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Medina JE, Castañeda S, Camargo M, Garcia-Corredor DJ, Muñoz M, Ramírez JD. Exploring viral diversity and metagenomics in livestock: insights into disease emergence and spillover risks in cattle. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10403-2. [PMID: 38865041 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Cattle have a significant impact on human societies in terms of both economics and health. Viral infections pose a relevant problem as they directly or indirectly disrupt the balance within cattle populations. This has negative consequences at the economic level for producers and territories, and also jeopardizes human health through the transmission of zoonotic diseases that can escalate into outbreaks or pandemics. To establish prevention strategies and control measures at various levels (animal, farm, region, or global), it is crucial to identify the viral agents present in animals. Various techniques, including virus isolation, serological tests, and molecular techniques like PCR, are typically employed for this purpose. However, these techniques have two major drawbacks: they are ineffective for non-culturable viruses, and they only detect a small fraction of the viruses present. In contrast, metagenomics offers a promising approach by providing a comprehensive and unbiased analysis for detecting all viruses in a given sample. It has the potential to identify rare or novel infectious agents promptly and establish a baseline of healthy animals. Nevertheless, the routine application of viral metagenomics for epidemiological surveillance and diagnostics faces challenges related to socioeconomic variables, such as resource availability and space dedicated to metagenomics, as well as the lack of standardized protocols and resulting heterogeneity in presenting results. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge and prospects for using viral metagenomics to detect and identify viruses in cattle raised for livestock, while discussing the epidemiological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Esteban Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Camargo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Centro de Tecnología en Salud (CETESA), Innovaseq SAS, Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Diego J Garcia-Corredor
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Premachandre CK, Vaz PK, Sharma S, Kanci Condello A, Browning GF, Wawegama NK. Genes required for survival and proliferation of Mycoplasma bovis in association with host cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0068724. [PMID: 38864628 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00687-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important emerging pathogen of cattle and bison, but our understanding of the genetic basis of its interactions with its host is limited. The aim of this study was to identify genes of M. bovis required for interaction and survival in association with host cells. One hundred transposon-induced mutants of the type strain PG45 were assessed for their capacity to survive and proliferate in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell cultures. The growth of 19 mutants was completely abrogated, and 47 mutants had a prolonged doubling time compared to the parent strain. All these mutants had a similar growth pattern to the parent strain PG45 in the axenic media. Thirteen genes previously classified as dispensable for the axenic growth of M. bovis were found to be essential for the growth of M. bovis in association with host cells. In most of the mutants with a growth-deficient phenotype, the transposon was inserted into a gene involved in transportation or metabolism. This included genes coding for ABC transporters, proteins related to carbohydrate, nucleotide and protein metabolism, and membrane proteins essential for attachment. It is likely that these genes are essential not only in vitro but also for the survival of M. bovis in infected animals. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma bovis causes chronic bronchopneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, and reproductive tract disease in cattle around the globe and is an emerging pathogen in bison. Control of mycoplasma infections is difficult in the absence of appropriate antimicrobial treatment or effective vaccines. A comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen interactions and virulence factors is important to implement more effective control methods against M. bovis. Recent studies of other mycoplasmas with in vitro cell culture models have identified essential virulence genes of mycoplasmas. Our study has identified genes of M. bovis required for survival in association with host cells, which will pave the way to a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and the role of specific genes in the pathogenesis of disease caused by M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintha K Premachandre
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shukriti Sharma
