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Yu C, Wu M, Sun L, Li H, Xu Z, Zhang Q, Yi D, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y, Wu T. Effect of Supplementation with Black Soldier Fly Extract on Intestinal Function in Piglets Infected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1512. [PMID: 38791729 PMCID: PMC11117209 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has developed as a global problem for the pig business, resulting in significant financial losses. Black soldier fly extract (BFE) has been proven to improve intestinal growth in pigs after weaning. Consequently, the goal of the present investigation was to explore the effects of BFE supplementation on intestinal function in PEDV-infected piglets. Eighteen piglets were randomly allocated to three groups: control, PEDV, and BFE + PEDV. The piglets in the BFE + PEDV group received 500 mg/kg BW of BFE orally for seven days from day 4 to 10 of the study. On day 9 of the study, six pigs from each group received either clean saline or PEDV solution at a dosage of 106 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. On day 11, samples of blood and intestine were taken for additional investigation. The results indicated a significant decrease in the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets infected with PEDV (p < 0.05). Additionally, PEDV infection led to an alteration of blood indexes and a reduction in plasma D-xylose concentration and villi height in the small intestine, while it increased plasma diamine oxidase activity and small intestinal crypt depth in piglets (p < 0.05). The PEDV infection significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in plasma and the gut, including total superoxide dismutase and catalase, while increasing contents of oxidation-relevant products such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in piglets. Moreover, PEDV infection increased the mRNA expression level of antiviral-related genes (p < 0.05). Nutritional supplementation with BFE improved intestinal histomorphological indicators and reduced oxidative stress produced by PEDV infection in piglets. Interestingly, BFE could significantly promote the mRNA expression level of antiviral-related genes in the ileum (p < 0.05). Overall, the preliminary results suggest that dietary BFE could improve intestinal function in piglets after PEDV infection. Currently, the findings put a spotlight on the role of BFE in the prevention and treatment of PED in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (C.Y.); (M.W.); (L.S.); (H.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (D.Y.); (L.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.H.)
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2
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Zhao JH, Cheng P, Wang Y, Yan X, Xu ZM, Peng DH, Yu GH, Shao MW. Using kin discrimination to construct synthetic microbial communities of Bacillus subtilis strains impacts the growth of black soldier fly larvae. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38494587 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Using synthetic microbial communities to promote host growth is an effective approach. However, the construction of such communities lacks theoretical guidance. Kin discrimination is an effective means by which strains can recognize themselves from non-self, and construct competitive microbial communities to produce more secondary metabolites. However, the construction of cooperative communities benefits from the widespread use of beneficial microorganisms. We used kin discrimination to construct synthetic communities (SCs) comprising 13 Bacillus subtilis strains from the surface and gut of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. We assessed larval growth promotion in a pigeon manure system and found that the synthetic community comprising 4 strains (SC 4) had the most profound effect. Genomic analyses of these 4 strains revealed that their complementary functional genes underpinned the robust functionality of the cooperative synthetic community, highlighting the importance of strain diversity. After analyzing the bacterial composition of BSF larvae and the pigeon manure substrate, we observed that SC 4 altered the bacterial abundance in both the larval gut and pigeon manure. This also influenced microbial metabolic functions and co-occurrence network complexity. Kin discrimination facilitates the rapid construction of synthetic communities. The positive effects of SC 4 on larval weight gain resulted from the functional redundancy and complementarity among the strains. Furthermore, SC 4 may enhance larval growth by inducing shifts in the bacterial composition of the larval gut and pigeon manure. This elucidated how the SC promoted larval growth by regulating bacterial composition and provided theoretical guidance for the construction of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Min Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Wei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Zacharis C, Bonos E, Voidarou C(C, Magklaras G, Fotou K, Giannenas I, Giavasis I, Mitsagga C, Athanassiou C, Antonopoulou E, Grigoriadou K, Tzora A, Skoufos I. Combined Dietary Supplementation of Tenebrio molitor Larvae and Chitosan in Growing Pigs: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2024; 11:73. [PMID: 38393091 PMCID: PMC10893168 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the global animal industry faces considerable challenges in securing sufficient feed resources. Responding to consumer demands for reduced use of antibiotics