1
|
Rimayi C, Madikizela LM. Utility of an alternative method (to USEPA Method 1613) for analysis of priority persistent organic pollutants in soil from mixed industrial-suburban areas of Durban, South Africa. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:749-762. [PMID: 35993344 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the adequacy of a USEPA Method 1613 alternative analytical method for analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soil from the immediate vicinity of industrialized areas in the eThekwini municipal area in South Africa. The objective of this study is in line with the Stockholm Convention Article 11 on research, development, and monitoring. Furthermore, it became imperative to find an alternative analytical procedure to USEPA Method 1613 that could cater to studies conducted in Africa where recent reviews have indicated that most African countries lack the technical and instrumental capacity for performing analysis of dioxin-like compounds according to USEPA Method 1613, which entails the use of high-resolution chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry instrumentation. The study aimed to ascertain the utility of an alternative two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry method for analysis of trace-level priority POPs in soil, along with a fast single quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The analytical methods were applied to the analysis of POPs on soil samples from industrial areas with oil refineries and a pulp and paper manufacturing company, while other samples were collected near the electricity substations and a landfill site. Analytical results showed BDE 209 as the dominant contaminating polybrominated diphenyl ether (concentration ranges from 0.006 to 5.71 ng g-1 ). Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) 9, 10, and 49 were the dominant PBBs detected in 78% of the sites tested, although their concentrations were below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls detected could not be quantified above their respective LOQs, indicating that the Durban area has low priority pollutant contamination levels compared to other regions around the world. The methods developed are a starting point that will inform considerations for routine evaluation and management of soil contamination, which plays a vital role in environmental management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:749-762. © 2022 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Systems (RQIS), Roodeplaat, South Africa
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen BAT, Hsieh JL, Lo SC, Wang SY, Hung CH, Huang E, Hung SH, Chin WC, Huang CC. Biodegradation of dioxins by Burkholderia cenocepacia strain 869T2: Role of 2-haloacid dehalogenase. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123347. [PMID: 33113713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin compounds are persistent carcinogenic byproducts of anthropogenic activities such as waste combustion and other industrial activities. The ubiquitous distribution of dioxins is global concerns these days. Among of recent techniques, bioremediation, an eco-friendly and cost-effective technology, uses bacteria or fungi to detoxify in dioxins; however, not many bacteria can degrade the most toxic dioxin congener 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In this study, the endophytic bacterium Burkholderia cenocapacia 869T2 was capable of TCDD degradation by nearly 95 % after one-week of an aerobic incubation. Through transcriptomic analysis of the strain 869T2 at 6 -h and 12 -h TCDD exposure, a number of catabolic genes involved in dioxin metabolism were detected with high gene expressions in the presence of TCDD. The transcriptome data also indicated that B. cenocepacia strain 869T2 metabolized the dioxin compounds from an early phase (at 6 h) of the incubation, and the initial outline for a general dioxin degradation pathway were proposed. One of the catabolic genes, l-2-haloacid dehalogenase (2-HAD) was cloned to investigate its contribution in dioxin dehalogenation. By detecting the increasing concentration of chloride ions released from TCDD, our results indicated that the dehalogenase played a crucial role in dehalogenation of dioxin in the aerobic condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Anh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ju-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shou-Chen Lo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sui-Yuan Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hsiung Hung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Eugene Huang
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Hsun Hung
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Chih Chin
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chieh-Chen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pham NT, Nishijo M, Pham TT, Tran NN, Le VQ, Tran HA, Phan HAV, Nishino Y, Nishijo H. Perinatal dioxin exposure and neurodevelopment of 2-year-old Vietnamese children in the most contaminated area from Agent Orange in Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:217-226. [PMID: 31075589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bien Hoa airbase is the most contaminated area of dioxin contamination from Agent Orange in Vietnam, but little is known about the neurodevelopmental effects of perinatal dioxin exposure on children living nearby. We recruited 210 mother-newborn resident pairs in 2012 and 78 pairs in 2015 and followed them for 2 years to assess the children's neurodevelopment. As a control group, we used 120 mother-child pairs recruited in 2014 in the Ha Dong district of Ha Noi City, an unexposed area. Perinatal dioxin exposure levels were indicated by levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and toxic equivalency values of polychlorodibenzodioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, and nonortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (TEQ-PCDD/Fs/noPCBs) in maternal breast milk. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) were used to assess neurodevelopment, and scores in each domain were compared between children with different exposure levels using general linear regression models and stratification by sex. Decreased expressive and composite language scores in boys and gross motor scores in girls were found in children exposed to TCDD ≥ 5.5 (pg/g lipid) compared with children with TCDD < 1.8. However, in matched pair analysis between children with TCDD ≥ 5.5 and <1.8 (pg/g lipid), lower expressive and composite language scores in boys exposed to TCDD ≥ 5.5 were significant, but lower gross motor scores in girls did not reach statistical significance. In addition, significant association was found between levels of PCDD congeners other than TCDD and gross motor scores in boys. These findings suggest that perinatal exposure of TCDD and other PCDD congeners affects development of language and gross motor skills, respectively, in boys at 2 years of age exposed to dioxins originating from Agent Orange in Vietnam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thao Pham
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnamese Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan.