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Gelgie AE, Desai SE, Gelalcha BD, Kerro Dego O. Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1322267. [PMID: 38515536 PMCID: PMC10956102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1322267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis has recently been identified increasingly in dairy cows causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry. M. bovis is a causative agent for mastitis, pneumonia, endometritis, endocarditis, arthritis, otitis media, and many other clinical symptoms in cattle. However, some infected cows are asymptomatic or may not shed the pathogen for weeks to years. This characteristic of M. bovis, along with the lack of adequate testing and identification methods in many parts of the world until recently, has allowed the M. bovis to be largely undetected despite its increased prevalence in dairy farms. Due to growing levels of antimicrobial resistance among wild-type M. bovis isolates and lack of cell walls in mycoplasmas that enable them to be intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics that are widely used in dairy farms, there is no effective treatment for M. bovis mastitis. Similarly, there is no commercially available effective vaccine for M. bovis mastitis. The major constraint to developing effective intervention tools is limited knowledge of the virulence factors and mechanisms of the pathogenesis of M. bovis mastitis. There is lack of quick and reliable diagnostic methods with high specificity and sensitivity for M. bovis. This review is a summary of the current state of knowledge of the virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and control of M. bovis mastitis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aga E. Gelgie
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sarah E. Desai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Benti D. Gelalcha
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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4
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Amat S, Magossi G, Rakibuzzaman AGM, Holman DB, Schmidt KN, Kosel L, Ramamoorthy S. Screening and selection of essential oils for an intranasal spray against bovine respiratory pathogens based on antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antibiofilm activities. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1360398. [PMID: 38384959 PMCID: PMC10879409 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1360398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rise in antibiotic resistant pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) poses a serious challenge, particularly to the beef feedlot industry, as they currently depend on antibiotics to prevent BRD to mitigate the financial burden (approx. $1 billion annual loss) inflicted by BRD-associated high mortality and morbidity in feedlot cattle. Thus, there is an impetus need for the development of antimicrobial alternative strategies against BRD. This study aimed to screen and select candidate essential oils (EOs) for the development of an intranasal EO spray that can inhibit BRD pathogens and promote microbiota-mediated respiratory health. Methods The effects of selected EOs (ajowan, cinnamon leaf, citronella, grapefruit, fennel, and thyme) on a bovine nasopharyngeal microbiota culture were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The microbiota culture was enriched by incubating nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from finishing beef heifers in brain heart infusion broth with and without EOs (0.025%, v/v). These EOs were then also evaluated for their immunomodulatory effects on bovine turbinate (BT) cells by analyzing the concentrations of 15 cytokines and chemokines in cell culture after 24 h incubation. The crystal violet assay was done to assess the antibiofilm activity of EOs against Escherichia coli UMN026 strain. Finally, 15 EOs were screened for their antiviral activity against the bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) using BT cells and a fluorescence-based method. Results Ajowan, fennel, and thyme resulted in a moderate reduction of overall nasopharyngeal microbiota growth with significant alterations of both alpha and beta diversity, and the relative abundance of predominant bacterial families (e.g., increasing Enterobacteriaceae and decreasing Moraxellaceae) compared to the control (p < 0.05). Co-incubation of BT cells with selected EOs resulted in minimal alterations in cytokine and chemokine levels (p > 0.05). Ajowan, thyme, fennel, and cinnamon leaf exhibited antibiofilm activity at concentrations of 0.025 and 0.05%. Reduction of BVDV-1 replication in BT cells was observed with thyme (strong), and ajowan and citronella (moderate) at 0.0125% concentration. Discussion Accordingly, ajowan, thyme, fennel, cinnamon leaf, and citronella EOs were selected for further development as an intranasal EO spray to prevent and control of BRD pathogens in feedlot cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Gabriela Magossi
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - AGM Rakibuzzaman
