuum: a systematic review. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12674-w. [PMID: 39264441 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers (BBM) are becoming easily detectable tools to reveal pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the association between BBM and brain MRI parameters is not available. This systematic review aimed to summarize the literature on the associations between the main BBM and MRI markers across the clinical AD continuum. A systematic literature search was carried out on PubMed and Web of Science and a total of 33 articles were included. Hippocampal volume was positively correlated with Aβ42 and Aβ42/Aβ40 and negatively with Aβ40 plasma levels. P-tau181 and p-tau217 concentrations were negatively correlated with temporal grey matter volume and cortical thickness. NfL levels were negatively correlated with white matter microstructural integrity, whereas GFAP levels were positively correlated with myo-inositol values in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus. These findings highlight consistent associations between various BBM and brain MRI markers even in the pre-clinical and prodromal stages of AD. This suggests a possible advantage in combining multiple AD-related markers to improve accuracy of early diagnosis, prognosis, progression monitoring and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Mitolo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gemma Lombardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Manca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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2
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Ahmad S, Yang W, Orellana A, Frölich L, de Rojas I, Cano A, Boada M, Hernández I, Hausner L, Harms AC, Bakker MHM, Cabrera-Socorro A, Amin N, Ramírez A, Ruiz A, Van Duijn CM, Hankemeier T. Association of oxidative stress and inflammatory metabolites with Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:171. [PMID: 39080778 PMCID: PMC11287840 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoprostanes and prostaglandins are biomarkers for oxidative stress and inflammation. Their role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology is yet unknown. In the current study, we aim to identify the association of isoprostanes and prostaglandins with the Amyloid, Tau, Neurodegeneration (ATN) biomarkers (Aβ-42, p-tau, and t-tau) of AD pathophysiology in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects. METHODS Targeted metabolomics profiling was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) in 147 paired plasma-CSF samples from the Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona and 58 CSF samples of MCI patients from the Mannheim/Heidelberg cohort. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association of metabolites with CSF levels of ATN biomarkers in the overall sample and stratified by Aβ-42 pathology and APOE genotype. We further evaluated the role of metabolites in MCI to AD dementia progression. RESULTS Increased CSF levels of PGF2α, 8,12-iso-iPF2α VI, and 5-iPF2α VI were significantly associated (False discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05) with higher p-tau levels. Additionally, 8,12-iso-iPF2α VI was associated with increased total tau levels in CSF. In MCI due to AD, PGF2α was associated with both p-tau and total tau, whereases 8,12-iso-iPF2α VI was specifically associated with p-tau levels. In APOE stratified analysis, association of PGF2α with p-tau and t-tau was observed in only APOE ε4 carriers while 5-iPF2α VI showed association with both p-tau and t-tau in APOE ε33 carriers. CSF levels of 8,12- iso-iPF2α VI showed association with p-tau and t-tau in APOE ε33/APOE ε4 carriers and with t-tau in APOE ε3 carriers. None of the metabolites showed evidence of association with MCI to AD progression. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress (8,12-iso-iPF2α VI) and inflammatory (PGF2α) biomarkers are correlated with biomarkers of AD pathology during the prodromal stage of AD and relation of PGF2α with tau pathology markers may be influenced by APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Oxford-GSK Institute of Molecular and Computational Medicine (IMCM), Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wei Yang
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adelina Orellana
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucrezia Hausner
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Amy C Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margot H M Bakker
- Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061, KnollstrasseLudwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, , Headington-Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Alfredo Ramírez
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Excellence Cluster On Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cornelia M Van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, , Headington-Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Lu Y, Pike JR, Chen J, Walker KA, Sullivan KJ, Thyagarajan B, Mielke MM, Lutsey PL, Knopman D, Gottesman RF, Sharrett AR, Coresh J, Mosley TH, Palta P. Changes in Alzheimer Disease Blood Biomarkers and Associations With Incident All-Cause Dementia. JAMA 2024:2821670. [PMID: 39068543 PMCID: PMC11284635 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.6619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Importance Plasma biomarkers show promise for identifying Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology and neurodegeneration, but additional examination among diverse populations and throughout the life course is needed. Objective To assess temporal plasma biomarker changes and their association with all-cause dementia, overall and among subgroups of community-dwelling adults. Design, Setting, and Participants In 1525 participants from the US-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, plasma biomarkers were measured using stored specimens collected in midlife (1993-1995, mean age 58.3 years) and late life (2011-2013, mean age 76.0 years; followed up to 2016-2019, mean age 80.7 years). Midlife risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, lipids, coronary heart disease, cigarette use, and physical activity) were assessed for their associations with change in plasma biomarkers over time. The associations of biomarkers with incident all-cause dementia were evaluated in a subpopulation (n = 1339) who were dementia-free in 2011-2013 and had biomarker measurements in 1993-1995 and 2011-2013. Exposure Plasma biomarkers of amyloid-β 42 to amyloid-β 40 (Aβ42:Aβ40) ratio, phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 (p-tau181), neurofilament light (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were measured using the Quanterix Simoa platform. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident all-cause dementia was ascertained from January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2019, from neuropsychological assessments, semiannual participant or informant contact, and medical record surveillance. Results Among 1525 participants (mean age, 58.3 [SD, 5.1] years), 914 participants (59.9%) were women, and 394 participants (25.8%) were Black. A total of 252 participants (16.5%) developed dementia. Decreasing Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio and increasing p-tau181, NfL, and GFAP were observed from midlife to late life, with more rapid biomarker changes among participants carrying the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOEε4) allele. Midlife hypertension was associated with a 0.15-SD faster NfL increase and a 0.08-SD faster GFAP increase per decade; estimates for midlife diabetes were a 0.11-SD faster for NfL and 0.15-SD faster for GFAP. Only AD-specific biomarkers in midlife demonstrated long-term associations with late-life dementia (hazard ratio per SD lower Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.21; per SD higher p-tau181, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25). All plasma biomarkers in late life had statistically significant associations with late-life dementia, with NfL demonstrating the largest association (1.92; 95% CI, 1.72-2.14). Conclusions and Relevance Plasma biomarkers of AD neuropathology, neuronal injury, and astrogliosis increase with age and are associated with known dementia risk factors. AD-specific biomarkers' association with dementia starts in midlife whereas late-life measures of AD, neuronal injury, and astrogliosis biomarkers are all associated with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - James Russell Pike
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jinyu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keenan A. Walker
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin J. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, MIND Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Pamela L. Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - A. Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josef Coresh
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
- Optimal Aging Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- Department of Medicine, MIND Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Priya Palta
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Parkin GM, Thomas EA, Corey-Bloom J. Mapping neurodegeneration across the Huntington's disease spectrum: a five-year longitudinal analysis of plasma neurofilament light. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105173. [PMID: 38815362 PMCID: PMC11167241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament light (NfL) has previously been highlighted as a potential biomarker for Huntington's Disease (HD) using cross-sectional analyses. Our study aim was to investigate how longitudinal trajectories of plasma NfL relate to HD disease stage. METHODS 108 participants [78 individuals with the HD mutation, and 30 healthy controls (HC)] were included in this study. Individuals with the HD mutation were categorised separately by both HD-Integrated Staging System (HD-ISS) (Study 1) and PIN score-Approximated Staging System (PASS) (Study 2) criteria. Plasma NfL trajectories were examined using Mixed Linear Modeling (MLM); associations with symptom presentation were assessed using Spearman's rho correlations. FINDINGS The MLM coefficients for disease stage (HD-ISS β = 32.73, p < 0.0001; PASS β = 33.00, p < 0.0001) and disease stage∗time (HD-ISS β = 7.85, p = 0.004; PASS β = 6.58, p = 0.0047) suggest these are significant contributors to plasma NfL levels. In addition, the plasma NfL rate of change varied significantly across time (HD-ISS β = 3.14, p = 0.04; PASS β = 2.94, p = 0.050). The annualised rate of change was 8.32% for HC; 10.55%, 12.75% and 15.62% for HD-ISS Stage ≤1, Stage 2, and Stage 3, respectively; and 12.13%, 10.46%, 10.33%, 17.52%, for PASS Stage 0, Stage 1, Stage 2, and Stage 3, respectively. Plasma NfL levels correlated with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) in HD-ISS Stage ≤1, and both SDMT and Total Motor Score in Stage 3 (ps < 0.01). INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that plasma NfL levels increase linearly across earlier disease stages, correlating with the cognitive SDMT measure. Thereafter, an increase or surge in plasma NfL levels, paired with correlations with both cognitive and motor measures, suggest a late acceleration in clinical and pathological progression. FUNDING NIH (NS111655); the UCSD HDSA CoE; the UCSD ADRC (NIH-NIA P30 AG062429).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia M Parkin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Thomas
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Jody Corey-Bloom
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA
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5
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Koivumäki M, Ekblad L, Lantero-Rodriguez J, Ashton NJ, Karikari TK, Helin S, Parkkola R, Lötjönen J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Rinne JO, Snellman A. Blood biomarkers of neurodegeneration associate differently with amyloid deposition, medial temporal atrophy, and cerebrovascular changes in APOE ε4-enriched cognitively unimpaired elderly. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:112. [PMID: 38762725 PMCID: PMC11102270 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01477-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tau tangles, and neurodegeneration in the brain parenchyma. Here, we aimed to (i) assess differences in blood and imaging biomarkers used to evaluate neurodegeneration among cognitively unimpaired APOE ε4 homozygotes, heterozygotes, and non-carriers with varying risk for sporadic AD, and (ii) to determine how different cerebral pathologies (i.e., Aβ deposition, medial temporal atrophy, and cerebrovascular pathology) contribute to blood biomarker concentrations in this sample. METHODS Sixty APOE ε4 homozygotes (n = 19), heterozygotes (n = 21), and non-carriers (n = 20) ranging from 60 to 75 years, were recruited in collaboration with Auria biobank (Turku, Finland). Participants underwent Aβ-PET ([11C]PiB), structural brain MRI including T1-weighted and T2-FLAIR sequences, and blood sampling for measuring serum neurofilament light chain (NfL), plasma total tau (t-tau), plasma N-terminal tau fragments (NTA-tau) and plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). [11C]PiB standardized uptake value ratio was calculated for regions typical for Aβ accumulation in AD. MRI images were analysed for regional volumes, atrophy scores, and volumes of white matter hyperintensities. Differences in biomarker levels and associations between blood and imaging biomarkers were tested using uni- and multivariable linear models (unadjusted and adjusted for age and sex). RESULTS Serum NfL concentration was increased in APOE ε4 homozygotes compared with non-carriers (mean 21.4 pg/ml (SD 9.5) vs. 15.5 pg/ml (3.8), p = 0.013), whereas other blood biomarkers did not differ between the groups (p > 0.077 for all). From imaging biomarkers, hippocampal volume was significantly decreased in APOE ε4 homozygotes compared with non-carriers (6.71 ml (0.86) vs. 7.2 ml (0.7), p = 0.029). In the whole sample, blood biomarker levels were differently predicted by the three measured cerebral pathologies; serum NfL concentration was associated with cerebrovascular pathology and medial temporal atrophy, while plasma NTA-tau associated with medial temporal atrophy. Plasma GFAP showed significant association with both medial temporal atrophy and Aβ pathology. Plasma t-tau concentration did not associate with any of the measured pathologies. CONCLUSIONS Only increased serum NfL concentrations and decreased hippocampal volume was observed in cognitively unimpaired APOEε4 homozygotes compared to non-carriers. In the whole population the concentrations of blood biomarkers were affected in distinct ways by different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Koivumäki