in animal nutrition, better animal welfare status, and reduced impact on the environment, there is an increased urgency to develop innovative functional feeds with a reduced environmental footprint and the ability to improve meat quality and safety. In an effort to explore innovative feed ingredients for growing pig diets, the combined dietary supplementation of Tenebrio molitor larvae and chitosan was investigated. An experimental trial was performed with 48 weaned pigs (34 days of life; mixed sex) that were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (with six males and six females each): Group A (control), Group B (supplemented with T. molitor larvae at 10%), Group C (supplemented with chitosan at 0.05%), and Group D (supplemented with both ingredients at 10% and 0.05%, respectively). On the 42nd day of the experimental trial, samples of blood, feces, and carcass parts were taken for analysis. The results indicated that the insect larvae meal significantly improved (p < 0.05) overall performance, increased (p < 0.05) blood red blood cell content, increased meat phenolic content (p < 0.05), improved meat oxidative stability (p < 0.05), and affected meat fatty acid profile (p < 0.05). On the other hand, chitosan had no significant effect on overall performance (p > 0.05), but it significantly increased blood lymphocyte content (p < 0.05), affected the fecal microbiota (p < 0.05), improved meat oxidative stability (p < 0.05), increased meat phenolic content (p < 0.05), and affected meat fatty acid composition (p < 0.05) and (p < 0.05) meat color. Finally, the combined use of both T. molitor and chitosan significantly affected some important zootechnical parameters (p < 0.05), fecal microbial populations (p < 0.05), meat color (p < 0.05), and fatty acid profile (p < 0.05). Further investigation into the potential interaction between insect larvae meals and chitosan in pig diets is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Zacharis
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Georgios Magklaras
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Konstantina Fotou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Giavasis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (I.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Chrysanthi Mitsagga
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (I.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Christos Athanassiou
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece;
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO)-DIMITRA, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athina Tzora
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.Z.); (E.B.); (C.V.); (G.M.); (K.F.); (A.T.); (I.S.)
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Tanga CM, Ekesi S. Dietary and Therapeutic Benefits of Edible Insects: A Global Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:303-331. [PMID: 37758222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020123-013621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects are gaining traction worldwide for research and development. This review synthesizes a large and well-established body of research literature on the high nutritional value and variety of pharmacological properties of edible insects. Positive benefits of insect-derived products include immune enhancement; gastrointestinal protection; antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory capacities; antibacterial activities; blood lipid and glucose regulation; lowering of blood pressure; and decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of these active components of edible insects in humans have received limited research attention. In addition, we discuss health risks (safety); application prospects; regulations and policies governing their production and consumption with a view to promote innovations, intraglobal trade, and economic development; and suggestions for future directions for further pharmacological functional studies. The aim is to review the current state of knowledge and research trends on edible insects as functional ingredients beneficial to the nutrition and health of humans and animals (livestock, aquatic species, and pets).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysantus Mbi Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; ,
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; ,
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5
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Biasato I, Gasco L, Schiavone A, Capucchio MT, Ferrocino I. Gut microbiota changes in insect-fed monogastric species: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Anim Front 2023; 13:72-80. [PMID: 37583797 PMCID: PMC10425147 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
