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Maggiore JC, LeGraw R, Przepiorski A, Velazquez J, Chaney C, Vanichapol T, Streeter E, Almuallim Z, Oda A, Chiba T, Silva-Barbosa A, Franks J, Hislop J, Hill A, Wu H, Pfister K, Howden SE, Watkins SC, Little MH, Humphreys BD, Kiani S, Watson A, Stolz DB, Davidson AJ, Carroll T, Cleaver O, Sims-Lucas S, Ebrahimkhani MR, Hukriede NA. A genetically inducible endothelial niche enables vascularization of human kidney organoids with multilineage maturation and emergence of renin expressing cells. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00407-1. [PMID: 38901605 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Vascularization plays a critical role in organ maturation and cell-type development. Drug discovery, organ mimicry, and ultimately transplantation hinge on achieving robust vascularization of in vitro engineered organs. Here, focusing on human kidney organoids, we overcame this hurdle by combining a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line containing an inducible ETS translocation variant 2 (ETV2) (a transcription factor playing a role in endothelial cell development) that directs endothelial differentiation in vitro, with a non-transgenic iPSC line in suspension organoid culture. The resulting human kidney organoids show extensive endothelialization with a cellular identity most closely related to human kidney endothelia. Endothelialized kidney organoids also show increased maturation of nephron structures, an associated fenestrated endothelium with de novo formation of glomerular and venous subtypes, and the emergence of drug-responsive renin expressing cells. The creation of an engineered vascular niche capable of improving kidney organoid maturation and cell type complexity is a significant step forward in the path to clinical translation. Thus, incorporation of an engineered endothelial niche into a previously published kidney organoid protocol allowed the orthogonal differentiation of endothelial and parenchymal cell types, demonstrating the potential for applicability to other basic and translational organoid studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Maggiore
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Integrative Organ Systems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan LeGraw
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aneta Przepiorski
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeremy Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Chaney
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thitinee Vanichapol
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evan Streeter
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Integrative Organ Systems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zainab Almuallim
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Integrative Organ Systems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akira Oda
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takuto Chiba
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne Silva-Barbosa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Franks
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua Hislop
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex Hill
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katherine Pfister
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samira Kiani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Carroll
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Integrative Organ Systems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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Cheng Y, Lu Z, Mao T, Song Y, Qu Y, Chen X, Chen K, Liu K, Zhang C. Magnoflorine Ameliorates Chronic Kidney Disease in High-Fat and High-Fructose-Fed Mice by Promoting Parkin/PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy to Inhibit NLRP3/Caspase-1-Mediated Pyroptosis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12775-12787. [PMID: 38776285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Excessive intake of fat and fructose in Western diets has been confirmed to induce renal lipotoxicity, thereby driving the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of magnoflorine in a CKD mouse model subjected to high-fat and high-fructose diets. Our results demonstrated that magnoflorine treatment ameliorated abnormal renal function indices (serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, and urine protein) in high-fat- and high-fructose-fed mice. Histologically, renal tubular cell steatosis, lipid deposition, tubular dilatation, and glomerular fibrosis were significantly reduced by the magnoflorine treatment in these mice. Mechanistically, magnoflorine promotes Parkin/PINK1-mediated mitophagy, thereby inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis. Consistent findings were observed in the palmitic acid-incubated HK-2 cell model. Notably, both silencing of Parkin and the use of a mitophagy inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of magnoflorine on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vitro. Therefore, the present study provides compelling evidence that magnoflorine improves renal injury in high-fat- and high-fructose-fed mice by promoting Parkin/PINK1-dependent mitophagy to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. Our findings suggest that dietary supplementation with magnoflorine and magnoflorine-rich foods (such as magnolia) might be an effective strategy for the prevention of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Department, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhengjie Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tongyun Mao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingying Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yaqin Qu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Kaiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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3