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Laura Ekblad
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juan Lantero-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Semi Helin
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anniina Snellman
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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Gaur A, Gallagher D, Herrmann N, Chen JJ, Marzolini S, Oh P, Amemiya Y, Seth A, Kiss A, Lanctôt KL. Neurofilament Light Chain as a Biomarker of Global Cognition in Individuals With Possible Vascular Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2024:8919887241254469. [PMID: 38757180 DOI: 10.1177/08919887241254469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) is a biomarker of axonal injury elevated in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Blood NfL also inversely correlates with cognitive performance in those conditions. However, few studies have assessed NfL as a biomarker of global cognition in individuals demonstrating mild cognitive deficits who are at risk for vascular-related cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between blood NfL and global cognition in individuals with possible vascular MCI (vMCI) throughout cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Additionally, NfL levels were compared to age/sex-matched cognitively unimpaired (CU) controls. METHOD Participants with coronary artery disease (vMCI or CU) were recruited at entry to a 24-week CR program. Global cognition was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and plasma NfL level (pg/ml) was quantified using a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Higher plasma NfL was correlated with worse MoCA scores at baseline (β = -.352, P = .029) in 43 individuals with vMCI after adjusting for age, sex, and education. An increase in NfL was associated with worse global cognition (b[SE] = -4.81[2.06], P = .023) over time, however baseline NfL did not predict a decline in global cognition. NfL levels did not differ between the vMCI (n = 39) and CU (n = 39) groups (F(1, 76) = 1.37, P = .245). CONCLUSION Plasma NfL correlates with global cognition at baseline in individuals with vMCI, and is associated with decline in global cognition during CR. Our findings increase understanding of NfL and neurobiological mechanisms associated with cognitive decline in vMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amish Gaur
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Damien Gallagher
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jinghan Jenny Chen
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Marzolini
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Oh
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yutaka Amemiya
- Genomics Core Facility, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arun Seth
- Genomics Core Facility, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Kiss
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Mendes AJ, Ribaldi F, Lathuiliere A, Ashton NJ, Zetterberg H, Abramowicz M, Scheffler M, Assal F, Garibotto V, Blennow K, Frisoni GB. Comparison of plasma and neuroimaging biomarkers to predict cognitive decline in non-demented memory clinic patients. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:110. [PMID: 38755703 PMCID: PMC11097559 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation are ideally suited for secondary prevention programs in self-sufficient persons at-risk of dementia. Plasma biomarkers have been shown to be highly correlated with traditional imaging biomarkers. However, their comparative predictive value versus traditional AD biomarkers is still unclear in cognitively unimpaired (CU) subjects and with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Plasma (Aβ42/40, p-tau181, p-tau231, NfL, and GFAP) and neuroimaging (hippocampal volume, centiloid of amyloid-PET, and tau-SUVR of tau-PET) biomarkers were assessed at baseline in 218 non-demented subjects (CU = 140; MCI = 78) from the Geneva Memory Center. Global cognition (MMSE) was evaluated at baseline and at follow-ups up to 5.7 years. We used linear mixed-effects models and Cox proportional-hazards regression to assess the association between biomarkers and cognitive decline. Lastly, sample size calculations using the linear mixed-effects models were performed on subjects positive for amyloid-PET combined with tau-PET and plasma biomarker positivity. RESULTS Cognitive decline was significantly predicted in MCI by baseline plasma NfL (β=-0.55), GFAP (β=-0.36), hippocampal volume (β = 0.44), centiloid (β=-0.38), and tau-SUVR (β=-0.66) (all p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis with amyloid-positive MCI participants also showed that only NfL and GFAP were the only significant predictors of cognitive decline among plasma biomarkers. Overall, NfL and tau-SUVR showed the highest prognostic values (hazard ratios of 7.3 and 5.9). Lastly, we demonstrated that adding NfL to the inclusion criteria could reduce the sample sizes of future AD clinical trials by up to one-fourth in subjects with amyloid-PET positivity or by half in subjects with amyloid-PET and tau-PET positivity. CONCLUSIONS Plasma NfL and GFAP predict cognitive decline in a similar manner to traditional imaging techniques in amyloid-positive MCI patients. Hence, even though they are non-specific biomarkers of AD, both can be implemented in memory clinic workups as important prognostic biomarkers. Likewise, future clinical trials might employ plasma biomarkers as additional inclusion criteria to stratify patients at higher risk of cognitive decline to reduce sample sizes and enhance effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto J Mendes
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Geneva Memory Center, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics,, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Federica Ribaldi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Memory Center, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics,, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Lathuiliere
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Memory Center, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics,, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer?s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- Genetic Medicine, Diagnostics Dept, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Max Scheffler
- Division of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Assal
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTlab), Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Neurocenter, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Memory Center, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics,, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Grasset L, Bouteloup V, Cacciamani F, Pellegrin I, Planche V, Chêne G, Dufouil C. Associations Between Blood-Based Biomarkers and Cognitive and Functional Trajectories Among Participants of the MEMENTO Cohort. Neurology 2024; 102:e209307. [PMID: 38626384 PMCID: PMC11175638 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Elevated levels of Alzheimer disease (AD) blood-based biomarkers are associated with accelerated cognitive decline. However, their distinct relationships with specific cognitive and functional domains require further investigation. We aimed at estimating the associations between AD blood-based biomarkers and the trajectories of distinct cognitive and functional domains over a 5-year follow-up period. METHODS We conducted a clinic-based prospective study using data from the MEMENTO study, a nationwide French cohort. We selected dementia-free individuals at baseline aged 60 years or older. Baseline measurements of β-amyloid (Aβ) 40 and 42, phosphorylated tau (p-tau181), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) concentrations were obtained using the Simoa HD-X analyzer. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), animal fluency, Trail Making Tests A and B, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living were administered annually for up to 5 years. We used linear mixed models, adjusted for potential confounders, to model AD biomarkers' relation with cognitive and functional decline. RESULTS A total of 1,938 participants were included in this study, with a mean (SD) baseline age of 72.8 (6.6) years, and 62% were women. Higher baseline p-tau181 and NfL were associated with significantly faster decline in most cognitive, physical, and functional outcomes (+1 SD p-tau181: βMMSE = -0.055, 95% CI -0.067 to -0.043, βFCSRT = -0.034, 95% CI -0.043 to -0.025, βfluency = -0.029, 95% CI -0.038 to -0.020, βSPPB = -0.040, 95% CI -0.057 to -0.022, and β4IADL = -0.115, 95% CI 0.091-0.140. +1 SD NfL: βMMSE = -0.039, 95% CI -0.053 to -0.025, βFCSRT = -0.022, 95% CI -0.032 to -0.012, βfluency = -0.014, 95% CI -0.024 to -0.004, and β4IADL = 0.077, 95% CI 0.048-0.105). A multiplicative association of p-tau181 and NfL with worsening cognitive and functional trajectories was evidenced. Lower Aβ42/40 ratio was only associated with slightly faster cognitive decline in FCSRT and semantic fluency (+1 SD: β = 0.011, 95% CI 0.002-0.020, and β = 0.011, 95% CI 0.003-0.020, respectively). These associations were not modified by APOE ε4, sex, nor education level. DISCUSSION In a memory clinic sample, p-tau181 and NfL, both independently and jointly, are linked to more pronounced cognitive, physical and functional declines. Blood-based biomarker measurement in AD research may provide useful insights regarding biological processes underlying cognitive, physical, and functional declines in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Grasset
- From the UMR 1219 (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm; CIC 1401-EC (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pole de sante publique; ARAMISLab (F.C.), Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; Qairnel SAS (F.C.), Paris; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164; and Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Bouteloup
- From the UMR 1219 (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm; CIC 1401-EC (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pole de sante publique; ARAMISLab (F.C.), Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; Qairnel SAS (F.C.), Paris; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164; and Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Federica Cacciamani
- From the UMR 1219 (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm; CIC 1401-EC (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pole de sante publique; ARAMISLab (F.C.), Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; Qairnel SAS (F.C.), Paris; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164; and Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Pellegrin
- From the UMR 1219 (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm; CIC 1401-EC (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pole de sante publique; ARAMISLab (F.C.), Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; Qairnel SAS (F.C.), Paris; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164; and Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Planche
- From the UMR 1219 (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm; CIC 1401-EC (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pole de sante publique; ARAMISLab (F.C.), Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; Qairnel SAS (F.C.), Paris; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164; and Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Geneviève Chêne
- From the UMR 1219 (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm; CIC 1401-EC (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pole de sante publique; ARAMISLab (F.C.), Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; Qairnel SAS (F.C.), Paris; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164; and Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Dufouil
- From the UMR 1219 (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm; CIC 1401-EC (L.G., V.B., F.C., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pole de sante publique; ARAMISLab (F.C.), Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; Qairnel SAS (F.C.), Paris; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164; and Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, France
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Tang R, Buchholz E, Dale AM, Rissman RA, Fennema-Notestine C, Gillespie NA, Hagler DJ, Lyons MJ, Neale MC, Panizzon MS, Puckett OK, Reynolds CA, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Elman JA. Associations of plasma neurofilament light chain with cognition and neuroimaging measures in community-dwelling early old age men. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:90. [PMID: 38664843 PMCID: PMC11044425 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a promising biomarker of neurodegeneration with potential clinical utility in monitoring the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the cross-sectional associations of plasma NfL with measures of cognition and brain have been inconsistent in community-dwelling populations. METHODS We examined these associations in a large community-dwelling sample of early old age men (N = 969, mean age = 67.57 years, range = 61-73 years), who are either cognitively unimpaired (CU) or with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Specifically, we investigated five cognitive domains (executive function, episodic memory, verbal fluency, processing speed, visual-spatial ability), as well as neuroimaging measures of gray and white matter. RESULTS After adjusting for age, health status, and young adult general cognitive ability, plasma NfL level was only significantly associated with processing speed and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, but not with other cognitive or neuroimaging measures. The association with processing speed was driven by individuals with MCI, as it was not detected in CU individuals. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in early old age men without dementia, plasma NfL does not appear to be sensitive to cross-sectional individual differences in most domains of cognition or neuroimaging measures of gray and white matter. The revealed plasma NfL associations were limited to WMH for all participants and processing speed only within the MCI cohort. Importantly, considering cognitive status in community-based samples will better inform the interpretation of the relationships of plasma NfL with cognition and brain and may help resolve mixed findings in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.
