1
|
Merola C, Caioni G, Bertolucci C, Lucon-Xiccato T, Savaşçı BB, Tait S, Casella M, Camerini S, Benedetti E, Perugini M. Embryonic and larval exposure to propylparaben induces developmental and long-term neurotoxicity in zebrafish model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168925. [PMID: 38040379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are preservatives found in cosmetics, processed foods, and medications. The harmful repercussions on the central nervous system by one of the most common parabens, propylparaben (PrP), are yet unknown, especially during development. In this study, the neurodevelopmental effects of PrP and long-term neurotoxicity were investigated in the zebrafish model, using an integrated approach. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to two different concentrations of PrP (10 and 1000 μg/L), then larvae were examined for their behavioral phenotypes (open-field behavior, startle response, and circadian rhythmicity) and relevant brain markers (cyp19a1b, pax6a, shank3a, and gad1b). Long-term behavioral and cognitive impacts on sociability, cerebral functional asymmetry and thigmotaxis were also examined on juveniles at 30 dpf and 60 dpf. Moreover, proteomics and gene expression analysis were assessed in brains of 60 dpf zebrafish. Interestingly, thigmotaxis was decreased by the high dose in larvae and increased by the low dose in juveniles. The expression of shank3a and gad1b genes was repressed by both PrP concentrations pointing to possible effects of PrP on neurodevelopment and synaptogenesis. Proteomics analysis evidenced alterations related to brain development and lipid metabolism. Overall, the results demonstrated that early-life exposure to PrP promotes developmental and persistent neurobehavioral alterations in the zebrafish model, affecting genes and protein levels possibly associated with brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Merola
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Giulia Caioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Beste Başak Savaşçı
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Tait
- Gender-specific prevention and health Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marialuisa Casella
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Serena Camerini
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Monia Perugini
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bosetti C, Ferrini L, Ferrari AR, Bartolini E, Calderoni S. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Abnormalities of Clinical EEG: A Qualitative Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:279. [PMID: 38202286 PMCID: PMC10779511 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the comorbidity between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and epilepsy has been widely demonstrated, and many hypotheses regarding the common neurobiological bases of these disorders have been put forward. A variable, but significant, prevalence of abnormalities on electroencephalogram (EEG) has been documented in non-epileptic children with ASD; therefore, several scientific studies have recently tried to demonstrate the role of these abnormalities as a possible biomarker of altered neural connectivity in ASD individuals. This narrative review intends to summarize the main findings of the recent scientific literature regarding abnormalities detected with standard EEG in children/adolescents with idiopathic ASD. Research using three different databases (PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar) was conducted, resulting in the selection of 10 original articles. Despite an important lack of studies on preschoolers and a deep heterogeneity in results, some authors speculated on a possible association between EEG abnormalities and ASD characteristics, in particular, the severity of symptoms. Although this correlation needs to be more strongly elucidated, these findings may encourage future studies aimed at demonstrating the role of electrical brain abnormalities as an early biomarker of neural circuit alterations in ASD, highlighting the potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value of EEG in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bosetti
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (C.B.); (L.F.); (A.R.F.); (S.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (C.B.); (L.F.); (A.R.F.); (S.C.)
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Ferrari
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (C.B.); (L.F.); (A.R.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Emanuele Bartolini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (C.B.); (L.F.); (A.R.F.); (S.C.)
- Tuscany PhD Programme in Neurosciences, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Calderoni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (C.B.); (L.F.); (A.R.F.); (S.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Woelfle S, Pedro MT, Wagner J, Schön M, Boeckers TM. Expression profiles of the autism-related SHANK proteins in the human brain. BMC Biol 2023; 21:254. [PMID: 37953224 PMCID: PMC10641957 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SHANKs are major scaffolding proteins at postsynaptic densities (PSDs) in the central nervous system. Mutations in all three family members have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Despite the pathophysiological importance of SHANK2 and SHANK3 mutations in humans, research on the expression of these proteins is mostly based on rodent model organisms. RESULTS In the present study, cellular and neuropil SHANK2 expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF) staining of post mortem human brain tissue from four male individuals (19 brain regions). Mouse brains were analyzed in comparison to evaluate the degree of phylogenetic conservation. Furthermore, SHANK2 and SHANK3 isoform patterns were compared in human and mouse brain lysates. While isoform expression and subcellular distribution were largely conserved, differences in neuropil levels of SHANK2 were found by IF staining: Maximum expression was concordantly measured in the cerebellum; however, higher SHANK2 expression was detected in the human brainstem and thalamus when compared to mice. One of the lowest SHANK2 levels was found in the human amygdala, a moderately expressing region in mouse. Quantification of SHANK3 IF in mouse brains unveiled a distribution comparable to humans. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these data show that the overall expression pattern of SHANK is largely conserved in defined brain regions; however, differences do exist, which need to be considered in the translation of rodent studies. The summarized expression patterns of SHANK2 and SHANK3 should serve as a reference for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Woelfle
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria T Pedro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University, Campus Günzburg, Lindenallee 2, 89312, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Wagner
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University and Universitäts- and Rehabilitationskliniken Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, DZNE, Ulm Site, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dhossche D, de Billy C, Laurent-Levinson C, Le Normand MT, Recasens C, Robel L, Philippe A. Early-onset catatonia associated with SHANK3 mutations: looking at the autism spectrum through the prism of psychomotor phenomena. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1186555. [PMID: 37810596 PMCID: PMC10557257 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1186555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) present with a wide range of diagnoses: autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or schizophrenia. Differences in the genetic background could explain these different neurodevelopmental trajectories. However, a more parsimonious hypothesis is to consider that they may be the same phenotypic entity. Catatonic disturbances occasionally reported from adolescence onwards in PMS prompts exploration of the hypothesis that this clinical entity may be an early-onset form of catatonia. The largest cohort of children with childhood catatonia was studied by the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school (WKL school), which regards catatonia as a collection of qualitative abnormalities of psychomotricity that predominantly affecting involuntary motricity (reactive and expressive). The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of psychomotor signs in three young adults carrying a mutation or intragenic deletion of the SHANK3 gene through the prism of the WKL school conception of catatonia. Methods This study was designed as an exploratory case study. Current and childhood psychomotor phenomena were investigated through semi-structured interviews with the parents, direct interaction with the participants, and the study of documents reporting observations of the participants at school or by other healthcare professionals. Results The findings show catatonic manifestations from childhood that evolved into a chronic form, with possible phases of sub-acute exacerbations starting from adolescence. Conclusion The presence of catatonic symptoms from childhood associated with autistic traits leads us to consider that this singular entity fundamentally related to SHANK3 mutations could be a form of early-onset catatonia. Further case studies are needed to confirm our observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Dhossche
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Inland Northwest Behavioral Health, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Clément de Billy
- CEMNIS – Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudine Laurent-Levinson
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 – Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Département de Psychiatrie de l’enfant et l’adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie T. Le Normand
- Institut de l’Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Recasens
- Service universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Centre hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Laurence Robel
- Unité de Psychopathologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, GHU Paris, Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France
| | - Anne Philippe
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM U1163 Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mehrabipour M, Jasemi NSK, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. A Systematic Compilation of Human SH3 Domains: A Versatile Superfamily in Cellular Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:2054. [PMID: 37626864 PMCID: PMC10453029 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SRC homology 3 (SH3) domains are fundamental modules that enable the assembly of protein complexes through physical interactions with a pool of proline-rich/noncanonical motifs from partner proteins. They are widely studied modular building blocks across all five kingdoms of life and viruses, mediating various biological processes. The SH3 domains are also implicated in the development of human diseases, such as cancer, leukemia, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, and various infections. A database search of the human proteome reveals the existence of 298 SH3 domains in 221 SH3 domain-containing proteins (SH3DCPs), ranging from 13 to 720 kilodaltons. A phylogenetic analysis of human SH3DCPs based on their multi-domain architecture seems to be the most practical way to classify them functionally, with regard to various physiological pathways. This review further summarizes the achievements made in the classification of SH3 domain functions, their binding specificity, and their significance for various diseases when exploiting SH3 protein modular interactions as drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Mehrabipour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.M.); (N.S.K.J.)
| | - Neda S. Kazemein Jasemi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.M.); (N.S.K.J.)
