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Fountain J, Brookes V, Kirkeby C, Manyweathers J, Maru Y, Hernandez-Jover M. One size does not fit all: Exploring the economic and non-economic outcomes of on-farm biosecurity for bovine viral diarrhoea virus in Australian beef production. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105758. [PMID: 36130460 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a disease of global importance, affecting the production and welfare of cattle enterprises through poor reproductive performance and calf mortality. In Australia, the prevention of BVDV introduction and spread is primarily achieved with on-farm biosecurity; however, the use of these practices can vary amongst producers. Economic utility is commonly identified as a contributor to the uptake of on-farm biosecurity, but other factors such as animal welfare, producer priorities and introduction risk also influence farmer behaviour. This study uses an individual-based, stochastic simulation model to examine the economic and non-economic value of 23 on-farm biosecurity combinations for the control of BVDV in Australian beef farms without (N0) and with (N1) a neighbouring population of persistently infected (PI) cattle. Combinations of quarantine of purchased bulls (Q), hygiene during herd health events (H), double-fencing adjacent boundaries with neighbouring farms (F) and vaccination against BVDV (V) were tested. This study is the first to simulate the use of strategic PI exposure (PI) as an alternative to V, a contentious practice performed by some Australian beef farmers. Introduction of BVDV into a naïve 300-breeder self-replacing beef herd was achieved through the purchase of PI bulls (N0 and N1 herds) and over-the-fence contact with neighbouring PI animals (N1 herds only). The predicted median cumulative loss due to BVDV over a 15-year period was AUD$172/breeder and AUD$453/breeder for an N0 and N1 herd, respectively. Early establishment of BVDV in the simulation period was found to be the primary factor contributing to economic loss. Consequently, the Q and QF combinations resulted in the highest predicted average annual cost-benefit for BVDV-free N0 and N1 herds. In the five years following establishment of BVDV, use of QP (N0 herds) and V (N1 herds) combinations were most cost-effective. Combinations that involved V and P (in conjunction with F in N1 herds) also resulted in the lowest number of PI animals sold to other farms or feedlots over the simulation period. However, in both N0 and N1 herds, P resulted in the highest number of infected cattle, which has implications for poor animal welfare and increased antimicrobial use on Australian beef farms. The outcomes reported in this study can guide decisions to prevent BVDV introduction and spread on extensive beef farms using on-farm biosecurity, based on the risk of BVDV exposure and the priorities of the individual farmer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Fountain
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Victoria Brookes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, Denmark.
| | - Jennifer Manyweathers
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Yiheyis Maru
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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Shah PT, Nawal Bahoussi A, Ahmad A, Sikandar M, Xing L. Bovine viral diarrhea virus in China: A comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis with complete genome sequences. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:992678. [PMID: 36118332 PMCID: PMC9478372 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.992678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), causing bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in cattle, is one of the highly contagious and devastating diseases of cattle. Since 1980, BVDV has been identified all-over China in a variety of animal species including cattle, camels, yaks, sheep, water buffalo, goats, Sika deer and pigs. In this study, 31 BVDV complete genomes reported in China (from 2004 to 2020) with other 112 genomes reported around the world were comparatively analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis shows that BVDV genomes reported worldwide clustered in three major clades i.e., BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BVDV-3. The BVDV-1 is genetically the most diverged genotype and phylogenetically classified into 7 sub-clades in our study based on full-length genomes. The China BVDV genomes fall into all three major clades, e.g., BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BVDV-3. China BVDV-1 clustered into five sub-clades, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7, where sub-clade 7 clustered as a separate sub-clade. Full-length genome recombination analysis reveals that the BVDV-1 reported in China appears to be mainly involved in recombination events. In addition, comparative analysis of E2 proteins between BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BVDV-3 reveals that the amino acid variations could affect 12 potential linear B cell epitopes, demonstrating a dramatic antigen drift in the E2 protein. These results provide a thorough view of the information about the genetic and antigenic diversity of BVDVs circulating in China and therefore could benefit the development of suitable strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Aftab Ahmad
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Muhammad Sikandar
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Xing
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Puspitarani GA, Kao RR, Colman E. A Metapopulation Model for Preventing the Reintroduction of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus to Naïve Herds: Scotland Case Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:846156. [PMID: 36072395 PMCID: PMC9444324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.846156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus is one of the most problematic infectious pathogens for cattle. Since 2013, a mandatory BVD eradication program has successfully reduced the number of infected cattle living on Scottish farms; however, England remains at high prevalence and presents a risk to Scotland through animal movement. Methods We analyze cattle movements in the UK from 2008 to 2017 and recorded incidence of BVD in Scotland from 2017 to 2020. To simulate BVD reintroduction into Scotland, we developed an epidemiological model that combines transmission between cattle and animal movements between farms. A total of four control strategies were implemented in the model: no intervention, import restriction, targeted vaccination, and combined strategy. Results During the course of the eradication scheme, movements into Scotland became increasingly distributed in regions close to the England–Scotland border. The prevalence of BVD in this region decreased at a slower rate than the rest of Scotland during the eradication scheme. Our model showed that the change in the prevalence is expected, given that the change in the patterns of movement and if vaccination is targeted to the border areas that decrease in the prevalence will be seen throughout the whole of Scotland. Conclusion Scottish farms are susceptible to BVD virus reintroduction through animal imports from non-BVD-free nations with farms in border areas being the most vulnerable. Protecting the border regions provides direct and indirect protection to the rest of Scottish farms by interrupting chains of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavrila A. Puspitarani
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Unit Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rowland R. Kao
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Colman
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ewan Colman