| | - Erik Buchholz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Olivia K Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
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Bouteloup V, Pellegrin I, Dubois B, Chene G, Planche V, Dufouil C. Explaining the Variability of Alzheimer Disease Fluid Biomarker Concentrations in Memory Clinic Patients Without Dementia. Neurology 2024; 102:e209219. [PMID: 38527237 PMCID: PMC11175632 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Patients' comorbidities can affect Alzheimer disease (AD) blood biomarker concentrations. Because a limited number of factors have been explored to date, our aim was to assess the proportion of the variance in fluid biomarker levels explained by the clinical features of AD and by a large number of non-AD-related factors. METHODS MEMENTO enrolled 2,323 individuals with cognitive complaints or mild cognitive impairment in 26 French memory clinics. Baseline evaluation included clinical and neuropsychological assessments, brain MRI, amyloid-PET, CSF (optional), and blood sampling. Blood biomarker levels were determined using the Simoa-HDX analyzer. We performed linear regression analysis of the clinical features of AD (cognition, AD genetic risk score, and brain atrophy) to model biomarker concentrations. Next, we added covariates among routine biological tests, inflammatory markers, demographic and behavioral determinants, treatments, comorbidities, and preanalytical sample handling in final models using both stepwise selection processes and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). RESULTS In total, 2,257 participants were included in the analysis (median age 71.7, 61.8% women, 55.2% with high educational levels). For blood biomarkers, the proportion of variance explained by clinical features of AD was 13.7% for neurofilaments (NfL), 11.4% for p181-tau, 3.0% for Aβ-42/40, and 1.4% for total-tau. In final models accounting for non-AD-related factors, the variance was mainly explained by age, routine biological tests, inflammatory markers, and preanalytical sample handling. In CSF, the proportion of variance explained by clinical features of AD was 24.8% for NfL, 22.3% for Aβ-42/40, 19.8% for total-tau, and 17.2% for p181-tau. In contrast to blood biomarkers, the largest proportion of variance was explained by cognition after adjustment for covariates. The covariates that explained the largest proportion of variance were also the most frequently selected with LASSO. The performance of blood biomarkers for predicting A+ and T+ status (PET or CSF) remained unchanged after controlling for drivers of variance. DISCUSSION This comprehensive analysis demonstrated that the variance in AD blood biomarker concentrations was mainly explained by age, with minor contributions from cognition, brain atrophy, and genetics, conversely to CSF measures. These results challenge the use of blood biomarkers as isolated stand-alone biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bouteloup
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health, UMR1219, Bordeaux; CIC 1401 EC (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pôle Santé Publique, CHU de Bordeaux; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux; Alzheimer Research Center IM2A (B.D.), Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris; Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neuroégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques (V.P.), Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Pellegrin
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health, UMR1219, Bordeaux; CIC 1401 EC (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pôle Santé Publique, CHU de Bordeaux; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux; Alzheimer Research Center IM2A (B.D.), Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris; Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neuroégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques (V.P.), Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health, UMR1219, Bordeaux; CIC 1401 EC (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pôle Santé Publique, CHU de Bordeaux; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux; Alzheimer Research Center IM2A (B.D.), Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris; Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neuroégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques (V.P.), Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Bordeaux, France
| | - Genevieve Chene
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health, UMR1219, Bordeaux; CIC 1401 EC (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pôle Santé Publique, CHU de Bordeaux; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux; Alzheimer Research Center IM2A (B.D.), Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris; Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neuroégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques (V.P.), Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Planche
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health, UMR1219, Bordeaux; CIC 1401 EC (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pôle Santé Publique, CHU de Bordeaux; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux; Alzheimer Research Center IM2A (B.D.), Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris; Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neuroégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques (V.P.), Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Dufouil
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health, UMR1219, Bordeaux; CIC 1401 EC (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Pôle Santé Publique, CHU de Bordeaux; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics (I.P.), Resources Biological Center (CRB), CHU Bordeaux; Univ. Bordeaux (I.P.), CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux; Alzheimer Research Center IM2A (B.D.), Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris; Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neuroégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux; Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques (V.P.), Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Bordeaux, France
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Silva BD, Viero FT, Rodrigues P, Trevisan G. Nitric oxide involvement in the disability and active disease of multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide 2024; 145:8-20. [PMID: 38331311 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and immune-mediated disease of unknown etiology and leading to a physical and cognitive disability. Different studies suggest that nitrosative stress may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and disability in MS. Besides, reports evaluated NO and their metabolites, expressed by nitrite and nitrate (NOx) levels of MS patients compared with other pathologies, but did not evaluate disability and relapse/remission phases. OBJECTIVE Thus, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of NOx levels in MS patients in relapse/remission phases and its involvement in patient disability. METHODS The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022327161). We used GRADE to estimate the articles' quality and evaluated the publication bias using Egger's and Begg's tests. RESULTS Here, through a search in the Pubmed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases, 5.276 studies were found, and after the selection process, 20 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The studies included data from 1.474 MS patients and 1.717 healthy controls, 1.010 RRMS and 221 primary progressive MS (PPMS). CONCLUSION NOx levels are increased in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients in the relapse phase. Also, NOx levels were increased in MS patients with higher disability. However, further studies are still needed to control lifestyle habits, pain, and MS treatment effects in biased NOx levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda da Silva
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Tibolla Viero
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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12
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Jack CR, Wiste HJ, Algeciras‐Schimnich A, Weigand SD, Figdore DJ, Lowe VJ, Vemuri P, Graff‐Radford J, Ramanan VK, Knopman DS, Mielke MM, Machulda MM, Fields J, Schwarz CG, Cogswell PM, Senjem ML, Therneau TM, Petersen RC. Comparison of plasma biomarkers and amyloid PET for predicting memory decline in cognitively unimpaired individuals. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2143-2154. [PMID: 38265198 PMCID: PMC10984437 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared the ability of several plasma biomarkers versus amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) to predict rates of memory decline among cognitively unimpaired individuals. METHODS We studied 645 Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants. Predictor variables were age, sex, education, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype, amyloid PET, and plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40, phosphorylated tau (p-tau)181, neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and p-tau217. The outcome was a change in a memory composite measure. RESULTS All plasma biomarkers, except NfL, were associated with mean memory decline in models with individual biomarkers. However, amyloid PET and plasma p-tau217, along with age, were key variables independently associated with mean memory decline in models combining all predictors. Confidence intervals were narrow for estimates of population mean prediction, but person-level prediction intervals were wide. DISCUSSION Plasma p-tau217 and amyloid PET provide useful information about predicting rates of future cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired individuals at the population mean level, but not at the individual person level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather J. Wiste
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Stephen D. Weigand
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Dan J. Figdore
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Nuclear MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of Epidemiology and PreventionWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mary M. Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Julie Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Terry M. Therneau
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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13
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Muir RT, Ismail Z, Black SE, Smith EE. Comparative methods for quantifying plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for the next frontier in cerebral amyloid angiopathy diagnostics. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:1436-1458. [PMID: 37908054 PMCID: PMC10916950 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau are emerging as accessible biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, many assays exist with variable test performances, highlighting the need for a comparative assessment to identify the most valid assays for future use in AD and to apply to other settings in which the same biomarkers may be useful, namely, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). CAA is a progressive cerebrovascular disease characterized by deposition of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in cortical and leptomeningeal vessels. Novel immunotherapies for AD can induce amyloid-related imaging abnormalities resembling CAA-related inflammation. Few studies have evaluated plasma biomarkers in CAA. Identifying a CAA signature could facilitate diagnosis, prognosis, and a safer selection of patients with AD for emerging immunotherapies. This review evaluates studies that compare the diagnostic test performance of plasma biomarker techniques in AD and cerebrovascular and plasma biomarker profiles of CAA; it also discusses novel hypotheses and future avenues for plasma biomarker research in CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Muir
- Calgary Stroke ProgramDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Zahinoor Ismail
- Department of Community Health SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Sandra E. Black
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of MedicineSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioCanada
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research UnitDr Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, and Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Eric E. Smith
- Calgary Stroke ProgramDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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14
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van Gennip ACE, Satizabal CL, Tracy RP, Sigurdsson S, Gudnason V, Launer LJ, van Sloten TT. Associations of plasma NfL, GFAP, and t-tau with cerebral small vessel disease and incident dementia: longitudinal data of the AGES-Reykjavik Study. GeroScience 2024; 46:505-516. [PMID: 37530894 PMCID: PMC10828267 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the associations of plasma neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and total tau (t-tau) with markers of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and with incident dementia. We also investigated whether associations of NfL, GFAP, and t-tau with incident dementia were explained by SVD. Data are from a random subsample (n = 1069) of the population-based AGES-Reykjavik Study who underwent brain MRI and in whom plasma NfL, GFAP, and t-tau were measured at baseline (76.1 ± 5.4 years/55.9% women/baseline 2002-2006/follow-up until 2015). A composite SVD burden score was calculated using white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), subcortical infarcts, cerebral microbleeds, and large perivascular spaces. Dementia was assessed in a 3-step process and adjudicated by specialists. Higher NfL was associated with a higher SVD burden score. Dementia occurred in 225 (21.0%) individuals. The SVD burden score significantly explained part of the association between NfL and incident dementia. WMHV mostly strongly contributed to the explained effect. GFAP was not associated with the SVD burden score, but was associated with WMHV, and WMHV significantly explained part of the association between GFAP and incident dementia. T-tau was associated with WMHV, but not with incident dementia. In conclusion, the marker most strongly related to SVD is plasma NfL, for which the association with WMHV appeared to explain part of its association with incident dementia. This study suggests that plasma NfL may reflect the contribution of co-morbid vascular disease to dementia. However, the magnitude of the explained effect was relatively small, and further research is required to investigate the clinical implications of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- April C E van Gennip
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry Research, The Robert Larner M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas T van Sloten
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Guo Y, You J, Zhang Y, Liu WS, Huang YY, Zhang YR, Zhang W, Dong Q, Feng JF, Cheng W, Yu JT. Plasma proteomic profiles predict future dementia in healthy adults. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:247-260. [PMID: 38347190 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The advent of proteomics offers an unprecedented opportunity to predict dementia onset. We examined this in data from 52,645 adults without dementia in the UK Biobank, with 1,417 incident cases and a follow-up time of 14.1 years. Of 1,463 plasma proteins, GFAP, NEFL, GDF15 and LTBP2 consistently associated most with incident all-cause dementia (ACD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), and ranked high in protein importance ordering. Combining GFAP (or GDF15) with demographics produced desirable predictions for ACD (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.891) and AD (AUC = 0.872) (or VaD (AUC = 0.912)). This was also true when predicting over 10-year ACD, AD and VaD. Individuals with higher GFAP levels were 2.32 times more likely to develop dementia. Notably, GFAP and LTBP2 were highly specific for dementia prediction. GFAP and NEFL began to change at least 10 years before dementia diagnosis. Our findings strongly highlight GFAP as an optimal biomarker for dementia prediction, even more than 10 years before the diagnosis, with implications for screening people at high risk for dementia and for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia You