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.M.); (N.S.K.J.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.M.); (N.S.K.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burgdorf JS, Yoon S, Dos Santos M, Lammert CR, Moskal JR, Penzes P. An IGFBP2-derived peptide promotes neuroplasticity and rescues deficits in a mouse model of Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1101-1111. [PMID: 36481930 PMCID: PMC10084719 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We developed an IGFBP2-mimetic peptide fragment, JB2, and showed that it promotes basal synaptic structural and functional plasticity in cultured neurons and mice. We demonstrate that JB2 directly binds to dendrites and synapses, and its biological activity involves NMDA receptor activation, gene transcription and translation, and IGF2 receptors. It is not IGF1 receptor-dependent. In neurons, JB2 induced extensive remodeling of the membrane phosphoproteome. Synapse and cytoskeletal regulation, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk factors, and a Shank3-associated protein network were significantly enriched among phosphorylated and dephosphorylated proteins. Haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene on chromosome 22q13.3 often causes Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS), a genetically defined form of autism with profound deficits in motor behavior, sensory processing, language, and cognitive function. We identified multiple disease-relevant phenotypes in a Shank3 heterozygous mouse and showed that JB2 rescued deficits in synaptic function and plasticity, learning and memory, ultrasonic vocalizations, and motor function; it also normalized neuronal excitability and seizure susceptibility. Notably, JB2 rescued deficits in the auditory evoked response latency, alpha peak frequency, and steady-state electroencephalography response, measures with direct translational value to human subjects. These data demonstrate that JB2 is a potent modulator of neuroplasticity with therapeutic potential for the treatment of PMS and ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Burgdorf
- Falk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Gate neurosciences, Inc., Carmel, IN, 46032, USA
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Marc Dos Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Catherine R Lammert
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joseph R Moskal
- Falk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Gate neurosciences, Inc., Carmel, IN, 46032, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Northwestern University, Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Translational pediatrics: clinical perspective for Phelan-McDermid syndrome and autism research. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:373-377. [PMID: 34702975 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a rare genetic disorder presenting with developmental delay, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The segmental deletion of chromosome 22q13.3 affects the copy number of SHANK3, the gene encoding a scaffolding protein at the postsynaptic density. Biological studies indicate that SHANK3 plays crucial roles in the development of synaptic functions in the postnatal brain. Notably, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have enabled researchers to develop brain organoids and microglia from patients and to explore the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders in human cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing of these cells revealed that human-specific genes are uniquely expressed during cortical development. Thus, patient-derived disease models are expected to identify as-yet-unidentified functions of SHANK3 in the development of human brain. These efforts may help establish a new style of translational research in pediatrics, which is expected to provide therapeutic insight for children with PMS and broader categories of disease. IMPACT: Phelan-McDermid syndrome is a prototypic model for molecular studies of autism spectrum disorder. Brain organoids are expected to provide therapeutic insight. Single-cell RNA sequencing of microglia may uncover the functional roles of human-specific genes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Serrada-Tejeda S, Martínez-Piédrola RM, Máximo-Bocanegra N, Sánchez-Herrera-Baeza P, Pérez-de-Heredia-Torres M. Descriptive Analysis of Adaptive Behavior in Phelan–McDermid Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:893003. [PMID: 35864987 PMCID: PMC9295709 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.893003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The variety in symptomatology and clinical presentation of individuals diagnosed with Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS) can delay medical diagnosis, so identifying specific neurobehavioral variables and facilitating differential diagnosis with patients with idiopathic Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can guide early detection. Methods A descriptive analysis of the level of adaptive behavior in 50 patients diagnosed with PMS was performed (SHANK3deletion: N = 44; SHANKmutation: N = 6). Subsequently, a comparative analysis was performed with 28 children aged between 4 years and 6 years and 11 months (SHANK3deletion = 14; ASD = 14). Differences between the two groups were evaluated and Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Results Differences were identified in the variables of communication (z = −2.715, p = 0.007), Self-Direction (z = −2.199, p = 0.028) and social participation (z = −3.190, p = 0.001), with better adaptive behavior skills being observed in participants with a SHANK3mutation. Better adaptive skills in the sample of participants with ASD, were found and statistically significant differences were identified in the variables of academic skills (z = −3.084, p = 0.002), use of community resources (z = −1.889, p = 0.050) and health and safety (z = −2.90, p = 0.004). Conclusion Participants with SHANK3mutation show better communication and social participation skills than those with a diagnosis of SHANK3deletion. The observed differences between ASD and individuals with PMS reflect deficits in practical and conceptual adaptive skills that may limit and hinder daily adaptive functioning.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chaudry S, Vasudevan N. mTOR-Dependent Spine Dynamics in Autism. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:877609. [PMID: 35782388 PMCID: PMC9241970 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.877609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction as well as repetitive behaviors and restricted range of interests. ASC are complex genetic disorders with moderate to high heritability, and associated with atypical patterns of neural connectivity. Many of the genes implicated in ASC are involved in dendritic spine pruning and spine development, both of which can be mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Consistent with this idea, human postmortem studies have shown increased spine density in ASC compared to controls suggesting that the balance between autophagy and spinogenesis is altered in ASC. However, murine models of ASC have shown inconsistent results for spine morphology, which may underlie functional connectivity. This review seeks to establish the relevance of changes in dendritic spines in ASC using data gathered from rodent models. Using a literature survey, we identify 20 genes that are linked to dendritic spine pruning or development in rodents that are also strongly implicated in ASC in humans. Furthermore, we show that all 20 genes are linked to the mTOR pathway and propose that the mTOR pathway regulating spine dynamics is a potential mechanism underlying the ASC signaling pathway in ASC. We show here that the direction of change in spine density was mostly correlated to the upstream positive or negative regulation of the mTOR pathway and most rodent models of mutant mTOR regulators show increases in immature spines, based on morphological analyses. We further explore the idea that these mutations in these genes result in aberrant social behavior in rodent models that is due to these altered spine dynamics. This review should therefore pave the way for further research on the specific genes outlined, their effect on spine morphology or density with an emphasis on understanding the functional role of these changes in ASC.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lutz AK, Pérez Arévalo A, Ioannidis V, Stirmlinger N, Demestre M, Delorme R, Bourgeron T, Boeckers TM. SHANK2 Mutations Result in Dysregulation of the ERK1/2 Pathway in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Neurons and Shank2(-/-) Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:773571. [PMID: 34899182 PMCID: PMC8662699 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.773571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SHANK2 (ProSAP1) is a postsynaptic scaffolding protein of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system and implicated in the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Patients with mutations in SHANK2 show autism-like behaviors, developmental delay, and intellectual disability. We generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) from a patient carrying a heterozygous deletion of SHANK2 and from the unaffected parents. In patient hiPSCs and derived neurons SHANK2 mRNA and protein expression was reduced. During neuronal maturation, a reduction in growth cone size and a transient increase in neuronal soma size were observed. Neuronal proliferation was increased, and apoptosis was decreased in young and mature neurons. Additionally, mature patient hiPSC-derived neurons showed dysregulated excitatory signaling and a decrease of a broad range of signaling molecules of the ERK-MAP kinase pathway. These findings could be confirmed in brain samples from Shank2(−/−) mice, which also showed decreased mGluR5 and phospho-ERK1/2 expression. Our study broadens the current knowledge of SHANK2-related ASD. We highlight the importance of excitatory-inhibitory balance and mGluR5 dysregulation with disturbed downstream ERK1/2 signaling in ASD, which provides possible future therapeutic strategies for SHANK2-related ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Lutz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Maria Demestre
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ulm Site, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Salomaa SI, Miihkinen M, Kremneva E, Paatero I, Lilja J, Jacquemet G, Vuorio J, Antenucci L, Kogan K, Hassani Nia F, Hollos P, Isomursu A, Vattulainen I, Coffey ET, Kreienkamp HJ, Lappalainen P, Ivaska J. SHANK3 conformation regulates direct actin binding and crosstalk with Rap1 signaling. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4956-4970.e9. [PMID: 34610274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Actin-rich cellular protrusions direct versatile biological processes from cancer cell invasion to dendritic spine development. The stability, morphology, and specific biological functions of these protrusions are regulated by crosstalk between three main signaling axes: integrins, actin regulators, and small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases). SHANK3 is a multifunctional scaffold protein, interacting with several actin-binding proteins and a well-established autism risk gene. Recently, SHANK3 was demonstrated to sequester integrin-activating small GTPases Rap1 and R-Ras to inhibit integrin activity via its Shank/ProSAP N-terminal (SPN) domain. Here, we demonstrate that, in addition to scaffolding actin regulators and actin-binding proteins, SHANK3 interacts directly with actin through its SPN domain. Molecular simulations and targeted mutagenesis of the SPN-ankyrin repeat region (ARR) interface reveal that actin binding is inhibited by an intramolecular closed conformation of SHANK3, where the adjacent ARR domain covers the actin-binding interface of the SPN domain. Actin and Rap1 compete with each other for binding to SHANK3, and mutation of SHANK3, resulting in reduced actin binding, augments inhibition of Rap1-mediated integrin activity. This dynamic crosstalk has functional implications for cell morphology and integrin activity in cancer cells. In addition, SHANK3-actin interaction regulates dendritic spine morphology in neurons and autism-linked phenotypes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siiri I Salomaa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Mitro Miihkinen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Elena Kremneva
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5B, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Johanna Lilja
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Joni Vuorio
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lina Antenucci
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5B, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konstantin Kogan
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5B, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fatemeh Hassani Nia
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrik Hollos
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Aleksi Isomursu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eleanor T Coffey
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Kreienkamp
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5B, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland; Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, Turku 20520, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wan L, Ai JQ, Yang C, Jiang J, Zhang QL, Luo ZH, Huang RJ, Tu T, Pan A, Tu E, Manavis J, Xiao B, Yan XX. Expression of the Excitatory Postsynaptic Scaffolding Protein, Shank3, in Human Brain: Effect of Age and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:717263. [PMID: 34504419 PMCID: PMC8421777 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.717263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank3 is a postsynaptic scaffolding protein of excitatory synapses. Mutations or variations of SHANK3 are associated with various psychiatric and neurological disorders. We set to determine its normal expression pattern in the human brain, and its change, if any, with age and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-type β-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau pathogenesis. In general, Shank3 immunoreactivity (IR) exhibited largely a neuropil pattern with differential laminar/regional distribution across brain regions. In youth and adults, subsets of pyramidal/multipolar neurons in the cerebrum, striatum, and thalamus showed moderate IR, while some large-sized neurons in the brainstem and the granule cells in the cerebellar cortex exhibited light IR. In double immunofluorescence, Shank3 IR occurred at the sublemmal regions in neuronal somata and large dendrites, apposing to synaptophysin-labeled presynaptic terminals. In aged cases, immunolabeled neuronal somata were reduced, with disrupted neuropil labeling seen in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in AD cases. In immunoblot, levels of Shank3 protein were positively correlated with that of the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) among different brain regions. Levels of Shank3, PSD95, and synaptophysin immunoblotted in the prefrontal, precentral, and cerebellar cortical lysates were reduced in the aged and AD relative to youth and adult groups. Taken together, the differential Shank3 expression among brain structures/regions indicates the varied local density of the excitatory synapses. The enriched Shank3 expression in the forebrain subregions appears inconsistent with a role of this protein in the modulation of high cognitive functions. The decline of its expression in aged and AD brains may relate to the degeneration of excitatory synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Qi Ai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rou-Jie Huang