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Yue X, Wu J, van der Voort M, Steeneveld W, Hogeveen H. Estimating the Effect of a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Control Program: An Empirical Study on the Performance of Dutch Dairy Herds. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:892928. [PMID: 35873683 PMCID: PMC9301250 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more European countries have implemented a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) control program. The economic effects of such programs have been evaluated in simulations, but empirical studies are lacking, especially in the final stage of the program. We investigated the economic (gross margin) and production effects (milk yield, somatic cell count, and calving interval) of the herds obtaining BVDV-free certification based on longitudinal annual accounting and herd performance data from Dutch dairy herds between 2014 and 2019, the final stages of the Dutch national BVDV-free program. This study was designed as a case-control study: two types of case herds were defined for two analyses. The case herds in the first analysis are herds where the BVDV status changed from “BVDV not free” to “BVDV free” during the study period. The not-free status refers to a herd that participated in the BVDV-free program but had not yet obtained the BVDV-free certification. In the second analysis, the case herds started participating in the Dutch BVDV-free program during the study period and obtained the BVDV-free certification. Control herds in both analyses were BVDV-free during the entire study period. Potential bias between the covariates of the two herd groups was reduced by matching case and control herds using the propensity score matching method. To compare the differences between case and control herds before and after BVDV-free certification, we used the time-varying Difference-in-Differences estimation (DID) methodology. The results indicate that there was no significant change in milk yield, somatic cell count, calving interval, and gross margin upon BVDV-free certification. There are several possible explanations for the non-significant effects observed in our study, such as the final stage of the BVDV control program, not knowing the true BVDV infection situation in case herds and not knowing if control measures were implemented in case herds prior to participating in the BVDV-free program. In our study, the effects of BVDV-free certification might have been underestimated, given that the Dutch BVDV control program became mandatory during the study period, and some of the case herds might have never experienced any BVDV infection. The results of this study suggest that in the final stage of the BVDV control program, the program may no longer have a clear benefit to the herd performance of participating dairy herds. When designing national programs to eradicate BVDV, it is therefore important to include incentives for such farms to motivate them to join the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yue
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Xiaomei Yue
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mariska van der Voort
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilma Steeneveld
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Fountain J, Hernandez-Jover M, Kirkeby C, Halasa T, Manyweathers J, Maru Y, Brookes V. Modeling the Effect of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Australian Beef Herds. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:795575. [PMID: 34970621 PMCID: PMC8712561 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.795575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important disease in Australian beef farming. The disease typically results in low-level production losses that can be difficult to detect for several years. Simulation modeling can be used to support the decision to control BVDV; however, current BVDV simulation models do not adequately reflect the extensive farming environment of Australian beef production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a disease simulation model to explore the impact of BVDV on beef cattle production in south-east Australia. A dynamic, individual-based, stochastic, discrete-time simulation model was created to simulate within-herd transmission of BVDV in a seasonal, self-replacing beef herd. We used the model to simulate the effect of herd size and BVDV introduction time on disease transmission and assessed the short- and long-term impact of BVDV on production outputs that influence the economic performance of beef farms. We found that BVDV can become established in a herd after a single PI introduction in 60% of cases, most frequently associated with the breeding period. The initial impact of BVDV will be more severe in smaller herds, although self-elimination is more likely in small herds than in larger herds, in which there is a 23% chance that the virus can persist for >15 years following a single incursion in a herd with 800 breeders. The number and weight of steers sold was reduced in the presence of BVDV and the results demonstrated that repeat incursions exacerbate long-term production losses, even when annual losses appear marginal. This model reflects the short- and long-term production losses attributed to BVDV in beef herds in southeast Australia and provides a foundation from which the influence and economic utility of BVDV prevention in Australian beef herds can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Fountain
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An Alliance Between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An Alliance Between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jennifer Manyweathers
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An Alliance Between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiheyis Maru
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Victoria Brookes
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An Alliance Between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Arnoux S, Bidan F, Damman A, Petit E, Assié S, Ezanno P. To Vaccinate or Not: Impact of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea in French Cow-Calf Herds. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101137. [PMID: 34696246 PMCID: PMC8540166 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) remains an issue despite control programs implemented worldwide. Virus introduction can occur through contacts with neighbouring herds. Vaccination can locally protect exposed herds. However, virus spread depends on herd characteristics, which may impair vaccination efficiency. Using a within-herd epidemiological model, we compared three French cow-calf farming systems named by their main breed: Charolaise, Limousine, and Blonde d’Aquitaine. We assessed vaccination strategies of breeding females assuming two possible protections: against infection or against vertical transmission. Four commercial vaccines were considered: Bovilis®, Bovela®, Rispoval®, and Mucosiffa®. We tested various virus introduction frequency in a naïve herd. We calculated BVD economic impact and vaccination reward. In Charolaise, BVD economic impact was 113€ per cow over 5 years after virus introduction. Irrespective of the vaccine and for a high enough risk of introduction, the yearly expected reward was 0.80€ per invested euro per cow. Vaccination should not be stopped before herd exposure has been decreased. In contrast, the reward was almost nil in Blonde d’Aquitaine and Limousine. This highlights the importance of accounting for herd specificities to assess BVD impact and vaccination efficiency. To guide farmers’ vaccination decisions against BVD, we transformed this model into a French decision support tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandie Arnoux
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; (S.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Fabrice Bidan
- Institut de L’élevage, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49070 Beaucouzé, France;
| | - Alix Damman
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; (S.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | | | - Sébastien Assié
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; (S.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Pauline Ezanno
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; (S.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Galler M, Lüdge K, Humphries R, Mulchrone K, Hövel P. Deterministic and stochastic effects in spreading dynamics: A case study of bovine viral diarrhea. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:093129. [PMID: 34598439 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a disease in cattle with complex transmission dynamics that causes substantial economic losses and affects animal welfare. The infection can be transient or persistent. The mostly asymptomatic persistently infected hosts are the main source for transmission of the virus. This characteristic makes it difficult to control the spreading of BVD. We develop a deterministic compartmental model for the spreading dynamics of BVD within a herd and derive the basic reproduction number. This epidemiological quantity indicates that identification and removal of persistently infected animals is a successful control strategy if the transmission rate of transiently infected animals is small. Removing persistently infected animals from the herd at birth results in recurrent outbreaks with decreasing peak prevalence. We propose a stochastic version of the compartmental model that includes stochasticity in the transmission parameters. This stochasticity leads to sustained oscillations in cases where the deterministic model predicts oscillations with decreasing amplitude. The results provide useful information for the design of control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Galler