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Shi Liu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Huang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Feng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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van Arendonk J, Wolters FJ, Neitzel J, Vinke EJ, Vernooij MW, Ghanbari M, Ikram MA. Plasma neurofilament light chain in relation to 10-year change in cognition and neuroimaging markers: a population-based study. GeroScience 2024; 46:57-70. [PMID: 37535203 PMCID: PMC10828339 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a promising biomarker for risk stratification and disease monitoring of dementia, but its utility in the preclinical disease stage remains uncertain. We determined the association of plasma NfL with (change in) neuroimaging markers and cognition in the population-based Rotterdam Study, using linear and logistic regression and mixed-effects models. Plasma NfL levels were measured using the Simoa NF-light™ assay in 4705 dementia-free participants (mean age 71.9 years, 57% women), who underwent cognitive assessment and brain MRI with repeated assessments over a 10-year follow-up period. Higher plasma NfL was associated with worse cognitive performance at baseline (g-factor: β = - 0.12 (- 0.15; - 0.09), p < 0.001), and accelerated cognitive decline during follow-up on the Stroop color naming task (β = 0.04 (0.02; 0.06), p < 0.001), with a smaller trend for decline in global cognition (g-factor β = - 0.02 (- 0.04; 0.00), p = 0.044). In the subset of 975 participants with brain MRI, higher NfL was associated with poorer baseline white matter integrity (e.g., global mean diffusivity: β = 0.12 (0.06; 0.19), p < 0.001), with similar trends for volume of white matter hyperintensities (β = 0.09 (0.02; 0.16), p = 0.011) and presence of lacunes (OR = 1.55 (1.13; 2.14), p = 0.007). Plasma NfL was not associated with volumes or thickness of the total gray matter, hippocampus, or Alzheimer signature regions. In conclusion, higher plasma NfL levels are associated with cognitive decline and larger burden of primarily white matter pathology in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce van Arendonk
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J Wolters
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Neitzel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth J Vinke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, the Netherlands.
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17
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Garcia-Escobar G, Manero RM, Fernández-Lebrero A, Ois A, Navalpotro-Gómez I, Puente-Periz V, Contador-Muñana J, Estragués-Gazquez I, Puig-Pijoan A, Jiménez-Balado J. Blood Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease and Cognition: A Literature Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:93. [PMID: 38254693 PMCID: PMC10813472 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) show great promise for clinical applications, offering a less invasive alternative to current cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measures. However, the relationships between these biomarkers and specific cognitive functions, as well as their utility in predicting longitudinal cognitive decline, are not yet fully understood. This descriptive review surveys the literature from 2018 to 2023, focusing on the associations of amyloid-β (Aβ), Total Tau (t-Tau), Phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), Neurofilament Light (NfL), and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) with cognitive measures. The reviewed studies are heterogeneous, varying in design and population (cognitively unimpaired, cognitively impaired, or mixed populations), and show results that are sometimes conflicting. Generally, cognition positively correlates with Aβ levels, especially when evaluated through the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. In contrast, t-Tau, p-Tau, Nfl, and GFAP levels typically show a negative correlation with cognitive performance. While p-Tau measures generally exhibit stronger associations with cognitive functions compared to other biomarkers, no single blood marker has emerged as being predominantly linked to a specific cognitive domain. These findings contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between blood biomarkers and cognitive performance and underscore their potential utility in clinical assessments of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Garcia-Escobar
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
| | - Rosa Maria Manero
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Fernández-Lebrero
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Ois
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Navalpotro-Gómez
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Puente-Periz
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Contador-Muñana
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Estragués-Gazquez
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Puig-Pijoan
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Jiménez-Balado
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.G.-E.); (R.M.M.); (A.F.-L.); (I.N.-G.); (V.P.-P.); (J.C.-M.); (I.E.-G.); (A.P.-P.); (J.J.-B.)
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18
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Jung Y, Damoiseaux JS. The potential of blood neurofilament light as a marker of neurodegeneration for Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2024; 147:12-25. [PMID: 37540027 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past several years, there has been a surge in blood biomarker studies examining the value of plasma or serum neurofilament light (NfL) as a biomarker of neurodegeneration for Alzheimer's disease. However, there have been limited efforts to combine existing findings to assess the utility of blood NfL as a biomarker of neurodegeneration for Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we still need better insight into the specific aspects of neurodegeneration that are reflected by the elevated plasma or serum concentration of NfL. In this review, we survey the literature on the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between blood-based NfL levels and other, neuroimaging-based, indices of neurodegeneration in individuals on the Alzheimer's continuum. Then, based on the biomarker classification established by the FDA-NIH Biomarker Working group, we determine the utility of blood-based NfL as a marker for monitoring the disease status (i.e. monitoring biomarker) and predicting the severity of neurodegeneration in older adults with and without cognitive decline (i.e. a prognostic or a risk/susceptibility biomarker). The current findings suggest that blood NfL exhibits great promise as a monitoring biomarker because an increased NfL level in plasma or serum appears to reflect the current severity of atrophy, hypometabolism and the decline of white matter integrity, particularly in the brain regions typically affected by Alzheimer's disease. Longitudinal evidence indicates that blood NfL can be useful not only as a prognostic biomarker for predicting the progression of neurodegeneration in patients with Alzheimer's disease but also as a susceptibility/risk biomarker predicting the likelihood of abnormal alterations in brain structure and function in cognitively unimpaired individuals with a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (e.g. those with a higher amyloid-β). There are still limitations to current research, as discussed in this review. Nevertheless, the extant literature strongly suggests that blood NfL can serve as a valuable prognostic and susceptibility biomarker for Alzheimer's disease-related neurodegeneration in clinical settings, as well as in research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Jung
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jessica S Damoiseaux
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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19
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Veitch DP, Weiner MW, Miller M, Aisen PS, Ashford MA, Beckett LA, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, Landau SM, Morris JC, Nho KT, Nosheny R, Okonkwo O, Perrin RJ, Petersen RC, Rivera Mindt M, Saykin A, Shaw LM, Toga AW, Tosun D. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative in the era of Alzheimer's disease treatment: A review of ADNI studies from 2021 to 2022. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:652-694. [PMID: 37698424 PMCID: PMC10841343 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) aims to improve Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials. Since 2006, ADNI has shared clinical, neuroimaging, and cognitive data, and biofluid samples. We used conventional search methods to identify 1459 publications from 2021 to 2022 using ADNI data/samples and reviewed 291 impactful studies. This review details how ADNI studies improved disease progression understanding and clinical trial efficiency. Advances in subject selection, detection of treatment effects, harmonization, and modeling improved clinical trials and plasma biomarkers like phosphorylated tau showed promise for clinical use. Biomarkers of amyloid beta, tau, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and others were prognostic with individualized prediction algorithms available online. Studies supported the amyloid cascade, emphasized the importance of neuroinflammation, and detailed widespread heterogeneity in disease, linked to genetic and vascular risk, co-pathologies, sex, and resilience. Biological subtypes were consistently observed. Generalizability of ADNI results is limited by lack of cohort diversity, an issue ADNI-4 aims to address by enrolling a diverse cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas P. Veitch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterNorthern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCenter for Imaging of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCenter for Imaging of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Melanie Miller
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterNorthern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCenter for Imaging of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paul S. Aisen
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Miriam A. Ashford
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterNorthern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laurel A. Beckett
- Division of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert C. Green
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalBroad Institute Ariadne Labs and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Danielle Harvey
- Division of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan M. Landau
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - John C. Morris
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Kwangsik T. Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and the Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Center for Computational Biology and BioinformaticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Rachel Nosheny
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCenter for Imaging of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Richard J. Perrin
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of PsychologyLatin American and Latino Studies InstituteAfrican and African American StudiesFordham UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrew Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and the Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the PENN Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterCenter for Neurodegenerative ResearchPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro ImagingInstitute of Neuroimaging and InformaticsKeck School of Medicine of University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Duygu Tosun
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCenter for Imaging of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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20
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Li J, Yang M, Wei R, Cao Y, Fan X, Zhang S. The Predictive Ability of Blood Neurofilament Light Chain in Predicting Cognitive Decline in the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1589-1620. [PMID: 38306045 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset. Identifying candidate predictors to forecast AD dementia risk before disease onset is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment. Objective We aimed to assess the predictive ability of blood neurofilament light (NfL) chain in anticipating cognitive decline in the AD continuum. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from inception until April 7, 2023. Longitudinal observational studies examining the association between baseline blood NfL and cognitive decline or clinical disease conversion were included based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The final effect size was represented by adjusted hazard ratios (HR) or standardized beta (s.β) coefficients with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 2,862 articles were identified, and 26 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that baseline blood NfL could predict cognitive decline, with MMSE [s.β= -0.17, 95% CI (-0.26, -0.07)]; PACC [s.β= -0.09, 95% CI (-0.16, -0.03)]; ADAS-cog [s.β= 0.21, 95% CI (0.13, 0.29)]; CDR-SOB [s.β= 0.27, 95% CI (0.03, 0.50)]; Global cognitive composite [s.β= -0.05, 95% CI (-0.08, -0.01)]; Memory subdomain [s.β= -0.06, 95% CI (-0.09, -0.03)]; Language subdomain [s.β= -0.07, 95% CI (-0.10, -0.05)]; Executive function subdomain [s.β= -0.02, 95% CI (-0.03, -0.01)]; Visuospatial subdomain [s.β= -0.06, 95% CI (-0.08, -0.04)]. Additionally, baseline blood NfL could predict disease progression (conversion from CU/SCD/MCI to MCI/AD) in the AD continuum [Adjust HR = 1.32, 95% CI (1.12, 1.56)]. Conclusions Baseline blood NfL demonstrated predictive capabilities for global cognition and its memory, language, executive function, visuospatial subdomains decline in the AD continuum. Moreover, it exhibited the potential to predict disease progression in non-AD dementia participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Aptamers Technology, 900TH hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, People's Liberation Army (PLA), Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Minguang Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Renli Wei
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Aptamers Technology, 900TH hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, People's Liberation Army (PLA), Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Fan
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shenghang Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Aptamers Technology, 900TH hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, People's Liberation Army (PLA), Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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21
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Cummings JL, Gonzalez MI, Pritchard MC, May PC, Toledo-Sherman LM, Harris GA. The therapeutic landscape of tauopathies: challenges and prospects. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:168. [PMID: 37803386 PMCID: PMC10557207 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Aggregates of misfolded tau protein are believed to be implicated in neuronal death, which leads to a range of symptoms including cognitive decline, behavioral change, dementia, and motor deficits. Currently, there are no effective treatments for tauopathies. There are four clinical candidates in phase III trials and 16 in phase II trials. While no effective treatments are currently approved, there is increasing evidence to suggest that various therapeutic approaches may slow the progression of tauopathies or improve symptoms. This review outlines the landscape of therapeutic drugs (indexed through February 28, 2023) that target tau pathology and describes drug candidates in clinical development as well as those in the discovery and preclinical phases. The review also contains information on notable therapeutic programs that are inactive or that have been discontinued from development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Henderson, NV, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick C May
- ADvantage Neuroscience Consulting LLC, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | | | - Glenn A Harris
- Rainwater Charitable Foundation, 777 Main Street, Suite 2250, Fort Worth, TX, 76102, USA.