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Zacharis C, Bonos E, Giannenas I, Skoufos I, Tzora A, Voidarou CC, Tsinas A, Fotou K, Papadopoulos G, Mitsagga C, Athanassiou C, Antonopoulou E, Grigoriadou K. Utilization of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Reared with Different Substrates as Feed Ingredients in Growing Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:393. [PMID: 37368779 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The procurement of adequate feed resources is one of the most important challenges for the animal industry worldwide. While the need for feeds rich in protein is constantly increasing, their production cannot readily keep up. Consequently, to overcome this challenge in a sustainable way, it is necessary to identify and develop new feeding strategies and feed ingredients, such as insect meals. In the present study, Tenebrio molitor larvae that were reared on two different substrates (standard and enriched with medicinal aromatic plant material) were used as feed ingredients for growing pigs. A total of 36 weaned pigs (34 days old) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups and fed either the control diet (A) or diets supplemented at 10% with one of the two insect meals (B and C). At the end of the trial (42 days), blood, feces, and meat samples were collected for analysis. The insect meal supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) overall performance but significantly modified (p < 0.001) the fecal microflora balance and the blood cholesterol (p < 0.001), while the rest of the blood parameters tested were not affected. Moreover, this dietary supplementation significantly affected some microbial populations (p < 0.001), improved the total phenolic content (p < 0.05), and the fatty acid profile (p < 0.001) of the meat cuts, but did not affect (p > 0.05) meat color or proximate composition. Further research is needed to evaluate the different types and levels of inclusion of insect meals in pig nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Zacharis
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Athina Tzora
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | | | - Anastasios Tsinas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Konstantina Fotou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Georgios Papadopoulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Mitsagga
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Christos Athanassiou
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization ELGO-DIMITRA, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Feeding of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal Attenuates Hepatic Lipid Synthesis and Fatty Liver Development in Obese Zucker Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020287. [PMID: 36678159 PMCID: PMC9861802 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that dietary insect meal from Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae attenuates the development of liver steatosis and hyperlipidemia in the obese Zucker rat. To test the hypothesis, a 4-week trial with male, obese Zucker rats (n = 30) and male, lean Zucker rats (n = 10) was performed. The obese rats were assigned to three obese groups (group O-C, group O-HI25, group O-HI50) of 10 rats each. The lean rats served as a lean control group (L-C). Group L-C and group O-C were fed a control diet with 20% casein as protein source, whereas 25% and 50% of the protein from casein was replaced with protein from HI larvae meal in the diets of group O-HI25 and O-HI50, respectively. The staining of liver sections with Oil red O revealed an excessive lipid accumulation in the liver of group O-C compared to group L-C, whereas liver lipid accumulation in group O-HI25 and O-HI50 was markedly reduced compared to group O-C. Hepatic concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, the sum of total fatty acids and hepatic mRNA levels of several genes associated with lipid synthesis and plasma concentration of cholesterol were markedly higher in group O-C than in group L-C, but lower in group O-HI50 than in group O-C (p < 0.05). In conclusion, partial replacement of casein by HI larvae meal attenuates liver steatosis and dyslipidemia in obese Zucker rats. This suggests that HI larvae meal serves as a functional food protecting from obesity-induced metabolic disorders.
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Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Growing Pigs Fed with Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae as Alternative Protein Source. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10081498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have been used as animal feed protein sources in livestock and poultry breeding, and their impact on pork quality needs to be studied. This experiment mainly explores the effect of adding black soldier flies to the feed on the growth performance and meat quality of pigs. All 24 weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups, one group was given a normal diet as the control group (C), and the other two groups were supplemented with 4% (T1) and 8% (T2) black soldier flies as an alternative protein source, respectively. Pig growth performance and carcass traits were measured at the end of the 113-day experiment. After euthanizing the pigs, we used metabolomics to detect pig dorsal muscle and qPCR to detect gene expression in dorsal muscle and adipose tissue. For the average daily gain and backfat thickness, T2 group was significantly higher than T1 group and C group (p < 0.05). Intramuscular fat content was significantly elevated in the T1 and T2 groups (p < 0.05). The metabolomics results showed that there were significant differences in metabolites among the three groups (p < 0.05). The addition of black soldier flies could increase the content of some free amino acids, and the content of lipid metabolites also changed significantly (p < 0.05). The gene expression of type 1 muscle fibers in the T1 group and the PGC-1α gene expression in the T1 and T2 groups were significantly increased in the dorsal muscle (p < 0.05). The results of the present study showed that adding 4% black soldier fly instead of fish meal in the diet of growing pigs can significantly improve meat quality and supplementation of 8% black soldier flies has beneficial effects on growth performance of pigs.