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Kaycie N. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Luke Kosel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Gütgemann F, Müller A, Churin Y, Kumm F, Braun AS, Yue M, Eisenberg T, Entorf M, Peters T, Kehrenberg C. Toward a Method for Harmonized Susceptibility Testing of Mycoplasma bovis by Broth Microdilution. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0190522. [PMID: 37439667 PMCID: PMC10446863 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01905-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a fastidious pathogen of cattle causing massive economic losses in the calf and dairy industries worldwide. Since there is no approved standard method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of M. bovis, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute has requested the development of a suitable method. Therefore, this study aimed at developing a method for harmonized broth microdilution AST of M. bovis. For this, 131 M. bovis field isolates and M. bovis strain DSM 22781T were collected and macrorestriction analysis was performed to select 15 epidemiologically unrelated M. bovis strains for method validation steps. To select a suitable broth for AST of M. bovis, growth determinations were performed using five media and growth curves were compiled. Then, susceptibility testing was performed considering the exact (precondition of five identical MICs) and essential (MIC mode, accepting a deviation of ±1 dilution step) MIC agreements to evaluate the reproducibility of MIC values using a panel of 16 antimicrobial agents. Subsequently, the remaining field isolates were tested and the suitability of quality control (QC) strains was assessed. Growth experiments showed that SP4 broth was the only one of the five media that yielded sufficient growth of M. bovis. Therefore, it was selected as the test medium for AST and homogeneous MIC values were obtained (exact and essential agreements of 36 to 100% and 92 to 100%, respectively). For all other isolates tested, easy-to-read MIC endpoints were determined with this medium. High overall MIC50 and/or MIC90 values were observed for aminoglycosides and macrolides, and some isolates showed elevated MICs of fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, and/or tiamulin. Since the MICs of four commonly used QC strains were partially not within their ranges, a 20-fold MIC testing of M. bovis DSM 22781T was performed and met the criteria for a new QC strain. For harmonized AST of M. bovis, SP4 broth seems to be suitable with an incubation time of 72 ± 2 h and further validation of M. bovis DSM 22781T as a future QC strain is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gütgemann
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Müller
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yury Churin
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Kumm
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ann Sophie Braun
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Entorf
- Dairy Herd Consulting and Research Company (MBFG), Wunstorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- Dairy Herd Consulting and Research Company (MBFG), Wunstorf, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Zhang H, Lu S, Chao J, Lu D, Zhao G, Chen Y, Chen H, Faisal M, Yang L, Hu C, Guo A. The attenuated Mycoplasma bovis strain promotes apoptosis of bovine macrophages by upregulation of CHOP expression. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:925209. [PMID: 35992665 PMCID: PMC9381834 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.925209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is one of the major pathogens in the bovine respiratory disease complex, which includes pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis and causes a great economic loss in the cattle industry. In China, a live-attenuated vaccine strain M. bovis P150 was obtained by a continuous culture of the wild-type strain M. bovis HB0801 (P1) in vitro for 150 passages. Using the infected bovine macrophage cell line BoMac, this work attempted to investigate the mechanism of P150 attenuation and protective immune response. To begin, we show that M. bovis P150 effectively triggered cytotoxicity and apoptosis in BoMac, although with lower intracellular survival than P1. The transcriptomes of BoMac after infection with M. bovis strains P1 and P150 were sequenced, and bioinformatic analysis identified 233 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 185 upregulated and 48 downregulated. Further Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the majority of the DEGs were linked to CHOP complex, MAP kinase phosphatase activity and were involved in the IL-17 signaling pathway in immune response, MAPK signaling pathway in signal transduction, and p53 signaling pathway in cell growth and death. Among them, the level of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was significantly upregulated in P150-infected BoMac compared to P1-infected cells at different time points, along with its upstream and downstream genes phosphorylated-PERK, phosphorylated-EIF2α, ATF4, and GADD45A increased in the PERK-dependent ER stress response. The role of CHOP in apoptosis was further verified by M. bovis-induced siCHOP knockdown in BoMac cells. The results showed that CHOP knockdown enhanced P150-induced apoptosis and dramatically increased the M. bovis P1 and P150 intracellular survival, particularly for P150. These data suggest that P150 infection upregulates CHOP expression, which can increase apoptosis and mediate a crosstalk between ER stress and apoptosis during infection, and hence, contribute to high cytotoxicity and low intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Doukun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Changmin Hu,