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22
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Imbimbo BP, Watling M, Imbimbo C, Nisticò R. Plasma ATN(I) classification and precision pharmacology in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4729-4734. [PMID: 37079778 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) depends on use of biomarkers for appropriate subject selection and monitoring disease progression. Biomarkers that predict onset of clinical symptoms are particularly important for AD because they enable intervention before irreversible neurodegeneration occurs. The amyloid-β-tau-neurodegeneration (ATN) classification system is currently used as a biological staging model for AD and is based on three classes of biomarkers evaluating amyloid-β (Aβ), tau pathology and neurodegeneration or neuronal injury. Promising blood-based biomarkers for each of these categories have been identified (Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, phosphorylated tau, neurofilament light chain), and this matrix is now being expanded toward an ATN(I) system, where "I" represents a neuroinflammatory biomarker. The plasma ATN(I) system, together with APOE genotyping, offers a basis for individualized evaluation and a move away from the classic "one size fits all" approach toward a biomarker-driven individualisation of therapy for patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Imbimbo
- Department of Research & Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
| | - Mark Watling
- Independent Scholar (formerly at TranScrip Ltd, Reading, UK), Ruthin, UK
| | - Camillo Imbimbo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Department of Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Tor Vergata, and European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy
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23
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Brunelli S, Giannella E, Bizzaglia M, De Angelis D, Sancesario GM. Secondary neurodegeneration following Stroke: what can blood biomarkers tell us? Front Neurol 2023; 14:1198216. [PMID: 37719764 PMCID: PMC10502514 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1198216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and the primary source of disability in adults, resulting in neuronal necrosis of ischemic areas, and in possible secondary degeneration of regions surrounding or distant to the initial damaged area. Secondary neurodegeneration (SNDG) following stroke has been shown to have different pathogenetic origins including inflammation, neurovascular response and cytotoxicity, but can be associated also to regenerative processes. Aside from focal neuronal loss, ipsilateral and contralateral effects distal to the lesion site, disruptions of global functional connectivity and a transcallosal diaschisis have been reported in the chronic stages after stroke. Furthermore, SNDG can be observed in different areas not directly connected to the primary lesion, such as thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, substantia nigra, corpus callosum, bilateral inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus, which can be highlighted by neuroimaging techniques. Although the clinical relevance of SNDG following stroke has not been well understood, the identification of specific biomarkers that reflect the brain response to the damage, is of paramount importance to investigate in vivo the different phases of stroke. Actually, brain-derived markers, particularly neurofilament light chain, tau protein, S100b, in post-stroke patients have yielded promising results. This review focuses on cerebral morphological modifications occurring after a stroke, on associated cellular and molecular changes and on state-of-the-art of biomarkers in acute and chronic phase. Finally, we discuss new perspectives regarding the implementation of blood-based biomarkers in clinical practice to improve the rehabilitation approaches and post stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Brunelli
- NeuroRehabilitation Unit 4, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Giannella
- Clinical Neurochemistry Unit and Biobank, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Bizzaglia
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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24
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Krell‐Roesch J, Zaniletti I, Syrjanen JA, Kremers WK, Algeciras‐Schimnich A, Dage JL, van Harten AC, Fields JA, Knopman DS, Jack CR, Petersen RC, Vassilaki M, Geda YE. Plasma-derived biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and neuropsychiatric symptoms: A community-based study. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12461. [PMID: 37529120 PMCID: PMC10387518 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined associations between plasma-derived biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Cross-sectional study involving 1005 persons ≥50 years of age (mean 74 years, 564 male, 118 cognitively impaired), who completed plasma-derived biomarker (amyloid beta 42 [Aβ42]/Aβ40, phosphorylated tau 181 [p-tau181], p-tau217, total tau [t-tau], neurofilament light [NfL]), and NPS assessment. RESULTS P-tau181 (odds ratio [OR] 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.41-3.00, p < 0.001), p-tau217 (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.10-2.61, p = 0.016), and t-tau (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.08-1.92, p = 0.012) were associated with appetite change. We also found that p-tau181 and p-tau217 were associated with increased symptoms of agitation (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.20-3.11, p = 0.007 and OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.21-3.42, p = 0.007, respectively), and disinhibition (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.45-3.93, p = 0.001 and OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.33-3.98, p = 0.003, respectively). Aβ42/Aβ40 and NfL were not associated with NPS. CONCLUSION Higher plasma-derived p-tau181 and p-tau217 levels are associated with increased symptoms of appetite change, agitation, and disinhibition. These findings may support the validity of plasma tau biomarkers for predicting behavioral symptoms that often accompany cognitive impairment. HIGHLIGHTS We studied 1005 community-dwelling persons aged ≥ 50 yearsHigher plasma tau levels are associated with increased neuropsychiatric symptomsAβ42/Aβ40 and NfL are not associated with neuropsychiatric symptomsClinicians should treat neuropsychiatric symptoms in persons with high plasma-derived tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Krell‐Roesch
- Institute of Sports and Sports ScienceKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Isabella Zaniletti
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicScottsdaleArizonaUSA
| | - Jeremy A. Syrjanen
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Walter K. Kremers
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Dage
- Department of Neurology and Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Argonde C. van Harten
- Alzheimer Center, Department of NeurologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Julie A. Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | | | - Ronald C. Petersen
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Maria Vassilaki
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Yonas E. Geda
- Department of Neurology and the Franke Barrow Global Neuroscience Education CenterBarrow Neurological InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
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25
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Ehtewish H, Mesleh A, Ponirakis G, De la Fuente A, Parray A, Bensmail I, Abdesselem H, Ramadan M, Khan S, Chandran M, Ayadathil R, Elsotouhy A, Own A, Al Hamad H, Abdelalim EM, Decock J, Alajez NM, Albagha O, Thornalley PJ, Arredouani A, Malik RA, El-Agnaf OMA. Blood-Based Proteomic Profiling Identifies Potential Biomarker Candidates and Pathogenic Pathways in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098117. [PMID: 37175824 PMCID: PMC10179172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a progressive and debilitating neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Identifying the minimally invasive biomarkers associated with dementia that could provide insights into the disease pathogenesis, improve early diagnosis, and facilitate the development of effective treatments is pressing. Proteomic studies have emerged as a promising approach for identifying the protein biomarkers associated with dementia. This pilot study aimed to investigate the plasma proteome profile and identify a panel of various protein biomarkers for dementia. We used a high-throughput proximity extension immunoassay to quantify 1090 proteins in 122 participants (22 with dementia, 64 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 36 controls with normal cognitive function). Limma-based differential expression analysis reported the dysregulation of 61 proteins in the plasma of those with dementia compared with controls, and machine learning algorithms identified 17 stable diagnostic biomarkers that differentiated individuals with AUC = 0.98 ± 0.02. There was also the dysregulation of 153 plasma proteins in individuals with dementia compared with those with MCI, and machine learning algorithms identified 8 biomarkers that classified dementia from MCI with an AUC of 0.87 ± 0.07. Moreover, multiple proteins selected in both diagnostic panels such as NEFL, IL17D, WNT9A, and PGF were negatively correlated with cognitive performance, with a correlation coefficient (r2) ≤ -0.47. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis of dementia-associated proteins implicated immune response, vascular injury, and extracellular matrix organization pathways in dementia pathogenesis. In conclusion, the combination of high-throughput proteomics and machine learning enabled us to identify a blood-based protein signature capable of potentially differentiating dementia from MCI and cognitively normal controls. Further research is required to validate these biomarkers and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms for the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Ehtewish
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Areej Mesleh
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Georgios Ponirakis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
| | - Alberto De la Fuente
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Aijaz Parray
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
| | - Ilham Bensmail
- Proteomics Core Facility, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Houari Abdesselem
- Proteomics Core Facility, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Marwan Ramadan
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
| | - Shafi Khan
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
| | - Mani Chandran
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
| | - Raheem Ayadathil
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Elsotouhy
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Own
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
- Neuroradiology Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
| | - Hanadi Al Hamad
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
| | - Essam M Abdelalim
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Nehad M Alajez
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Omar Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
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26
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Saunders TS, Pozzolo FE, Heslegrave A, King D, McGeachan RI, Spires-Jones MP, Harris SE, Ritchie C, Muniz-Terrera G, Deary IJ, Cox SR, Zetterberg H, Spires-Jones TL. Predictive blood biomarkers and brain changes associated with age-related cognitive decline. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad113. [PMID: 37180996 PMCID: PMC10167767 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the use of plasma levels of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181, amyloid-β, neurofilament light and glial fibrillary acidic protein as promising biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. While these blood biomarkers are promising for distinguishing people with Alzheimer's disease from healthy controls, their predictive validity for age-related cognitive decline without dementia remains unclear. Further, while tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 is a promising biomarker, the distribution of this phospho-epitope of tau in the brain is unknown. Here, we tested whether plasma levels of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181, amyloid-β, neurofilament light and fibrillary acidic protein predict cognitive decline between ages 72 and 82 in 195 participants in the Lothian birth cohorts 1936 study of cognitive ageing. We further examined post-mortem brain samples from temporal cortex to determine the distribution of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 in the brain. Several forms of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 have been shown to contribute to synapse degeneration in Alzheimer's disease, which correlates closely with cognitive decline in this form of dementia, but to date, there have not been investigations of whether tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 is found in synapses in Alzheimer's disease or healthy ageing brain. It was also previously unclear whether tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 accumulated in dystrophic neurites around plaques, which could contribute to tau leakage to the periphery due to impaired membrane integrity in dystrophies. Brain homogenate and biochemically enriched synaptic fractions were examined with western blot to examine tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 levels between groups (n = 10-12 per group), and synaptic and astrocytic localization of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 were examined using array tomography (n = 6-15 per group), and localization of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 in plaque-associated dystrophic neurites with associated gliosis were examined with standard immunofluorescence (n = 8-9 per group). Elevated baseline plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 181, neurofilament light and fibrillary acidic protein predicted steeper general cognitive decline during ageing. Further, increasing tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 over time predicted general cognitive decline in females only. Change in plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 remained a significant predictor of g factor decline when taking into account Alzheimer's disease polygenic risk score, indicating that the increase of blood tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 in this cohort was not only due to incipient Alzheimer's disease. Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 was observed in synapses and astrocytes in both healthy ageing and Alzheimer's disease brain. We observed that a significantly higher proportion of synapses contain tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 in Alzheimer's disease relative to aged controls. Aged controls with pre-morbid lifetime cognitive resilience had significantly more tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 in fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes than those with pre-morbid lifetime cognitive decline. Further, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 was found in dystrophic neurites around plaques and in some neurofibrillary tangles. The presence of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 in plaque-associated dystrophies may be a source of leakage of tau out of neurons that eventually enters the blood. Together, these data indicate that plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 181, neurofilament light and fibrillary acidic protein may be useful biomarkers of age-related cognitive decline, and that efficient clearance of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 by astrocytes may promote cognitive resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Saunders
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention & Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Francesca E Pozzolo
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- United Kingdom UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Declan King
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Robert I McGeachan
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Maxwell P Spires-Jones
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohort studies, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Craig Ritchie
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention & Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention & Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago 3485, Chile
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohort studies, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohort studies, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- United Kingdom UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Molndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-431 80 Molndal, Sweden
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
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27
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Honig LS, Kang MS, Lee AJ, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Piriz A, Soriano B, Franco Y, Coronado ZD, Recio P, Mejía DR, Medrano M, Lantigua RA, Teich AF, Dage JL, Mayeux R. Evaluation of Plasma Biomarkers for A/T/N Classification of Alzheimer Disease Among Adults of Caribbean Hispanic Ethnicity. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e238214. [PMID: 37079306 PMCID: PMC10119732 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.8214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarkers can detect biological evidence of Alzheimer disease (AD), but their use in low-resource environments and among minority ethnic groups is limited. Objective To assess validated plasma biomarkers for AD among adults of Caribbean Hispanic ethnicity. Design, Setting, and Participants In this decision analytical modeling study, adults were recruited between January 1, 2018, and April 30, 2022, and underwent detailed clinical assessments and venipuncture. A subsample of participants also consented to lumbar puncture. Established CSF cut points were used to define AD biomarker-positive status, allowing determination of optimal cut points for plasma biomarkers in the same individuals. The performance of a panel of 6 plasma biomarkers was then assessed with respect to the entire group. Data analysis was performed in January 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Main outcomes were the association of plasma biomarkers amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42), amyloid-β 1-40 (Aβ40), total tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau181 (P-tau181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) with AD diagnosis. These biomarkers allow assessment of amyloid (A), neurofibrillary degeneration (T), and neurodegeneration (N) aspects of AD. Statistical analyses performed included receiver operating characteristics, Pearson and Spearman correlations, t tests, and Wilcoxon rank-sum, chi-square, and Fisher exact tests. Exposures Exposures included age, sex, education, country of residence, apolipoprotein-ε4 (APOE-ε4) allele number, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and body mass index. Results This study included 746 adults. Participants had a mean (SD) age of 71.0 (7.8) years, 480 (64.3%) were women, and 154 (20.6%) met clinical criteria for AD. Associations were observed between CSF and plasma P-tau181 (r = .47 [95% CI, 0.32-0.60]), NfL (r = 0.57 [95% CI, 0.44-0.68]), and P-tau181/Aβ42 (r = 0.44 [95% CI, 0.29-0.58]). For AD defined by CSF biomarkers, plasma P-tau181 and P-tau181/Aβ42 provided biological evidence of AD. Among individuals judged to be clinically healthy without dementia, biomarker-positive status was determined by plasma P-tau181 for 133 (22.7%) and by plasma P-tau181/Aβ42 for 104 (17.7%). Among individuals with clinically diagnosed AD, 69 (45.4%) had plasma P-tau181 levels and 89 (58.9%) had P-tau181/Aβ42 levels that were inconsistent with AD. Individuals with biomarker-negative clinical AD status tended to have lower levels of education, were less likely to carry APOE-ε4 alleles, and had lower levels of GFAP and NfL than individuals with biomarker-positive clinical AD. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, plasma P-tau181 and P-tau181/Aβ42 measurements correctly classified Caribbean Hispanic individuals with and without AD. However, plasma biomarkers identified individuals without dementia with biological evidence of AD, and a portion of those with dementia whose AD biomarker profile was negative. These results suggest that plasma biomarkers can augment detection of preclinical AD among asymptomatic individuals and improve the specificity of AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S. Honig
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- G. H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Universidad Pedro Henríquez Urena, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Min Suk Kang
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Annie J. Lee
- G. H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Universidad Pedro Henríquez Urena, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- G. H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Angel Piriz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Belisa Soriano
- Universidad Pedro Henríquez Urena, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | | | | | - Patricia Recio
- Center for Diagnosis, Advanced Medicine and Telemedicine, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Diones Rivera Mejía
- Universidad Pedro Henríquez Urena, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- Center for Diagnosis, Advanced Medicine and Telemedicine, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Martin Medrano
- Pontíficia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
| | - Rafael A. Lantigua
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Andrew F. Teich
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey L. Dage
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- G. H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Universidad Pedro Henríquez Urena, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
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28
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Stacey BS, Hoiland RL, Caldwell HG, Howe CA, Vermeulen T, Tymko MM, Vizcardo‐Galindo GA, Bermudez D, Figueroa‐Mujíica RJ, Gasho C, Tuaillon E, Hirtz C, Lehmann S, Marchi N, Tsukamoto H, Villafuerte FC, Ainslie PN, Bailey DM. Lifelong exposure to high-altitude hypoxia in humans is associated with improved redox homeostasis and structural-functional adaptations of the neurovascular unit. J Physiol 2023; 601:1095-1120. [PMID: 36633375 PMCID: PMC10952731 DOI: 10.1113/jp283362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude (HA) hypoxia may alter the structural-functional integrity of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Herein, we compared male lowlanders (n = 9) at sea level (SL) and after 14 days acclimatization to 4300 m (chronic HA) in Cerro de Pasco (CdP), Péru (HA), against sex-, age- and body mass index-matched healthy highlanders (n = 9) native to CdP (lifelong HA). Venous blood was assayed for serum proteins reflecting NVU integrity, in addition to free radicals and nitric oxide (NO). Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was examined in conjunction with cerebral substrate delivery, dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA), cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide (CVRCO2 ) and neurovascular coupling (NVC). Psychomotor tests were employed to examine cognitive function. Compared to lowlanders at SL, highlanders exhibited elevated basal plasma and red blood cell NO bioavailability, improved anterior and posterior dCA, elevated anterior CVRCO2 and preserved cerebral substrate delivery, NVC and cognition. In highlanders, S100B, neurofilament light-chain (NF-L) and T-tau were consistently lower and cognition comparable to lowlanders following chronic-HA. These findings highlight novel integrated adaptations towards regulation of the NVU in highlanders that may represent a neuroprotective phenotype underpinning successful adaptation to the lifelong stress of HA hypoxia. KEY POINTS: High-altitude (HA) hypoxia has the potential to alter the structural-functional integrity of the neurovascular unit (NVU) in humans. For the first time, we examined to what extent chronic and lifelong hypoxia impacts multimodal biomarkers reflecting NVU structure and function in lowlanders and native Andean highlanders. Despite lowlanders presenting with a reduction in systemic oxidative-nitrosative stress and maintained cerebral bioenergetics and cerebrovascular function during chronic hypoxia, there was evidence for increased axonal injury and cognitive impairment. Compared to lowlanders at sea level, highlanders exhibited elevated vascular NO bioavailability, improved dynamic regulatory capacity and cerebrovascular reactivity, comparable cerebral substrate delivery and neurovascular coupling, and maintained cognition. Unlike lowlanders following chronic HA, highlanders presented with lower concentrations of S100B, neurofilament light chain and total tau. These findings highlight novel integrated adaptations towards the regulation of the NVU in highlanders that may represent a neuroprotective phenotype underpinning successful adaptation to the lifelong stress of HA hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. Stacey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
| | - Ryan L. Hoiland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vancouver General HospitalUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Hannah G. Caldwell
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular HealthUniversity of British Columbia‐Okanagan CampusKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Connor A. Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular HealthUniversity of British Columbia‐Okanagan CampusKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Tyler Vermeulen
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular HealthUniversity of British Columbia‐Okanagan CampusKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Michael M. Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular HealthUniversity of British Columbia‐Okanagan CampusKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and RecreationUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Gustavo A. Vizcardo‐Galindo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y FilosofíaUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLima 31Peru
| | - Daniella Bermudez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y FilosofíaUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLima 31Peru
| | - Rómulo J. Figueroa‐Mujíica
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y FilosofíaUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLima 31Peru
| | - Christopher Gasho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCAUSA
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- LBPC‐PPCUniversité de Montpellier, IRMB CHU de Montpellier, INM INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- LBPC‐PPCUniversité de Montpellier, IRMB CHU de Montpellier, INM INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional GenomicsUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Hayato Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Francisco C. Villafuerte
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y FilosofíaUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLima 31Peru
| | - Philip N. Ainslie
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular HealthUniversity of British Columbia‐Okanagan CampusKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Damian M. Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
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29
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Planche V, Bouteloup V, Pellegrin I, Mangin JF, Dubois B, Ousset PJ, Pasquier F, Blanc F, Paquet C, Hanon O, Bennys K, Ceccaldi M, Annweiler C, Krolak-Salmon P, Godefroy O, Wallon D, Sauvee M, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Bourdel-Marchasson I, Jalenques I, Chene G, Dufouil C. Validity and Performance of Blood Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease to Predict Dementia Risk in a Large Clinic-Based Cohort. Neurology 2023; 100:e473-e484. [PMID: 36261295 PMCID: PMC9931079 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Blood biomarkers for Alzheimer disease (AD) have consistently proven to be associated with CSF or PET biomarkers and effectively discriminate AD from other neurodegenerative diseases. Our aim was to test their utility in clinical practice, from a multicentric unselected prospective cohort where patients presented with a large spectrum of cognitive deficits or complaints. METHODS The MEMENTO cohort enrolled 2,323 outpatients with subjective cognitive complaint (SCC) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) consulting in 26 French memory clinics. Participants had neuropsychological assessments, MRI, and blood sampling at baseline. CSF sampling and amyloid PET were optional. Baseline blood Aβ42/40 ratio, total tau, p181-tau, and neurofilament light chain (NfL) were measured using a Simoa HD-X analyzer. An expert committee validated incident dementia cases during a 5-year follow-up period. RESULTS Overall, 2,277 individuals had at least 1 baseline blood biomarker available (n = 357 for CSF subsample, n = 649 for PET subsample), among whom 257 were diagnosed with clinical AD/mixed dementia during follow-up. All blood biomarkers but total tau were mildly correlated with their equivalence in the CSF (r = 0.33 to 0.46, p < 0.0001) and were associated with amyloid-PET status (p < 0.0001). Blood p181-tau was the best blood biomarker to identify amyloid-PET positivity (area under the curve = 0.74 [95% CI = 0.69; 0.79]). Higher blood and CSF p181-tau and NfL concentrations were associated with accelerated time to AD dementia onset with similar incidence rates, whereas blood Aβ42/40 was less efficient than CSF Aβ42/40. Blood p181-tau alone was the best blood predictor of 5-year AD/mixed dementia risk (c-index = 0.73 [95% CI = 0.69; 0.77]); its accuracy was higher in patients with clinical dementia rating (CDR) = 0 (c-index = 0.83 [95% CI = 0.69; 0.97]) than in patients with CDR = 0.5 (c-index = 0.70 [95% CI = 0.66; 0.74]). A "clinical" reference model (combining demographics and neuropsychological assessment) predicted AD/mixed dementia risk with a c-index = 0.88 [95% CI = 0.86-0.91] and performance increased to 0.90 [95% CI = 0.88; 0.92] when adding blood p181-tau + Aβ42/40. A "research" reference model (clinical model + apolipoprotein E genotype and AD signature on MRI) had a c-index = 0.91 [95% CI = 0.89-0.93] increasing to 0.92 [95% CI = 0.90; 0.93] when adding blood p181-tau + Aβ42/40. Chronic kidney disease and vascular comorbidities did not affect predictive performances. DISCUSSION In a clinic-based cohort of patients with SCC or MCI, blood biomarkers may be good hallmarks of underlying pathology but add little to 5-year dementia risk prediction models including traditional predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Planche
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand.
| | - Vincent Bouteloup
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Isabelle Pellegrin
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Jean-Francois Mangin
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Bruno Dubois
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Pierre-Jean Ousset
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Florence Pasquier
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Frederic Blanc
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Claire Paquet
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Olivier Hanon
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Karim Bennys
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Mathieu Ceccaldi
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Cédric Annweiler
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Pierre Krolak-Salmon
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - David Wallon
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Mathilde Sauvee
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Claire Boutoleau-Bretonnière
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Isabelle Bourdel-Marchasson
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Isabelle Jalenques
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Genevieve Chene
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Carole Dufouil
- From the Univ. Bordeaux (V.P.), CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; CHU de Bordeaux (V.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche; Univ. Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), Inserm U1219, PHARes Team, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED); CHU Bordeaux (V.B., G.C., C.D.), CIC 1401 EC, Pôle Santé Publique; CHU de Bordeaux (I.P.), Département d'Immunologie et d'Immunogénétique; Univ. Paris-Saclay (J.-F.M.), CEA, CNRS, Baobab UMR9027, Neurospin, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, US52, UAR 9031, Gif-sur-Yvette; Sorbonne-Université (B.D.), Service des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales et Institut de La Mémoire et de La Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de La Salpêtrière, AP-PH, Paris; Univ. Toulouse (P.-J.O.), Inserm U1027, Gérontopôle, Departement de Gériatrie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse; Univ. Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1171, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, CHU Lille, DISTAlz, Lille; Univ. Strasbourg (F.B.), CNRS, ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Pôle de Gériatrie, Strasbourg; Univ. Paris (C.P.), Inserm U1144, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP; Univ. Paris Cité (O.H.), EA 4468, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Broca; CHU de Montpellier (K.B.), Pôle de Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Montpellier; Univ. Aix Marseille (M.C.), Inserm UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, AP-HM, Marseille; Univ. Angers (C.A.), UPRES EA 4638, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Département de Gériatrie, CHU d'Angers, Angers; Univ. Lyon (P.K.-S.), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche de Lyon (CMRR), Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Univ. Picardie (O.G.), UR UPJV4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens; Univ. Normandie (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Departement de Neurologie, CNR-MAJ, CHU de Rouen; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Grenoble Arc Alpin (M.S.), Pôle de Psychiatrie et Neurologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes; CHU de Nantes (C.B.-B.), Département de Neurologie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes; Univ. Bordeaux (I.B.-M.), CNRS UMR 5536, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux; and Univ. Clermont Auvergne (I.J.), CNRS, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Service de Psychiatrie de L'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand
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O'Bryant SE, Petersen M, Hall J, Johnson LA. Medical comorbidities and ethnicity impact plasma Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: Important considerations for clinical trials and practice. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:36-43. [PMID: 35235702 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the clinical implementation, there remain significant gaps in our knowledge regarding the impact of race/ethnicity or common medical comorbidity on plasma Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. METHODS Plasma biomarkers of amyloid beta (Aβ)40, Aβ42 , total tau, and neurofilament light chain (NfL) were measured across cognitively normal Mexican Americans (n = 445) and non-Hispanic Whites (n = 520). RESULTS Dyslipidemia was associated with elevated Aβ40 (P = .01) and Aβ42 (P = .001) while hypertension was associated with elevated Aβ40 (P = .003), Aβ42 (P < .001), and total tau (P = .002) levels. Diabetes was associated with higher Aβ40 (P < .001), Aβ42 (P < .001), total tau (P < .001), and NfL (P < .001) levels. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was associated with elevations in Aβ40 (P < .001), Aβ42 (P < .001), total tau (P < .001), and NfL (P < .001) levels. Mexican Americans had significantly lower Aβ40 (P < .001) and higher total tau (P = .005) levels. DISCUSSION Plasma AD biomarkers vary significantly in association with common medical comorbidities as well as ethnicity. These findings are important for those using these biomarkers in clinical practice and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - James Hall
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Leigh A Johnson
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Graff-Radford J, Mielke MM, Hofrenning EI, Kouri N, Lesnick TG, Moloney CM, Rabinstein A, Cabrera-Rodriguez JN, Rothberg DM, Przybelski SA, Petersen RC, Knopman DS, Dickson DW, Jack CR, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Nguyen AT, Murray ME, Vemuri P. Association of plasma biomarkers of amyloid and neurodegeneration with cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 119:1-7. [PMID: 35952440 PMCID: PMC9732897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the differential mapping of plasma biomarkers to postmortem neuropathology measures. We identified 64 participants in a population-based study with antemortem plasma markers (amyloid-β [Aβ] x-42, Aβx-40, neurofilament light [NfL], and total tau [T-tau]) who also had neuropathologic assessments of Alzheimer's and cerebrovascular pathology. We conducted weighted linear-regression models to evaluate relationships between plasma measures and neuropathology. Higher plasma NfL and Aβ42/40 ratio were associated with cerebrovascular neuropathologic scales (p < 0.05) but not with Braak stage, neuritic plaque score, or Thal phase. Plasma Aβ42/40 and NfL explained up to 18% of the variability in cerebrovascular neuropathologic scales. In participants predominantly with modest levels of Alzheimer's pathologic change, biomarkers of amyloid and neurodegeneration were associated with cerebrovascular neuropathology. NfL is a non-specific marker of brain injury, therefore its association with cerebrovascular neuropathology was expected. The association between elevated Aβ42/40 and cerebrovascular disease pathology needs further investigation but could be due to the use of less specific amyloid-β assays (x-40, x-42).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Naomi Kouri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Timothy G Lesnick
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott A Przybelski
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Huang Y, Li Y, Xie F, Guo Q. Associations of plasma phosphorylated tau181 and neurofilament light chain with brain amyloid burden and cognition in objectively defined subtle cognitive decline patients. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:2195-2205. [PMID: 36074638 PMCID: PMC9627371 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is increasing evidence that plasma biomarkers are specific biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, but their potential utility in Obj-SCD (objectively defined subtle cognitive decline) remains unclear. METHODS A total of 234 subjects, including 65 with brain amyloid beta (Aβ) negative normal cognition (Aβ- NC), 58 with Aβ-positive NC (Aβ+ NC), 63 with Aβ- Obj-SCD, and 48 with Aβ+ Obj-SCD were enrolled. Plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, phosphorylated tau181 (p-tau181), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and total tau (T-tau) were measured using Simoa assays. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between plasma biomarkers and brain amyloid, cognition, and imaging measures adjusting for age, sex, education, APOE ε4 status, and vascular risk scores. Receiver operating characteristics were used to evaluate the discriminative validity of biomarkers. RESULTS After adjustment, only plasma p-tau181 and NfL were significantly elevated in Aβ+ Obj-SCD participants compared to Aβ- NC group. Elevated p-tau181 was associated with brain amyloid accumulation, worse cognitive performance (visual episodic memory, executive function, and visuospatial function), and hippocampal atrophy. These associations mainly occurred in Aβ+ individuals. In contrast, higher NfL was correlated with brain amyloid burden and verbal memory decline. These associations predominantly occurred in Aβ- individuals. The adjusted diagnostic model combining p-tau181 and NfL levels showed the best performance in identifying Aβ+ Obj-SCD from Aβ- NC [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.814], which did not differ from the adjusted p-tau181 model (AUC = 0.763). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that plasma p-tau181, alone or combined with NfL, contributes to identifying high-risk AD populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Huang
