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Kamal H, Zafar MM, Razzaq A, Parvaiz A, Ercisli S, Qiao F, Jiang X. Functional role of geminivirus encoded proteins in the host: Past and present. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300736. [PMID: 38900041 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interaction, plant exhibits a strong defense system utilizing diverse groups of proteins to suppress the infection and subsequent establishment of the pathogen. However, in response, pathogens trigger an anti-silencing mechanism to overcome the host defense machinery. Among plant viruses, geminiviruses are the second largest virus family with a worldwide distribution and continue to be production constraints to food, feed, and fiber crops. These viruses are spread by a diverse group of insects, predominantly by whiteflies, and are characterized by a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome coding for four to eight proteins that facilitate viral infection. The most effective means to managing these viruses is through an integrated disease management strategy that includes virus-resistant cultivars, vector management, and cultural practices. Dynamic changes in this virus family enable the species to manipulate their genome organization to respond to external changes in the environment. Therefore, the evolutionary nature of geminiviruses leads to new and novel approaches for developing virus-resistant cultivars and it is essential to study molecular ecology and evolution of geminiviruses. This review summarizes the multifunctionality of each geminivirus-encoded protein. These protein-based interactions trigger the abrupt changes in the host methyl cycle and signaling pathways that turn over protein normal production and impair the plant antiviral defense system. Studying these geminivirus interactions localized at cytoplasm-nucleus could reveal a more clear picture of host-pathogen relation. Data collected from this antagonistic relationship among geminivirus, vector, and its host, will provide extensive knowledge on their virulence mode and diversity with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Kamal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Muhammad Mubashar Zafar
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Abdul Razzaq
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Parvaiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fei Qiao
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Xuefei Jiang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
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Nadeem S, Riaz Ahmed S, Luqman T, Tan DKY, Maryum Z, Akhtar KP, Muhy Ud Din Khan S, Tariq MS, Muhammad N, Khan MKR, Liu Y. A comprehensive review on Gossypium hirsutum resistance against cotton leaf curl virus. Front Genet 2024; 15:1306469. [PMID: 38440193 PMCID: PMC10909863 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1306469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a significant fiber crop. Being a major contributor to the textile industry requires continuous care and attention. Cotton is subjected to various biotic and abiotic constraints. Among these, biotic factors including cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) are dominant. CLCuV is a notorious disease of cotton and is acquired, carried, and transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). A cotton plant affected with CLCuV may show a wide range of symptoms such as yellowing of leaves, thickening of veins, upward or downward curling, formation of enations, and stunted growth. Though there are many efforts to protect the crop from CLCuV, long-term results are not yet obtained as CLCuV strains are capable of mutating and overcoming plant resistance. However, systemic-induced resistance using a gene-based approach remained effective until new virulent strains of CLCuV (like Cotton Leaf Curl Burewala Virus and others) came into existence. Disease control by biological means and the development of CLCuV-resistant cotton varieties are in progress. In this review, we first discussed in detail the evolution of cotton and CLCuV strains, the transmission mechanism of CLCuV, the genetic architecture of CLCuV vectors, and the use of pathogen and nonpathogen-based approaches to control CLCuD. Next, we delineate the uses of cutting-edge technologies like genome editing (with a special focus on CRISPR-Cas), next-generation technologies, and their application in cotton genomics and speed breeding to develop CLCuD resistant cotton germplasm in a short time. Finally, we delve into the current obstacles related to cotton genome editing and explore forthcoming pathways for enhancing precision in genome editing through the utilization of advanced genome editing technologies. These endeavors aim to enhance cotton's resilience against CLCuD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Nadeem
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Riaz Ahmed
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC), Horticulture Research Institute Khuzdar Baghbana, Khuzdar, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Luqman
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Daniel K. Y. Tan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zahra Maryum
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Pervaiz Akhtar
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Muhy Ud Din Khan
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sayyam Tariq
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazar Muhammad
- Agriculture and Cooperative Department, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Riaz Khan
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Cotton Group, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yongming Liu
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
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Rajabu CA, Dallas MM, Chiunga E, De León L, Ateka EM, Tairo F, Ndunguru J, Ascencio-Ibanez JT, Hanley-Bowdoin L. SEGS-1 a cassava genomic sequence increases the severity of African cassava mosaic virus infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1250105. [PMID: 37915512 PMCID: PMC10616593 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1250105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Cassava is a major crop in Sub-Saharan Africa, where it is grown primarily by smallholder farmers. Cassava production is constrained by Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which is caused by a complex of cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs). A previous study showed that SEGS-1 (sequences enhancing geminivirus symptoms), which occurs in the cassava genome and as episomes during viral infection, enhances CMD symptoms and breaks resistance in cassava. We report here that SEGS-1 also increases viral disease severity in Arabidopsis thaliana plants that are co-inoculated with African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and SEGS-1 sequences. Viral disease was also enhanced in Arabidopsis plants carrying a SEGS-1 transgene when inoculated with ACMV alone. Unlike cassava, no SEGS-1 episomal DNA was detected in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants during ACMV infection. Studies using Nicotiana tabacum suspension cells showed that co-transfection of SEGS-1 sequences with an ACMV replicon increases viral DNA accumulation in the absence of viral movement. Together, these results demonstrated that SEGS-1 can function in a heterologous host to increase disease severity. Moreover, SEGS-1 is active in a host genomic context, indicating that SEGS-1 episomes are not required for disease enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprian A. Rajabu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary M. Dallas
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Evangelista Chiunga
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Leandro De León
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Elijah M. Ateka
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fred Tairo
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute-Mikocheni, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute-Mikocheni, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jose T. Ascencio-Ibanez
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Renault D, Elfiky A, Mohamed A. Predicting the insecticide-driven mutations in a crop pest insect: Evidence for multiple polymorphisms of acetylcholinesterase gene with potential relevance for resistance to chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18937-18955. [PMID: 36219281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious invasive herbivorous insect pest worldwide. The excessive use of pesticides has progressively selected B. tabaci specimens, reducing the effectiveness of the treatments, and ultimately ending in the selection of pesticide-resistant strains. The management of this crop pest has thus become challenging owing to the level of resistance to all major classes of recommended insecticides. Here, we used in silico techniques for detecting sequence polymorphisms in ace1 gene from naturally occurring B. tabaci variants, and monitor the presence and frequency of the detected putative mutations from 30 populations of the silverleaf whitefly from Egypt and Pakistan. We found several point mutations in ace1-type acetylcholinesterase (ace1) in the studied B. tabaci variants naturally occurring in the field. By comparing ace1 sequence data from an organophosphate-susceptible and an organophosphate-resistant strains of B. tabaci to ace1 sequence data retrieved from GenBank for that species and to nucleotide polymorphisms from other arthropods, we identified novel mutations that could potentially influence insecticide resistance. Homology modeling and molecular docking analyses were performed to determine if the mutation-induced changes in form 1 acetylcholinesterase (AChE1) structure could confer resistance