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Yang B, Lin Y, Huang Y, Shen YQ, Chen Q. Thioredoxin (Trx): A redox target and modulator of cellular senescence and aging-related diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103032. [PMID: 38232457 PMCID: PMC10827563 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a compact redox-regulatory protein that modulates cellular redox state by reducing oxidized proteins. Trx exhibits dual functionality as an antioxidant and a cofactor for diverse enzymes and transcription factors, thereby exerting influence over their activity and function. Trx has emerged as a pivotal biomarker for various diseases, particularly those associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Recent clinical investigations have underscored the significance of Trx in disease diagnosis, treatment, and mechanistic elucidation. Despite its paramount importance, the intricate interplay between Trx and cellular senescence-a condition characterized by irreversible growth arrest induced by multiple aging stimuli-remains inadequately understood. In this review, our objective is to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the structure and function of Trx, its involvement in redox signaling pathways and cellular senescence, its association with aging and age-related diseases, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. Our review aims to elucidate the novel and extensive role of Trx in senescence while highlighting its implications for aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yumeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yibo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ying-Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Shcholok T, Eftekharpour E. Insights into the Multifaceted Roles of Thioredoxin-1 System: Exploring Knockout Murine Models. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:180. [PMID: 38534450 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Redox balance is increasingly identified as a major player in cellular signaling. A fundamentally simple reaction of oxidation and reduction of cysteine residues in cellular proteins is the central concept in this complex regulatory mode of protein function. Oxidation of key cysteine residues occurs at the physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but they are reduced by a supply of thiol antioxidant molecules including glutathione, glutaredoxin, and thioredoxin. While these molecules show complex compensatory roles in experimental conditions, transgenic animal models provide a comprehensive picture to pinpoint the role of each antioxidant. In this review, we have specifically focused on the available literature on thioredoxin-1 system transgenic models that include thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase proteins. As the identification of thioredoxin protein targets is technically challenging, the true contribution of this system in maintaining cellular balance remains unidentified, including the role of this system in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Shcholok
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 631-BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 631-BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Su C, Kent CL, Pierpoint M, Floyd W, Luo L, Wiliams NT, Ma Y, Peng B, Lazarides AL, Subramanian A, Himes JE, Perez VM, Hernansaiz-Ballesteros RD, Roche KE, Modliszewski JL, Selitsky SR, Mari Shinohara, Wisdom AJ, Moding EJ, Mowery YM, Kirsch DG. Enhancing radiotherapy response via intratumoral injection of the TLR9 agonist CpG to stimulate CD8 T cells in an autochthonous mouse model of sarcoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.573968. [PMID: 38260522 PMCID: PMC10802286 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.573968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is frequently used to treat cancers including soft tissue sarcomas. Prior studies established that the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) enhances the response to radiation therapy (RT) in transplanted tumors, but the mechanism(s) remain unclear. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 and the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) to generate autochthonous soft tissue sarcomas with high tumor mutation burden. Treatment with a single fraction of 20 Gy RT and two doses of CpG significantly enhanced tumor response, which was abrogated by genetic or immunodepletion of CD8+ T cells. To characterize the immune response to RT + CpG, we performed bulk RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq, and mass cytometry. Sarcomas treated with 20 Gy and CpG demonstrated increased CD8 T cells expressing markers associated with activation and proliferation, such as Granzyme B, Ki-67, and interferon-γ. CpG + RT also upregulated antigen presentation pathways on myeloid cells. Furthermore, in sarcomas treated with CpG + RT, TCR clonality analysis suggests an increase in clonal T-cell dominance. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that RT + CpG significantly delays tumor growth in a CD8 T cell-dependent manner. These results provide a strong rationale for clinical trials evaluating CpG or other TLR9 agonists with RT in patients with soft tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Collin L. Kent
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Pierpoint
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Lixia Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nerissa T. Wiliams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Ajay Subramanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Himes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mari Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy J. Wisdom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Everett J. Moding
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne M. Mowery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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