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Kammann EM, French EA, Jozik NS, Li W, Pralle RS. Effects of Early Lactation Milking Frequency in an Automated Milking System on Cow Performance. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2293. [PMID: 39199827 PMCID: PMC11350756 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Automated milking systems (AMS) are increasingly adopted for dairy cow production, promoting individualized cow management dependent on factors like lactation stage, age, and productivity. The study objective was to investigate the effects of early lactation milking frequency on cows milked via AMS. Multiparous Holstein cows blocked by parity and due date were randomly assigned to treatments (n = 8 per treatment): three (3X) or six (6X) milkings per day (MPD). The experimental phase (EXP) was defined as 4 to 29 days in milk (DIM). The AMS settings were programed so 3X cows were limited to three MPD while 6X cows were allowed six MPD. Afterwards was the carry over phase (CO) ranging from 30 to 90 DIM; all cows were allowed up to six MPD. Measurements by the AMS included bodyweight, milk yield (MY), and pellet intake. Weekly composite milk samples were analyzed for macronutrient composition and fatty acid (FA) profile. Coccygeal blood was sampled at 3, 8 ± 1, and 13 ± 1 DIM; concentrations of blood plasma analytes were quantified. Greater MPD was achieved for 6X cows versus 3X cows during EXP, but similar during the CO. Daily MY was non-separable during the EXP while 6X cows in their third or greater lactation group (3 + LG) had greater MY than 3X cows of the same LG during the CO. Milk fat content and 4% fat-corrected MY were both greater for 6X, 3 + LG cows during the EXP compared to 3X, 3 + LG cows. Milk FA methyl esters (FAME) proportions were different between MPD groups, with 6X, 3 + LG cows having the lowest short, even-chain FA from de novo or post-absorptive origin. Differences in analytes indicated that 6X, 3 + LG cows experienced metabolic stress and incorporated greater FA from adipose tissue. Greater early lactation MPD in AMS may shift cow nutrient partitioning to support greater production in 3+ parity cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Kammann
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Elizabeth A. French
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (E.A.F.); (W.L.)
| | - Natalie S. Jozik
- School of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI 53818, USA;
| | - Wenli Li
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (E.A.F.); (W.L.)
| | - Ryan S. Pralle
- School of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI 53818, USA;
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Anger JC, Loncke C, Omphalius C, Boutinaud M, Guinard-Flament J, Lapierre H, Lemosquet S. Synthesis of milk components involves different mammary metabolism adaptations in response to net energy and protein supplies in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2883-2899. [PMID: 38101733 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Net energy for lactation (NEL) and metabolizable protein (MP) are the 2 main nutritional forces that drive synthesis of milk components. This study investigated mammary-gland metabolism in dairy cows in response to variations in the supply of NEL and MP. Four Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, in which each experimental period consisted of 14 d of dietary treatment. The diets provided 2 levels of NEL (low energy, 25.0 Mcal/d vs. high energy, 32.5 Mcal/d) and 2 levels of MP (low protein, 1,266 g/d vs. high protein, 2,254 g/d of protein digestible in the intestine) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Performance and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured during the last 5 d of each period, and the mammary net balance was measured on d 13 by collecting 6 sets of blood samples from the left carotid artery and left mammary vein. Mammary plasma flow was measured according to the Fick principle for Phe and Tyr. The mammary net balance of carbon equaled the uptake of nutrients expressed as carbon minus the output of lactose, fatty acids (FA) synthesized in the mammary gland, AA of milk protein, and glycerol-3P from triglyceride on d 13. Milk, lactose, fat, and protein yields increased when NEL and MP supplies increased. However, increasing the NEL supply increased FA synthesis more than increasing the protein supply did. In addition, FA secretion increased more than lactose secretion when the NEL supply increased. Increasing the NEL supply increased the left half-udder uptake of all major energy-yielding nutrients by increasing mammary plasma flow. However, nutrient uptake increased more than milk output did, which in turn increased carbon dioxide output. This increase in nutrient oxidation by the mammary gland decreased the mammary efficiency of nutrients utilization when the NEL supply increased. Increasing MP supply tended to increase glucose uptake through mammary clearance and increased mammary AA uptake with no change in mammary plasma flow. In addition, the protein supply did not change the mammary uptake of acetate or β-hydroxybutyrate. The increase in milk-component secretions in response to either NEL or MP supplies occurred through different metabolic adaptations (increase in mammary plasma flow vs. clearances, respectively). These results suggest that the nutrient use by the mammary gland is highly flexible, which helps in maintaining milk and milk-component yields even with limiting nutrient supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Anger
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France; Provimi France, Cargill Animal Nutrition & Health, 35320 Crevin, France
| | - C Loncke
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Omphalius
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - M Boutinaud
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | | | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - S Lemosquet
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France.