- Medical Doctor Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jim Manavis
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lutz AK, Pfaender S, Incearap B, Ioannidis V, Ottonelli I, Föhr KJ, Cammerer J, Zoller M, Higelin J, Giona F, Stetter M, Stoecker N, Alami NO, Schön M, Orth M, Liebau S, Barbi G, Grabrucker AM, Delorme R, Fauler M, Mayer B, Jesse S, Roselli F, Ludolph AC, Bourgeron T, Verpelli C, Demestre M, Boeckers TM. Autism-associated SHANK3 mutations impair maturation of neuromuscular junctions and striated muscles. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/547/eaaz3267. [PMID: 32522805 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of the gene encoding the postsynaptic protein SHANK3 are associated with syndromic forms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). One of the earliest clinical symptoms in SHANK3-associated ASD is neonatal skeletal muscle hypotonia. This symptom can be critical for the early diagnosis of affected children; however, the mechanism mediating hypotonia in ASD is not completely understood. Here, we used a combination of patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), Shank3Δ11(-/-) mice, and Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMDS) muscle biopsies from patients of different ages to analyze the role of SHANK3 on motor unit development. Our results suggest that the hypotonia in SHANK3 deficiency might be caused by dysfunctions in all elements of the voluntary motor system: motoneurons, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and striated muscles. We found that SHANK3 localizes in Z-discs in the skeletal muscle sarcomere and co-immunoprecipitates with α-ACTININ. SHANK3 deficiency lead to shortened Z-discs and severe impairment of acetylcholine receptor clustering in hiPSC-derived myotubes and in muscle from Shank3Δ11(-/-) mice and patients with PMDS, indicating a crucial role for SHANK3 in the maturation of NMJs and striated muscle. Functional motor defects in Shank3Δ11(-/-) mice could be rescued with the troponin activator Tirasemtiv that sensitizes muscle fibers to calcium. Our observations give insight into the function of SHANK3 besides the central nervous system and imply potential treatment strategies for SHANK3-associated ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Lutz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pfaender
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Berra Incearap
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Valentin Ioannidis
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ilaria Ottonelli
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl J Föhr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Judith Cammerer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marvin Zoller
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Higelin
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Federica Giona
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.,BIOMETRA University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Maximilian Stetter
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicole Stoecker
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gotthold Barbi
- Institute for Human Genetics, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas M Grabrucker
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland.,Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, APHP, Robert-Debré Hospital, 750197 Paris, France
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Verpelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.,BIOMETRA University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Demestre
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany. .,DZNE, Ulm Site, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma SL, Chen LH, Lee CC, Lai KYC, Hung SF, Tang CP, Ho TP, Shea C, Mo F, Mak TSH, Sham PC, Leung PWL. Genetic Overlap Between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in SHANK2 Gene. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:649588. [PMID: 33986640 PMCID: PMC8111170 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.649588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent findings indicated a high comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as shared genetic influences on them. The latter might contribute at least partly to the former clinical scenario. This study aimed at investigating whether SHANK genes were potential pleiotropic genes to the two said disorders, underlying their genetic overlap. Methods: This study recruited 298 boys with ADHD (including 256 family trios of 1 ADHD boy and his 2 biological parents), 134 boys with ASD, 109 boys with both ADHD and ASD, and 232 typically developing boys as community controls. They were aged between 6 and 11 years old. Results: There was no significant difference in allele frequency of a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SHANK2/SHANK3 between the three clinical groups (ADHD, ASD, and ADHD + ASD) and between the two control groups (community controls and pseudo-controls), respectively. The three clinical groups and the two control groups were thus, respectively, combined. A comparison between the two aggregated samples identified significant evidence of disease association for three SHANK2 SNPs with both ADHD and ASD, even after multiple testing correction: rs11236616 (OR = 0.762, permuted p = 0.0376), rs7106631 (OR = 0.720, permuted p = 0.0034), and rs9888288 (OR = 0.770, permuted p = 0.0407). Comparisons among individual groups pointed to a similar trend of findings. Conclusion:SHANK2 could be considered a potential pleiotropic gene underlying the genetic overlap between ADHD and ASD. This might contribute partly to their high comorbidity in the afflicted children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Ling Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu Hua Chen
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences - Genomics and Bioinformatics Cores, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Chiu Lee
- Kwai Chung Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelly Y C Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Se-Fong Hung
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Pan Tang
- Kwai Chung Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting-Pong Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caroline Shea
- Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Flora Mo
- Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy S H Mak
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences - Genomics and Bioinformatics Cores, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences - Genomics and Bioinformatics Cores, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick W L Leung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Proietti Onori M, van Woerden GM. Role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 in neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:209-220. [PMID: 33774142 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a complex and heterogeneous group of neurological disorders characterized by their early-onset and estimated to affect more than 3% of children worldwide. The rapid advancement of sequencing technologies in the past years allowed the identification of hundreds of variants in several different genes causing neurodevelopmental disorders. Between those, new variants in the Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2) genes were recently linked to intellectual disability. Despite many years of research on CAMK2, this proves for the first time that this well-known and highly conserved molecule plays an important role in the human brain. In this review, we give an overview of the identified CAMK2 variants, and we speculate on potential mechanisms through which dysfunctions in CAMK2 result in neurodevelopmental disorders. Additionally, we discuss how the identification of CAMK2 variants might result in new exciting discoveries regarding the function of CAMK2 in the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Proietti Onori
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, the Netherlands; The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, the Netherlands
| | - Geeske M van Woerden
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, the Netherlands; The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wan L, Liu D, Xiao WB, Zhang BX, Yan XX, Luo ZH, Xiao B. Association of SHANK Family with Neuropsychiatric Disorders: An Update on Genetic and Animal Model Discoveries. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1623-1643. [PMID: 33595806 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Shank family proteins are enriched at the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. They serve as synaptic scaffolding proteins and appear to play a critical role in the formation, maintenance and functioning of synapse. Increasing evidence from genetic association and animal model studies indicates a connection of SHANK genes defects with the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we first update the current understanding of the SHANK family genes and their encoded protein products. We then denote the literature relating their alterations to the risk of neuropsychiatric diseases. We further review evidence from animal models that provided molecular insights into the biological as well as pathogenic roles of Shank proteins in synapses, and the potential relationship to the development of abnormal neurobehavioral phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Du Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Taikang Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, 430050, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Biao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Bo-Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alò R, Olivito I, Fazzari G, Zizza M, Di Vito A, Avolio E, Mandalà M, Bruno R, Barni T, Canonaco M, Facciolo RM. Correlation of distinct behaviors to the modified expression of cerebral Shank1,3 and BDNF in two autistic animal models. Behav Brain Res 2021; 404:113165. [PMID: 33577886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder featuring altered neuronal circuitry and consequently impaired social interactions, restrictive interests plus repetitive stereotypic activities. In the present study, differentiated behaviors of valproic (VPA) and propionic (PPA) acid-mediated autism rats were correlated to cerebral scaffolding proteins (Shank1,3) and BDNF expression variations. Sprague-Dawley offspring that received VPA during pregnancy displayed a notably diminished permanence (-78 %, p < 0.01) in the light chamber of light dark (LD) test, reduced exploratory tasks, i.e. grooming (-90 %) and rearing (-65 %). Moreover, they executed extremely greater climbing intervals (+300 %, p < 0.001) in novel cage (NC) test, plus exhibited an extremely reduced (-331 %) discrimination index in novel object recognition (NOR) test when compared to controls. PPA-treated postnatal days (PND) 12-16 rats also displayed anxiety-like behaviors, although in a less evident manner, as indicated by a moderate time (+55 %; p < 0.05) spent in dark chamber along with notable and moderate decreases in digging (-78 %) plus grooming (-52 %), respectively. Contextually, VPA- more than PPA supplied opposite Shank1,3 expression changes in cerebellum (CB; -62 %; +78 %), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DM-PFC; +95 % -76 %), respectively, while resulting extremely upregulated in hippocampus (HIP; +125 % - +155 %). Even BDNF resulted to be substantially and notably diminished in HIP (-85 %) and DM-PFC (-72 %), respectively, of VPA rats while it was only moderately reduced (-35 % to -45 %) in these same areas of PPA rats. The early altered brain-specific expression levels accounting for different behavioral performances may provide useful diagnostic indications and constitute valuable therapeutic strategies for autistic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Alò
- Comparative Anatomy & Cytology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Olivito
- Comparative Anatomy & Cytology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy
| | - Gilda Fazzari
- Comparative Anatomy & Cytology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy
| | - Merylin Zizza
- Comparative Anatomy & Cytology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy
| | - Anna Di Vito
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ennio Avolio
- Comparative Anatomy & Cytology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy; Health Center srl, Biomedical and Nutritional Center, via Sabotino 66, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mandalà
- Vascular Physiology Lab., Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Bruno
- Dept. of Pharmacy and Science of Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy
| | - Tullio Barni
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marcello Canonaco
- Comparative Anatomy & Cytology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Rosa Maria Facciolo
