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Tong Z, Yin Z. Distribution, contribution and regulation of nestin + cells. J Adv Res 2024; 61:47-63. [PMID: 37648021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin is an intermediate filament first reported in neuroepithelial stem cells. Nestin expression could be found in a variety of tissues throughout all systems of the body, especially during tissue development and tissue regeneration processes. AIM OF REVIEW This review aimed to summarize and discuss current studies on the distribution, contribution and regulation of nestin+ cells in different systems of the body, to discuss the feasibility ofusing nestin as a marker of multilineage stem/progenitor cells, and better understand the potential roles of nestin+ cells in tissue development, regeneration and pathological processes. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review highlights the potential of nestin as a marker of multilineage stem/progenitor cells, and as a key factor in tissue development and tissue regeneration. The article discussed the current findings, limitations, and potential clinical implications or applications of nestin+ cells. Additionally, it included the relationship of nestin+ cells to other cell populations. We propose potential future research directions to encourage further investigation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Tong
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China.
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Chen B, Wang L, Pan X, Jiang S, Hu Y. Adipose-derived stem cells modified by TWIST1 silencing accelerates rat sciatic nerve repair and functional recovery. Hum Cell 2024:10.1007/s13577-024-01087-6. [PMID: 38907140 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The regeneration of peripheral nerves after injury is often slow and impaired, which may be associated with weakened and denervated muscles subsequently leading to atrophy. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are often regarded as cell-based therapeutic candidate due to their regenerative potential. The study aims to assess the therapeutic efficacy of gene-modified ADSCs on sciatic nerve injury. We lentivirally transduced ADSCs with shRNA-TWIST1 and transplanted modified cells to rats undergoing sciatic nerve transection and repair. Results showed that TWIST1 knockdown accelerated functional recovery of rats with sciatic nerve injury as faster nerve conduction velocity and higher wire hang scores obtained by rats transplanted with TWIST1-silenced ADSCs than scramble ADSCs. Although the rats experienced degenerated axons and decreased myelin sheath thickness after sciatic nerve injury 8 weeks after operation, those transplanted with TWIST1-silenced ADSCs exhibited more signs of regenerated nerve fibers surrounded by newly formed myelin sheaths than those with scramble ADSCs. The rats transplanted with TWIST1-silenced ADSCs presented increased expressions of neurotrophic factors including neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the sciatic nerves than those with scramble ADSCs. These results suggest that genetically modifying TWIST1 in ADSCs could facilitate peripheral nerve repair after injury in a more efficient way than that with ADSCs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leining Wang
- Department of Surgery of Hand and Foot, Beilun People's Hospital, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaogui Pan
- Department of Surgery of Hand and Foot, Beilun People's Hospital, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihe Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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宋 建, 林 浩. [Experimental study on promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration by selenium-methylselenocysteine]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2024; 38:598-607. [PMID: 38752248 PMCID: PMC11096885 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202402031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the feasibility of selenium-methylselenocysteine (SMC) to promote peripheral nerve regeneration and its mechanism of action. Methods Rat Schwann cells RSC96 cells were randomly divided into 5 groups, which were group A (without any treatment, control group), group B (adding 100 μmol/L H 2O 2), group C (adding 100 μmol/L H 2O 2+100 μmol/L SMC), group D (adding 100 μmol/L H 2O 2+200 μmol/L SMC), group E (adding 100 μmol/L H 2O 2+400 μmol/L SMC); the effect of SMC on cell proliferation was detected by MTT method, and the level of oxidative stress was detected by immunofluorescence for free radicals [reactive oxygen species (ROS)] after determining the appropriate dose group. Thirty-six 4-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, namely, the sham operation group (Sham group), the sciatic nerve injury group (PNI group), and the SMC treatment group (SMC group), with 12 rats in each group; the rats in the PNI group were fed with food and water normally after modelling operation, and the rats in the SMC group were added 0.75 mg/kg SMC to the drinking water every day. At 4 weeks after operation, the sciatic nerves of rats in each group were sampled for neuroelectrophysiological detection of highest potential of compound muscle action potential (CMAP). The levels of inflammatory factors [interleukin 17 (IL-17), IL-6, IL-10 and oxidative stress factors catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA)] were detected by ELISA assay. The luxol fast blue (LFB) staining was used to observe the myelin density, fluorescence intensity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) was observed by immunofluorescence staining, and myelin morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy with measurement of axon diameter. Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38MAPK), phosphorylated p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Results MTT assay showed that the addition of SMC significantly promoted the proliferation of RSC96 cells, and the low concentration could achieve an effective effect, so the treatment method of group C was selected for the subsequent experiments; ROS immunofluorescence test showed that group B showed a significant increase in the intensity of ROS fluorescence compared with that of group A, and group C showed a significant decrease in the intensity of ROS fluorescence compared with that of group B ( P<0.05). Neuroelectrophysiological tests showed that the highest potential of CMAP in SMC group was significantly higher than that in PNI and Sham groups ( P<0.05). ELISA assay showed that the levels of IL-6, IL-17, and MDA in PNI group were significantly higher than those in Sham group, and the levels of IL-10, SOD, and CAT were significantly lower; the levels of IL-6, IL-17, and MDA in SMC group were significantly lower than those in PNI group, and the levels of IL-10, SOD, and CAT were significantly higher ( P<0.05). LFB staining and transmission electron microscopy showed that the myelin density and the diameter of axons in the SMC group were significantly higher than those of the PNI group and the Sham group ( P<0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that the fluorescence intensity of GFAP and MBP in the SMC group were significantly stronger than those in the PNI group and Sham group ( P<0.05). Western blot showed that the relative expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in the SMC group were significantly higher than those in the PNI group and Sham group, and the ratio of p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK proteins was significantly higher in the PNI group than that in the SMC group and Sham group ( P<0.05). Conclusion SMC may inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation after nerve injury by up-regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and then inhibit the phosphorylation of p38MAPK pathway to promote the proliferation of Schwann cells, which ultimately promotes the formation of myelin sheaths and accelerates the regeneration of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- 建国 宋
- 上海交通大学医学院附属第一人民医院创伤中心(上海 201620)Department of Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - 浩东 林
- 上海交通大学医学院附属第一人民医院创伤中心(上海 201620)Department of Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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Guiotto M, Clayton A, Morgan R, Raffoul W, Hart A, Riehle M, di Summa P. Biogelx-IKVAV Is An Innovative Human Platelet Lysate-Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Delivery Strategy to Improve Peripheral Nerve Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2024. [PMID: 38482791 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) are nowadays one of the most exploited cells in regenerative medicine. They are fast growing, capable of enhancing axonal elongation, support and locally stimulate Schwann cells (SCs), and protect de-innervated muscles from atrophy after a peripheral nerve injury. With the aim of developing a bio-safe, clinically translatable cell-therapy, we assessed the effect of ADSC pre-expanded with human platelet lysate in an in vivo rat model, delivering the cells into a 15 mm critical-size sciatic nerve defect embedded within a laminin-peptide-functionalized hydrogel (Biogelx-IKVAV) wrapped by a poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) nerve conduit. ADSC retained their stemness, their immunophenotype and proliferative activity when tested in vitro. At 6 weeks post-implantation, robust regeneration was observed across the critical-size gap as evaluated by both the axonal elongation (anti-NF 200) and SC proliferation (anti-S100) within the human ADSC-IKVAV filled PCL conduit. All the other experimental groups manifested significantly lower levels of growth cone elongation. The histological gastrocnemius muscle analysis was comparable with no quantitative significant differences among the experimental groups. Taken together, these results suggest that ADSC encapsulated in Biogelx-IKVAV are a potential path to improve the efficacy of nerve regeneration. New perspectives can be pursued for the development of a fully synthetic bioengineered nerve graft for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Guiotto
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Wassim Raffoul
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hart
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mathis Riehle
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro di Summa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Zhang Y, Yi D, Hong Q, Liu C, Chi K, Liu J, Li X, Ye Y, Zhu Y, Peng N. Platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes enhance mesenchymal stem cell paracrine function and nerve regeneration potential. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 699:149496. [PMID: 38290175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) presents a significant clinical challenge, leading to enduring sensory-motor impairments. While mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy holds promise for PNI treatment, enhancing its neurotrophic effects remains crucial. Platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes (PRP-Exo), rich in bioactive molecules for intercellular communication, offer potential for modulating cellular biological activity. METHODS PRP-Exo was isolated, and its impact on MSC viability was evaluated. The effects of PRP-Exo-treated MSCs (MSCPExo) on Schwann cells (SCs) from injured sciatic nerves and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were assessed. Furthermore, the conditioned medium from MSCPExo (MSCPExo-CM) was analyzed using a cytokine array and validated through ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS PRP-Exo enhanced MSC viability. Coculturing MSCPExo with SCs ameliorated apoptosis and promoted SC proliferation following PNI. Similarly, MSCPExo-CM exhibited pro-proliferative, migratory, and angiogenic effects. Cytokine array analysis identified 440 proteins in the MSCPExo secretome, with 155 showing upregulation and 6 showing downregulation, many demonstrating potent pro-regenerative properties. ELISA confirmed the enrichment of several angiotrophic and neurotrophic factors. Additionally, Western blot analysis revealed the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MSCPExo. CONCLUSION Preconditioning MSCs with PRP-Exo enhanced the paracrine function, particularly augmenting neurotrophic and pro-angiogenic secretions, demonstrating an improved potential for neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China; No.962 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China; Departments of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Quan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Kun Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yu Ye