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Ko J, Hyung S, Cheong S, Chung Y, Li Jeon N. Revealing the clinical potential of high-resolution organoids. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115202. [PMID: 38336091 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The symbiotic interplay of organoid technology and advanced imaging strategies yields innovative breakthroughs in research and clinical applications. Organoids, intricate three-dimensional cell cultures derived from pluripotent or adult stem/progenitor cells, have emerged as potent tools for in vitro modeling, reflecting in vivo organs and advancing our grasp of tissue physiology and disease. Concurrently, advanced imaging technologies such as confocal, light-sheet, and two-photon microscopy ignite fresh explorations, uncovering rich organoid information. Combined with advanced imaging technologies and the power of artificial intelligence, organoids provide new insights that bridge experimental models and real-world clinical scenarios. This review explores exemplary research that embodies this technological synergy and how organoids reshape personalized medicine and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Ko
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Hyung
- Precision Medicine Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghun Cheong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojin Chung
- Division of Computer Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Qureator, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
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4
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Veloso Pereira BM, Zeng Y, Maggiore JC, Schweickart RA, Eng DG, Kaverina N, McKinzie SR, Chang A, Loretz CJ, Thieme K, Hukriede NA, Pippin JW, Wessely O, Shankland SJ. Podocyte injury at young age causes premature senescence and worsens glomerular aging. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F120-F134. [PMID: 37855038 PMCID: PMC11198990 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy continues to rise, age-related diseases are becoming more prevalent. For example, proteinuric glomerular diseases typified by podocyte injury have worse outcomes in the elderly compared with young patients. However, the reasons are not well understood. We hypothesized that injury to nonaged podocytes induces senescence, which in turn augments their aging processes. In primary cultured human podocytes, injury induced by a cytopathic antipodocyte antibody, adriamycin, or puromycin aminonucleoside increased the senescence-related genes CDKN2A (p16INK4a/p14ARF), CDKN2D (p19INK4d), and CDKN1A (p21). Podocyte injury in human kidney organoids was accompanied by increased expression of CDKN2A, CDKN2D, and CDKN1A. In young mice, experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) induced by adriamycin and antipodocyte antibody increased the glomerular expression of p16, p21, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal). To assess the long-term effects of early podocyte injury-induced senescence, we temporally followed young mice with experimental FSGS through adulthood (12 m of age) and middle age (18 m of age). p16 and Sudan black staining were higher at middle age in mice with earlier FSGS compared with age-matched mice that did not get FSGS when young. This was accompanied by lower podocyte density, reduced canonical podocyte protein expression, and increased glomerular scarring. These results are consistent with injury-induced senescence in young podocytes, leading to increased senescence of podocytes by middle age accompanied by lower podocyte lifespan and health span.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glomerular function is decreased by aging. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in age-related glomerular changes and which factors could contribute to a worse glomerular aging process. Here, we reported that podocyte injury in young mice and culture podocytes induced senescence, a marker of aging, and accelerates glomerular aging when compared with healthy aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Maria Veloso Pereira
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Joseph C Maggiore
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Natalya Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sierra R McKinzie
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Carol J Loretz
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Karina Thieme
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
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5
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Bejoy J, Farry JM, Qian ES, Dearing CH, Ware LB, Bastarache JA, Woodard LE. Ascorbate protects human kidney organoids from damage induced by cell-free hemoglobin. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050342. [PMID: 37942584 PMCID: PMC10695115 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) is released into the circulation of patients with severe sepsis and the levels of CFH are independently associated with mortality. CFH treatment increased cytotoxicity in the human tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. To better model the intact kidney, we cultured human kidney organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. We treated human kidney organoids grown using both three-dimensional and transwell protocols with CFH for 48 h. We found evidence for increased tubular toxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation, endothelial cell injury and injury-associated transcripts compared to those of the untreated control group. To evaluate the protective effect of clinically available small molecules, we co-treated CFH-injured organoids with ascorbate (vitamin C) or acetaminophen for 48 h. We found significantly decreased toxicity, preservation of endothelial cells and reduced mitochondrial fragmentation in the group receiving ascorbate following CFH treatment. This study provides direct evidence that ascorbate or ascorbic acid protects human kidney cells from CFH-induced damage such as that in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Justin M. Farry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eddie S. Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Curtis H. Dearing
- Vanderbilt Experimental Research Training Inclusion Community Engagement Skills (VERTICES) program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lorraine B. Ware
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julie A. Bastarache
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Lauren E. Woodard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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6