- Comparative Anatomy & Cytology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fontana BD, Müller TE, Cleal M, de Abreu MS, Norton WHJ, Demin KA, Amstislavskaya TG, Petersen EV, Kalueff AV, Parker MO, Rosemberg DB. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) models to understand the critical role of social interactions in mental health and wellbeing. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:101993. [PMID: 33440208 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Social behavior represents a beneficial interaction between conspecifics that is critical for maintaining health and wellbeing. Dysfunctional or poor social interaction are associated with increased risk of physical (e.g., vascular) and psychiatric disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression, and substance abuse). Although the impact of negative and positive social interactions is well-studied, their underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Zebrafish have well-characterized social behavior phenotypes, high genetic homology with humans, relative experimental simplicity and the potential for high-throughput screens. Here, we discuss the use of zebrafish as a candidate model organism for studying the fundamental mechanisms underlying social interactions, as well as potential impacts of social isolation on human health and wellbeing. Overall, the growing utility of zebrafish models may improve our understanding of how the presence and absence of social interactions can differentially modulate various molecular and physiological biomarkers, as well as a wide range of other behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D Fontana
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Talise E Müller
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neuropscychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Madeleine Cleal
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - William H J Norton
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Scientific Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Elena V Petersen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Bioscreening, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Matthew O Parker
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neuropscychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
An autism-linked missense mutation in SHANK3 reveals the modularity of Shank3 function. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2534-2555. [PMID: 30610205 PMCID: PMC6609509 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing has revealed an increasing number of genetic variations that are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Frequently, studies limit their focus to likely gene-disrupting mutations because they are relatively easy to interpret. Missense variants, instead, have often been undervalued. However, some missense variants can be informative for developing a more profound understanding of disease pathogenesis and ultimately targeted therapies. Here we present an example of this by studying a missense variant in a well-known autism spectrum disorder (ASD) causing gene SHANK3. We analyzed Shank3's in vivo phosphorylation profile and identified S685 as one phosphorylation site where one ASD-linked variant has been reported. Detailed analysis of this variant revealed a novel function of Shank3 in recruiting Abelson interactor 1 (ABI1) and the WAVE complex to the post-synaptic density (PSD), which is critical for synapse and dendritic spine development. This function was found to be independent of Shank3's other functions such as binding to GKAP and Homer. Introduction of this human ASD mutation into mice resulted in a small subset of phenotypes seen previously in constitutive Shank3 knockout mice, including increased allogrooming, increased social dominance, and reduced pup USV. Together, these findings demonstrate the modularity of Shank3 function in vivo. This modularity further indicates that there is more than one independent pathogenic pathway downstream of Shank3 and correcting a single downstream pathway is unlikely to be sufficient for clear clinical improvement. In addition, this study illustrates the value of deep biological analysis of select missense mutations in elucidating the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric phenotypes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Scheefhals N, Catsburg LAE, Westerveld ML, Blanpied TA, Hoogenraad CC, MacGillavry HD. Shank Proteins Couple the Endocytic Zone to the Postsynaptic Density to Control Trafficking and Signaling of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5. Cell Rep 2020; 29:258-269.e8. [PMID: 31597090 PMCID: PMC6815225 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) modulates neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity, while deregulation of mGluR signaling has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Overstimulation of mGluRs is restricted by the rapid endocytosis of receptors after activation. However, how membrane trafficking of mGluRs at synapses is controlled remains poorly defined. We find that in hippocampal neurons, the agonist-induced receptor internalization of synaptic mGluR5 is significantly reduced in Shank knockdown neurons. This is rescued by the re-expression of wild-type Shanks, but not by mutants unable to bind Homer1b/c, Dynamin2, or Cortactin. These effects are paralleled by a reduction in synapses associated with an endocytic zone. Moreover, a mutation in SHANK2 found in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) similarly disrupts these processes. On the basis of these findings, we propose that synaptic Shank scaffolds anchor the endocytic machinery to govern the efficient trafficking of mGluR5 and to balance the surface expression of mGluRs to efficiently modulate neuronal functioning. Receptor activation triggers efficient internalization of mGluR5 in spines Shank proteins control mGluR5 trafficking and signaling Shanks link essential components of the endocytic zone to the postsynaptic density Mutation in SHANK2 found in ASD disrupt these processes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Scheefhals
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa A E Catsburg
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Margriet L Westerveld
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Goodspeed K, Bliss G, Linnehan D. Bringing everyone to the table - findings from the 2018 Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation International Conference. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:152. [PMID: 32546186 PMCID: PMC7298935 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, and numerous systemic complications including seizures, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and renal anomalies. The Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation (PMSF) was created to improve the quality of life of people affected by PMS worldwide by supporting families, accelerating research, and raising awareness. To further this mission, the PMSF initiated the Phelan-McPosium in 2016 to bring families affected by PMS, clinicians, and researchers together to design patient-centered rigorous clinical and translational research. Here, we present findings from the 2018 Phelan-McPosium. RESULTS The 2018 Phelan-McPosium was attended by 183 families and 35 researchers and clinicians. Overall, the Early Childhood parents raised the fewest number of concerns, families of Late-Childhood patients raised more concerns around epilepsy and behavioral problems, and Teen and Adult families were primarily concerned about implications of genetic testing, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and regression. All families were concerned with feasibility, safety and importance of clinical trials for PMS. CONCLUSIONS The concerns raised by families across the sessions varied by age in a manner which may overlap with the emergence of various signs and symptoms through the natural history of PMS. The design of the Phelan-McPosium session has successfully generated thoughtful research questions that led to innovative investigations and clinical trials that are shaping the standard of care for PMS. This is an approach which could be employed by any rare disease group to align translational research efforts with a patient-centered focus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Goodspeed
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, and Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Geraldine Bliss
- Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation, P.O. Box 1153, 8 Sorrento Drive, Osprey, FL, 34229, USA
| | - Diane Linnehan
- Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation, P.O. Box 1153, 8 Sorrento Drive, Osprey, FL, 34229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hassani Nia F, Woike D, Kloth K, Kortüm F, Kreienkamp HJ. Truncating mutations in SHANK3 associated with global developmental delay interfere with nuclear β-catenin signaling. J Neurochem 2020; 155:250-263. [PMID: 32202324 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in SHANK3, coding for a large scaffold protein of excitatory synapses in the CNS, are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability (ID). Several cases have been identified in which the mutation leads to truncation of the protein, eliminating C-terminal sequences required for post-synaptic targeting of the protein. We identify here a patient with a truncating mutation in SHANK3, affected by severe global developmental delay and intellectual disability. By analyzing the subcellular distribution of this truncated form of Shank3, we identified a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the N-terminal part of the protein which is responsible for targeting Shank3 fragments to the nucleus. To determine the relevance of Shank3 for nuclear signaling, we analyze how it affects signaling by β-catenin, a component of the Wnt pathway. We show that full length as well as truncated variants of Shank3 interact with β-catenin via the PDZ domain of Shank3, and the armadillo repeats of β-catenin. As a result of this interaction, truncated forms of Shank3 and β-catenin strictly co-localize in small intra-nuclear bodies both in 293T cells and in rat hippocampal neurons. On a functional level, the sequestration of both proteins in these nuclear bodies is associated with a strongly repressed transcriptional activation by β-catenin owing to interaction with the truncated Shank3 fragment found in patients. Our data suggest that truncating mutations in SHANK3 may not only lead to a reduction in Shank3 protein available at postsynaptic sites but also negatively affect the Wnt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hassani Nia
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Woike
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Kloth
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fanny Kortüm
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Kreienkamp
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yoo T, Cho H, Park H, Lee J, Kim E. Shank3 Exons 14-16 Deletion in Glutamatergic Neurons Leads to Social and Repetitive Behavioral Deficits Associated With Increased Cortical Layer 2/3 Neuronal Excitability. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:458. [PMID: 31649512 PMCID: PMC6795689 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank3, an abundant excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein, has been associated with multiple brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). However, how cell type-specific Shank3 deletion affects disease-related neuronal and brain functions remains largely unclear. Here, we investigated the impacts of Shank3 deletion in glutamatergic neurons on synaptic and behavioral phenotypes in mice and compared results with those previously obtained from mice with global Shank3 mutation and GABAergic neuron-specific Shank3 mutation. Neuronal excitability was abnormally increased in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mice with a glutamatergic Shank3 deletion, similar to results obtained in mice with a global Shank3 deletion. In addition, excitatory synaptic transmission was abnormally increased in layer 2/3 neurons in mice with a global, but not a glutamatergic, Shank3 deletion, suggesting that Shank3 in glutamatergic neurons are important for the increased neuronal excitability, but not for the increased excitatory synaptic transmission. Neither excitatory nor inhibitory synaptic transmission was altered in the dorsal striatum of Shank3-deficient glutamatergic neurons, a finding that contrasts with the decreased excitatory synaptic transmission in global and Shank3-deficient GABAergic neurons. Behaviorally, glutamatergic Shank3-deficient mice displayed abnormally increased direct social interaction and repetitive self-grooming, similar to global and GABAergic Shank3-deficient mice. These results suggest that glutamatergic and GABAergic Shank3 deletions lead to distinct synaptic and neuronal changes in cortical layer 2/3 and dorsal striatal neurons, but cause similar social and repetitive behavioral abnormalities likely through distinct mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taesun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Heejin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Haram Park
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiseok Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jin C, Kang HR, Kang H, Zhang Y, Lee Y, Kim Y, Han K. Unexpected Compensatory Increase in Shank3 Transcripts in Shank3 Knock-Out Mice Having Partial Deletions of Exons. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:228. [PMID: 31607862 PMCID: PMC6761322 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants of the SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (SHANK3) gene, which encodes excitatory postsynaptic core scaffolds cause numerous brain disorders. Several lines of Shank3 knock-out (KO) mice with deletions of different Shank3 exons have previously been generated and characterized. The different Shank3 KO mouse lines have both common and line-specific phenotypes. Shank3 isoform diversity is considered a mechanism underlying phenotypic heterogeneity, and compensatory changes through regulation of Shank3 expression may contribute to this heterogeneity. However, whether such compensatory changes occur in Shank3 KO mouse lines has not been investigated in detail. Using previously reported RNA-sequencing analyses, we identified an unexpected increase in Shank3 transcripts in two different Shank3 mutant mouse lines (Shank3B and Shank3ΔC) having partial deletions of Shank3 exons. We validated an increase in Shank3 transcripts in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum, but not in the cerebellum, of Shank3B heterozygous (HET) and KO mice, using qRT-PCR analyses. In particular, expression of the N-terminal exons 1–12, but not the more C-terminal exons 19–22, was observed to increase in Shank3B mice with deletion of exons 13–16. This suggests a selective compensatory activation of upstream Shank3 promoters. Furthermore, using domain-specific Shank3 antibodies, we confirmed that the increased Shank3 transcripts in Shank3B KO mice produced a small Shank3 isoform that was not detected in wild-type mice. Taken together, our results illustrate another layer of complexity in the regulation of Shank3 expression in the brain, which may also contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of different Shank3 KO mouse lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyae Rim Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yinhua Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeunkum Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kihoon Han