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathy Lüdge
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rory Humphries
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork T12 XF64, Ireland
| | - Kieran Mulchrone
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork T12 XF64, Ireland
| | - Philipp Hövel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Bassett J, Gethmann J, Blunk P, Conraths FJ, Hövel P. Individual-based model for the control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea spread in livestock trade networks. J Theor Biol 2021; 527:110820. [PMID: 34216591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a cattle disease that causes substantial financial losses, in particular to the dairy industry. Hence, several countries including Germany introduced compulsory disease control programs. For the case of Germany in particular, all animals had to be tested and persistently infected animals (PI animals) were removed from the population. The program was successful in reducing the number of PI animals, but was overtly expensive. Alternative approaches were therefore discussed to eliminate the remaining PI animals and alter the testing system in order to reduce costs. Contributing to these efforts, we developed an agent-based model that aimed to cover all relevant aspects of the disease biology and would allow to evaluate different control strategies. For the biological part of the infection spread, the model includes horizontal and vertical transmission, transient and persistent infections. Moreover, several control strategies including import of animals, trade restrictions, vaccination, as well as various testing schemes were included. The model was furthermore defined to be stochastic, event-driven and hierarchical, with cattle movements as the main route of spreading between farms. For the spread within farms, we included susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) dynamics with an additional permanently infectious class. The interaction between the farms was described by a supply and demand farm manager mechanism governing the network structure and dynamics. Additionally, we carried out a sensitivity analysis of the input parameters to study the impact of extreme values on the model. Since the population size in the model is limited, we tested the influence of the initial population size on the model results. Our results showed that the model could accurately describe the dynamics of the disease in the presence and absence of disease control. Although we developed the model for the spread of BVD, it may be adapted to similar diseases of cattle and swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bassett
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin 10623, Germany; Center for Humans and Machines, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Jörn Gethmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, Greifswald - Insel Riems, 17493 Germany
| | - Pascal Blunk
- Beta Systems IAM Software AG, Alt-Moabit 90d, Berlin 10559, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, Greifswald - Insel Riems, 17493 Germany
| | - Philipp Hövel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin 10623, Germany; School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 XF64, Ireland
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Kirkeby C, Brookes VJ, Ward MP, Dürr S, Halasa T. A Practical Introduction to Mechanistic Modeling of Disease Transmission in Veterinary Science. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:546651. [PMID: 33575275 PMCID: PMC7870987 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.546651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer-based disease spread models are frequently used in veterinary science to simulate disease spread. They are used to predict the impacts of the disease, plan and assess surveillance, or control strategies, and provide insights about disease causation by comparing model outputs with real life data. There are many types of disease spread models, and here we present and describe the implementation of a particular type: individual-based models. Our aim is to provide a practical introduction to building individual-based disease spread models. We also introduce code examples with the goal to make these techniques more accessible to those who are new to the field. We describe the important steps in building such models before, during and after the programming stage, including model verification (to ensure that the model does what was intended), validation (to investigate whether the model results reflect the modeled system), and convergence analysis (to ensure models of endemic diseases are stable before outputs are collected). We also describe how sensitivity analysis can be used to assess the potential impact of uncertainty about model parameters. Finally, we provide an overview of some interesting recent developments in the field of disease spread models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark,*Correspondence: Carsten Kirkeby
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW, Australia,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Salome Dürr
- Department of Clinical Research and Public Health, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Villaamil FJ, Arnaiz I, Allepuz A, Molins M, Lazaro M, Benavides B, Moya SJ, Fabrega JC, Yus E, Dieguez FJ. A survey of biosecurity measures and serological status for bovine viral diarrhoea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 on dairy cattle farms in north-west and north-east Spain. Vet Rec Open 2020; 7:e000399. [PMID: 32995015 PMCID: PMC7497555 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2020-000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biosecurity is a key measure to reduce and prevent the introduction of diseases to farms and minimise spread of diseases within a herd. The aim of the study was to characterise the current application of biosecurity measures on dairy cattle farms in Spain along with their bovine viral diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis status. METHODS Data on biosecurity measures for 124 dairy herds were collected using a questionnaire. The sanitary status of these farms for bovine viral diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was also assessed using antibody ELISA. Data were analysed using multiple correspondence analysis and a two-step cluster analysis. RESULTS Three main clusters of farms were identified: clusters 1 and 2 included herds of small and intermediate sizes. These, particularly cluster 1, showed the most deficiencies in the control of vehicles and visitors. However, laboratory tests were always performed on purchased animals. Cluster 3 had the largest herd sizes, with somewhat better biosecurity control of vehicles and visitors. However, farms in this cluster also purchased the most animals, sometimes without testing, and hired external workers more often. CONCLUSION The study indicated that, in the study population, there are serious shortcomings in the application of biosecurity measures on dairy farms, exposing them to disease transmission. This survey also highlights regional and herd size-related differences in the implementation of biosecurity. Collecting data is an important first step to identification of specific weaknesses in different farm typologies, and an adequate follow-up is needed to ensure that measures are implemented correctly on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Arnaiz
- Serology, Animal Health and Production Laboratory of Galicia, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Department of Helath ans Animal Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Miquel Molins
- Animal Health Service, Animal Health Laboratory of Catalonia, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mercedes Lazaro