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Lee JH, Kim TK, Cha JY, Jang HW, Yong HI, Choi YS. How to Develop Strategies to Use Insects as Animal Feed: Digestibility, Functionality, Safety, and Regulation. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:409-431. [PMID: 35709133 PMCID: PMC9184698 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various insects have emerged as novel feed resources due to their economical,
eco-friendly, and nutritive characteristics. Fish, poultry, and pigs are
livestock that can feed on insects. The digestibility of insect-containing meals
were presented by the species, life stage, nutritional component, and processing
methods. Several studies have shown a reduced apparent digestibility coefficient
(ADC) when insects were supplied as a replacement for commercial meals related
to chitin. Although the expression of chitinase mRNA was present in several
livestock, indigestible components in insects, such as chitin or fiber, could be
a reason for the reduced ADC. However, various components can positively affect
livestock health. Although the bio-functional properties of these components
have been verified in vitro, they show positive health-promoting effects owing
to their functional expression when directly applied to animal diets. Changes in
the intestinal microbiota of animals, enhancement of immunity, and enhancement
of antibacterial activity were confirmed as positive effects that can be
obtained through insect diets. However, there are some issues with the safety of
insects as feed. To increase the utility of insects as feed, microbial hazards,
chemical hazards, and allergens should be regulated. The European Union, North
America, East Asia, Australia, and Nigeria have established regulations
regarding insect feed, which could enhance the utility of insects as novel feed
resources for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul
01133, Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hae In Yong, Division of
Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
Tel: +82-42-821-5775, E-mail:
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Corresponding author: Yun-Sang Choi, Research Group
of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea. Tel:
+82-63-219-9387, E-mail:
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Ipema AF, Gerrits WJJ, Bokkers EAM, van Marwijk MA, Laurenssen BFA, Kemp B, Bolhuis JE. Assessing the Effectiveness of Providing Live Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens) to Ease the Weaning Transition of Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:838018. [PMID: 35252425 PMCID: PMC8890697 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.838018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a stressful event for piglets, involving substantial changes to their nutritional and social environment. Providing edible enrichment around weaning may ease the weaning transition by increasing pre-weaning feed intake and improving post-weaning performance, health, behavior, and affective state. In this study, we investigated the effects of providing live black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as edible enrichment pre- and/or post-weaning. Pre-weaning, piglets received either only creep feed (Pre-C, n = 14 litters) or creep feed and live BSFL (Pre-L, n = 15 litters) ad libitum, and post-weaning piglets either had no access to live BSFL (Post-C, n = 24 pens) or they could rotate tubes that released BSFL (Post-L, n = 24 pens) at levels up to 20% of their expected daily dry matter intake, resulting in treatments CC, CL, LC, and LL. No interaction between pre- and post-weaning treatment was found for any of the measured parameters. Before weaning, Pre-L piglets preferred to interact with larvae over creep feed, and Pre-C piglets interacted more with creep feed than Pre-L piglets. Total time spent on feed-directed behaviors did not differ. Continuous larvae provisioning increased caecum length and proximal stomach digesta pH, while it decreased the passage of glucose and fluorescein isothiocyanate through the colon wall on d3 post-weaning (CC vs. LL, n = 12 piglets/treatment). Post-weaning diarrhea and final body weight were not affected by treatment. After weaning, Pre-C piglets tended to eat more and grew marginally faster than Pre-L piglets. Post-C piglets spent more time eating and had a higher feed intake post-weaning than Post-L piglets. Based on home-pen behavioral observations, Post-L piglets actively explored and ate the larvae. Post-C piglets spent more time on exploring the environment and nosing pen mates, and they spent more time on manipulating pen mates on d8 and played more on d8 & 15 compared to Post-L piglets. Piglet responses to a novel environment and an attention bias test on d4 & 5 post-weaning were not influenced by larvae provisioning. In conclusion, pre-weaning larvae provisioning did not improve pre-weaning feed intake and post-weaning performance, however post-weaning larvae provisioning did benefit piglet behavior as less manipulation of pen mates was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson F. Ipema
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Walter J. J. Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eddie A. M. Bokkers
- Animal Production Systems Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Manon A. van Marwijk
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bjorge F. A. Laurenssen
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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11