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Samogy-Costa CI, Varella-Branco E, Monfardini F, Ferraz H, Fock RA, Barbosa RHA, Pessoa ALS, Perez ABA, Lourenço N, Vibranovski M, Krepischi A, Rosenberg C, Passos-Bueno MR. A Brazilian cohort of individuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome: genotype-phenotype correlation and identification of an atypical case. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:13. [PMID: 31319798 PMCID: PMC6637483 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and mild dysmorphisms associated with several comorbidities caused by SHANK3 loss-of-function mutations. Although SHANK3 haploinsufficiency has been associated with the major neurological symptoms of PMS, it cannot explain the clinical variability seen among individuals. Our goals were to characterize a Brazilian cohort of PMS individuals, explore the genotype-phenotype correlation underlying this syndrome, and describe an atypical individual with mild phenotype. Methodology A total of 34 PMS individuals were clinically and genetically evaluated. Data were obtained by a questionnaire answered by parents, and dysmorphic features were assessed via photographic evaluation. We analyzed 22q13.3 deletions and other potentially pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) and also performed genotype-phenotype correlation analysis to determine whether comorbidities, speech status, and ASD correlate to deletion size. Finally, a Brazilian cohort of 829 ASD individuals and another independent cohort of 2297 ID individuals was used to determine the frequency of PMS in these disorders. Results Our data showed that 21% (6/29) of the PMS individuals presented an additional rare CNV, which may contribute to clinical variability in PMS. Increased pain tolerance (80%), hypotonia (85%), and sparse eyebrows (80%) were prominent clinical features. An atypical case diagnosed with PMS at 18 years old and IQ within the normal range is here described. Among Brazilian ASD or ID individuals referred to CNV analyses, the frequency of 22q13.3 deletion was 0.6% (5/829) and 0.61% (15/2297), respectively. Finally, renal abnormalities, lymphedema, and language impairment were found to be positively associated with deletion sizes, and the minimum deletion to cause these abnormalities is here suggested. Conclusions This is the first work describing a cohort of Brazilian individuals with PMS. Our results confirm the impact of 22q13 deletions on ASD and several comorbidities, such as hypotonia. The estimation of a minimal deletion size for developing lymphedema and renal problem can assist prediction of prognosis in PMS individuals, particularly those diagnosed in early infancy. We also identified one atypical individual carrying SHANK3 deletion, suggesting that resilience to such mutations occurs. This case expands the clinical spectrum of variability in PMS and opens perspectives to identify protective mechanisms that can minimize the severity of this condition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s11689-019-9273-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ismania Samogy-Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco (CEGH-CEL), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Varella-Branco
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco (CEGH-CEL), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Monfardini
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco (CEGH-CEL), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helen Ferraz
- Programa de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ambrósio Fock
- Centro de Genética Médica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André Luiz Santos Pessoa
- Ambulatório de Neurogenética, Hospital Albert Sabin, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, UECE, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Naila Lourenço
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco (CEGH-CEL), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Vibranovski
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco (CEGH-CEL), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Krepischi
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco (CEGH-CEL), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco (CEGH-CEL), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco (CEGH-CEL), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Parra-Damas A, Saura CA. Synapse-to-Nucleus Signaling in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:87-96. [PMID: 30846302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Synapse-to-nucleus signaling is critical for converting signals received at synapses into transcriptional programs essential for cognition, memory, and emotion. This neuronal mechanism usually involves activity-dependent translocation of synaptonuclear factors from synapses to the nucleus resulting in regulation of transcriptional programs underlying synaptic plasticity. Acting as synapse-to-nucleus messengers, amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain associated-1 protein, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator-1, Jacob, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, RING finger protein 10, and SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 play essential roles in synapse remodeling and plasticity, which are considered the cellular basis of memory. Other synaptic proteins, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma, and CREB2, translocate from dendrites or cytosol to the nucleus upon synaptic activity, suggesting that they could contribute to synapse-to-nucleus signaling. Notably, some synaptonuclear factors converge on the transcription factor CREB, indicating that CREB signaling is a key hub mediating integration of synaptic signals into transcriptional programs required for neuronal function and plasticity. Although major efforts have been focused on identification and regulatory mechanisms of synaptonuclear factors, the relevance of synapse-to-nucleus communication in brain physiology and pathology is still unclear. Recent evidence, however, indicates that synaptonuclear factors are implicated in neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting that uncoupling synaptic activity from nuclear signaling may prompt synapse pathology, contributing to a broad spectrum of brain disorders. This review summarizes current knowledge of synapse-to-nucleus signaling in neuron survival, synaptic function and plasticity, and memory. Finally, we discuss how altered synapse-to-nucleus signaling may lead to memory and emotional disturbances, which is relevant for clinical and therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Parra-Damas
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos A Saura
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yoo YE, Yoo T, Lee S, Lee J, Kim D, Han HM, Bae YC, Kim E. Shank3 Mice Carrying the Human Q321R Mutation Display Enhanced Self-Grooming, Abnormal Electroencephalogram Patterns, and Suppressed Neuronal Excitability and Seizure Susceptibility. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:155. [PMID: 31275112 PMCID: PMC6591539 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank3, a postsynaptic scaffolding protein involved in regulating excitatory synapse assembly and function, has been implicated in several brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Phelan-McDermid syndrome, schizophrenia, intellectual disability, and mania. Here we generated and characterized a Shank3 knock-in mouse line carrying the Q321R mutation (Shank3 Q321R mice) identified in a human individual with ASD that affects the ankyrin repeat region (ARR) domain of the Shank3 protein. Homozygous Shank3 Q321R/Q321R mice show a selective decrease in the level of Shank3a, an ARR-containing protein variant, but not other variants. CA1 pyramidal neurons in the Shank3 Q321R/Q321R hippocampus show decreased neuronal excitability but normal excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Behaviorally, Shank3 Q321R/Q321R mice show moderately enhanced self-grooming and anxiolytic-like behavior, but normal locomotion, social interaction, and object recognition and contextual fear memory. In addition, these mice show abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns and decreased susceptibility to induced seizures. These results indicate that the Q321R mutation alters Shank3 protein stability, neuronal excitability, repetitive and anxiety-like behavior, EEG patterns, and seizure susceptibility in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Taesun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seungjoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiseok Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Doyoun Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Min Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ingiosi AM, Schoch H, Wintler T, Singletary KG, Righelli D, Roser LG, Medina E, Risso D, Frank MG, Peixoto L. Shank3 modulates sleep and expression of circadian transcription factors. eLife 2019; 8:e42819. [PMID: 30973326 PMCID: PMC6488297 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in the United States and often co-presents with sleep problems. Sleep problems in ASD predict the severity of ASD core diagnostic symptoms and have a considerable impact on the quality of life of caregivers. Little is known, however, about the underlying molecular mechanisms of sleep problems in ASD. We investigated the role of Shank3, a high confidence ASD gene candidate, in sleep architecture and regulation. We show that mice lacking exon 21 of Shank3 have problems falling asleep even when sleepy. Using RNA-seq we show that sleep deprivation increases the differences in prefrontal cortex gene expression between mutants and wild types, downregulating circadian transcription factors Per3, Bhlhe41, Hlf, Tef, and Nr1d1. Shank3 mutants also have trouble regulating wheel-running activity in constant darkness. Overall, our study shows that Shank3 is an important modulator of sleep and clock gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Ingiosi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Hannah Schoch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Taylor Wintler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Kristan G Singletary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Dario Righelli
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo “M. Picone”Consiglio Nazionale della RicercheNapoliItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze Aziendali Management & Innovation SystemsUniversity of FuscianoFiscianoItaly
| | - Leandro G Roser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Elizabeth Medina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Davide Risso
- Department of Statistical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and ResearchWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Marcos G Frank
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gouder L, Vitrac A, Goubran-Botros H, Danckaert A, Tinevez JY, André-Leroux G, Atanasova E, Lemière N, Biton A, Leblond CS, Poulet A, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Benchoua A, Delorme R, Bourgeron T, Cloëz-Tayarani I. Altered spinogenesis in iPSC-derived cortical neurons from patients with autism carrying de novo SHANK3 mutations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:94. [PMID: 30643170 PMCID: PMC6331634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The synaptic protein SHANK3 encodes a multidomain scaffold protein expressed at the postsynaptic density of neuronal excitatory synapses. We previously identified de novo SHANK3 mutations in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and showed that SHANK3 represents one of the major genes for ASD. Here, we analyzed the pyramidal cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from four patients with ASD carrying SHANK3 de novo truncating mutations. At 40-45 days after the differentiation of neural stem cells, dendritic spines from pyramidal neurons presented variable morphologies: filopodia, thin, stubby and muschroom, as measured in 3D using GFP labeling and immunofluorescence. As compared to three controls, we observed a significant decrease in SHANK3 mRNA levels (less than 50% of controls) in correlation with a significant reduction in dendritic spine densities and whole spine and spine head volumes. These results, obtained through the analysis of de novo SHANK3 mutations in the patients' genomic background, provide further support for the presence of synaptic abnormalities in a subset of patients with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gouder
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Aline Vitrac
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Hany Goubran-Botros
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Ekaterina Atanasova
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lemière
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Anne Biton
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Claire S Leblond
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | | | - Richard Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cloëz-Tayarani
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR 3571 « Genes, Synapses and Cognition », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li Y, Jia X, Wu H, Xun G, Ou J, Zhang Q, Li H, Bai T, Hu Z, Zou X, Xia K, Guo H. Genotype and phenotype correlations for SHANK3 de novo mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2668-2676. [PMID: 30537371 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SHANK3 has been identified as the causative gene of 22q13.3 microdeletion syndrome phenotype. De novo mutations (DNMs) of SHANK3 were subsequently identified in patients with several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), schizophrenia (SCZ), a Rett syndrome-like phenotype, and intellectual disability (ID). Although broad developmental phenotypes of these patients have been described in single studies, few studies have reviewed the genotype and phenotype relationships using a relatively large cohort of patients with SHANK3 DNMs. In this study, we identified a de novo splice mutation (NM_033517.1: c.2265+1G>A) that functionally impairs mRNA splicing, produces multiple splice variants, and results in the reduction of the amounts of mRNA. To analyze the genotype and phenotype correlations for SHANK3 DNMs, we reviewed 37 previously published patients with 28 SHANK3 DNMs. Our results revealed that haploinsufficiency of SHANK3 causes a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes with impaired social interaction, repetitive behavior, speech impairment, ID, and regression as the most common observations. Seizures, hypotonia, global development delay, dysmorphic features, and several other features also occurred recurrently. Specific phenotypes are also observed in certain genotypes. Our study provides the frequency of the heterogeneous co-occurring conditions caused by SHANK3 DNMs, which will be beneficial for diagnosis and clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangbin Jia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huidan Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guanglei Xun