to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides. Mutations had small effects on binding energy (ΔGb) interactions between mutant AChE1 and insecticides; they altered the conformation of the peripheral anionic site of AChE1, and modified the enzyme surface, and these changes have potential effects on the target-site sensitivity. Altogether, the results from this study provide information on genic variants of B. tabaci ace1 for future monitoring insecticide resistance development and report a potential case of environmentally driven gene variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR, 6553, Rennes, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Abdo Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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Dubey D, Hoyer JS, Duffy S. Limited role of recombination in the global diversification of begomovirus DNA-B proteins. Virus Res 2023; 323:198959. [PMID: 36209920 PMCID: PMC10194223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of the characterized begomoviruses have bipartite genomes, but the second genomic segment, the DNA-B, is understudied relative to the DNA-A, which is homologous to the entire genome of monopartite begomoviruses. We examined the evolutionary history of the two proteins encoded by the DNA-B, the genes of which make up ∼60% of the DNA-B segment, from all bipartite begomovirus species. Our dataset of 131 movement protein (MP) and nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) sequences confirmed the deep split between Old World (OW) and New World (NW) species, and showed strong support for deep, congruent branches among the OW sequences of the MP and NSP. NW sequences were much less diverse and had poor phylogenetic resolution; over half of nodes in both the NSP and MP NW clades were supported by <50% bootstrap support. This poor resolution hampered our ability to detect incongruent phylogenies between the MP and NSP datasets, and we found no statistical evidence for recombination within our MP and NSP datasets. Finally, we quantified the sequence diversity between the NW and OW proteins, showing that the NW MP has particularly low diversity, suggesting it has been subject to different evolutionary pressures than the NW NSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dubey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - J Steen Hoyer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Ahmad D, Shah SZA, Afzal M. Flood hazards vulnerability and risk of food security in Bait community flood-prone areas of Punjab Pakistan: In SDGs achievement threat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:88663-88680. [PMID: 35836043 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change in the global perspective has increased the occurrence of natural disasters, which subsequently decreased agricultural production and intensified the issue of food security. Developing countries, such as Pakistan, are facing severe food security issues, where most of the population still experiences poverty and hunger in their daily lives. Flood disasters ruin valuable land, cause agricultural production losses, and interrupt livelihood routines as expected household livelihood becomes more vulnerable. This research work focused on investigating the flood hazards vulnerability and risk of food security in the Bait community flood-prone areas of Punjab, Pakistan, with a broader aspect in contrast to previous research work. A constructed food security index composed of several IPCC and FAO factors with correlated dimensions of food security was used for the empirical estimation in this study. A composite food security index was developed through polychoric principal component analysis. To estimate the influence on the overall food security condition in the study area, a food security index was regressed on various independent variables. Estimates of the study indicated that three-fourths of household respondents in the study area are confronted with the issue of food security with changeable scale. Financing schemes, physical assets, and family type illustrated the positive influence on respondents' food security level, whereas respondents suffering property losses owing to floods had a negative influence. The study findings suggested integrated strategies must be adopted to effectively deal with issues of food security in the scenario of increasing severity of flood disasters. Policymakers and disaster-concerned institutions need to develop disaster risk mitigation strategies by constructing new water reserves and clearing river encroachments to deal with flood disasters. Agricultural research and development authorities need to provide climate friendly seed varieties and promote particular food crops for flood prone areas to ensure food security and reduce livelihood vulnerability, specifically for the flood-prone communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshad Ahmad
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan.
| | | | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Economics, Preston University, Islamabad,, Pakistan
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Gireeshbai S, Prabudhas SK, Sharma SK, Mandal B, Roy A, Geetanjali AS. Mixed infection of a new begomovirus, Jatropha leaf curl Guntur virus and recombinant/chimeric jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus in Jatropha gossypiifolia. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1000-1009. [PMID: 35723883 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Jatropha gossypiifolia plant showing the severe leaf curl symptom grown in the borders of chilli fields in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India was collected. The infection of begomovirus was detected using the degenerate primers followed by rolling circle amplification (RCA). The RCA products digested with KpnI and EcoRI showing the unit length of begomovirus genome was cloned in pUC19 and sequenced to obtain the complete begomoviral genome. The sequence information of DNA-A of the two clones GuWC10 contained 2794 nt (MZ217773) and an incomplete genome GuWC3 with 2337 nt (MZ217772). The BLAST analysis of GuWC3 and GuWC10 sequences showed 85.57% identity with jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus (JLCGV) and 82.68% identity with croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CroYVMV) respectively. The sequence analysis also showed that the GuWC10 clone had a 177 bp recombinant/chimeric sequence of JLCGV while the other region containing 2611 bp showed 92.63% identity with papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV/PK). However, the global alignment of GuWC10 sequence showed a maximum of 80.60% identity with croton yellow vein virus (CroYVV) (FN645902), CroYVMV (JN817516) and PaLCuV/PK (KY978407). The second clone GuWC3 although shorter in length had recombinant sequences of JLCGV, jatropha leaf curl virus (JLCuV/ND) and okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCuV). The nucleotide sequence identity among the GuWC10 and GuWC3 was 71.9%. The phylogenetic analysis placed both the viral strains in a same clade located between PaLCuV/PK and JLCuV clades. According to the ICTV species demarcation criteria of 91% DNA-A sequence identity, the present isolate was considered as a new species of begomovirus and the name Jatropha leaf curl Guntur virus was proposed. This is the first report of a new begomovirus species infecting Jatropha gossypiifolia and the study also reports a mixed infection of Jatropha leaf curl Guntur virus with a recombinant/chimeric JLCGV in the host Jatropha gossypiifolia. Present study suggests the role of weed Jatropha in harboring begomoviruses and probable source for viral recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravya Gireeshbai
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulattur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudheesh K Prabudhas
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulattur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Susheel Kumar Sharma
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH region, Manipur Centre, Imphal-795004, Manipur, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Anirban Roy
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - A Swapna Geetanjali
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulattur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Identification of Crucial Amino Acids in Begomovirus C4 Proteins Involved in the Modulation of the Severity of Leaf Curling Symptoms. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030499. [PMID: 35336906 PMCID: PMC8955491 DOI: 10.3390/v14030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses frequently inflict upward or downward leaf curling symptoms on infected plants, leading to severe economic damages. Knowledge of the underlying mechanism controlling the leaf curling severity may facilitate the development of alternative disease management strategies. In this study, through genomic recombination between Ageratum yellow vein virus Nan-Tou strain (AYVV-NT) and Tomato leaf curl virus Tai-Chung Strain (TLCV-TC), which caused upward and downward leaf curling on Nicotiana benthamiana, respectively, it was found that the coding region of C4 protein might be involved in the determination of leaf curling directions. Sequence comparison and mutational analysis revealed that the cysteine and glycine at position 8 and 14 of AYVV-TC C4 protein, respectively, are involved in the modulation of leaf curling symptoms. Cross-protection assays further demonstrated that N. benthamiana inoculated with AYVV-carrying mutations of the aforementioned amino acids exhibited attenuated leaf curling symptoms under the challenge of wild-type AYVV-NT. Together, these findings revealed a new function of begomovirus C4 proteins involved in the modulation of leaf curling severity during symptom formation and suggested potential applications for managing viral diseases through manipulating the symptoms.