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Hong J, Kim YY. Insect as feed ingredients for pigs. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:347-355. [PMID: 34991213 PMCID: PMC8831829 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among edible insects, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and common housefly (Musca domestica) have been considered as an alternative protein source for pigs. Because they are easy to breed and grow in the organic wastes, and they have well-balanced nutritional value as a protein source for pigs. The black soldier fly larvae and mealworm could replace the fish meal in the diets for weaned pigs without adverse effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Black soldier fly could also be included in the finishing pig’s diet without any negative effects on the growth performance and pork quality of the market pigs. Insect products showed a greater standardized ileal digestibility value of amino acids than conventional animal proteins in growing pigs. Due to the limited amount of insect products used for pig feeding study, most previous pig studies have been conducted in weaned pigs. Thus, further study is needed about the optimal inclusion level of insect products in every phase diet from weaned pigs to sows. The use of insect products in swine diets has some challenges in terms of cost, supply, and safety. Lastly, intrinsic differences among insect species, processing method, and feeding phase should be taken into consideration for the use of insect products in the swine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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12
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Sanchez FA, Dowd SE, Brandt J, McLaughlin RW. Analysis of the microbial diversity in the fecal material of the critically endangered African wild dog, Lycaon pictus. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:42. [PMID: 34932157 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The African wild dog (AWD) (Lycaon pictus) is a critically endangered species. These animals are hypercarnivores, hunting mostly medium-sized antelope. In this study, using bacterial tag-encoded FLX-Titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP®), the microbiota in the fecal material of AWDs living in the Great Plains Zoo & Delbridge Museum of Natural History was investigated. In both samples, the most predominant bacterial phylum was the Firmicutes with members of the genus Blautia spp. being the most dominant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scot E Dowd
- MR DNA (Molecular Research LP), Shallowater, TX, USA
| | - Janelle Brandt
- Great Plains Zoo & Delbridge Museum of Natural History, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
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13
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Liu M, Yuan B, Jin X, Zhu M, Xu H, Xie G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Xu Z, Li B, Huang Y, Lv Y, Wang W. Citric Acid Promoting B Lymphocyte Differentiation and Anti-epithelial Cells Apoptosis Mediate the Protective Effects of Hermetia illucens Feed in ETEC Induced Piglets Diarrhea. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:751861. [PMID: 34917669 PMCID: PMC8669560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.751861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn piglets are prone to diarrhea after weaning as a result of changes in their environment and feed. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 strain is a typical pathogen that causes diarrhea in such stage of piglets. Hermetia illucens larvae are widely used in livestock and poultry production because of their high nutritional value and immunoregulatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of H. illucens feed in protecting against ETEC induced diarrhea in piglets and to unravel the mechanisms of immune modulation and intestinal barrier maintenance. The results showed that after ETEC infection, citric acid in the serum of the groups fed on H. illucens larvae increased significantly, which stimulated macrophages to secrete cytokines that promote B lymphocyte differentiation, ultimately increasing the production of IgA and IgG in serum. Concomitantly, citric acid also had a positive effect on the intestinal barrier damaged due to ETEC infection by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines, reducing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and promoting the expression of tight junction proteins. Correlation analysis showed that the increase of citric acid levels might be related to Massilia. Thus, citric acid derived from H. illucens larvae can improve the immune performance of weaned piglets and reduce ETEC-induced damage to the intestinal barrier in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidong Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaijie Xie
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifan Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyun Xu
- Special Police Academy of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Bai Li
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Huang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Lv
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Live black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) provisioning is a promising environmental enrichment for pigs as indicated by feed- and enrichment-preference tests. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Colombino E, Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Bellezza Oddon S, Caimi C, Gariglio M, Dabbou S, Caramori M, Battisti E, Zanet S, Ferroglio E, Cocolin L, Gasco L, Schiavone A, Capucchio MT. Effect of Insect Live Larvae as Environmental Enrichment on Poultry Gut Health: Gut Mucin Composition, Microbiota and Local Immune Response Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2819. [PMID: 34679839 PMCID: PMC8532707 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hermetia illucens (HI) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) live larvae as environmental enrichment on the mucin composition, local immune response and microbiota of broilers. A total of 180 four-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment; ten animals/replicate): (i) control (C); (ii) C+HI; (iii) C+TM. Live larvae were distributed based on 5% of the expected daily feed intake. At slaughter (39 days of age), samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum (twelve animals/diet) were submitted to mucin histochemical evaluation. Expression of MUC-2 and cytokines was evaluated by rt-qPCR in jejunum. Mucin staining intensity was not influenced by diet (p > 0.05); however, this varied depending on the intestinal segment (p < 0.001). No significant differences were recorded for IL-4, IL-6 TNF-α, MUC-2 and INF-γ gene expression in jejunum, while IL-2 was lower in the TM group compared to HI and C (p = 0.044). Caecal microbiota showed higher abundance of Clostridium, Saccharibacteria and Victivallaceae in the HI group, while Collinsella was higher in the TM group. The results suggested that live insect larvae did not impair mucin composition or local immune response, and can slightly improve caecal microbiota by enhancing a minor fraction of short chain fatty acid-producing taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Sara Bellezza Oddon