- Mental Health Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Ou
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiumeng Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Child Healthcare Department, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Bai
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaobing Zou
- Child Healthcare Department, The Third affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yoo T, Cho H, Lee J, Park H, Yoo YE, Yang E, Kim JY, Kim H, Kim E. GABA Neuronal Deletion of Shank3 Exons 14-16 in Mice Suppresses Striatal Excitatory Synaptic Input and Induces Social and Locomotor Abnormalities. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:341. [PMID: 30356810 PMCID: PMC6189516 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank3 is an excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein implicated in multiple brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). Although previous neurobiological studies on Shank3 and Shank3-mutant mice have revealed diverse roles of Shank3 in the regulation of synaptic, neuronal and brain functions, whether Shank3 expression in specific cell types distinctly contributes to mouse phenotypes remains largely unclear. In the present study, we generated two Shank3-mutant mouse lines (exons 14–16) carrying global and GABA neuron-specific deletions and characterized their electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes. These mouse lines show similar decreases in excitatory synaptic input onto dorsolateral striatal neurons. In addition, the abnormal social and locomotor behaviors observed in global Shank3-mutant mice are strongly mimicked by GABA neuron-specific Shank3-mutant mice, whereas the repetitive and anxiety-like behaviors are only partially mimicked. These results suggest that GABAergic Shank3 (exons 14–16) deletion has strong influences on striatal excitatory synaptic transmission and social and locomotor behaviors in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taesun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Heejin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiseok Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Haram Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicie, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Yong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicie, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicie, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Soler J, Fañanás L, Parellada M, Krebs MO, Rouleau GA, Fatjó-Vilas M. Genetic variability in scaffolding proteins and risk for schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:223-244. [PMID: 29947605 PMCID: PMC6019351 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding proteins represent an evolutionary solution to controlling the specificity of information transfer in intracellular networks. They are highly concentrated in complexes located in specific subcellular locations. One of these complexes is the postsynaptic density of the excitatory synapses. There, scaffolding proteins regulate various processes related to synaptic plasticity, such as glutamate receptor trafficking and signalling, and dendritic structure and function. Most scaffolding proteins can be grouped into 4 main families: discs large (DLG), discs-large-associated protein (DLGAP), Shank and Homer. Owing to the importance of scaffolding proteins in postsynaptic density architecture, it is not surprising that variants in the genes that code for these proteins have been associated with neuropsychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders. Such evidence, together with the clinical, neurobiological and genetic overlap described between schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders, suggest that alteration of scaffolding protein dynamics could be part of the pathophysiology of both. However, despite the potential importance of scaffolding proteins in these psychiatric conditions, no systematic review has integrated the genetic and molecular data from studies conducted in the last decade. This review has the following goals: to systematically analyze the literature in which common and/or rare genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, single nucleotide variants and copy number variants) in the scaffolding family genes are associated with the risk for either schizophrenia or autism-spectrum disorders; to explore the implications of the reported genetic variants for gene expression and/or protein function; and to discuss the relationship of these genetic variants to the shared genetic, clinical and cognitive traits of schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Soler
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mara Parellada
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang X, Kery R, Xiong Q. Synaptopathology in autism spectrum disorders: Complex effects of synaptic genes on neural circuits. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:398-415. [PMID: 28986278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel Kery
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Qiaojie Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
De Rubeis S, Siper PM, Durkin A, Weissman J, Muratet F, Halpern D, Trelles MDP, Frank Y, Lozano R, Wang AT, Holder JL, Betancur C, Buxbaum JD, Kolevzon A. Delineation of the genetic and clinical spectrum of Phelan-McDermid syndrome caused by SHANK3 point mutations. Mol Autism 2018; 9:31. [PMID: 29719671 PMCID: PMC5921983 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by psychiatric and neurological features. Most reported cases are caused by 22q13.3 deletions, leading to SHANK3 haploinsufficiency, but also usually encompassing many other genes. While the number of point mutations identified in SHANK3 has increased in recent years due to large-scale sequencing studies, systematic studies describing the phenotype of individuals harboring such mutations are lacking. Methods We provide detailed clinical and genetic data on 17 individuals carrying mutations in SHANK3. We also review 60 previously reported patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic SHANK3 variants, often lacking detailed phenotypic information. Results SHANK3 mutations in our cohort and in previously reported cases were distributed throughout the protein; the majority were truncating and all were compatible with de novo inheritance. Despite substantial allelic heterogeneity, four variants were recurrent (p.Leu1142Valfs*153, p.Ala1227Glyfs*69, p.Arg1255Leufs*25, and c.2265+1G>A), suggesting that these are hotspots for de novo mutations. All individuals studied had intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder was prevalent (73%). Severe speech deficits were common, but in contrast to individuals with 22q13.3 deletions, the majority developed single words, including 41% with at least phrase speech. Other common findings were consistent with reports among individuals with 22q13.3 deletions, including hypotonia, motor skill deficits, regression, seizures, brain abnormalities, mild dysmorphic features, and feeding and gastrointestinal problems. Conclusions Haploinsufficiency of SHANK3 resulting from point mutations is sufficient to cause a broad range of features associated with PMS. Our findings expand the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of PMS caused by SHANK3 point mutations and suggest that, in general, speech impairment and motor deficits are more severe in the case of deletions. In contrast, renal abnormalities associated with 22q13.3 deletions do not appear to be related to the loss of SHANK3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Paige M. Siper
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Allison Durkin
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jordana Weissman
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - François Muratet
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Danielle Halpern
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Maria del Pilar Trelles
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Yitzchak Frank
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Reymundo Lozano
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - A. Ting Wang
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - J. Lloyd Holder
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Catalina Betancur
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joseph D. Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhu W, Li J, Chen S, Zhang J, Vetrini F, Braxton A, Eng CM, Yang Y, Xia F, Keller KL, Okinaka-Hu L, Lee C, Holder JL, Bi W. Two de novo novel mutations in one SHANK3 allele in a patient with autism and moderate intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:973-979. [PMID: 29423971 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SHANK3 encodes for a scaffolding protein that links neurotransmitter receptors to the cytoskeleton and is enriched in postsynaptic densities of excitatory synapses. Deletions or mutations in one copy of the SHANK3 gene cause Phelan-McDermid syndrome, also called 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder with common features including global developmental delay, absent to severely impaired language, autistic behavior, and minor dysmorphic features. By whole exome sequencing, we identified two de novo novel variants including one frameshift pathogenic variant and one missense variant of unknown significance in a 14-year-old boy with delayed motor milestones, delayed language acquisition, autism, intellectual disability, ataxia, progressively worsening spasticity of the lower extremities, dysmorphic features, short stature, microcephaly, failure to thrive, chronic constipation, intrauterine growth restriction, and bilateral inguinal hernias. Both changes are within the CpG island in exon 21, separated by a 375 bp sequence. Next generation sequencing of PCR products revealed that the two variants are most frequently associated with each other. Sanger sequencing of the cloned PCR products further confirmed that both changes were on a single allele. The clinical presentation in this individual is consistent with other patients with a truncating mutation in exon 21, suggesting that the missense change contributes none or minimally to the phenotypes. This is the first report of two de novo mutations in one SHANK3 allele.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenmiao Zhu
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianli Li
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas
| | - Stella Chen
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Christine M Eng
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yaping Yang
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Fan Xia
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kory L Keller
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Leila Okinaka-Hu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Chung Lee
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - J Lloyd Holder
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Weimin Bi
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Poston RG, Dunn CJ, Sarkar P, Saha RN. Persistent 6-OH-BDE-47 exposure impairs functional neuronal maturation and alters expression of neurodevelopmentally-relevant chromatin remodelers. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvx020. [PMID: 29765770 PMCID: PMC5941167 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a pervasive class of brominated flame retardants that are present in the environment at particularly high levels, especially in the United States. Their environmental stability, propensity for bioaccumulation, and known potential for neurotoxicity has evoked interest regarding their effects on the developing nervous system. Exposure to PBDEs has been strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the details of their mechanistic roles in such disorders are incompletely understood. Here, we report the effects of one of the most prevalent congeners, BDE-47, and its hydroxylated metabolites on the maturation and function of embryonic rat cortical neurons. Prolonged exposure to 6OH-BDE-47 produces the strongest effects amongst the parent BDE-47 congener and its tested hydroxylated metabolites. These effects include: i) disruption of transcriptional responses to neuronal activity, ii) dysregulation of multiple genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, and intriguingly, iii) altered expression of several subunits of the developmentally-relevant BAF (Brg1-associated factors) chromatin remodeling complex, including the key subunit BAF170. Taken together, our data indicate that persistent exposure to 6OH-BDE-47 may interfere with neurodevelopmental chromatin remodeling mechanisms and gene transcription programs, which in turn are likely to interfere with downstream processes such as synapse development and overall functional maturity of neurons. Results from this study have identified a novel aspect of 6OH-BDE-47 toxicity and open new avenues to explore the effects of a ubiquitous environmental toxin on epigenetic regulation of neuronal maturation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Poston
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Carissa J Dunn
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Pushpita Sarkar
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Ramendra N Saha