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Holdorf HT, Kendall SJ, Ruh KE, Caputo MJ, Combs GJ, Henisz SJ, Brown WE, Bresolin T, Ferreira REP, Dorea JRR, White HM. Increasing the prepartum dose of rumen-protected choline: Effects on milk production and metabolism in high-producing Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5988-6004. [PMID: 37225582 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Peripartum rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation is beneficial for cow health and production, yet the optimal dose is unknown. In vivo and in vitro supplementation of choline modulates hepatic lipid, glucose, and methyl donor metabolism. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of increasing the dose of prepartum RPC supplementation on milk production and blood biomarkers. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 116) were randomly assigned to one of 4 prepartum choline treatments that were fed from -21 d relative to calving (DRTC) until calving. From calving until +21 DRTC, cows were fed diets targeting 0 g/d choline ion (control, CTL) or the recommended dose (15 g/d choline ion; RD) of the same RPC product that they were fed prepartum. The resulting treatments targeted: (1) 0 g/d pre- and postpartum [0.0 ± 0.000 choline ion, percent of dry matter (%DM); CTL]; (2) 15 g/d pre- and postpartum of choline ion from an established product (prepartum: 0.10 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM; postpartum: 0.05 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; RPC1RD▸RD); (3) 15 g/d pre- and postpartum of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (prepartum: 0.09 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM; postpartum: 0.05 ± 0.003 choline ion, %DM; RPC2, Balchem Corp.; RPC2RD▸RD); or (4) 22 g/d prepartum and 15 g/d postpartum from RPC2 [prepartum: 0.13 ± 0.005 choline ion, %DM; postpartum: 0.05 ± 0.003 choline ion, %DM; high prepartum dose (HD), RPC2HD▸RD]. Treatments were mixed into a total mixed ration, and cows had ad libitum access via a roughage intake control system (Hokofarm Group). From calving to +21 DRTC, all cows were fed a common base diet and treatments were mixed into the total mixed ration (supplementation period, SP). Thereafter, all cows were fed a common diet (0 g/d choline ion) until +100 DRTC (postsupplementation period, postSP). Milk yield was recorded daily and composition analyzed weekly. Blood samples were obtained via tail vessel upon enrollment, approximately every other day from -7 to +21 DRTC, and at +56 and +100 DRTC. Feeding any RPC treatment reduced prepartum dry matter intake compared with CTL. During the SP, no evidence for a treatment effect on energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield was found, but during the postSP, RPC1RD▸RD and RPC2RD▸RD treatments tended to increase ECM, protein, and fat yields. During the postSP, the RPC1RD▸RD and RPC2RD▸RD treatments tended to increase, and RPC2HD▸RD increased, the de novo proportion of total milk fatty acids. During the early lactation SP, RPC2HD▸RD tended to increase plasma fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and RPC1RD▸RD and RPC2RD▸RD reduced blood urea nitrogen concentrations compared with CTL. The RPC2HD▸RD treatment reduced early lactation serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein compared with CTL. Overall, peripartum RPC supplementation at the recommended dose tended to increase ECM yield postSP, but no evidence was seen of an additional benefit on milk production with an increased prepartum dose of choline ion. The effects of RPC on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers support the potential for RPC supplementation to affect transition cow metabolism and health and may support the production gains observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Holdorf
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S J Kendall
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - K E Ruh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M J Caputo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - G J Combs
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S J Henisz
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - W E Brown
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - T Bresolin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - R E P Ferreira
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J R R Dorea
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - H M White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
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Zhang M, Fu T, Huang Q, Xing Z, Yang J, Lu W, Hu M, Han LQ, Loor JJ, Gao TY. Size, number and phospholipid composition of milk fat globules are affected by dietary conjugated linoleic acid. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Zhang
- Department of Animal Production and Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Tong Fu
- Department of Animal Production and Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Qixue Huang
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Zhiyang Xing
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Jingna Yang
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Hu
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Li Qiang Han
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Teng Yun Gao
- Department of Animal Production and Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
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Sun M, Li Z, Xing Y, Mu X, Cao Y, Hao Y, Yang J, Li D. Effects of glucose availability on αS1-casein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac330. [PMID: 36222748 PMCID: PMC9694429 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose has been demonstrated to affect milk protein synthesis in dairy cows. However, its potential mechanisms has not been thoroughly studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of glucose availability on αS1-casein synthesis, glucose uptake, metabolism, and the expression of proteins involved in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). BMEC were treated for 24 h with different concentrations of glucose (0, 7, 10.5, 14, 17.5, and 21 mM). The results showed that 10.5 and 14 mM glucose supply increased the expression of αS1-casein, glucose uptake, cellular ATP content, and the phosphorylation of mTOR and P70S6K, but repressed AMPK phosphorylation in BMEC. Compared with 10.5 and 14 mM glucose supply, 17.5 and 21 mM glucose decreased the expression of αS1-casein, P70S6K phosphorylation as well as the activity of hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), but increased the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). These results indicate that 10.5 to 14 mM glucose supply is the proper range for αS1-casein synthesis, and the promotion effects may be related to the increase of glucose uptake, ATP content and the changes of key proteins' phosphorylation in AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. However, the inhibition of the expression of αS1-casein by 17.5 and 21 mM glucose may be associated with the changes of key enzymes' activity involved in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Zinan Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xing
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Xiaojia Mu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yue Cao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yihong Hao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Dabiao Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010000, China
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Lima Maciel D, Castillo Vargas JA, Mezzomo R, Sundfeld da Gama MA, Leite LC, Rodrigues de Castro ÍR, Sampaio Oliveira LR, Costa Farias ML, dos Santos Luz WB, Alves KS. Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory attributes of Minas frescal cheese from grazing cows fed a supplement containing different levels of babassu coconut (Orbignya speciosa). Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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