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Molecular investigations reveal bitter gourd crop is more susceptible to tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus infection in diverse crop cultivation practices. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:500. [PMID: 34881163 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small- and medium-scale farmer's typically follow polyculture or diverse crop cultivation. However, cultivation of diverse crops in small area can cause cross infection leading to disease spreading across crops. A microplot-based field study was conducted to understand the disease susceptibility and disease mobility across various crops, including tomato, chilli, mungbean, and bitter gourd. The mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) incidence was noted first in the mungbean crop followed by tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) in tomato and chilli leaf curl virus (ChLCV) in chilli crop. Interestingly, bitter gourd crop was infected lastly with symptoms including yellow and green mottling, severe leaf curling, and stunted growth. However, in bitter gourd crop symptoms, like typical leaf curl virus, could not be conclusively related to a certain type of begomovirus. Molecular diagnosis using begomovirus specific deng primers and coat protein (CP) gene primers specific to begomovirus species revealed the presence of ToLCNDV in bitter gourd samples. The phylogenetic analysis of CP gene sequences revealed 98 per cent nucleotide identity with ToLCNDV. Further cross infectivity assays confirmed the transmission of ToLCNDV from tomato to bitter gourd and vice versa. The cryptic species of whiteflies isolated from the bitter gourd fields were sequence confirmed to belong to Asia-I genetic group that were reported to transmit ToLCNDV previously. Overall, our study suggests the vulnerability of bitter gourd crop for ToLCNDV infection when cultivated by the side of tomato plots. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02975-6.
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Niraula PM, Fondong VN. Development and Adoption of Genetically Engineered Plants for Virus Resistance: Advances, Opportunities and Challenges. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112339. [PMID: 34834702 PMCID: PMC8623320 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause yield losses to crops of agronomic and economic significance and are a challenge to the achievement of global food security. Although conventional plant breeding has played an important role in managing plant viral diseases, it will unlikely meet the challenges posed by the frequent emergence of novel and more virulent viral species or viral strains. Hence there is an urgent need to seek alternative strategies of virus control that can be more readily deployed to contain viral diseases. The discovery in the late 1980s that viral genes can be introduced into plants to engineer resistance to the cognate virus provided a new avenue for virus disease control. Subsequent advances in genomics and biotechnology have led to the refinement and expansion of genetic engineering (GE) strategies in crop improvement. Importantly, many of the drawbacks of conventional breeding, such as long lead times, inability or difficulty to cross fertilize, loss of desirable plant traits, are overcome by GE. Unfortunately, public skepticism towards genetically modified (GM) crops and other factors have dampened the early promise of GE efforts. These concerns are principally about the possible negative effects of transgenes to humans and animals, as well as to the environment. However, with regards to engineering for virus resistance, these risks are overstated given that most virus resistance engineering strategies involve transfer of viral genes or genomic segments to plants. These viral genomes are found in infected plant cells and have not been associated with any adverse effects in humans or animals. Thus, integrating antiviral genes of virus origin into plant genomes is hardly unnatural as suggested by GM crop skeptics. Moreover, advances in deep sequencing have resulted in the sequencing of large numbers of plant genomes and the revelation of widespread endogenization of viral genomes into plant genomes. This has raised the possibility that viral genome endogenization is part of an antiviral defense mechanism deployed by the plant during its evolutionary past. Thus, GM crops engineered for viral resistance would likely be acceptable to the public if regulatory policies were product-based (the North America regulatory model), as opposed to process-based. This review discusses some of the benefits to be gained from adopting GE for virus resistance, as well as the challenges that must be overcome to leverage this technology. Furthermore, regulatory policies impacting virus-resistant GM crops and some success cases of virus-resistant GM crops approved so far for cultivation are discussed.
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11
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Lavanya R, Arun V. Detection of Begomovirus in chilli and tomato plants using functionalized gold nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14203. [PMID: 34244585 PMCID: PMC8271019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are a major class of Geminiviruses that affects most dicotyledonous plants and causes heavy economic losses to farmers. Early detection of begomovirus is essential to control the spread of the disease and prevent loss. Many available detection methods like ELISA, immunosorbent electron microscopy, PCR or qPCR require expertise in handling sophisticated instruments, complex data interpretation and costlier chemicals, enzymes or antibodies. Hence there is a need for a simpler detection method, here we report the development of a visual detection method based on functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNP assay). The assay was able to detect up to 500 ag/µl of begomoviral DNA (pTZCCPp3, a clone carrying partial coat protein gene) suspended in MilliQ water. Screening of chilli plants for begomoviral infection by PCR (Deng primers) and AuNP assay showed that AuNP assay (77.7%) was better than PCR (49.4%). The AuNP assay with clccpi1 probe was able to detect begomoviral infection in chilli, tomato, common bean, green gram and black gram plants which proved the utility and versatility of the AuNP assay. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by testing with total DNA from different plants that are not affected by begomoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lavanya
- grid.412734.70000 0001 1863 5125Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - V. Arun
- grid.412734.70000 0001 1863 5125Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
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Nikkhah A, Van Haute S, Jovanovic V, Jung H, Dewulf J, Cirkovic Velickovic T, Ghnimi S. Life cycle assessment of edible insects (Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae) as a future protein and fat source. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14030. [PMID: 34234157 PMCID: PMC8263613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Because it is important to develop new sustainable sources of edible protein, insects have been recommended as a new protein source. This study applied Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to investigate the environmental impact of small-scale edible insect production unit in South Korea. IMPACT 2002 + was applied as the baseline impact assessment (IA) methodology. The CML-IA baseline, EDIP 2003, EDP 2013, ILCD 2011 Midpoint, and ReCiPe midpoint IA methodologies were also used for LCIA methodology sensitivity analysis. The protein, fat contents, and fatty acid profile of the investigated insect (Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae) were analyzed to determine its potential food application. The results revealed that the studied edible insect production system has beneficial environmental effects on various impact categories (ICs), i.e., land occupation, mineral extraction, aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity, due to utilization of bio-waste to feed insects. This food production system can mitigate the negative environmental effects of those ICs, but has negative environmental impact on some other ICs such as global warming potential. By managing the consumption of various inputs, edible insects can become an environmentally efficient food production system for human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Nikkhah