- Dairy Interprofessional Laboratory of Catalonia, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Benavides
- Animal Health Department, Universidad de Nariño, San Juan de Pasto, Colombia
| | - Sebastián J Moya
- Department of Helath ans Animal Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jordi Casal Fabrega
- Sanidad y Anatomia Animal, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Epidemiologia, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB, IRTA, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Yus
- Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Santiago de Compostela University, Lugo, Spain
| | - Francisco J Dieguez
- Animal Production, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Galicia, Spain
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11
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Han JH, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Modelling the economics of bovine viral diarrhoea virus control in pastoral dairy and beef cattle herds. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105092. [PMID: 32745776 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a prevalent pathogen in the New Zealand cattle industries, yet few studies to date have evaluated the economics of BVDV in pastoral dairy and beef herds to help inform management decisions. To address this knowledge gap, we developed stochastic individual-based simulation models to represent the transmission dynamics of BVDV in typical spring-calving dairy and beef farms in New Zealand. The models conservatively estimated the direct losses due to a BVDV outbreak at NZ$ 22.22 and NZ$ 41.19 per mixed-age cow per year for a naïve dairy and beef farm, respectively, over a 5-year period. The greatest economic impacts for the dairy farm occurred when persistently infected replacement heifers joined the lactating cow group and caused transient infection of cows to drop in milk production, whereas the greatest impacts for the beef farm was through the loss of fattening stock for sale due to lowered pregnancy rates. Various combinations of diagnostic testing, vaccination, and biosecurity measures were then explored to evaluate the cost-efficiency of different strategies for controlling BVDV at the farm-level. Providing farmers with the estimates of economic impacts of BVDV in their herds may further encourage the uptake of control measures, but close collaboration with a veterinarian to determine the optimal strategy for their unique farm circumstances is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Han
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Jenny F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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12
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Ezanno P, Andraud M, Beaunée G, Hoch T, Krebs S, Rault A, Touzeau S, Vergu E, Widgren S. How mechanistic modelling supports decision making for the control of enzootic infectious diseases. Epidemics 2020; 32:100398. [PMID: 32622313 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2020.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling enzootic diseases, which generate a large cumulative burden and are often unregulated, is needed for sustainable farming, competitive agri-food chains, and veterinary public health. We discuss the benefits and challenges of mechanistic epidemiological modelling for livestock enzootics, with particular emphasis on the need for interdisciplinary approaches. We focus on issues arising when modelling pathogen spread at various scales (from farm to the region) to better assess disease control and propose targeted options. We discuss in particular the inclusion of farmers' strategic decision-making, the integration of within-host scale to refine intervention targeting, and the need to ground models on data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ezanno
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - M Andraud
- Unité épidémiologie et bien-être du porc, Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Ploufragan, France.
| | - G Beaunée
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - T Hoch
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - S Krebs
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - A Rault
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - S Touzeau
- INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, ISA, France; Inria, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris Sorbonne, Université Côte d'Azur, BIOCORE, France.
| | - E Vergu
- INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, MaIAGE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - S Widgren
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Han JH, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Estimation of the within-herd transmission rates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in extensively grazed beef cattle herds. Vet Res 2019; 50:103. [PMID: 31783904 PMCID: PMC6884759 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many research groups have developed mathematical models to simulate the dynamics of BVDV infections in cattle herds. However, most models use estimates for within-herd BVDV transmission rates that are either based on expert opinion or adapted from other dairy herd simulation models presented in the literature. There is currently little information on the transmission rates for BVDV in extensively grazed beef herds partly due to the logistical challenges in obtaining longitudinal data of individual animal’s seroconversion, and it may not be appropriate to apply the same transmission rates from intensive dairy herds given the significant differences in herd demographics and management. To address this knowledge gap, we measured BVDV antibody levels in 15 replacement heifers in each of 75 New Zealand beef breeding farms after their first calving and again at pregnancy scanning or weaning to check for seroconversion. Among these, data from 9 farms were used to infer the within-herd BVDV transmission rate with an approximate Bayesian computation method. The most probable within-herd BVDV transmission rate was estimated as 0.11 per persistently infected (PI) animal per day with a 95% highest posterior density interval between 0.03 and 0.34. This suggests that BVDV transmission in extensively grazed beef herds is generally slower than in dairy herds where the transmission rate has been estimated at 0.50 per PI animal per day and therefore may not be sufficient to ensure that all susceptible breeding females gain adequate immunity to the virus before the risk period of early pregnancy for generating new PI calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Han
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Jenny F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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14
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Brock J, Lange M, More SJ, Graham D, Thulke HH. Reviewing age-structured epidemiological models of cattle diseases tailored to support management decisions: Guidance for the future. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104814. [PMID: 31743817 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic simulation models are being increasingly used as tools to assist with animal health decision-making in the cattle sector. We reviewed scientific literature for studies reporting age-structured cattle management models in application to infectious diseases. Our emphasis was on papers dedicated to support decision making in the field. In this systematic review we considered 1290 manuscripts and identified 76 eligible studies. These are based on 52 individual models from 10 countries addressing 9 different pathogens. We provide an overview of these models and present in detail their theoretical foundations, design paradigms and incorporated processes. We propose a structure of the characteristics of cattle disease models using three main features: [1] biological processes, [2] farming-related processes and [3] pathogen-related processes. It would be of benefit if future cattle disease models were to follow this structure to facilitate science communication and to allow increased model transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Brock
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dept Ecological Modelling, PG Ecological Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany; Animal Health Ireland, Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland.