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Tabibzadeh N, Satlin LM, Jain S, Morizane R. Navigating the kidney organoid: insights into assessment and enhancement of nephron function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F695-F706. [PMID: 37767571 PMCID: PMC10878724 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00166.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids are three-dimensional structures generated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that are capable of recapitulating the major structures of mammalian kidneys. As this technology is expected to be a promising tool for studying renal biology, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine, the functional capacity of kidney organoids has emerged as a critical question in the field. Kidney organoids produced using several protocols harbor key structures of native kidneys. Here, we review the current state, recent advances, and future challenges in the functional characterization of kidney organoids, strategies to accelerate and enhance kidney organoid functions, and access to PSC resources to advance organoid research. The strategies to construct physiologically relevant kidney organoids include the use of organ-on-a-chip technologies that integrate fluid circulation and improve organoid maturation. These approaches result in increased expression of the major tubular transporters and elements of mechanosensory signaling pathways suggestive of improved functionality. Nevertheless, continuous efforts remain crucial to create kidney tissue that more faithfully replicates physiological conditions for future applications in kidney regeneration medicine and their ethical use in patient care.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Kidney organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells, mimicking the major components of mammalian kidneys. Although they show great promise, their functional capacity has become a critical question. This review explores the advancements and challenges in evaluating and enhancing kidney organoid function, including the use of organ-on-chip technologies, multiomics data, and in vivo transplantation. Integrating these approaches to further enhance their physiological relevance will continue to advance disease modeling and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tabibzadeh
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lisa M Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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7
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Montes-Olivas S, Legge D, Lund A, Fletcher AG, Williams AC, Marucci L, Homer M. In-silico and in-vitro morphometric analysis of intestinal organoids. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011386. [PMID: 37578984 PMCID: PMC10473498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids offer a powerful model to study cellular self-organisation, the growth of specific tissue morphologies in-vitro, and to assess potential medical therapies. However, the intrinsic mechanisms of these systems are not entirely understood yet, which can result in variability of organoids due to differences in culture conditions and basement membrane extracts used. Improving the standardisation of organoid cultures is essential for their implementation in clinical protocols. Developing tools to assess and predict the behaviour of these systems may produce a more robust and standardised biological model to perform accurate clinical studies. Here, we developed an algorithm to automate crypt-like structure counting on intestinal organoids in both in-vitro and in-silico images. In addition, we modified an existing two-dimensional agent-based mathematical model of intestinal organoids to better describe the system physiology, and evaluated its ability to replicate budding structures compared to new experimental data we generated. The crypt-counting algorithm proved useful in approximating the average number of budding structures found in our in-vitro intestinal organoid culture images on days 3 and 7 after seeding. Our changes to the in-silico model maintain the potential to produce simulations that replicate the number of budding structures found on days 5 and 7 of in-vitro data. The present study aims to aid in quantifying key morphological structures and provide a method to compare both in-vitro and in-silico experiments. Our results could be extended later to 3D in-silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Montes-Olivas
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Danny Legge
- Colorectal Tumour Biology Group, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abbie Lund
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ann C. Williams
- Colorectal Tumour Biology Group, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Marucci
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Homer
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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8
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Kaverina N, Schweickart RA, Chan GC, Maggiore JC, Eng DG, Zeng Y, McKinzie SR, Perry HS, Ali A, O’Connor C, Pereira BMV, Theberge AB, Vaughan JC, Loretz CJ, Chang A, Hukriede NA, Bitzer M, Pippin JW, Wessely O, Shankland SJ. Inhibiting NLRP3 signaling in aging podocytes improves their life- and health-span. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6658-6689. [PMID: 37487005 PMCID: PMC10415579 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in the podocyte's lifespan and health-span that typify healthy kidney aging cause a decrease in their normal structure, physiology and function. The ability to halt and even reverse these changes becomes clinically relevant when disease is superimposed on an aged kidney. RNA-sequencing of podocytes from middle-aged mice showed an inflammatory phenotype with increases in the NLRP3 inflammasome, signaling for IL2/Stat5, IL6 and TNF, interferon gamma response, allograft rejection and complement, consistent with inflammaging. Furthermore, injury-induced NLRP3 signaling in podocytes was further augmented in aged mice compared to young ones. The NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL1β IL-18) was also increased in podocytes of middle-aged humans. Higher transcript expression for NLRP3 in human glomeruli was accompanied by reduced podocyte density and increased global glomerulosclerosis and glomerular volume. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 with MCC950, or gene deletion, reduced podocyte senescence and the genes typifying aging in middle-aged mice, which was accompanied by an improved podocyte lifespan and health-span. Moreover, modeling the injury-dependent increase in NLRP3 signaling in human kidney organoids confirmed the anti-senescence effect of MC9950. Finally, NLRP3 also impacted liver aging. Together, these results suggest a critical role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in podocyte and liver aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - R. Allen Schweickart