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Reierson G, Bernstein J, Froehlich-Santino W, Urban A, Purmann C, Berquist S, Jordan J, O’Hara R, Hallmayer J. Characterizing regression in Phelan McDermid Syndrome (22q13 deletion syndrome). J Psychiatr Res 2017; 91:139-144. [PMID: 28346892 PMCID: PMC5469716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the frequency and characteristics of developmental regression in a sample of 50 patients with Phelan McDermid Syndrome (PMS) and investigate the possibility of association between regression, epilepsy, and electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities and deletion size. METHODS The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) was used to evaluate regression in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PMS. Information on seizure history and EEGs was obtained from medical record review. Deletion size was determined by DNA microarray. RESULTS A history of regression at any age was present in 43% of all patients. Among those exhibiting regression, 67% had onset after the age of 30 months, affecting primarily motor and self-help skills. In 63% of all patients there was a history of seizures and a history of abnormal EEG was also present in 71%. No significant associations were found between regression and seizures or EEG abnormalities. Deletion size was significantly associated with EEG abnormalities, but not with regression or seizures. CONCLUSION This study found a high rate of regression in PMS. In contrast to regression in autism, that often occurs earlier in development and affects language and social skills, we found regression in PMS most frequently has an onset in mid-childhood, affecting motor and self-help skills. We also found high rates of seizures and abnormal EEGs in patients with PMS. However, a history of abnormal EEG and seizures was not associated with an increased risk of regression. Larger deletion sizes were found to be significantly associated with a history of abnormal EEG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Reierson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan Bernstein
- Lucille Packard Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Wendy Froehlich-Santino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Alexander Urban
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Carolin Purmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Sean Berquist
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Josh Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Ruth O’Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dhamne SC, Silverman JL, Super CE, Lammers SHT, Hameed MQ, Modi ME, Copping NA, Pride MC, Smith DG, Rotenberg A, Crawley JN, Sahin M. Replicable in vivo physiological and behavioral phenotypes of the Shank3B null mutant mouse model of autism. Mol Autism 2017. [PMID: 28638591 PMCID: PMC5472997 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous condition characterized by social, repetitive, and sensory behavioral abnormalities. No treatments are approved for the core diagnostic symptoms of ASD. To enable the earliest stages of therapeutic discovery and development for ASD, robust and reproducible behavioral phenotypes and biological markers are essential to establish in preclinical animal models. The goal of this study was to identify electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral phenotypes that are replicable between independent cohorts in a mouse model of ASD. The larger goal of our strategy is to empower the preclinical biomedical ASD research field by generating robust and reproducible behavioral and physiological phenotypes in animal models of ASD, for the characterization of mechanistic underpinnings of ASD-relevant phenotypes, and to ensure reliability for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Genetic disruption of the SHANK3 gene, a scaffolding protein involved in the stability of the postsynaptic density in excitatory synapses, is thought to be responsible for a relatively large number of cases of ASD. Therefore, we have thoroughly characterized the robustness of ASD-relevant behavioral phenotypes in two cohorts, and for the first time quantified translational EEG activity in Shank3B null mutant mice. METHODS In vivo physiology and behavioral assays were conducted in two independently bred and tested full cohorts of Shank3B null mutant (Shank3B KO) and wildtype littermate control (WT) mice. EEG was recorded via wireless implanted telemeters for 7 days of baseline followed by 20 min of recording following pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) challenge. Behaviors relevant to the diagnostic and associated symptoms of ASD were tested on a battery of established behavioral tests. Assays were designed to reproduce and expand on the original behavioral characterization of Shank3B KO mice. Two or more corroborative tests were conducted within each behavioral domain, including social, repetitive, cognitive, anxiety-related, sensory, and motor categories of assays. RESULTS Relative to WT mice, Shank3B KO mice displayed a dramatic resistance to PTZ seizure induction and an enhancement of gamma band oscillatory EEG activity indicative of enhanced inhibitory tone. These findings replicated in two separate cohorts. Behaviorally, Shank3B KO mice exhibited repetitive grooming, deficits in aspects of reciprocal social interactions and vocalizations, and reduced open field activity, as well as variable deficits in sensory responses, anxiety-related behaviors, learning and memory. CONCLUSIONS Robust animal models and quantitative, replicable biomarkers of neural dysfunction are needed to decrease risk and enable successful drug discovery and development for ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Complementary to the replicated behavioral phenotypes of the Shank3B mutant mouse is the new identification of a robust, translational in vivo neurophysiological phenotype. Our findings provide strong evidence for robustness and replicability of key translational phenotypes in Shank3B mutant mice and support the usefulness of this mouse model of ASD for therapeutic discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer C Dhamne
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jill L Silverman
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA
| | - Chloe E Super
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Stephen H T Lammers
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Mustafa Q Hameed
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Meera E Modi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Nycole A Copping
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA
| | - Michael C Pride
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA
| | - Daniel G Smith
- Autism Speaks, Inc., Boston, MA USA.,Present address: BlackThorn Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cheng N, Alshammari F, Hughes E, Khanbabaei M, Rho JM. Dendritic overgrowth and elevated ERK signaling during neonatal development in a mouse model of autism. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179409. [PMID: 28609458 PMCID: PMC5469475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (hereafter referred to as “ASD”) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired social communication and interactions, and restricted, repetitive activities or interests. Alterations in network connectivity and memory function are frequently observed in autism patients, often involving the hippocampus. However, specific changes during early brain development leading to disrupted functioning remain largely unclear. Here, we investigated the development of dendritic arbor of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in the BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) mouse model of autism. BTBR mice display the defining behavioural features of autism, and also exhibit impaired learning and memory. We found that compared to control C57BL/6J (B6) animals, the lengths of both apical and basal dendrites were significantly greater in neonatal BTBR animals. Further, basal dendrites in the BTBR mice had higher branching complexity. In contrast, cross-sectional area of the soma was unchanged. In addition, we observed a similar density of CA1 pyramidal neurons and thickness of the neuronal layer between the two strains. Thus, there was a specific, compartmentalized overgrowth of dendrites during early development in the BTBR animals. Biochemical analysis further showed that the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway was up-regulated in the hippocampus of neonatal BTBR animals. Since dendritic structure is critical for information integration and relay, our data suggest that altered development of dendrites could potentially contribute to impaired hippocampal function and behavior observed in the BTBR model, and that this might be related to increased activation of the ERK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cheng
- Developmental Neurosciences Research Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Fawaz Alshammari
- O’Brien Centre for the Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hughes
- Developmental Neurosciences Research Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maryam Khanbabaei
- Developmental Neurosciences Research Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jong M. Rho
- Departments of Pediatrics, Clinical Neurosciences, Physiology & Pharmacology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pfaender S, Sauer AK, Hagmeyer S, Mangus K, Linta L, Liebau S, Bockmann J, Huguet G, Bourgeron T, Boeckers TM, Grabrucker AM. Zinc deficiency and low enterocyte zinc transporter expression in human patients with autism related mutations in SHANK3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45190. [PMID: 28345660 PMCID: PMC5366950 DOI: 10.1038/srep45190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phelan McDermid Syndrome (PMDS) is a genetic disorder characterized by features of Autism spectrum disorders. Similar to reports of Zn deficiency in autistic children, we have previously reported high incidence of Zn deficiency in PMDS. However, the underlying mechanisms are currently not well understood. Here, using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry to measure the concentration of Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) in hair samples from individuals with PMDS with 22q13.3 deletion including SHANK3 (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3), we report a high rate of abnormally low Zn/Cu ratios. To investigate possible underlying mechanisms, we generated enterocytes from PMDS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and used Caco-2 cells with knockdown of SHANK3. We detected decreased expression of Zn uptake transporters ZIP2 and ZIP4 on mRNA and protein level correlating with SHANK3 expression levels, and found reduced levels of ZIP4 protein co-localizing with SHANK3 at the plasma membrane. We demonstrated that especially ZIP4 exists in a complex with SHANK3. Furthermore, we performed immunohistochemistry on gut sections from Shank3αβ knockout mice and confirmed a link between enterocytic SHANK3, ZIP2 and ZIP4. We conclude that apart from its well-known role in the CNS, SHANK3 might play a specific role in the GI tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Pfaender
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ann Katrin Sauer
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Hagmeyer
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Mangus
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonhard Linta
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juergen Bockmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 75013 Paris, France
- FondaMental Foundation, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Grabrucker
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lin YC, Frei JA, Kilander MBC, Shen W, Blatt GJ. A Subset of Autism-Associated Genes Regulate the Structural Stability of Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:263. [PMID: 27909399 PMCID: PMC5112273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a range of neurological conditions that affect individuals’ ability to communicate and interact with others. People with ASD often exhibit marked qualitative difficulties in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Alterations in neurite arborization and dendritic spine morphology, including size, shape, and number, are hallmarks of almost all neurological conditions, including ASD. As experimental evidence emerges in recent years, it becomes clear that although there is broad heterogeneity of identified autism risk genes, many of them converge into similar cellular pathways, including those regulating neurite outgrowth, synapse formation and spine stability, and synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms together regulate the structural stability of neurons and are vulnerable targets in ASD. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of those autism risk genes that affect the structural connectivity of neurons. We sub-categorize them into (1) cytoskeletal regulators, e.g., motors and small RhoGTPase regulators; (2) adhesion molecules, e.g., cadherins, NCAM, and neurexin superfamily; (3) cell surface receptors, e.g., glutamatergic receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases; (4) signaling molecules, e.g., protein kinases and phosphatases; and (5) synaptic proteins, e.g., vesicle and scaffolding proteins. Although the roles of some of these genes in maintaining neuronal structural stability are well studied, how mutations contribute to the autism phenotype is still largely unknown. Investigating whether and how the neuronal structure and function are affected when these genes are mutated will provide insights toward developing effective interventions aimed at improving the lives of people with autism and their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lin
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jeannine A Frei
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Michaela B C Kilander
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Gene J Blatt
- Laboratory of Autism Neurocircuitry, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Detection of piRNAs in whitespotted bamboo shark liver. Gene 2016; 590:51-6. [PMID: 27267405 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are 26 to 31-nt small non-coding RNAs that have been reported mostly in germ-line cells and cancer cells. However, the presence of piRNAs in the whitespotted bamboo shark liver has not yet been reported. In a previous study of microRNAs in shark liver, some piRNAs were detected from small RNAs sequenced by Solexa technology. A total of 4857 piRNAs were predicted and found in shark liver. We further selected 17 piRNAs with high and significantly differential expression between normal and regenerative liver tissues for subsequent verification by Northern blotting. Ten piRNAs were further identified, and six of these were matched to known piRNAs in piRNABank. The actual expression of six known and four novel piRNAs was validated by qRT-PCR. In addition, a total of 401 target genes of the 10 piRNAs were predicted by miRanda. Through GO and pathway function analyses, only five piRNAs could be annotated with eighteen GO annotations. The results indicated that the identified piRNAs are involved in many important biological responses, including immune inflammation, cell-specific differentiation and development, and angiogenesis. This manuscript provides the first identification of piRNAs in the liver of whitespotted bamboo shark using Solexa technology as well as further elucidation of the regulatory role of piRNAs in whitespotted bamboo shark liver. These findings may provide a useful resource and may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies against liver damage.