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.510328.dDepartment of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sam Van Haute
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.510328.dDepartment of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Vesna Jovanovic
- grid.510328.dDepartment of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea ,grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Heejung Jung
- grid.510328.dDepartment of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jo Dewulf
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.510328.dDepartment of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea ,grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia ,grid.419269.10000 0001 2146 2771Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sami Ghnimi
- grid.7849.20000 0001 2150 7757CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France ,grid.434913.80000 0000 8710 7222ISARA Lyon, 23 Rue Jean Baldassini, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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13
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N'cho J, Séka K, Hoareau M, Konan A, Fondio L, Lefeuvre P, Martin T, Coulibaly N, Lett JM. Tomato interveinal yellowing virus: a novel tomato-infecting monopartite begomovirus from Côte d'Ivoire. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1755-1758. [PMID: 33743049 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present the first description of the complete genome sequences of a new monopartite begomovirus isolated from tomato with symptoms of interveinal yellowing of leaves collected in the region of Worodougou in the northwest of Côte d'Ivoire and provisionally named "tomato interveinal yellowing virus" (ToIYV). The DNA-A-like nucleotide sequences of ToIYV share the highest nucleotide sequence identity (83%) with tobacco leaf curl Zimbabwe virus (ToLCZWV). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that ToIYV is related to Old World monopartite begomoviruses. The discovery of a member of a new virus species on diseased tomato plants confirms the high genetic diversity in monopartite begomoviruses in West Africa and stresses the importance of maintaining epidemiological crop surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelin N'cho
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, St Pierre, 97410, La Réunion, France
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, Pôle de Recherche Production Végétale, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Koutoua Séka
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, Pôle de Recherche Production Végétale, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Murielle Hoareau
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, St Pierre, 97410, La Réunion, France
| | - Arthur Konan
- Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Centre d'Excellence Wascal, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Lassina Fondio
- Centre National de Recherche Agronomique, Programme Cultures Maraîchères et Protéagineuses, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, St Pierre, 97410, La Réunion, France
| | - Thibaud Martin
- Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Centre d'Excellence Wascal, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- CIRAD, UR Hortsys, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Noupe Coulibaly
- Centre National de Recherche Agronomique, Programme Cultures Maraîchères et Protéagineuses, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jean-Michel Lett
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, St Pierre, 97410, La Réunion, France.
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14
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Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121388. [PMID: 33291635 PMCID: PMC7761969 DOI: 10.3390/v12121388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.
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15
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Laprom A, Nilthong S, Chukeatirote E. Incidence of viruses infecting pepper in Thailand. Biomol Concepts 2019; 10:184-193. [PMID: 31743101 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the incidence, diversity and distribution of viruses infecting pepper (Capsicum spp.) in the central, northern and northeastern parts of Thailand. During a survey in 2016 - 2019, a total of 2,149 leaf samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic peppers were collected randomly from farmer's fields, and preliminary tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 7 antibodies specific for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), tomato necrotic ringspot virus (TNRV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus Y (PVY), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and begomoviruses. Our data revealed that the incidence of the viruses infecting pepper in Thailand was high, accounting for nearly 70% (1,482 infected samples). The highest viral incidence was found in the central part (96%), followed by the north (74.4%) and the northeastern (52.8%), respectively. Begomoviruses, CMV, ChiVMV, and TNRV were detected in the samples at varying rates, whereas PVY, TMV, and TSWV were not detected. Of these, the most frequently found virus was Begomoviruses accounting for nearly 33%, with the highest rate (ca. 82%) in the central Provinces of Thailand. In addition, of the 1,482 infected samples, mixed infections among the four viruses were also found in 616 samples (ca. 42%), and CMV + ChiVMV (approximately 11%) was the most common mixed infection. This is the first report describing an occurrence of viruses in pepper of Thailand, and the results obtained have revealed that viruses infecting pepper are widespread, which may pose a threat to pepper production in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisa Laprom
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Somrudee Nilthong
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Ekachai Chukeatirote
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Chiang Rai, Thailand
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16
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Accelerating Breeding for Heat Tolerance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.): An Integrated Approach. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is a major limiting factor for crop productivity. Tomato is highly sensitive to heat stress, which can result in a total yield loss. To adapt to current and future heat stress, there is a dire need to develop heat tolerant cultivars. Here, we review recent attempts to improve screening for heat tolerance and to exploit genetic and genomic resources in tomatoes. We provide key factors related to phenotyping environments and traits (morphological, physiological, and metabolic) to be considered to identify and breed thermo-tolerant genotypes. There is significant variability in tomato germplasm that can be harnessed to breed for thermo-tolerance. Based on our review, we propose that the use of advanced backcross populations and chromosome segments substitution lines is the best means to exploit variability for heat tolerance in non-cultivated tomato species. We applied a meta quantitative trait loci (MQTL) analysis on data from four mapping experiments to co-localize QTL associated with heat tolerance traits (e.g., pollen viability, number of pollen, number of flowers, style protrusion, style length). The analysis revealed 13 MQTL of which 11 were composed of a cluster of QTL. Overall, there was a reduction of about 1.5-fold in the confidence interval (CI) of the MQTL (31.82 cM) compared to the average CI of individual QTL (47.4 cM). This confidence interval is still large and additional mapping resolution approaches such as association mapping and multi-parent linkage mapping are needed. Further investigations are required to decipher the genetic architecture of heat tolerance surrogate traits in tomatoes. Genomic selection and new breeding techniques including genome editing and speed breeding hold promise to fast-track development of improved heat tolerance and other farmer- and consumer-preferred traits in tomatoes.