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Aizhen Guo,
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7
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Dawood A, Algharib SA, Zhao G, Zhu T, Qi M, Delai K, Hao Z, Marawan MA, Shirani I, Guo A. Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855731. [PMID: 35646746 PMCID: PMC9137434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host's immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kong Delai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Zhao G, Zhu X, Zhang H, Chen Y, Schieck E, Hu C, Chen H, Guo A. Novel Secreted Protein of Mycoplasma bovis MbovP280 Induces Macrophage Apoptosis Through CRYAB. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619362. [PMID: 33659004 PMCID: PMC7917047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes important diseases and great losses on feedlots and dairy farms. However, there are only a few measures to control M. bovis-related diseases. As in other mycoplasma species, this is predominantly because the virulence related factors of this pathogen are largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify novel virulence-related factors among the secreted proteins of M. bovis. Using bioinformatic tools to analyze its secreted proteins, we preliminarily predicted 39 secreted lipoproteins, and then selected 11 of them for confirmation based on SignalP scores >0.6 or SceP scores >0.8 and conserved domains. These 11 genes were cloned after gene modification based on the codon bias of Escherichia coli and expressed. Mouse antiserum to each recombinant protein was developed. A western blotting assay with these antisera confirmed that MbovP280 and MbovP475 are strongly expressed and secreted proteins, but only MbovP280 significantly reduced the viability of bovine macrophages (BoMac). In further experiments, MbovP280 induced the apoptosis of BoMac treated with both live M. bovis and MbovP280 protein. The conserved coiled-coil domain of MbovP280 at amino acids 210–269 is essential for its induction of apoptosis. Further, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and coimmunoprecipitation assays identified the anti-apoptosis regulator αB-crystallin (CRYAB) as an MbovP280-binding ligand. An αβ-crystallin knockout cell line BoMac-cryab−, Mbov0280-knockout M. bovis strain T9.297, and its complemented M. bovis strain CT9.297 were constructed and the apoptosis of BoMac-cryab− induced by these strains was compared. The results confirmed that CRYAB is critical for MbovP280 function as an apoptosis inducer in BoMac. In conclusion, in this study, we identified MbovP280 as a novel secreted protein of M. bovis that induces the apoptosis of BoMac via its coiled-coil domain and cellular ligand CRYAB. These findings extend our understanding of the virulence mechanism of mycoplasmal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Elise Schieck
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Rapid Identification of Mycoplasma bovis Strains from Bovine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry after Enrichment Procedure. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00004-20. [PMID: 32229599 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00004-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a leading cause of pneumonia in modern calf rearing. Fast identification is essential to ensure appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a protocol to identify M. bovis from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS and to determine the diagnostic accuracy in comparison with other techniques. BALf was obtained from 104 cattle, and the presence of M. bovis was determined in the following three ways: (i) rapid identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS (RIMM) (BALf was enriched and after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation and was analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS), (ii) triplex real-time PCR for M. bovis, Mycoplasma bovirhinis, and Mycoplasma dispar, and (iii) 10-day incubation on selective-indicative agar. The diagnostic accuracy of the three tests was determined with Bayesian latent class modeling (BLCM). After 24 h of enrichment, M. bovis was identified with MALDI-TOF MS in 3 out of 104 BALf samples. After 48 and 72 h of enrichment, 32/104 and 38/100 samples, respectively, were M. bovis positive. Lipase-positive Mycoplasma-like colonies were seen in 28 of 104 samples. Real-time PCR resulted in 28/104 positive and 12/104 doubtful results for M. bovis The BLCM showed a sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of 86.6% (95% credible interval [CI], 69.4% to 97.6%) and 86.4% (CI, 76.1 to 93.8) for RIMM. For real-time PCR, Se was 94.8% (CI, 89.9 to 97.9) and Sp was 88.9% (CI, 78.0 to 97.4). For selective-indicative agar, Se and Sp were 70.5% (CI, 52.1 to 87.1) and 93.9% (CI, 85.9 to 98.4), respectively. These results suggest that rapid identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS after an enrichment procedure is a promising test for routine diagnostics in veterinary laboratories.