Collapse
|
43
|
Vester A, Caudle WM. The Synapse as a Central Target for Neurodevelopmental Susceptibility to Pesticides. TOXICS 2016; 4:toxics4030018. [PMID: 29051423 PMCID: PMC5606656 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The developmental period of the nervous system is carefully orchestrated and highly vulnerable to alterations. One crucial factor of a properly-functioning nervous system is the synapse, as synaptic signaling is critical for the formation and maturation of neural circuits. Studies show that genetic and environmental impacts can affect diverse components of synaptic function. Importantly, synaptic dysfunction is known to be associated with neurologic and psychiatric disorders, as well as more subtle cognitive, psychomotor, and sensory defects. Given the importance of the synapse in numerous domains, we wanted to delineate the effects of pesticide exposure on synaptic function. In this review, we summarize current epidemiologic and molecular studies that demonstrate organochlorine, organophosphate, and pyrethroid pesticide exposures target the developing synapse. We postulate that the synapse plays a central role in synaptic vulnerability to pesticide exposure during neurodevelopment, and the synapse is a worthy candidate for investigating more subtle effects of chronic pesticide exposure in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Vester
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Holder JL, Quach MM. The spectrum of epilepsy and electroencephalographic abnormalities due to SHANK3 loss-of-function mutations. Epilepsia 2016; 57:1651-1659. [PMID: 27554343 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The coincidence of autism with epilepsy is 27% in those individuals with intellectual disability.1 Individuals with loss-of-function mutations in SHANK3 have intellectual disability, autism, and variably, epilepsy.2-5 The spectrum of seizure semiologies and electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities has never been investigated in detail. With the recent report that SHANK3 mutations are present in approximately 2% of individuals with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities and 1% of individuals with autism, determining the spectrum of seizure semiologies and electrographic abnormalities will be critical for medical practitioners to appropriately counsel the families of patients with SHANK3 mutations. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed of all individuals treated at the Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Child Neurology who have been identified as having either a chromosome 22q13 microdeletion encompassing SHANK3 or a loss-of-function mutation in SHANK3 identified through whole-exome sequencing. For each subject, the presence or absence of seizures, seizure semiology, frequency, age of onset, and efficacy of therapy were determined. Electroencephalography studies were reviewed by a board certified neurophysiologist. Neuroimaging was reviewed by both a board certified pediatric neuroradiologist and child neurologist. RESULTS There is a wide spectrum of seizure semiologies, frequencies, and severity in individuals with SHANK3 mutations. There are no specific EEG abnormalities found in our cohort, and EEG abnormalities were present in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy and those without history of a clinical seizure. SIGNIFICANCE All individuals with a mutation in SHANK3 should be evaluated for epilepsy due to the high prevalence of seizures in this population. The most common semiology is atypical absence seizure, which can be challenging to identify due to comorbid intellectual disability in individuals with SHANK3 mutations; however, no consistent seizure semiology, neuroimaging findings, or EEG findings were present in the majority of individuals with SHANK3 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lloyd Holder
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, U.S.A..
| | - Michael M Quach
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Torres EB, Nguyen J, Mistry S, Whyatt C, Kalampratsidou V, Kolevzon A. Characterization of the Statistical Signatures of Micro-Movements Underlying Natural Gait Patterns in Children with Phelan McDermid Syndrome: Towards Precision-Phenotyping of Behavior in ASD. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 10:22. [PMID: 27445720 PMCID: PMC4921802 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a critical need for precision phenotyping across neurodevelopmental disorders, especially in individuals who receive a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Phelan-McDermid deletion syndrome (PMS) is one such example, as it has a high penetrance of ASD. At present, no biometric characterization of the behavioral phenotype within PMS exists. Methods: We introduce a data-type and statistical framework that permits the personalized profiling of naturalistic behaviors. Walking patterns were assessed in 30 participants (16 PMS, 3 idiopathic-ASD and 11 age- and sex-matched controls). Each individual's micro-movement signatures were recorded at 240 Hz. We empirically estimated the parameters of the continuous Gamma family of probability distributions and calculated their ranges. These estimated stochastic signatures were then mapped on the Gamma plane to obtain several statistical indexes for each child. To help visualize complex patterns across the cohort, we introduce new tools that enable the assessment of connectivity and modularity indexes across the peripheral network of rotational joints. Results: Typical walking signatures are absent in all children with PMS as well as in the children with idiopathic-ASD (iASD). Underlying these patterns are atypical leg rotational acceleration signatures that render participants with PMS unstable with rotations that are much faster than controls. The median values of the estimated Gamma parameters serve as a cutoff to automatically separate children with PMS 5–7 years old from adolescents with PMS 12–16 years old, the former displaying more randomness and larger noise. The fluctuations in the arm's motions during the walking also have atypical statistics that separate males from females in PMS and show higher rates of noise accumulation in idiopathic ASD (iASD) children. Despite high heterogeneity, all iASD children have excess noise, a narrow range of probability-distribution shapes across the body joints and a distinct joint network connectivity pattern. Both PMS and iASD have systemic issues with noise in micro-motions across the body with specific signatures for each child that, as a cohort, selectively deviates from controls. Conclusions: We provide a new methodology for precision behavioral phenotyping with the potential to use micro-movement output noise as a natural classifier of neurodevelopmental disorders of known etiology. This approach may help us better understand idiopathic neurodevelopmental disorders and personalize the assessments of natural movements in these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Torres
- Department of Psychology, Computer Science, Rutgers Center for Cognitive Sciences and Computational Biomedicine Imaging and Modelling Center of Computer Science, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jillian Nguyen
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sejal Mistry
- Department of Mathematics, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Caroline Whyatt
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Vilelmini Kalampratsidou
- Department of Computer Science, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Psychiatry, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Crider A, Pillai A. The Neurobiological Basis for Social Affiliation in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2016; 3:154-164. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-016-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
47
|
Reim D, Weis TM, Halbedl S, Delling JP, Grabrucker AM, Boeckers TM, Schmeisser MJ. The Shank3 Interaction Partner ProSAPiP1 Regulates Postsynaptic SPAR Levels and the Maturation of Dendritic Spines in Hippocampal Neurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:13. [PMID: 27252646 PMCID: PMC4877498 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density or PSD is a submembranous compartment containing a wide array of proteins that contribute to both morphology and function of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. In this study, we have analyzed functional aspects of the Fezzin ProSAP-interacting protein 1 (ProSAPiP1), an interaction partner of the well-known PSD proteins Shank3 and SPAR. Using lentiviral-mediated overexpression and knockdown of ProSAPiP1, we found that this protein is dispensable for the formation of both pre- and postsynaptic specializations per se. We further show that ProSAPiP1 regulates SPAR levels at the PSD and the maturation of dendritic spines. In line with previous findings on the ProSAPiP1 homolog PSD-Zip70, we conclude that Fezzins essentially contribute to the maturation of excitatory spine synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Reim
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Weis
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Sonja Halbedl
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Delling
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Andreas M Grabrucker
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Heise C, Schroeder JC, Schoen M, Halbedl S, Reim D, Woelfle S, Kreutz MR, Schmeisser MJ, Boeckers TM. Selective Localization of Shanks to VGLUT1-Positive Excitatory Synapses in the Mouse Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:106. [PMID: 27199660 PMCID: PMC4844616 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Shank family of multidomain proteins (Shank1, Shank2, and Shank3) are core components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses. At synaptic sites Shanks serve as scaffolding molecules that cluster neurotransmitter receptors as well as cell adhesion molecules attaching them to the actin cytoskeleton. In this study we investigated the synapse specific localization of Shank1-3 and focused on well-defined synaptic contacts within the hippocampal formation. We found that all three family members are present only at VGLUT1-positive synapses, which is particularly visible at mossy fiber contacts. No costaining was found at VGLUT2-positive contacts indicating that the molecular organization of VGLUT2-associated PSDs diverges from classical VGLUT1-positive excitatory contacts in the hippocampus. In light of SHANK mutations in neuropsychiatric disorders, this study indicates which glutamatergic networks within the hippocampus will be primarily affected by shankopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Heise
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan C Schroeder
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schoen
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Sonja Halbedl
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominik Reim
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Woelfle
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Halbedl S, Schoen M, Feiler MS, Boeckers TM, Schmeisser MJ. Shank3 is localized in axons and presynaptic specializations of developing hippocampal neurons and involved in the modulation of NMDA receptor levels at axon terminals. J Neurochem 2016; 137:26-32. [PMID: 26725465 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autism-related Shank1, Shank2, and Shank3 are major postsynaptic scaffold proteins of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. A few studies, however, have already indicated that within a neuron, the presence of Shank family members is not limited to the postsynaptic density. By separating axons from dendrites of developing hippocampal neurons in microfluidic chambers, we show that RNA of all three Shank family members is present within axons. Immunostaining confirms these findings as all three Shanks are indeed found within separated axons and further co-localize with well-known proteins of the presynaptic specialization in axon terminals. Therefore, Shank proteins might not only serve as postsynaptic scaffold proteins, but also play a crucial role during axonal outgrowth and presynaptic development and function. This is supported by our findings that shRNA-mediated knockdown of Shank3 results in up-regulation of the NMDA receptor subunit GluN1 in axon terminals. Taken together, our findings will have major implications for the future analysis of neuronal Shank biology in both health and disease. Shank1, Shank2, and Shank3 are major postsynaptic scaffold proteins of excitatory glutamatergic synapses strongly related to several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, a few studies have already implicated a functional role of the Shanks beyond the postsynaptic density (PSD). We here show that all three Shanks are localized in both axons and pre-synaptic specializiations of developing hippocampal neurons in culture. We further provide evidence that Shank3 is involved in the modulation of NMDA receptor levels at axon terminals. Taken together, our study will open up novel avenues for the future analysis of neuronal Shank biology in both health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Halbedl
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schoen
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marisa S Feiler
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Harony-Nicolas H, De Rubeis S, Kolevzon A, Buxbaum JD. Phelan McDermid Syndrome: From Genetic Discoveries to Animal Models and Treatment. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1861-70. [PMID: 26350728 PMCID: PMC5321557 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815600872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome or 22q13.3 deletion syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by generalized developmental delay, intellectual disability, absent or delayed speech, seizures, autism spectrum disorder, neonatal hypotonia, physical dysmorphic features, and recurrent medical comorbidities. Individuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome have terminal deletions of the chromosomal region 22q13.3 encompassing SHANK3, a gene encoding a structural component of excitatory synapses indispensable for proper synaptogenesis and neuronal physiology, or point mutations within the gene. Here, we review the clinical aspects of the syndrome and the genetic findings shedding light onto the underlying etiology. We also provide an overview on the evidence from genetic studies and mouse models that supports SHANK3 haploinsufficiency as a major contributor of the neurobehavioral manifestations of Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Finally, we discuss how all these discoveries are uncovering the pathophysiology of Phelan-McDermid syndrome and are being translated into clinical trials for novel therapeutics ameliorating the core symptoms of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala Harony-Nicolas
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|