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhu
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Nan Peng
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Zhang Y, Yi D, Hong Q, Cao J, Geng X, Liu J, Xu C, Cao M, Chen C, Xu S, Zhang Z, Li M, Zhu Y, Peng N. Platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes boost mesenchymal stem cells to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. J Control Release 2024; 367:265-282. [PMID: 38253204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) remains a severe clinical problem with debilitating consequences. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy is promising, but the problems of poor engraftment and insufficient neurotrophic effects need to be overcome. Herein, we isolated platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes (PRP-Exos), which contain abundant bioactive molecules, and investigated their potential to increase the regenerative capacity of MSCs. We observed that PRP-Exos significantly increased MSC proliferation, viability, and mobility, decreased MSC apoptosis under stress, maintained MSC stemness, and attenuated MSC senescence. In vivo, PRP-Exo-treated MSCs (pExo-MSCs) exhibited an increased retention rate and heightened therapeutic efficacy, as indicated by increased axonal regeneration, remyelination, and recovery of neurological function in a PNI model. In vitro, pExo-MSCs coculture promoted Schwann cell proliferation and dorsal root ganglion axon growth. Moreover, the increased neurotrophic behaviour of pExo-MSCs was mediated by trophic factors, particularly glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and PRP-Exos activated the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in MSCs, leading to the observed phenotypes. These findings demonstrate that PRP-Exos may be novel agents for increasing the ability of MSCs to promote neural repair and regeneration in patients with PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, National Clinical Research Centre for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; No.962 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Departments of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, National Clinical Research Centre for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jiangbei Cao
- Departments of Anaesthesiology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaodong Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, National Clinical Research Centre for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mengyu Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuaixuan Xu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Molin Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Departments of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhu
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Nan Peng
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Wang Y, Mao J, Wang Y, Jiang N, Shi X. Multifunctional Exosomes Derived from M2 Macrophages with Enhanced Odontogenesis, Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis for Regenerative Endodontic Therapy: An In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:441. [PMID: 38398043 PMCID: PMC10886856 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exosomes derived from M2 macrophages (M2-Exos) exhibit tremendous potential for inducing tissue repair and regeneration. Herein, this study was designed to elucidate the biological roles of M2-Exos in regenerative endodontic therapy (RET) compared with exosomes from M1 macrophages (M1-Exos). METHODS The internalization of M1-Exos and M2-Exos by dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was detected by uptake assay. The effects of M1-Exos and M2-Exos on DPSC and HUVEC behaviors, including migration, proliferation, odonto/osteogenesis, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis were determined in vitro. Then, Matrigel plugs incorporating M2-Exos were transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. Immunostaining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 was performed to validate capillary-like networks. RESULTS M1-Exos and M2-Exos were effectively absorbed by DPSCs and HUVECs. Compared with M1-Exos, M2-Exos considerably facilitated the proliferation and migration of DPSCs and HUVECs. Furthermore, M2-Exos robustly promoted ALP activity, mineral nodule deposition, and the odonto/osteogenic marker expression of DPSCs, indicating the powerful odonto/osteogenic potential of M2-Exos. In sharp contrast with M1-Exos, which inhibited the neurogenic capacity of DPSCs, M2-Exos contributed to a significantly augmented expression of neurogenic genes and the stronger immunostaining of Nestin. Consistent with remarkably enhanced angiogenic markers and tubular structure formation in DPSCs and HUVECs in vitro, the employment of M2-Exos gave rise to more abundant vascular networks, dramatically higher VEGF expression, and widely spread CD31+ tubular lumens in vivo, supporting the enormous pro-angiogenic capability of M2-Exos. CONCLUSIONS The multifaceted roles of M2-Exos in ameliorating DPSC and HUVEC functions potentially contribute to complete functional pulp-dentin complex regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (Y.W.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Mao
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (Y.W.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (Y.W.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Central Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xin Shi
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (Y.W.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
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