- Department of GerontologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of RadiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Fang Xie
- PET Center, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of GerontologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
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Hall JR, Petersen M, Johnson L, O'Bryant SE. Characterizing Plasma Biomarkers of Alzheimer's in a Diverse Community-Based Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Study of the HAB-HD Cohort. Front Neurol 2022; 13:871947. [PMID: 36062019 PMCID: PMC9435735 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.871947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to their low cost, less invasive nature, and ready availability, plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease have been proposed as one-time screening tools for clinical trials and research. The impact of ethnoracial factors on these biomarkers has received little attention. The current cross-sectional study investigated the levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, total tau (t tau), and neurofilament light (NfL) across diagnoses for each of the three major ethnoracial groups in the United States in a community-based cohort of older adults. Methods A total of 1,862 participants (852 Mexican Americans (MAs); 775 non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs), and 235 African Americans (AAs)) drawn from The Health & Aging Brain Study—Health Disparities (HABS-HD) study were included. Diagnoses were assigned using an algorithm (decision tree) verified by consensus review. Plasma samples were assayed using Simoa technology. Levels of each biomarker were compared for the three ethnoracial groups across cognitive diagnoses using ANOVA covarying sex and age. Results Significant differences were found across the groups at each level of cognitive impairment. Cognitively unimpaired (CU) AA had significantly lower levels of each of the biomarkers than cognitively unimpaired MA or NHW and NHW had higher levels of Aβ40, and NfL than the other two groups. MA had higher t tau than AA or NHW. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group NHW had the highest levels on all the biomarkers and AA had the lowest. NHW and MA have higher levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, and t tau there was no difference between the groups for Aβ42. NHW had significantly higher levels of Aβ40, t tau, and NfL than AA. AA had a higher Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio than either NHW or MA for CU MCI. Conclusions The use of plasma biomarkers of cognitive decline is promising given their advantages over other biomarkers such as CSF and imaging but as the current research shows, ethnoracial differences must be considered to enhance accuracy and utility. Developing ethnoracial-specific cut points and establishing normative ranges by assay platform for each of the biomarkers are needed. Longitudinal research to assess changes in biomarkers during a cognitive decline is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Hall
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: James R. Hall
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Leigh Johnson
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Sid E. O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Cummings J, Kinney J. Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Context of Use, Qualification, and Roadmap for Clinical Implementation. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:952. [PMID: 35888671 PMCID: PMC9318582 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines a biomarker as a characteristic that is measured as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to an exposure or intervention. Biomarkers may be used in clinical care or as drug development tools (DDTs) in clinical trials. The goal of this review and perspective is to provide insight into the regulatory guidance for the use of biomarkers in clinical trials and clinical care. Materials and Methods: We reviewed FDA guidances relevant to biomarker use in clinical trials and their transition to use in clinical care. We identified instructive examples of these biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development and their application in clinical practice. Results: For use in clinical trials, biomarkers must have a defined context of use (COU) as a risk/susceptibility, diagnostic, monitoring, predictive, prognostic, pharmacodynamic, or safety biomarker. A four-stage process defines the pathway to establish the regulatory acceptance of the COU for a biomarker including submission of a letter of intent, description of the qualification plan, submission of a full qualification package, and acceptance through a qualification recommendation. Biomarkers used in clinical care may be companion biomarkers, in vitro diagnostic devices (IVDs), or laboratory developed tests (LDTs). A five-phase biomarker development process has been proposed to structure the biomarker development process. Conclusions: Biomarkers are increasingly important in drug development and clinical care. Adherence to regulatory guidance for biomarkers used in clinical trials and patient care is required to advance these important drug development and clinical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Pam Quirk Brain Health and Biomarker Laboratory, Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA;
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Zhang L, Wang D, Dai Y, Wang X, Cao Y, Liu W, Tao Z. Machine Learning Reveals a Multipredictor Nomogram for Diagnosing the Alzheimer's Disease Based on Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for Total Tau in Plasma. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:863673. [PMID: 35645782 PMCID: PMC9136081 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.863673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Predicting amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) in conversion and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a daunting task. Standard diagnostic procedures for AD population are reliant on neuroimaging features (positron emission tomography, PET), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Aβ1-42, T-tau, P-tau), which are expensive or require invasive sampling. The blood-based biomarkers offer the opportunity to provide an alternative approach for easy diagnosis of AD, which would be a less invasive and cost-effective screening tool than currently approved CSF or amyloid β positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers. Methods We developed and validated a sensitive and selective immunoassay for total Tau in plasma. Robust signatures were obtained based on several clinical features selected by multiple machine learning algorithms between the three participant groups. Subsequently, a well-fitted nomogram was constructed and validated, integrating clinical factors and total Tau concentration. The predictive performance was evaluated according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) statistics. Decision curve analysis and calibration curves are used to evaluate the net benefit of nomograms in clinical decision-making. Results Under optimum conditions, chemiluminescence analysis (CLIA) displays a desirable dynamic range within Tau concentration from 7.80 to 250 pg/mL with readily achieved higher performances (LOD: 5.16 pg/mL). In the discovery cohort, the discrimination between the three well-defined participant groups according to Tau concentration was in consistent agreement with clinical diagnosis (AD vs. non-MCI: AUC = 0.799; aMCI vs. non-MCI: AUC = 0.691; AD vs. aMCI: AUC = 0.670). Multiple machine learning algorithms identified Age, Gender, EMPG, Tau, ALB, HCY, VB12, and/or Glu as robust signatures. A nomogram integrated total Tau concentration and clinical factors provided better predictive performance (AD vs. non-MCI: AUC = 0.960, AD vs. aMCI: AUC = 0.813 in discovery cohort; AD vs. non-MCI: AUC = 0.938, AD vs. aMCI: AUC = 0.754 in validation cohort). Conclusion The developed assay and a satisfactory nomogram model hold promising clinical potential for early diagnosis of aMCI and AD participants.
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Tau proteins in blood as biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and other proteinopathies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:239-259. [PMID: 35175385 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized neuropathologically by extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles. While in AD tau pathology probably follows early alterations in Aβ metabolism, it develops independently in the so-called primary tauopathies, the main form being frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology. Tau pathology in AD brain is reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by elevated levels of the two AD tau biomarkers total and phosphorylated tau, which are now used for routine diagnostic purposes. On the contrary, no established neurochemical biomarkers exist for tau pathology in primary tauopathies. Thanks to recent technological advances, total and phosphorylated tau can now be quantified also on peripheral blood, and accumulating evidence shows that measurement of plasma phosphorylated tau species (P-tau181, P-tau217, and P-tau231) has high performances in discriminating AD patients from cognitively unimpaired subjects but also from patients with other dementias. Moreover, plasma P-tau levels are associated with tracer uptake on tau- and amyloid-PET as well as with brain atrophy, cognitive measures and longitudinal changes of these parameters. These features, together with the low invasiveness, scalability, and ease of longitudinal sampling, which differentiate plasma P-tau species from their CSF counterparts, make these proteins promising peripheral biomarkers for AD in both research and clinical setting. This review discusses the recent developments in the field of plasma tau proteins as diagnostic, pathophysiological and prognostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease; additional findings from the fields of genetic forms of AD and of non-AD proteinopathies are also summarized.
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Dow CT, Greenblatt CL, Chan ED, Dow JF. Evaluation of BCG Vaccination and Plasma Amyloid: A Prospective, Pilot Study with Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020424. [PMID: 35208878 PMCID: PMC8880735 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BCG vaccine has been used for 100 years to prevent tuberculosis. Not all countries, including the United States, adopted the initial World Health Organization recommendation to use BCG. Moreover, many Western countries that had routinely used BCG have discontinued its use. Recent population studies demonstrate lower prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in countries with high BCG coverage. Intravesicular instillation of BCG is also used to treat bladder cancer that has not invaded the bladder muscle wall and has been shown to reduce recurrence. Several retrospective studies of bladder cancer patients demonstrated that BCG treatment was associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing AD. Plasma amyloid β assessment has become a fertile area of study for an AD biomarker that is predictive of a positive amyloid PET scan. Mass spectrometry-based plasma amyloid 42/40 ratio has proven to be accurate and robust, and when combined with age and ApoE, is shown to accurately predict current and future brain amyloid status. These parameters, amyloid 42/40 ratio, age and ApoE genotype are incorporated into an Amyloid Probability Score (APS)–a score that identifies low, intermediate or high risk of having a PET scan positive for cerebral amyloid. Community recruitment was used for this open-label pilot study. Forty-nine BCG-naïve, immunocompetent individuals completed our study: prior to BCG prime and boost, as determined by the APS, 34 had low risk (APS 0–35), 5 had intermediate risk (APS 36–57) and 10 had high risk (APS 58–100). The APS range for the participant group was 0 to 94. Follow-up plasma amyloid testing 9 months after vaccination revealed a reduction in the APS in all the risk groups: low risk group (p = 0. 37), intermediate risk group (p = 0.13) and the high-risk group (statistically significant, p = 0.016). Greater benefit was seen in younger participants and those with the highest risk. The small number of participants and the nascent status of plasma amyloid testing will rightfully temper embracement of these results. However, both the favorable direction of change after BCG as well as the utility of the APS—a valuable surrogate AD biomarker—may prompt a definitive large-scale multicenter investigation of BCG and AD risk as determined by plasma amyloid peptide ratios and APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coad Thomas Dow
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Mindful Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Charles L. Greenblatt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel;
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80218, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80217, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jordan F. Dow
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Northwestern Wisconsin Region Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI 54703, USA
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