| | - Martin Lange
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dept Ecological Modelling, PG Ecological Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Hans-Hermann Thulke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dept Ecological Modelling, PG Ecological Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Agah MA, Notsu K, El-Khaiat HM, Arikawa G, Kubo M, Mitoma S, Okabayashi T, Mekata H, Elhanafy E, El Daous H, Mai TN, Nguyen TH, Isoda N, Sakoda Y, Norimine J, Sekiguchi S. Slaughterhouse survey for detection of bovine viral diarrhea infection among beef cattle in Kyushu, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1450-1454. [PMID: 31378773 PMCID: PMC6863731 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) footprint has spread across the globe and is
responsible for one of the most economically important diseases in cattle. In Japan, some
regional surveillance and preventive measures to control bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) have
been implemented. However, BVDV infection is poorly understood in cattle industries, and
there is no systematic BVD surveillance system and control program. Kyushu is the center
for raising beef cattle in Japan. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the BVDV
infection using a slaughterhouse survey among beef cattle in Kyushu, Japan. A total of
1,075 blood samples were collected at two regional slaughterhouses in Miyazaki prefecture
from December 2015 to June 2016. Antigen ELISA was used for detection of BVDV antigen in
blood samples. Two samples showed positive results (2/1,075; 0.18%). BVDV RNA was
extracted from positive blood samples; the sequence was determined and analyzed by the
neighbor-joining method for construction of the phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analysis
based on the 5’-UTR revealed that the two positive samples were grouped into the same
subtype BVDV-1b in the BVDV-1 genotype, but the infected cattle belonged to two different
farms. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify the presence of BVDV in a
slaughterhouse survey in Kyushu. These findings suggest that a slaughterhouse survey is a
useful tool for developing a surveillance system for monitoring infectious diseases in
cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aref Agah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Badghis Higher Education Institution, Shogofan Farm street, Qala-i-now city, Badghis province, Badghis, Afghanistan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kosuke Notsu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Heba M El-Khaiat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalyubia, 13736, Egypt
| | - Genki Arikawa
- Miyakonojo Meat Inspection Office, Miyazaki 885-0021, Japan
| | - Meiko Kubo
- Miyakonojo Meat Inspection Office, Miyazaki 885-0021, Japan
| | - Shuya Mitoma
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5600, Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Eslam Elhanafy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalyubia, 13736, Egypt.,Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hala El Daous
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalyubia, 13736, Egypt.,Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5600, Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Thi Ngan Mai
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5600, Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Huyen Nguyen
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Junzo Norimine
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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16
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Irianingsih SH, Wuryastuty H, Wasito R, Wibawa H, Rasa FST, Poermadjaja B. Genetic analysis of NS5B gene from bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected cattle in Central and East Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2019; 12:1108-1115. [PMID: 31528040 PMCID: PMC6702556 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1108-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: A previous study divided Indonesian bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 into subgenotypes BVDV-1a to BVDV-1d based on the partial NS5B gene using strain Bega as reference for BVDV-1a. In fact, it is clustered into BVDV-1c with strain Bega-like Australia. BVDV genotyping has been done on isolates from Jakarta, West and Central Java, but East Java isolates have not been genotyped. This study aimed to analyze genetic variability and amino acid residues in the nucleotide-binding pocket of the NS5B gene from infected cattle. Materials and Methods: Samples were obtained from the Sera Bank originating from active and passive surveillance of cattle that had been tested for BVDV antigen from 2013 to 2017. Detection of the p80 antibody and BVDV genotyping was carried out using ELISA and nested-multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. We defined 15 nested PCR products for partial sequencing of NS5B. Those field samples were selected from each location and year using proportional calculation as a representative sample. Homological and phylogenetic analyses of the partial NS5B gene were performed using BLAST and MEGA version 6. Results: Based on the phylogenetic tree analysis using 360 nucleotides as the partial NS5B gene, Indonesian BVDV-1 isolates from Central and East Java were subdivided to BVDV-1a (n=9), BVDV-1b (n=1), and BVDV-1c (n=5). In the present study, the homology of BVDV subgenotype -1a, -1b, and -1c was compared to the BVDV GenBank data and found 90-93%, 93%, and 92-95% respectively with the average pairwise distance of 0.207. A point mutation was shown at R283K of all BVDV isolates based on the sequence of three amino acid residues R283, R285, and I287 in the nucleotide-binding pocket as a part of the encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Conclusion: This study revealed the genetic variability of BVDV infecting cattle in Central Java and East Java, Indonesia, the subtypes BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, BVDV-1c, and a point mutation at the R283K residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Irianingsih
- Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Disease Investigation Centre Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - H Wuryastuty
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - R Wasito
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - H Wibawa
- Disease Investigation Centre Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - F S Tjatur Rasa
- Directorate of Animal Health, Directorate General of Livestock Services and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, The Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - B Poermadjaja
- Disease Investigation Centre Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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17
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Zanatto DCS, Gatto IRH, Labruna MB, Jusi MMG, Samara SI, Machado RZ, André MR. Coxiella burnetii associated with BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus), BoHV (Bovine Herpesvirus), Leptospira spp., Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma vivax in reproductive disorders in cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:245-257. [PMID: 31215610 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This is a cross-sectional study to assess the presence of antibodies in ruminants against selected pathogens associated with reproductive disorders in cattle in four Brazilian states, including the zoonotic agent Coxiella burnetii. The used tests were Virus Neutralization Assay for IBR and BVD, Microscopic Agglutination Test for Leptospira spp., Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) for C. burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii, and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Neospora caninum and Trypanosoma vivax. Seropositivity for C. burnetii was 13.7% with titers from 128 to 131,072; 57.8% for BoHV-1, with titers between 2 and 1,024; 47.1% for BVDV-1a, with titers from 10 to 5,120; 89.2% for N. caninum; 50% for T. vivax; and 52.0% for Leptospira spp., with titers between 100 to 800 (the following serovars were found: Tarassovi, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, Copenhageni, Wolffi, Hardjo, Pomona and Icterohaemorrhagiae); 19.6% for T. gondii with titer of 40. This is the first study that has identified C. burnetii in cattle associated with BoHV and BVDV, N. caninum, Leptospira spp., T. gondii and T. vivax. Thus, future studies should be conducted to investigate how widespread this pathogen is in Brazilian cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carlos Souza Zanatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Samir Issa Samara
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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18