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17
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Farooq T, Liu D, Zhou X, Yang Q. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl China Virus Impairs Photosynthesis in the Infected Nicotiana benthamiana with βC1 as an Aggravating Factor. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:521-529. [PMID: 31632226 PMCID: PMC6788413 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2019.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus is a species of the widespread geminiviruses. The infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) causes a reduction in photosynthetic activity, which is part of the viral symptoms. βC1 is a viral factor encoded by the betasatellite DNA (DNAβ) accompanying TYLCCNV. It is a major viral pathogenicity factor of TYLCCNV. To elucidate the effect of βC1 on plants' photosynthesis, we measured the relative chlorophyll (Chl) content and Chl fluorescence in TYLCCNV-infected and βC1 transgenic N. benthamiana plants. The results showed that Chl content is reduced in TYLCCNV A-infected, TYLCCNV A plus DNAβ (TYLCCNV A + β)-infected and βC1 transgenic plants. Further, changes in Chl fluorescence parameters, such as electron transport rate, F v /F m , NPQ, and qP, revealed that photosynthetic efficiency is compromised in the aforementioned N. benthamiana plants. The presense of βC1 aggravated the decrease of Chl content and photosynthetic efficiency during viral infection. Additionally, the real-time quantitative PCR analysis of oxygen evolving complex genes in photosystem II, such as PsbO, PsbP, PsbQ, and PsbR, showed a significant reduction of the relative expression of these genes at the late stage of TYLCCNV A + β infection and at the vegetative stage of βC1 transgenic N. benthamiana plants. In summary, this study revealed the pathogenicity of TYLCCNV in photosynthesis and disclosed the effect of βC1 in exacerbating the damage in photosynthesis efficiency by TYLCCNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Farooq
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Disease and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Dandan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Disease and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Disease and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193,
China
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Qiuying Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Disease and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193,
China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062,
China
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18
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Batuman O, Çiftçi ÖC, Osei MK, Miller SA, Rojas MR, Gilbertson RL. Rasta Disease of Tomato in Ghana is Caused by the Pospiviroids Potato spindle tuber viroid and Tomato apical stunt viroid. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1525-1535. [PMID: 31012822 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-18-1751-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rasta is a virus-like disease of unknown etiology affecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants in Ghana. Symptoms include stunting; epinasty, crumpling, and chlorosis of leaves; and necrosis of leaf veins, petioles, and stems. Leaf samples with rasta symptoms were collected from commercial tomato fields in Ghana in October 2012 and applied to FTA cards, and RNA extracts were prepared. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests with primers for Columnea latent viroid, which causes rasta-like symptoms in tomato plants in Mali, were negative, whereas tests with degenerate viroid primer pairs were inconclusive. However, tomato seedlings (Early Pak 7) mechanically inoculated with RNA extracts of 10 of 13 samples developed rasta-like symptoms. In RT-PCR tests with RNA from leaves of the 10 symptomatic seedlings and primers for Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) or Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd), the expected size (approximately 360 bp) of DNA fragment was amplified from eight and two seedlings, respectively. Sequence analyses confirmed that these fragments were from PSTVd and TASVd isolates, and revealed a single PSTVd haplotype and two TASVd haplotypes. The PSTVd and TASVd isolates from Ghana had high nucleotide identities (>94%) with isolates from other geographic regions. In a host range study, PSTVd and TASVd isolates from Ghana induced rasta symptoms in the highly susceptible tomato cultivar Early Pak 7 and mild or no symptoms in Glamour, and symptomless infections in a number of other solanaceous species. PSTVd and TASVd isolates were seed associated and possibly seed transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Batuman
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida-IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142, U.S.A
| | - Ö Cem Çiftçi
- 2 Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael K Osei
- 3 CSIR-Crops Research Institute, P.O. BOX 3785, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sally A Miller
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, U.S.A.; and
| | - Maria R Rojas
- 5 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Gilbertson
- 5 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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19
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Gnanasekaran P, KishoreKumar R, Bhattacharyya D, Vinoth Kumar R, Chakraborty S. Multifaceted role of geminivirus associated betasatellite in pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1019-1033. [PMID: 31210029 PMCID: PMC6589721 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses have emerged as a group of plant pathogens that cause devastating diseases in a wide range of crops in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Betasatellites, the circular single-stranded DNA molecules with the size of almost half of that of the associated helper begomoviruses, are often essential for the production of typical disease symptoms in several virus-host systems. Association of betasatellites with begomoviruses results in more severe symptoms in the plants and affects the yield of numerous crops leading to huge agroeconomic losses. βC1, the only protein encoded by betasatellites, plays a multifaceted role in the successful establishment of infection. This protein counteracts the innate defence mechanisms of the host, like RNA silencing, ubiquitin-proteasome system and defence responsive hormones. In the last two decades, the molecular aspect of betasatellite pathogenesis has attracted much attention from the researchers worldwide, and reports have shown that βC1 protein aggravates the helper begomovirus disease complex by modulating specific host factors. This review discusses the molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of betasatellites, including various βC1-host factor interactions and their effects on the suppression of defence responses of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Reddy KishoreKumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - R. Vinoth Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
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20
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Rossouw LT, Madala NE, Tugizimana F, Steenkamp PA, Esterhuizen LL, Dubery IA. Deciphering the Resistance Mechanism of Tomato Plants Against Whitefly-Mediated Tomato Curly Stunt Virus Infection through Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS)-Based Metabolomics Approaches. Metabolites 2019; 9:E60. [PMID: 30925828 PMCID: PMC6523100 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses, such as the Tomato curly stunt virus (ToCSV), pose serious economic consequences due to severe crop losses. Therefore, the development and screening of possible resistance markers is imperative. While some tomato cultivars exhibit differential resistance to different begomovirus species, in most cases, the mechanism of resistance is not fully understood. In this study, the response of two near-isogenic lines of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), differing in resistance against whitefly-mediated ToCSV infection were investigated using untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS)-based metabolomics. The responses of the two lines were deciphered using multivariate statistics models. Principal component analysis (PCA) scores plots from various time intervals revealed that the resistant line responded more rapidly with changes to the metabolome than the susceptible counterpart. Moreover, the metabolic reprogramming of chemically diverse metabolites that span a range of metabolic pathways was associated with the defence response. Biomarkers primarily included hydroxycinnamic acids conjugated to quinic acid, galactaric acid, and glucose. Minor constituents included benzenoids, flavonoids, and steroidal glycoalkaloids. Interestingly, when reduced to the level of metabolites, the phytochemistry of the infected plants' responses was very similar. However, the resistant phenotype was strongly associated with the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives deployed in response to infection. In addition, the resistant line was able to mount a stronger and quicker response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandri T Rossouw
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Ntakadzeni E Madala
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Paul A Steenkamp
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Lindy L Esterhuizen
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
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21