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gek Cher Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Joseph C. Maggiore
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sierra R. McKinzie
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hannah S. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Adilijiang Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carol J. Loretz
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neil A. Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Markus Bitzer
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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9
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Maggiore JC, LeGraw R, Przepiorski A, Velazquez J, Chaney C, Streeter E, Silva-Barbosa A, Franks J, Hislop J, Hill A, Wu H, Pfister K, Howden SE, Watkins SC, Little M, Humphreys BD, Watson A, Stolz DB, Kiani S, Davidson AJ, Carroll TJ, Cleaver O, Sims-Lucas S, Ebrahimkhani MR, Hukriede NA. Genetically engineering endothelial niche in human kidney organoids enables multilineage maturation, vascularization and de novo cell types. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542848. [PMID: 37333155 PMCID: PMC10274893 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization plays a critical role in organ maturation and cell type development. Drug discovery, organ mimicry, and ultimately transplantation in a clinical setting thereby hinges on achieving robust vascularization of in vitro engineered organs. Here, focusing on human kidney organoids, we overcome this hurdle by combining an inducible ETS translocation variant 2 (ETV2) human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line, which directs endothelial fate, with a non-transgenic iPSC line in suspension organoid culture. The resulting human kidney organoids show extensive vascularization by endothelial cells with an identity most closely related to endogenous kidney endothelia. Vascularized organoids also show increased maturation of nephron structures including more mature podocytes with improved marker expression, foot process interdigitation, an associated fenestrated endothelium, and the presence of renin+ cells. The creation of an engineered vascular niche capable of improving kidney organoid maturation and cell type complexity is a significant step forward in the path to clinical translation. Furthermore, this approach is orthogonal to native tissue differentiation paths, hence readily adaptable to other organoid systems and thus has the potential for a broad impact on basic and translational organoid studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Maggiore
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Ryan LeGraw
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Aneta Przepiorski
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeremy Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Christopher Chaney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Evan Streeter
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Anne Silva-Barbosa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15213
| | - Jonathan Franks
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joshua Hislop
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alex Hill
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Katherine Pfister
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15213
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Melissa Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Alan Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Samira Kiani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15213
| | - Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
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10
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Sander V, Przepiorski A, Hukriede NA, Davidson AJ. Large-Scale Production of Kidney Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2664:69-83. [PMID: 37423983 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3179-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Kidney organoids differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have advanced the study of kidney diseases by providing an in vitro system that outperforms traditional monolayer cell culture and complements animal models. This chapter describes a simple two-stage protocol that generates kidney organoids in suspension culture in less than 2 weeks. In the first stage, hPSC colonies are differentiated into nephrogenic mesoderm. In the second stage of the protocol, renal cell lineages develop and self-organize into kidney organoids that contain fetal-like nephrons with proximal and distal tubule segmentation. A single assay generates up to 1000 organoids, thereby providing a rapid and cost-efficient method for the bulk production of human kidney tissue. Applications include the study of fetal kidney development, genetic disease modelling, nephrotoxicity screening, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sander
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Aneta Przepiorski
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Montalbetti N, Przepiorski AJ, Shi S, Sheng S, Baty CJ, Maggiore JC, Carattino MD, Vanichapol T, Davidson AJ, Hukriede NA, Kleyman TR. Functional characterization of ion channels expressed in kidney organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F479-F491. [PMID: 35979965 PMCID: PMC9529267 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00365.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from human or rodent pluripotent stem cells have glomerular structures and differentiated/polarized nephron segments. Although there is an increasing understanding of the patterns of expression of transcripts and proteins within kidney organoids, there is a paucity of data regarding functional protein expression, in particular on transporters that mediate the vectorial transport of solutes. Using cells derived from kidney organoids, we examined the functional expression of key ion channels that are expressed in distal nephron segments: the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel, the renal outer medullary K+ (ROMK, Kir1.1) channel, and the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). RNA-sequencing analyses showed that genes encoding the pore-forming subunits of these transporters, and for BKCa channels, key accessory subunits, are expressed in kidney organoids. Expression and localization of selected ion channels was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis. Electrophysiological analysis showed that BKCa and ROMK channels are expressed in different cell populations. These two cell populations also expressed other unidentified Ba2+-sensitive K+ channels. BKCa expression was confirmed at a single channel level, based on its high conductance and voltage dependence of activation. We also found a population of cells expressing amiloride-sensitive ENaC currents. In summary, our results show that human kidney organoids functionally produce key distal nephron K+ and Na+ channels.