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Qi L, Beaunée G, Arnoux S, Dutta BL, Joly A, Vergu E, Ezanno P. Neighbourhood contacts and trade movements drive the regional spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Vet Res 2019; 50:30. [PMID: 31036076 PMCID: PMC6489178 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the regional spread of endemic pathogens, investigations are required both at within and between population levels. The bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is such a pathogen, spreading among cattle herds mainly due to trade movements and neighbourhood contacts, and causing an endemic disease with economic consequences. To assess the contribution of both transmission routes on BVDV regional and local spread, we developed an original epidemiological model combining data-driven and mechanistic approaches, accounting for heterogeneous within-herd dynamics, animal movements and neighbourhood contacts. Extensive simulations were performed over 9 years in an endemic context in a French region with high cattle density. The most uncertain model parameters were calibrated on summary statistics of epidemiological data, highlighting that neighbourhood contacts and within-herd transmission should be high. We showed that neighbourhood contacts and trade movements complementarily contribute to BVDV spread on a regional scale in endemically infected and densely populated areas, leading to intense fade-out/colonization events: neighbourhood contacts generate the vast majority of outbreaks (72%) but mostly in low immunity herds and correlated to a rather short presence of persistently infected animals (P); trade movements generate fewer infections but could affect herds with higher immunity and generate a prolonged presence of P. Both movements and neighbourhood contacts should be considered when designing control or eradication strategies for densely populated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Qi
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaël Beaunée
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Sandie Arnoux
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Bhagat Lal Dutta
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alain Joly
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de Bretagne, 56019, Vannes, France
| | - Elisabeta Vergu
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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19
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ISODA N, ASANO A, ICHIJO M, OHNO H, SATO K, OKAMOTO H, NAKAO S, KATO H, SAITO K, ITO N, USUI A, TAKAYAMA H, SAKODA Y. Assessment of the cost effectiveness of compulsory testing of introduced animals and bulk tank milk testing for bovine viral diarrhea in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:577-585. [PMID: 30828031 PMCID: PMC6483914 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a chronic disease of cattle caused by infection with BVD virus (BVDV) and can result in economic losses within the livestock industry. In Japan, the test and culling policy is a basic control measure, and implementation of an adequate vaccination program is recommended as a national policy. In addition, optional control measures, including compulsory testing of introduced animals and bulk tank milk (BTM) testing as a mass screening method, are used in several provinces, but their efficacy has not been completely assessed. We evaluated these control measures using the scenario tree model of BVD in Japan, developed in the previous study. The model outputs indicated that compulsory testing of all introduced cattle, rather than only heifers and/or non-vaccinated cattle, was cost effective and reduced the risk of BVDV introduction due to animal movement and that BTM testing could effectively monitor most part of the cattle population. Vaccination coverage and BVDV prevalence among introduced cattle could also affect the cost effectiveness of compulsory testing of targeted cattle, particularly under low vaccination coverage or high BVDV prevalence. However, even with the implementation of a highly effective monitoring scheme for many years, BVD risk could not be eliminated; it instead converged at a very low level (0.02%). Disease models with a cost-effective output could be a powerful tool in developing a control scheme for chronic animal diseases, including BVD, with the consent of relevant stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu ISODA
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for
Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido
001-0020, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for
Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido
001-0020, Japan
| | - Akihiro ASANO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Michiru ICHIJO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Hiroshi OHNO
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko SATO
- Western Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 109, Nishi-Syunbetsu, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido
088-2576, Japan
| | - Hirokazu OKAMOTO
- Northern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 37, Tawara-bashi 14, Naka-shibetsu, Sibetsu-gun,
Hokkaido 086-1137, Japan
| | - Shigeru NAKAO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun,
Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hajime KATO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun,
Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuma SAITO
- Betsukai Town Office, 280, Betsukai-Tokiwa, Betsukai,
Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0205, Japan
| | - Naoki ITO
- The Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives in Nemuro, 2,
Higashi 1, Minami 1, Naka-shibetsu, Sibetsu-gun, Hokkaido 086-1006, Japan
| | - Akira USUI
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hiroaki TAKAYAMA
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro SAKODA
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for
Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido
001-0020, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo,
Hokkaido 060-0018, Japan
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20
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Iotti B, Valdano E, Savini L, Candeloro L, Giovannini A, Rosati S, Colizza V, Giacobini M. Farm productive contexts and the dynamics of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) transmission. Prev Vet Med 2019; 165:23-33. [PMID: 30851924 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease that affects cattle and that is endemic to many European countries. It has a markedly negative impact on the economy, through reduced milk production, abortions, and a shorter lifespan of the infected animals. Cows becoming infected during gestation may give birth to Persistently Infected (PI) calves, which remain highly infective throughout their life, due to the lack of immune response to the virus. As a result, they are the key driver of the persistence of the disease both at herd scale, and at the national level. In the latter case, the trade-driven movements of PIs, or gestating cows carrying PIs, are responsible for the spatial dispersion of BVD. Past modeling approaches to BVD transmission have either focused on within-herd or between-herd transmission. A comprehensive portrayal, however, targeting both the generation of PIs within a herd, and their displacement throughout the country due to trade transactions, is still missing. We overcome this by designing a multiscale metapopulation model of the spatial transmission of BVD, accounting for both within-herd infection dynamics, and its spatial dispersion. We focus on Italy, a country where BVD is endemic and seroprevalence is very high. By integrating simple within-herd dynamics of PI generation, and the highly-resolved cattle movement dataset available, our model requires minimal arbitrary assumptions on its parameterization. We use our model to study the role of the different productive contexts of the Italian market, and test possible intervention strategies aimed at prevalence reduction. We find that dairy farms are the main drivers of BVD persistence in Italy, and any control strategy targeting these farms would lead to significantly higher prevalence reduction, with respect to targeting other production compartments. Our multiscale metapopulation model is a simple yet effective tool for studying BVD dispersion and persistence at country level, and is a good instrument for testing targeted strategies aimed at the containment or elimination of this disease. Furthermore, it can readily be applied to any national market for which cattle movement data is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Iotti
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Turin 10095, Italy
| | - Eugenio Valdano
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Lara Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Luca Candeloro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Armando Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Turin 10095, Italy
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris 75011, France.