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Satish D, Mukherjee SK, Gupta D. PAmiRDB: A web resource for plant miRNAs targeting viruses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4627. [PMID: 30874591 PMCID: PMC6420685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged to be essential constituents of host antiviral-defense mechanisms. The miRNA mediated antiviral mechanism was first experimentally established in animals, which proved that host miRNAs regulate viral gene expression by targeting the animal virus mRNAs. There are comparatively fewer reports about such interactions in plants, however, artificial miRNA studies prove that miRNAs play similar antiviral role in plants too. To explore the extent of this phenomenon in plant genomes, and in the absence of any publicly available resource for prediction of plant miRNAs targeting viruses, we were motivated to predict such interactions of plant miRNAs and viral genes. The intriguing results of the predictions are compiled as a database, which we have named as PAmiRDB. The current version of PAmiRDB includes more than 2600 plant miRNAs and their specific interactions with corresponding targets in approximately 500 viral species (predominantly from the major plant-infecting virus families of geminiviruses and potyviruses). PAmiRDB is a database of known plant miRNAs and their predicted targets in virus genomes. The innovative database query-interface enables global and comprehensive investigation of such predicted interactions between host miRNAs and viral genes. The database integrated-tools also helps researchers to design experiments to confirm such interactions. PAmiRDB is available at http://bioinfo.icgeb.res.in/pamirdb
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Satish
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre For Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre For Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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22
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Shadmany M, Boykin LM, Muhamad R, Omar D. Genetic Diversity of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Species Complex Across Malaysia. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:75-84. [PMID: 30272175 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex with members capable of inducing huge economic losses. Precise identification of members of this complex proves essential in managing existing populations and preventing new incursions. Despite records of serious outbreaks of this pest in Malaysia little is known about species status of B. tabaci in this region. To address this, a comprehensive sampling of B. tabaci from different host plants was conducted in 10 states of Malaysia from 2010 to 2012. Members of the complex were identified by sequencing partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene and constructing a Bayesian phylogenetic tree. Seven putative species were identified including Asia I, Mediterranean (MED), China 1, China 2, Asia II 6, Asia II 7, and Asia II 10. The most important finding of the study is the identification of the invasive MED species from locations without previous records of this species. All putative species except Asia I and MED are recorded from Malaysia for the first time. This study provided the first introductory map of B. tabaci species composition in Malaysia and emphasizes the urgent need for further studies to assess the status of MED invasion in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shadmany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura M Boykin
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - R Muhamad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dzolkhifli Omar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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23
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Díaz-Pendón JA, Sánchez-Campos S, Fortes IM, Moriones E. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Sardinia Virus, a Begomovirus Species Evolving by Mutation and Recombination: A Challenge for Virus Control. Viruses 2019; 11:E45. [PMID: 30634476 PMCID: PMC6356960 DOI: 10.3390/v11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tomato leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is associated with infections of several species of begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) and causes severe damage to tomatoes throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Among others, the Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) species causes damage in the Mediterranean Basin since early outbreaks occurred. Nevertheless, scarce information is available about the diversity of TYLCSV. Here, we study this aspect based on the sequence information accessible in databases. Isolates of two taxonomically differentiated TYLCSV strains can be found in natural epidemics. Their evolution is mostly associated with mutation combined with selection and random genetic drift and also with inter-species recombination which is frequent in begomoviruses. Moreover, a novel putative inter-strain recombinant is reported. Although no significantly new biological behaviour was observed for this latter recombinant, its occurrence supports that as shown for other related begomoviruses, recombination continues to play a central role in the evolution of TYLCD-associated viruses and the dynamism of their populations. The confrontation of resistant tomatoes with isolates of different TYLCD-associated viruses including the novel recombinant demonstrates the existence of a variable virus x plant genotype interaction. This has already been observed for other TYLCD-associated viruses and is a challenge for the control of their impact on tomato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Díaz-Pendón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora". Av. Dr. Wienberg s/n, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora". Av. Dr. Wienberg s/n, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Isabel María Fortes
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora". Av. Dr. Wienberg s/n, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora". Av. Dr. Wienberg s/n, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750 Málaga, Spain.
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Scussel S, Claverie S, Hoareau M, Moustache R, Delatte H, Lefeuvre P, Lett JM. Tomato leaf curl Mahé virus: a novel tomato-infecting monopartite begomovirus from the Seychelles. Arch Virol 2018; 163:3451-3453. [PMID: 30178119 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This is the first description of the complete genome sequence of a new monopartite begomovirus isolated from tomato with symptoms of tomato (yellow) leaf curl disease collected in the Seychelles. The DNA-A-like nucleotide sequences share the highest nucleotide sequence identity (84%) with tomato leaf curl Anjouan virus (ToLCAnjV) from the Comoros islands. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed its recombinant nature and its relationship to Old World monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses. This discovery of a new member of a species confirms the high genetic diversity of begomoviruses in the south-western Indian Ocean islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Scussel
- UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, CIRAD, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Sohini Claverie
- UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, CIRAD, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France.,UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Université de La Réunion, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Murielle Hoareau
- UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, CIRAD, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Ravi Moustache
- National Biosecurity Agency, Bel Air Complex, Revolution Avenue, P.O. Box 464, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Hélène Delatte
- UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, CIRAD, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, CIRAD, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Jean-Michel Lett
- UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, CIRAD, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France.
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25
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Rojas MR, Macedo MA, Maliano MR, Soto-Aguilar M, Souza JO, Briddon RW, Kenyon L, Rivera Bustamante RF, Zerbini FM, Adkins S, Legg JP, Kvarnheden A, Wintermantel WM, Sudarshana MR, Peterschmitt M, Lapidot M, Martin DP, Moriones E, Inoue-Nagata AK, Gilbertson RL. World Management of Geminiviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:637-677. [PMID: 30149794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Management of geminiviruses is a worldwide challenge because of the widespread distribution of economically important diseases caused by these viruses. Regardless of the type of agriculture, management is most effective with an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that involves measures before, during, and after the growing season. This includes starting with resistant cultivars and virus- and vector-free transplants and propagative plants. For high value vegetables, protected culture (e.g., greenhouses and screenhouses) allows for effective management but is limited owing to high cost. Protection of young plants in open fields is provided by row covers, but other measures are typically required. Measures that are used for crops in open fields include roguing infected plants and insect vector management. Application of insecticide to manage vectors (whiteflies and leafhoppers) is the most widely used measure but can cause undesirable environmental and human health issues. For annual crops, these measures can be more effective when combined with host-free periods of two to three months. Finally, given the great diversity of the viruses, their insect vectors, and the crops affected, IPM approaches need to be based on the biology and ecology of the virus and vector and the crop production system. Here, we present the general measures that can be used in an IPM program for geminivirus diseases, specific case studies, and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Rojas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Monica A Macedo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Minor R Maliano
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Maria Soto-Aguilar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Juliana O Souza
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Rob W Briddon
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rafael F Rivera Bustamante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico 36821
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Scott Adkins
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945, USA
| | - James P Legg
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anders Kvarnheden