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Marta Gariglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy;
| | - Marta Caramori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Elena Battisti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Stefania Zanet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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16
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Kar SK, Schokker D, Harms AC, Kruijt L, Smits MA, Jansman AJM. Local intestinal microbiota response and systemic effects of feeding black soldier fly larvae to replace soybean meal in growing pigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15088. [PMID: 34302029 PMCID: PMC8302639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) larvae as dietary protein source have the ability to deliver nutrients and could possess functional properties that positively support animal productivity and health. More knowledge, however, is needed to assess the impact of feeding a BSF based diet on gut and animal health. Sixteen post-weaned male pigs were randomly assigned to two groups and fed for three weeks with iso-caloric and iso-proteinaceous experimental diets prepared with either soybean meal (SBM) as reference protein source or with BSF as single source of dietary protein. At the end of the trial, the pigs were sacrificed to collect relevant digesta, gut tissue and blood samples to study changes induced by the dietary treatments using ~ omics based analyses. Inclusion of BSF in the diet supports the development of the intestinal microbiome that could positively influence intestinal health. By amine metabolite analysis, we identified two metabolites i.e. sarcosine and methionine sulfoxide, in plasma that serve as markers for the ingestion of insect based ingredients. BSF seems to possess functional properties indicated by the appearance of alpha-aminobutyric acid and taurine in blood plasma of pigs that are known to induce health beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya K Kar
- Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Kruijt
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M Jansman
- Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Chemello G, Biasato I, Gai F, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Schiavone A, Gasco L, Pauciullo A. Effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal inclusion in rainbow trout feed: myogenesis-related gene expression and histomorphological features. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1945959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chemello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Istituto di scienze delle produzioni alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Istituto di scienze delle produzioni alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Colombino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pauciullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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18
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Saettone V, Biasato I, Radice E, Schiavone A, Bergero D, Meineri G. State-of-the-Art of the Nutritional Alternatives to the Use of Antibiotics in Humans and Monogastric Animals. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122199. [PMID: 33255356 PMCID: PMC7759783 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antibiotic resistance represents a worldwide recognized issue affecting both human and veterinary medicine, with a particular focus being directed towards monogastric animals destined for human consumption. This scenario is the result of frequent utilization of the antibiotics either for therapeutic purposes (humans and animals) or as growth promoters (farmed animals). Therefore, the search for nutritional alternatives has progressively been the object of significant efforts by the scientific community. So far, probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics are considered the most promising products, as they are capable of preventing or treating gastrointestinal diseases as well as restoring a eubiosis condition after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis development. This review provides an updated state-of-the-art of these nutritional alternatives in both humans and monogastric animals. Abstract In recent years, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has been perpetrated across human medicine, animals destined for zootechnical productions and companion animals. Apart from increasing the resistance rate of numerous microorganisms and generating multi-drug resistance (MDR), the nonrational administration of antibiotics causes sudden changes in the structure of the intestinal microbiota such as dysbiotic phenomena that can have a great clinical significance for both humans and animals. The aim of this review is to describe the state-of-the-art of alternative therapies to the use of antibiotics and their effectiveness in humans and monogastric animals (poultry, pigs, fish, rabbits, dogs and cats). In particular, those molecules (probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics) which have a direct function on the gastrointestinal health are herein critically analysed in the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal diseases or dysbiosis induced by the consumption of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Saettone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.S.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisabetta Radice
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.S.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Domenico Bergero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.S.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giorgia Meineri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.S.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (G.M.)
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