| | - Mario Giacobini
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Turin 10095, Italy
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21
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Abstract
AbstractBovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important infectious agent affecting herd productivity and reproduction, and leading to massive economic losses. As such, BVD is the subject of a number of control and eradication schemes globally. The key elements of such schemes are: diagnosis and removal of persistently infected animals from herds; implementation of biosecurity practices aimed at preventing the introduction or re-introduction of BVDV in free herds; and ongoing surveillance to monitor the progress of the program and to detect new infections. The objective of this review is to examine the impact of BVD and the management of the disease in three countries: Scotland, Spain, and Argentina, where BVD control programs are in distinct phases: established, developing, and yet to be initiated. This work also sets out to highlight potential difficulties and formulate recommendations for successful BVD control. It concludes that a systematic, countrywide approach is needed to achieve a sustainable decrease in BVD prevalence. The role of vaccines in control programs is concluded to be a valuable additional biosecurity measure. This study also concludes that there are potential wider benefits to a systematic BVD control program, such as a reduction in antimicrobial use and increases in the competitiveness of the cattle industry.
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22
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Reardon F, Graham D, Clegg TA, Tratalos J, O’Sullivan P, More SJ. Potential infection-control benefit of measures to mitigate the risk posed by Trojan dams in the Irish BVD eradication programme. Prev Vet Med 2018; 157:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Bate AM, Jones G, Kleczkowski A, Naylor R, Timmis J, White PCL, Touza J. Livestock Disease Management for Trading Across Different Regulatory Regimes. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:302-316. [PMID: 29435773 PMCID: PMC6132418 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of livestock health depends on the combined actions of many different actors, both within and across different regulatory frameworks. Prior work recognised that private risk management choices have the ability to reduce the spread of infection to trading partners. We evaluate the efficiency of farmers' alternative biosecurity choices in terms of their own-benefits from unilateral strategies and quantify the impact they may have in filtering the disease externality of trade. We use bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in England and Scotland as a case study, since this provides an example of a situation where contrasting strategies for BVD management occur between selling and purchasing farms. We use an agent-based bioeconomic model to assess the payoff dependence of farmers connected by trade but using different BVD management strategies. We compare three disease management actions: test-cull, test-cull with vaccination and vaccination alone. For a two-farm trading situation, all actions carried out by the selling farm provide substantial benefits to the purchasing farm in terms of disease avoided, with the greatest benefit resulting from test-culling with vaccination on the selling farm. Likewise, unilateral disease strategies by purchasers can be effective in reducing disease risks created through trade. We conclude that regulation needs to balance the trade-off between private gains from those bearing the disease management costs and the positive spillover effects on others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Bate
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - Glyn Jones
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Adam Kleczkowski
- Department of Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Rebecca Naylor
- Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jon Timmis
- Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Piran C L White
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Julia Touza
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
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24
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Softic A, Asmare K, Granquist EG, Godfroid J, Fejzic N, Skjerve E. The serostatus of Brucella spp., Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii and Neospora caninum in cattle in three cantons in Bosnia and Herzegovina. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:40. [PMID: 29394895 PMCID: PMC5797338 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dairy production in Bosnia and Herzegovina exhibits limited productivity, which may partly, be explained by extensive reproductive problems of non-infectious and infectious origin. Brucella spp., Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii and Neospora caninum are common infectious causes of decreased reproductive outcomes in cattle worldwide. Little is, however, known about the disease status of herds with reduced reproductive performances. A cross-sectional study was designed to document the status of these pathogens in dairy cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 1970 serum samples were collected from cattle in farms located in three cantons (regions). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen for seropositivity against four selected pathogens. Results The overall seroprevalence was estimated at both the herd level and at individual level for each pathogen. At the individual animal level, the prevalence for C. abortus, C. burnetii, N. caninum and Brucella spp. was 52.1% (95% CI: 41.2–62.7), 8.8% (95% CI: 5.3–14.2), 9.2% (95% CI: 6.0–12.3 and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1–0.5), respectively. The corresponding estimates for herd level were 87.9% (95% CI: 82.6–91.8), 19.6% (95% CI: 14.6–25.8), 35.2% (95% CI: 28.8–42.1), and 1.5% (95% CI: 0.5–4.6). A substantial overlap was observed in the presence of N. caninum, C. abortus and C. burnetii at individual and herd level. Conclusion Our study demonstrated a high level of antibodies to Chlamydia abortus. Considering the association of this agent with reproductive disorders in cattle, future studies should be directed to the epidemiological traits of this infection. Additionally, the relatively high levels of exposure to C. burnetii and N. caninum found in this study highlights the need for targeted control of infectious causes of reproductive disorders in dairy cattle of the studied areas. Given the low seroprevalence, Brucella spp. does not seem to represent a problem in the reproductive health of cattle in the studied areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1361-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adis Softic
- Department for economics and animal health, University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty in Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. .,Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 8146, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Hawassa University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Erik Georg Granquist
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 8146, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- University in Tromsø, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9010, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nihad Fejzic