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter and Linnean Center for Plant Biology in Uppsala, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William M Wintermantel
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, California 93905, USA
| | - Mysore R Sudarshana
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Michel Peterschmitt
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Moshe Lapidot
- Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora," Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
| | | | - Robert L Gilbertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
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26
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Islam W, Akutse KS, Qasim M, Khan KA, Ghramh HA, Idrees A, Latif S. Bemisia tabaci-mediated facilitation in diversity of begomoviruses: Evidence from recent molecular studies. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:162-168. [PMID: 30017827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Begomoviruses are considered as one of the most notorious plant viruses worldwide, which cause substantial economic losses to various field crops. Management of begomoviruses has become a challenge due to the continuous evolution and the emergence of new strains. Bemisia tabaci is globally known to be the key vector of begomoviruses, having relatively high reproductivity, fast dispersal ability, high survival rate due to its polyphagous nature and high resistance to various groups of insecticides. Continuous transmission of begomoviruses by the vector has led to the development and spread of epidemics of various diseases worldwide. In this review, we have critically analyzed the various dynamics which facilitate the diversity of begomoviruses through their vector. The interaction of begomovirus-whitefly leads to continuous research activities regarding management of both virus and its vector, thus opening exciting new horizons to formulate potential control strategies to ensure a disease-free cropping environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Govt. of Punjab, Agriculture Department, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A Ghramh
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Idrees
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Shahid Latif
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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27
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Ramos RS, Kumar L, Shabani F, Picanço MC. Mapping global risk levels of Bemisia tabaci in areas of suitability for open field tomato cultivation under current and future climates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198925. [PMID: 29902221 PMCID: PMC6002045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a major threat to tomato Solanum lycopersicum and ranks as one of the world's 100 most invasive pests. This is the first study of B. tabaci (Biotype B and Q) global distribution, focusing on risk levels of this invasive pest, in areas projected to be suitable for open field S. lycopersicum cultivation under climate change. This study aims to identify levels of risk of invasive B. tabaci for areas of suitability for open field S. lycopersicum cultivation for the present, 2050 and 2070 using MaxEnt and the Global Climate Model, HadGEM2_ES under RCP45. Our results show that 5% of areas optimal for open field S. lycopersicum cultivation are currently at high risk of B. tabaci. Among the optimal areas for S. lycopersicum, the projections for 2050 compared to the current time showed an extension of 180% in areas under high risk, and a shortening of 67 and 27% in areas under medium and low risk of B. tabaci, respectively, while projections for 2070 showed an extension of 164, and a shortening of 49 and 64% under high, medium and low risk, respectively. The basis of these projections is that predicted temperature increases could affect the pest, which has great adaptability to different climate conditions, but could also impose limitations on the growth of S. lycopersicum. These results may be used in designing strategies to prevent the introduction and establishment of B. tabaci for open-field tomato crops, and assist the implementation of pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Soares Ramos
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Farzin Shabani
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England (UNE), Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Global Ecology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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28
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Manditsera FA, Lakemond CMM, Fogliano V, Zvidzai CJ, Luning PA. Consumption patterns of edible insects in rural and urban areas of Zimbabwe: taste, nutritional value and availability are key elements for keeping the insect eating habit. Food Secur 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-018-0801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Islam W, Lin W, Islam SU, Arif M, Li X, Yang Y, Ding X, Du Z, Wu Z. Genetic diversity of begomoviruses in Pakistan captured through a vector based survey. Microb Pathog 2018; 118:91-97. [PMID: 29548695 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Begomoviruses (Geminiviridea), transmitted by whiteflies, constitute one of the most dangerous groups of plant viruses posing a severe threat to economically important crops in tropical and sub-tropical areas. In this study, whiteflies were collected from various locations all over Pakistan. The begomoviruses carried by these whiteflies were detected by PCR with the degenerative primers pair AV94/Dep3. Analysis of the 177 sequences obtained in our study, revealed 14 distinct begomovirus species, including five which were not previously reported in this country. Putative novel strains of Corchorus yellow vein virus (CoYVV) and Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV) showing less than 90% identity with the previously available taxa were also identified. The greatest number of begomoviruses per single site was detected in Sindh province, where up to five different begomovirus species were identified from the same cropping field. Moreover, Cotton leaf curl Multan virus - Rajasthan (CLCuMuV-Ra) was found prevalent in all the cotton growing areas. The data reported here may be useful in the development of control measures against begomoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Govt. of Punjab, Agriculture Department, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenzhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Saif Ul Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yunyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinlun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zujian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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30
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Kreuze JF, Valkonen JP. Utilization of engineered resistance to viruses in crops of the developing world, with emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 26:90-97. [PMID: 28800552 PMCID: PMC5669357 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases in crop plants constitute a major obstacle to food security in the developing world. Subsistence crops, including cassava, sweetpotato, potato, banana, papaya, common bean, rice and maize are often infected with RNA and/or DNA viruses that cannot be controlled with pesticides. Hence, healthy planting materials and virus-resistant cultivars are essential for high yields of good quality. However, resistance genes are not available for all viral diseases of crop plants. Therefore, virus resistance engineered in plants using modern biotechnology methods is an important addition to the crop production toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jari Pt Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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31
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Kyallo M, Ateka EM, Sseruwagi P, Ascencio-Ibáñez JT, Ssemakula MO, Skilton R, Ndunguru J. Infectivity of Deinbollia mosaic virus, a novel weed-infecting begomovirus in East Africa. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3439-3445. [PMID: 28791544 PMCID: PMC5640732 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Weed-infecting begomoviruses play an important role in the epidemiology of crop diseases because they can potentially infect crops and contribute to the genetic diversity of crop-infecting begomoviruses. Despite the important epidemiological role that weed-infecting begomoviruses play, they remain insufficiently studied in Africa. Recently, we identified Deinbollia mosaic virus (DMV), a distinct begomovirus found naturally infecting the weed host Deinbollia borbonica (Sapindaceae) in Kenya and Tanzania. In this study, we investigated the capacity of DMV to infect a restricted host range of Solanaceae and Euphorbiaceae species. Biolistic inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana with concatemeric DNAs resulted in systemic infection associated with yellow mosaic symptoms, while DNA partial dimers caused asymptomatic systemic infection. DMV was not infectious to cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), suggesting host resistance to the virus. Here, we demonstrate the first experimental infectivity analysis of DMV in N. benthamiana and cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kyallo
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Elijah Miinda Ateka
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - José Trinidad Ascencio-Ibáñez
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 132 Polk Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Robert Skilton
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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32