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10
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Jiménez-Meléndez A, Fernández-Álvarez M, Calle A, Ramírez MÁ, Diezma-Díaz C, Vázquez-Arbaizar P, Ortega-Mora LM, Álvarez-García G. Lytic cycle of Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites displays similar features in primary bovine endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:517. [PMID: 31685001 PMCID: PMC6829937 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the cyst-forming apicomplexan parasite Besnoitia besnoiti, is a chronic and debilitating cattle disease that continues to spread in Europe in the absence of control tools. In this scenario, in vitro culture systems are valuable tools to carry out drug screenings and to unravel host-parasite interactions. However, studies performed in bovine target cells are scarce. METHODS The objective of the present study was to obtain primary bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and fibroblast cell cultures, target cells during the acute and the chronic stage of the disease, respectively, from healthy bovine donors. Afterwards, expression of surface (CD31, CD34 and CD44) and intracellular markers (vimentin and cytokeratin) was studied to characterize cell populations by flow cytometry. Next, the lytic cycle of B. besnoiti tachyzoites was studied in both target cells. Invasion rates (IRs) were determined by immunofluorescence at several time points post-infection, and proliferation kinetics were studied by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Finally, the influence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) co-infection on the host cell machinery, and consequently on B. besnoiti invasion and proliferation, was investigated in BAECs. RESULTS Morphology and cytometry results confirmed the endothelial and fibroblast origins. CD31 was the surface marker that best discriminated between BAECs and fibroblasts, since fibroblasts lacked CD31 labelling. Expression of CD34 was weak in low-passage BAECs and absent in high-passage BAECs and fibroblasts. Positive labelling for CD44, vimentin and cytokeratin was observed in both BAECs and fibroblasts. Regarding the lytic cycle of the parasite, although low invasion rates (approximately 3-4%) were found in both cell culture systems, more invasion was observed in BAECs at 24 and 72 hpi. The proliferation kinetics did not differ between BAECs and fibroblasts. BVDV infection favoured early Besnoitia invasion but there was no difference in tachyzoite yields observed in BVDV-BAECs compared to BAECs. CONCLUSIONS We have generated and characterized two novel standardized in vitro models for Besnoitia besnoiti infection based on bovine primary target BAECs and fibroblasts, and have shown the relevance of BVDV coinfections, which should be considered in further studies with other cattle pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Álvarez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Calle
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avenida Puerta de Hierro 12, local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Ramírez
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avenida Puerta de Hierro 12, local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Diezma-Díaz
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez-Arbaizar
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Oliveira TES, Pelaquim IF, Flores EF, Massi RP, Valdiviezo MJJ, Pretto-Giordano LG, Alfieri AA, Saut JPE, Headley SA. Mycoplasma bovis and viral agents associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in adult dairy cows. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:82-93. [PMID: 31232526 PMCID: PMC7228412 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The etiology and pathologic findings of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in adult dairy cows (n = 35) from a commercial dairy herd in Southern Brazil were investigated. Pulmonary samples were examined for histopathologic patterns and specific features within these patterns, while immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were designed to detect the intralesional antigens of viral infectious disease agents and Mycoplasma bovis. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 91.4% (32/35) of these cases; neither pneumonia nor any of the infectious disease pathogens evaluated occurred in three cows. The presence of multiple respiratory pathogens in 75% (24/32) of these cases indicated the complex origin of pneumonia in cattle. Interstitial pneumonia, necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and suppurative bronchopneumonia were the principal patterns of pulmonary disease identified by histopathology. The most frequent pathogens identified by IHC were bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; n = 18), M. bovis (n = 16) and bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1; n = 14), followed by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV; n = 11) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3; n = 5). Obliterative bronchiolitis and peribronchial lymphocytic cuffings were the characteristic histopathologic features associated with M. bovis. Necrohemorrhagic bronchitis with bronchial angiogenesis was associated with BoHV-1. Necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis were associated with BVDV, BoHV-1 and BRSV. Ballooning degeneration of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia was associated with BRSV and BoHV-1. This is the first report from Brazil that correlated the histopathologic findings of BRD with the associated infectious disease agents by immunohistochemistry. M. bovis was frequently detected in the tissues of cows with fatal pulmonary disease during this study and may be a possible primary disease pathogen associated with the development of BRD in dairy cows. Additionally, the histopathologic features identified within patterns of pulmonary disease during this investigation may be an efficient diagnostic tool to associate histopathologic findings with specific agents of BRD in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Evani Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite; Brazil), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Isadora Fernanda Pelaquim
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pelisson Massi
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Milton James Jiménez Valdiviezo
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucienne Garcia Pretto-Giordano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite; Brazil), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Elsen Saut
- Large Animal Health Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite; Brazil), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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12
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Hananeh WM, Momani WMA, Ababneh MM, Abutarbush SM. Mycoplasma bovis arthritis and pneumonia in calves in Jordan: An emerging disease. Vet World 2019; 11:1663-1668. [PMID: 30774255 PMCID: PMC6362338 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1663-1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Clinical, microbiological, molecular, and pathological assays were undertaken to characterize an outbreak of increasingly reported signs of unresponsive arthritis and pneumonia of Mycoplasma bovis infection in young calves in Jordan. Materials and Methods: Clinical history of the affected bovine herd was investigated for the presence of respiratory and/or joint problems. Two calves with such history were clinically examined and necropsied. Representative tissues were sent for microbiological, molecular, and pathological examinations for M. bovis infection. Results: The outbreak started in a herd of 220 nursing calves, 2 months before the receiving of two calves for postmortem examination. Clinically, respiratory signs and infection of one or more joints dominated in the affected calves. The morbidity and case fatality rates were 27.27% and 61.7%, respectively. The left carpal joint was markedly swollen in both calves and exhibited necrofibrinous to granulomatous arthritis in varying degrees of severity. The anteroventral lung lobes in both calves were consistently affected and revealed multifocal to coalescing severe necrogranulomatous and fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia. Microbiological and molecular findings confirmed the pathological examination. Furthermore, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) was diagnosed in one calf by histopathology and polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion: This investigation reports the first outbreak of M. bovis infection in calves located in Jordan that could occur concurrently with BVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Hananeh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Waleed M Al Momani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mustafa M Ababneh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sameeh M Abutarbush
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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13
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Maina T, Prysliak T, Perez-Casal J. Mycoplasma bovis delay in apoptosis of macrophages is accompanied by increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes, reduced cytochrome C translocation and inhibition of DNA fragmentation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 208:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Cardoso TC, Okamura LH, Baptistella JC, Borsanelli AC, Baptistiolli L, Ferreira HL, Gameiro R, Flores EF. RETRACTED: Bovine Herpesvirus 5 promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured bovine monocyte-derived macrophages and not affect virus replication. Vet Microbiol 2019; 229:153-158. [PMID: 30642592 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the Editors-in-Chief and Authors.
Fig 1A is a duplicate of a figure that has already been published in da Silva SEL et al. Archives of Virology 2018;163:1043-1049; 10.1007/s00705-018-3704-2. These two papers report studies performed with cells from two different animal species (bovine cells for the Veterinary Microbiology paper and chicken cells for the Archives of Virology paper). The reuse of the same figure in the Veterinary Microbiology paper to describe cells that were supposed to be from a different species is thus inappropriate and also puts into question the reliability of the other results presented in this paper.
In addition, the Editors-in-Chief have remaining concerns about the strong similarities of other data presented in the two papers.