- Department for economics and animal health, University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty in Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 8146, 0033, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Vermillion MS, Klein SL. Pregnancy and infection: using disease pathogenesis to inform vaccine strategy. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29423318 PMCID: PMC5794984 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the mainstay of preventative medicine for many infectious diseases. Pregnant women, unborn fetuses, and neonates represent three at-risk populations that can be simultaneously protected by strategic vaccination protocols. Because the pathogenesis of different infectious microbes varies based on tissue tropism, timing of infection, and host susceptibility, the goals of immunization are not uniform across all vaccines. Mechanistic understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis and immune responses is therefore essential to inform vaccine design and the implementation of appropriate immunization protocols that optimize protection of pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S. Vermillion
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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26
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Thulke HH, Lange M, Tratalos JA, Clegg TA, McGrath G, O'Grady L, O'Sullivan P, Doherty ML, Graham DA, More SJ. Eradicating BVD, reviewing Irish programme data and model predictions to support prospective decision making. Prev Vet Med 2017; 150:151-161. [PMID: 29221591 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea is an infectious production disease of major importance in many cattle sectors of the world. The infection is predominantly transmitted by animal contact. Postnatal infections are transient, leading to immunologically protected cattle. However, for a certain window of pregnancy, in utero infection of the foetus results in persistently infected (PI) calves being the major risk of BVD spread, but also an efficient target for controlling the infection. There are two acknowledged strategies to identify PI animals for removal: tissue tag testing (direct; also known as the Swiss model) and serological screening (indirect by interpreting the serological status of the herd; the Scandinavian model). Both strategies are effective in reducing PI prevalence and herd incidence. During the first four years of the Irish national BVD eradication programme (2013-16), it has been mandatory for all newborn calves to be tested using tissue tag testing. During this period, PI incidence has substantially declined. In recent times, there has been interest among stakeholders in a change to an indirect testing strategy, with potential benefit to the overall programme, particularly with respect to cost to farmers. Advice was sought on the usefulness of implementing the necessary changes. Here we review available data from the national eradication programme and strategy performance predictions from an expert system model to quantify expected benefits of the strategy change from strategic, budgetary and implementation points of view. Key findings from our work include (i) drawbacks associated with changes to programme implementation, in particular the loss of epidemiological information to allow real-time monitoring of eradication progress or to reliably predict time to eradication, (ii) the fact that only 25% of the herds in the Irish cattle sector (14% beef, 78% dairy herds) would benefit financially from a change to serosurveillance, with half of these participants benefiting by less than EUR 75 per annum at herd level or an average of EUR 1.22 per cow, and (iii) opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of the current programme, particularly in terms of time to eradication, through enforced compliance with PI removal as currently outlined in programme recommendations. The assembled information provides scientific arguments, contributing to an informed debate of the pros and cons of a change in eradication strategy in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Thulke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - M Lange
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J A Tratalos
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - T A Clegg
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G McGrath
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L O'Grady
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P O'Sullivan
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Shinagh House, Bandon, Ireland
| | - M L Doherty
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 4-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - S J More
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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27
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ISODA N, ASANO A, ICHIJO M, WAKAMORI S, OHNO H, SATO K, OKAMOTO H, NAKAO S, KATO H, SAITO K, ITO N, USUI A, TAKAYAMA H, SAKODA Y. Evaluation of control measures for bovine viral diarrhea implemented in Nemuro District, Hokkaido, Japan, using a scenario tree model. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1172-1181. [PMID: 28539533 PMCID: PMC5559360 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A scenario tree model was developed to propose efficient bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) control measures. The model used field data in eastern Hokkaido where the risk of BVDV infection in cattle has been reduced by an eradication program including mass vaccination, individual tests prior to communal pasture grazing, herd screening tests using bulk milk, and outbreak investigations of newly infected herds. These four activities were then used as hypothesized control measures in the simulation. In each simulation, the numbers of cattle infected persistently and transiently with BVDV detected by clinical manifestations and diagnosis tests and of missed by all of the diagnosis tests were calculated, and the numbers were used as indicators to be compared for the efficacy of the control measures. The model outputs indicated that the adoption of mass vaccination decreased the number of missed BVD cattle, although it did not increase the number of detected BVD cattle. Under implementation of mass vaccination, the efficacy of individual tests on selected 20% of the young and adult cattle was equal to that of the herd screening test performed in all the herds. When the virus prevalence or the number of sensitive animals becomes low, the efficacy of herd screening test was superior to one of individual tests. Considering the model outputs together, the scenario tree model developed in the present study was useful to compare the efficacy of the control measures for BVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu ISODA
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Akihiro ASANO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Michiru ICHIJO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Shiho WAKAMORI
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0018, Japan
| | - Hiroshi OHNO
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko SATO
- Western Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 109, Nishi-Syunbetsu, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 088-2576, Japan
| | - Hirokazu OKAMOTO
- Northern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 37, Tawara-bashi 14, Naka-shibetsu, Sibetsu-gun, Hokkaido 086-1137, Japan
| | - Shigeru NAKAO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hajime KATO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuma SAITO
- Betsukai Town Office, 280, Betsukai-Tokiwa, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0205, Japan
| | - Naoki ITO
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Akira USUI
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hiroaki TAKAYAMA
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro SAKODA
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0018, Japan
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28
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A systematic worldwide review of the direct monetary losses in cattle due to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Vet J 2017; 220:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Graham D, Clegg T, Thulke HH, O’Sullivan P, McGrath G, More S. Quantifying the risk of spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) between contiguous herds in Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2016; 126:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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