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Mar TB, Mendes IR, Lau D, Fiallo-Olivé E, Navas-Castillo J, Alves MS, Murilo Zerbini F. Interaction between the New World begomovirus Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus and its associated alphasatellite: effects on infection and transmission by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1552-1562. [PMID: 28590236 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of Old World monopartite begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are associated with satellite DNAs. Alphasatellites are capable of autonomous replication, but depend on the helper virus for movement, encapsidation and transmission by the insect vector. Recently, Euphorbia yellow mosaic alphasatellite (EuYMA) was found in association with Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus (EuYMV) infecting Euphorbia heterophylla plants in Brazil. The geographical range of EuYMA was assessed in a representative sampling of E. heterophylla plants collected in several states of Brazil from 2009 to 2014. Infectious clones were generated and used to assess the phenotype of viral infection in the presence or absence of the alphasatellite in tomato, E. heterophylla, Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis thaliana and Crotalaria juncea. Phenotypic differences of EuYMV infection in the presence or absence of EuYMA were observed in A. thaliana, N. benthamiana and E. heterophylla. Symptoms were more severe when EuYMV was inoculated in combination with EuYMA in N. benthamiana and E. heterophylla, and the presence of the alphasatellite was determinant for symptom development in A. thaliana. Quantification of EuYMV and EuYMA indicated that EuYMA affects the accumulation of EuYMV during infection on a host-dependent basis. Transmission assays indicated that EuYMA negatively affects the transmission of EuYMV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. Together, these results indicate that EuYMA is capable of modulating symptoms, viral accumulation and whitefly transmission of EuYMV, potentially interfering with virus dissemination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Bernardon Mar
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Igor Rodrigues Mendes
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Douglas Lau
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR-285, CP 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ''La Mayora'', Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental ''La Mayora'', 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ''La Mayora'', Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental ''La Mayora'', 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Murilo Siqueira Alves
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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33
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Tomato leaf curl Burkina Faso virus: a novel tomato-infecting monopartite begomovirus from Burkina Faso. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1427-1429. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Jeevalatha A, Siddappa S, Kumar A, Kaundal P, Guleria A, Sharma S, Nagesh M, Singh BP. An insight into differentially regulated genes in resistant and susceptible genotypes of potato in response to tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-[potato] infection. Virus Res 2017; 232:22-33. [PMID: 28115198 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apical leaf curl disease, caused by tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-[potato] (ToLCNDV-[potato]) is one of the most important viral diseases of potato in India. Genetic resistance source for ToLCNDV in potato is not identified so far. However, the cultivar Kufri Bahar is known to show lowest seed degeneration even under high vector levels. Hence, microarray analysis was performed to identify differentially regulated genes during ToLCNDV-[potato] infection in a resistant (Kufri Bahar) and a susceptible cultivar (Kufri Pukhraj). Under artificial inoculation conditions, in Kufri Pukhraj, symptom expressions started at 15days after inoculation (DAI) and then progressed to severe symptoms, whereas no or only very mild symptoms were observed in Kufri Bahar up to 35 DAI. Correspondingly, qPCR assay indicated a high viral load in Kufri Pukhraj and a very low viral load in Kufri Bahar. Microarray analysis showed that a total of 1111 genes and 2588 genes were differentially regulated (|log2 (Fold Change)|>2) in Kufri Bahar and Kufri Pukhraj, respectively, following ToLCNDV-[potato] infection. Gene ontology and mapman analyses revealed that these altered transcripts were involved in various biological & metabolic processes. Several genes with unknown functions were 5 to 100 fold expressed after virus infection and further experiments are necessary to ascertain their role in disease resistance or susceptibility. This study gives an insight into differentially regulated genes in response to ToLCNDV-[potato] infection in resistant and susceptible cultivars and could serve as the basis for the development of new strategies for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjunan Jeevalatha
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Sundaresha Siddappa
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Kaundal
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anupama Guleria
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mandadi Nagesh
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bir Pal Singh
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Rosario K, Marr C, Varsani A, Kraberger S, Stainton D, Moriones E, Polston JE, Breitbart M. Begomovirus-Associated Satellite DNA Diversity Captured Through Vector-Enabled Metagenomic (VEM) Surveys Using Whiteflies (Aleyrodidae). Viruses 2016; 8:v8020036. [PMID: 26848679 PMCID: PMC4776191 DOI: 10.3390/v8020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Monopartite begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), which are whitefly-transmitted single-stranded DNA viruses known for causing devastating crop diseases, are often associated with satellite DNAs. Since begomovirus acquisition or exchange of satellite DNAs may lead to adaptation to new plant hosts and emergence of new disease complexes, it is important to investigate the diversity and distribution of these molecules. This study reports begomovirus-associated satellite DNAs identified during a vector-enabled metagenomic (VEM) survey of begomoviruses using whiteflies collected in various locations (California (USA), Guatemala, Israel, Puerto Rico, and Spain). Protein-encoding satellite DNAs, including alphasatellites and betasatellites, were identified in Israel, Puerto Rico, and Guatemala. Novel alphasatellites were detected in samples from Guatemala and Puerto Rico, resulting in the description of a phylogenetic clade (DNA-3-type alphasatellites) dominated by New World sequences. In addition, a diversity of small (~640-750 nucleotides) satellite DNAs similar to satellites associated with begomoviruses infecting Ipomoea spp. were detected in Puerto Rico and Spain. A third class of satellite molecules, named gammasatellites, is proposed to encompass the increasing number of reported small (<1 kilobase), non-coding begomovirus-associated satellite DNAs. This VEM-based survey indicates that, although recently recovered begomovirus genomes are variations of known genetic themes, satellite DNAs hold unexplored genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Christian Marr
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - Simona Kraberger
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Daisy Stainton
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ''La Mayora'' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental ''La Mayora'', Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain.
| | - Jane E Polston
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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Gilbertson RL, Batuman O, Webster CG, Adkins S. Role of the Insect SupervectorsBemisia tabaciandFrankliniella occidentalisin the Emergence and Global Spread of Plant Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2015; 2:67-93. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Gilbertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ,
| | - Ozgur Batuman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ,
| | - Craig G. Webster
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945; ,
| | - Scott Adkins
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945; ,
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37
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Rosario K, Seah YM, Marr C, Varsani A, Kraberger S, Stainton D, Moriones E, Polston JE, Duffy S, Breitbart M. Vector-Enabled Metagenomic (VEM) Surveys Using Whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) Reveal Novel Begomovirus Species in the New and Old Worlds. Viruses 2015; 7:5553-70. [PMID: 26516898 PMCID: PMC4632403 DOI: 10.3390/v7102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitefly-transmitted viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) represent a substantial threat to agricultural food production. The rapid evolutionary potential of these single-stranded DNA viruses combined with the polyphagous feeding behavior of their whitefly vector (Bemisia tabaci) can lead to the emergence of damaging viral strains. Therefore, it is crucial to characterize begomoviruses circulating in different regions and crops globally. This study utilized vector-enabled metagenomics (VEM) coupled with high-throughput sequencing to survey begomoviruses directly from whiteflies collected in various locations (California (USA), Guatemala, Israel, Puerto Rico, and Spain). Begomoviruses were detected in all locations, with the highest diversity identified in Guatemala where up to seven different species were identified in a single field. Both bipartite and monopartite viruses were detected, including seven new begomovirus species from Guatemala, Puerto Rico, and Spain. This begomovirus survey extends the known diversity of these highly damaging plant viruses. However, the new genomes described here and in the recent literature appear to reflect the outcome of interactions between closely-related species, often resulting from recombination, instead of unique, highly divergent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Yee Mey Seah
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Christian Marr
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - Simona Kraberger
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Daisy Stainton
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora", Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain.
| | - Jane E Polston
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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