| | - The Tai Pham
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnamese Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | | | - Van Quan Le
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnamese Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | - Hai Anh Tran
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnamese Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | - Huy Anh Vu Phan
- Department of Health, Dong Nai Prefecture Government, Bien Hoa, Viet Nam
| | | | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nguyen DT, Nguyen HH, Nguyen TD, Nguyen TTH, Nakano K, Maejima K, Sasaki-Oku A, Nguyen VB, Nguyen DB, Le BQ, Wong JH, Tsunoda T, Nakagawa H, Fujimoto A, Nong VH. Whole Genome Sequencing of a Vietnamese Family from a Dioxin Contamination Hotspot Reveals Novel Variants in the Son with Undiagnosed Intellectual Disability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122629. [PMID: 30477169 PMCID: PMC6313569 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been a half-century since dioxin-contaminated herbicides were used to defoliate the landscape during the Vietnam War, dioxin contamination “hotspots” still remain in Vietnam. Environmental and health impacts of these hotspots need to be evaluated. Intellectual disability (ID) is one of the diseases found in the children of people exposed to the herbicides. This study aims to identify genetic alterations of a patient whose family lived in a dioxin hotspot. The patient’s father had a highly elevated dioxin concentration. He was affected with undiagnosed moderate ID. To analyze de novo mutations and genetic variations, and to identify causal gene(s) for ID, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the proband and his parents. Two de novo missense mutations were detected, each one in ETS2 and ZNF408 genes, respectively. Compound heterozygosity was identified in CENPF and TTN genes. Existing knowledge on the genes and bioinformatics analyses suggest that EST2, ZNF408, and CENPF might be promising candidates for ID causative genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Ton Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Hai Ha Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Duong Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Thanh Hoa Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Kaoru Nakano
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Maejima
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Aya Sasaki-Oku
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Van Ba Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Dong, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Duy Bac Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Dong, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Bach Quang Le
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Dong, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Jing Hao Wong
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Fujimoto
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Van Hai Nong
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ton ND, Nakagawa H, Ha NH, Duong NT, Nhung VP, Hien LTT, Hue HTT, Hoang NH, Wong JH, Nakano K, Maejima K, Sasaki-Oku A, Tsunoda T, Fujimoto A, Van Hai N. Whole genome sequencing and mutation rate analysis of trios with paternal dioxin exposure. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1384-1392. [PMID: 29969170 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or dioxin, is commonly considered the most toxic man-made substance. Dioxin exposure impacts human health and diseases, birth defects and teratogenesis were frequently observed in children of persons who have been exposed to dioxin. However, the impact of dioxin on human mutation rate in trios has not yet been elucidated at the whole genome level. To identify and characterize the genetic alterations in the individuals exposed to dioxin, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of nine Vietnamese trios whose fathers were exposed to dioxin. In total, 846 de novo point mutations, 26 de novo insertions and deletions, 4 de novo structural variations, and 1 de novo copy number variation were identified. The number of point mutations and dioxin concentrations were positively correlated (P-value < 0.05). Considering the substitution pattern, the number of A > T/T > A mutation and the dioxin concentration was positively correlated (P-value < 0.05). Our analysis also identified one possible disease-related mutation in LAMA5 in one trio. These findings suggested that dioxin exposure might affect father genomes of trios leading to de novo mutations in their children. Further analysis with larger sample sizes would be required to better clarify mutation rates and substitution patterns in trios caused by dioxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dang Ton
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam.,Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nguyen Hai Ha
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Duong
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Phuong Nhung
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Thu Hien
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Thi Thu Hue
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huy Hoang
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Jing Hao Wong
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nakano
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Maejima
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Sasaki-Oku
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujimoto
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nong Van Hai