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results show that human kidney organoids express key K+ and Na+ channels that are expressed on the apical membranes of cells in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, including the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel, renal outer medullary K+ channel, and epithelial Na+ channel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta J Przepiorski
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shujie Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaohu Sheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine J Baty
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph C Maggiore
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thitinee Vanichapol
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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12
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Karp S, Pollak MR, Subramanian B. Disease Modeling with Kidney Organoids. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1384. [PMID: 36144007 PMCID: PMC9506184 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Kidney diseases often lack optimal treatments, causing millions of deaths each year. Thus, developing appropriate model systems to study human kidney disease is of utmost importance. Some of the most promising human kidney models are organoids or small organ-resembling tissue collectives, derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, they are more akin to a first-trimester fetal kidney than an adult kidney. Therefore, new strategies are needed to advance their maturity. They have great potential for disease modeling and eventually auxiliary therapy if they can reach the maturity of an adult kidney. In this review, we will discuss the current state of kidney organoids in terms of their similarity to the human kidney and use as a disease modeling system thus far. We will then discuss potential pathways to advance the maturity of kidney organoids to match an adult kidney for more accurate human disease modeling.
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13
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Freedman BS. Physiology assays in human kidney organoids. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F625-F638. [PMID: 35379001 PMCID: PMC9076410 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00400.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells constitute a novel model of disease, development, and regenerative therapy. Organoids are human, experimentally accessible, high throughput, and enable reconstitution of tissue-scale biology in a petri dish. Although gene expression patterns in organoid cells have been analyzed extensively, less is known about the functionality of these structures. Here, we review assays of physiological function in human kidney organoids, including best practices for quality control, and future applications. Tubular structures in organoids accumulate specific molecules through active transport, including dextran and organic anions, and swell with fluid in response to cAMP stimulation. When engrafted into animal models in vivo, organoids form vascularized glomerulus-like structures capable of size-selective filtration. Organoids exhibit metabolic, endocrine, injury, and infection phenotypes, although their specificity is not yet fully clear. To properly interpret organoid physiology assays, it is important to incorporate appropriate negative and positive controls, statistical methods, data presentation, molecular mechanisms, and clinical data sets. Improvements in organoid perfusion, patterning, and maturation are needed to enable branching morphogenesis, urine production, and renal replacement. Reconstituting renal physiology with kidney organoids is a new field with potential to provide fresh insights into classical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Physiology (adjunct), and Department of Bioengineering (adjunct), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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14
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Gerhardt LMS, McMahon AP. Identifying Common Molecular Mechanisms in Experimental and Human Acute Kidney Injury. Semin Nephrol 2022; 42:151286. [PMID: 36402654 PMCID: PMC11017289 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a highly prevalent, heterogeneous syndrome, associated with increased short- and long-term mortality. A multitude of different factors cause AKI including ischemia, sepsis, nephrotoxic drugs, and urinary tract obstruction. Upon injury, the kidney initiates an intrinsic repair program that can result in adaptive repair with regeneration of damaged nephrons and functional recovery of epithelial activity, or maladaptive repair and persistence of damaged epithelial cells with a characteristic proinflammatory, profibrotic molecular signature. Maladaptive repair is linked to disease progression from AKI to chronic kidney disease. Despite extensive efforts, no therapeutic strategies provide consistent benefit to AKI patients. Since kidney biopsies are rarely performed in the acute injury phase in humans, most of our understanding of AKI pathophysiology is derived from preclinical AKI models. This raises the question of how well experimental models of AKI reflect the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying human AKI? Here, we provide a brief overview of available AKI models, discuss their strengths and limitations, and consider important aspects of the AKI response in mice and humans, with a particular focus on the role of proximal tubule cells in adaptive and maladaptive repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M S Gerhardt
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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