Even if these concerns were addressed, the re-use of any data has to be clearly indicated and appropriately cited. As such this article represents a misuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza C Cardoso
- UNESP- University of São Paulo State, College of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucas H Okamura
- UNESP- University of São Paulo State, College of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jamila C Baptistella
- UNESP- University of São Paulo State, College of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lillian Baptistiolli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA- USP- University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena L Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA- USP- University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gameiro
- UNESP- University of São Paulo State, College of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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15
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Toka FN, Dunaway K, Smaltz F, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Drnevich J, Mielcarska MB, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Schweizer M. Bacterial and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce divergent early transcriptomic landscapes in a bovine macrophage cell line. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:15. [PMID: 30621583 PMCID: PMC6323673 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogens stimulate immune functions of macrophages. Macrophages are a key sentinel cell regulating the response to pathogenic ligands and orchestrating the direction of the immune response. Our study aimed at investigating the early transcriptomic changes of bovine macrophages (Bomacs) in response to stimulation with CpG DNA or polyI:C, representing bacterial and viral ligands respectively, and performed transcriptomics by RNA sequencing (RNASeq). KEGG, GO and IPA analytical tools were used to reconstruct pathways, networks and to map out molecular and cellular functions of differentially expressed genes (DE) in stimulated cells. Results A one-way ANOVA analysis of RNASeq data revealed significant differences between the CpG DNA and polyI:C-stimulated Bomac. Of the 13,740 genes mapped to the bovine genome, 2245 had p-value ≤0.05, deemed as DE. At 6 h post stimulation of Bomac, poly(I:C) induced a very different transcriptomic profile from that induced by CpG DNA. Whereas, 347 genes were upregulated and 210 downregulated in response to CpG DNA, poly(I:C) upregulated 761 genes and downregulated 414 genes. The topmost DE genes in poly(I:C)-stimulated cells had thousand-fold changes with highly significant p-values, whereas in CpG DNA stimulated cells had 2–5-fold changes with less stringent p-values. The highest DE genes in both stimulations belonged to the TNF superfamily, TNFSF18 (CpG) and TNFSF10 (poly(I:C)) and in both cases the lowest downregulated gene was CYP1A1. CpG DNA highly induced canonical pathways that are unrelated to immune response in Bomac. CpG DNA influenced expression of genes involved in molecular and cellular functions in free radical scavenging. By contrast, poly(I:C) highly induced exclusively canonical pathways directly related to antiviral immune functions mediated by interferon signalling genes. The transcriptomic profile after poly(I:C)-stimulation was consistent with induction of TLR3 signalling. Conclusion CpG DNA and poly(I:C) induce different early transcriptional landscapes in Bomac, but each is suited to a specific function of macrophages during interaction with pathogens. Poly(I:C) influenced antiviral response genes, whereas CpG DNA influenced genes important for phagocytic processes. Poly(I:C) was more potent in setting the inflammatory landscape desirable for an efficient immune response against virus infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5411-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix N Toka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, 00-334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis. .,Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kiera Dunaway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, 00-334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Felicia Smaltz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, 00-334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- HPCBio and the Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Josi C, Bürki S, Stojiljkovic A, Wellnitz O, Stoffel MH, Pilo P. Bovine Epithelial in vitro Infection Models for Mycoplasma bovis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:329. [PMID: 30280094 PMCID: PMC6153342 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes bovine mycoplasmosis. The major clinical manifestations are pneumonia and mastitis. Recently an increase in the severity of mastitis cases was reported in Switzerland. At the molecular level, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenicity of M. bovis. Host–pathogen interactions were primarily studied using primary bovine blood cells. Therefore, little is known about the impact of M. bovis on other cell types present in infected tissues. Clear in vitro phenotypes linked to the virulence of M. bovis strains or tissue predilection of specific M. bovis strains have not yet been described. We adapted bovine in vitro systems to investigate infection of epithelial cells with M. bovis using a cell line (MDBK: Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells) and two primary cells (PECT: bovine embryonic turbinate cells and bMec: bovine mammary gland epithelial cells). Two strains isolated before and after the emergence of severe mastitis cases were selected. Strain JF4278 isolated from a cow with mastitis and pneumonia in 2008 and strain L22/93 isolated in 1993 were used to assess the virulence of M. bovis genotypes toward epithelial cells with particular emphasis on mammary gland cells. Our findings indicate that M. bovis is able to adhere to and invade different epithelial cell types. Higher titers of JF4278 than L22/93 were observed in co-cultures with cells. The differences in titers reached between the two strains was more prominent for bMec cells than for MDBK and PECT cells. Moreover, M. bovis strain L22/93 induced apoptosis in MDBK cells and cytotoxicity in PECT cells but not in bMec cells. Dose-dependent variations in proliferation of primary epithelial cells were observed after M. bovis infection. Nevertheless, an indisputable phenotype that could be related to the increased virulence toward mammary gland cells is not obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Josi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Bürki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ana Stojiljkovic
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olga Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Pilo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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