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haddad A, Moqbel S, Abdelhadi M. Evaluating the effect of rain on the fate of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) accumulated in polluted trees in Amman, Jordan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10644-10653. [PMID: 29388157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Open combustion of solid waste is one of the main sources of the emission of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Ambient dioxin will eventually undergo depositions on soils and tree leaves. Pine trees have shown an ability to store dioxin in their needles allowing biomonitoring of dioxin atmospheric concentrations. Infiltration can transport dioxin to greater depths into the ground, on one hand, while vaporization can allow dioxin to return back to the atmosphere on the other. Several studies evaluated the migration of dioxin between two compartments; however, few studies have attempted to understand the fate of non-conservative PCDDs and PCDFs in an unsteady state system of more than two mediums. This study focused on the transportation of dioxin between polluted trees and the underlying soil through the effect of rain water. For approximately 10 years, pine trees in this study have been exposed to emissions generated by the open combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) from a fixed location. Soil samples located further from the point source had generally lower dioxin concentrations. Dioxin concentrations were correlated to distance from the source using least square regression. Soil samples below contaminated trees had dioxin concentrations 10-35% greater than the calculated measurements for the same spots using the regression model. By detecting these spikes in concentrations, it was possible to identify pools of dioxin found directly under the contaminated trees-indicating a rinsing effect of rain water on the stored dioxin on the trees' needles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assal Haddad
- Department of Civil Engineering, American University of Madaba, P.O.Box: 2882, Amman, 11821, Jordan.
| | - Shadi Moqbel
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Jordan, P.O Box University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Monther Abdelhadi
- Department of Civil Engineering, American University of Madaba, P.O.Box: 2882, Amman, 11821, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anh LT, Kido T, Honma S, Manh HD, Koike I, Oyama Y, Phuc HD, Okamoto R, Nakagawa H, Nakayama SF, Nhu DD, Minh NH, Toan NV, Son LK. A relationship in adrenal androgen levels between mothers and their children from a dioxin-exposed region in Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:32-41. [PMID: 28686893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, southern Vietnam has been burdened by dioxins from contaminated herbicides sprayed during the Vietnam War. In a previous study, we found that dioxin exposure decreased levels of salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an adrenal androgen, in 3-year-old children. In present study, to assess the relationship between adrenal hormones disruption in lactating mothers and in children, we compared mother-child pairs from dioxin- and nondioxin-contaminated regions. In 2010 and 2011, mother-child pairs from a dioxin hotspot region (n=37) and a non-contaminated region (n=47) were recruited and donated breast milk and serum samples for dioxin and steroid hormones determination. Mothers were 20-30years old and had given birth to their first child between 4 and 16weeks previously. One year later, saliva samples were collected from the children. Dioxin levels in breast milk were determined by gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Salivary DHEA, cortisol in children and androstenedione (A-dione), estradiol, cortisol, and DHEA in maternal serum were analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of dioxin congeners in the hotspot region were 2- to 5-fold higher than in samples from the non-contaminated region. Salivary DHEA levels in children and serum A-dione levels in mothers were significantly higher in the hotspot region; no difference was found in the levels of other hormones. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the elevated hormone levels in mothers and children (r=0.62, p<0.001). Several dioxin congeners exhibited strong significant dose-response relationships with salivary DHEA and serum A-dione levels. Our findings suggest that dioxin disrupts adrenal androgens in mothers and breastfeeding children through the same mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Thai Anh
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Seijiro Honma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ho Dung Manh
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, No. 10 Huynh Van Nghe, Buu Long, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, Viet Nam
| | - Ikue Koike
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Oyama
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hoang Duc Phuc
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Rie Okamoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Dang Duc Nhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Hung Minh
- Dioxin Laboratory, Centre for Environment Monitoring, Vietnam Environment Administration, No. 556 Nguyen Van Cu, Long Bien, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Van Toan
- Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Ke Son
- Environment Administration, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, No. 10 Ton That Thuyet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| |
Collapse
|