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Kouadio JN, Giovanoli Evack J, Sékré JBK, Achi LY, Ouattara M, Hattendorf J, Balmer O, Bonfoh B, Zinsstag J, Utzinger J, N’Goran EK. Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and hookworm infection in seasonal transmission settings in northern Côte d'Ivoire: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011487. [PMID: 37459286 PMCID: PMC10351694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis and hookworm infection remain public health problems in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemiology of schistosomiasis and hookworm was studied in seasonal transmission settings in the northern part of Côte d'Ivoire. METHODOLOGY In August 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Urine and stool samples were collected from 742 individuals aged 6-96 years in 16 localities from four departments in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Urine samples were examined by a filtration method for quantification of Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Stool samples were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and eggs of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) were counted. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to determine demographic characteristics and to identify risk factors of schistosomiasis and STHs. Malacologic surveys were carried out at water points that are contacted by humans and animals. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The prevalence of schistosomiasis was very low. Only two cases of S. mansoni were found (0.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1-1.0%). The distribution of S. haematobium was focal, with cases found only in two departments; Ferkessédougou (5.4%, 95% CI: 2.5-9.9%) and Ouangolodougou (2.7%, 95% CI: 0.9-6.3%). Hookworm was the only STH species observed with a prevalence of 1.5% (95% CI: 0.8-2.8%). A higher risk of S. haematobium infection was observed in males compared to females, but the difference was not statistically significant (2.3% versus 1.3%, odds ratio [OR]: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.8-2.7). Participants aged 16-20 years showed the highest prevalence of S. haematobium. A total of 111 human- and animal-water contact points were identified at 47 water sources. Three potential intermediate host snails of schistosomes were collected; namely, Bulinus forskalii (n = 761), Bulinus truncatus (n = 205), and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (n = 1). Yet, only one specimen of Bu. truncatus was found to be shedding schistosome cercariae. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms very low transmission of schistosomiasis and hookworm in northern Côte d'Ivoire. The establishment and rigorous implementation of integrated surveillance-response systems could lead to the elimination of schistosomiasis and hookworm in this part of Côte d'Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules N. Kouadio
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jennifer Giovanoli Evack
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste K. Sékré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Louise Y. Achi
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Ecole de Spécialisation en Elevage et des Métiers de la Viande de Bingerville, Bingerville, Côte d’Ivoire
- Laboratoire National d’Appui au Développement Agricole, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Balmer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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Ghazy RM, Ellakany WI, Badr MM, Taktak NEM, Elhadad H, Abdo SM, Hagag A, Hussein AR, Tahoun MM. Determinants of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in hotspots at the late stage of elimination in Egypt. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:102. [PMID: 36138424 PMCID: PMC9503191 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In certain settings, the prevalence and severity of schistosoma infection do not lessen despite repeated rounds of preventative chemotherapy; these areas are known as hotspots. This study aimed to investigate the role of human practices, besides environmental and malacological factors, in the maintenance of the Schistosoma mansoni infection transmission chain in hotspot areas in Egypt. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between July and November 2019 in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. A pre-designed structured interviewing questionnaire was used to collect humanitarian data. Stool samples were collected from children aged 6-15 years on three successive days and examined using the Kato-Katz technique. Simultaneously, water and snail samples were taken from watercourses surrounding houses. Snails were identified based on their shell morphology and structure and tested for cercaria shedding. Water samples were analyzed for their physicochemical and biological characteristics. RESULTS A total of 2259 fecal samples (1113 in summer and 1146 in fall) were collected from 861 children. About 46.9% of the participants were males, and 31.8% were aged 6-10 years. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was higher during the summer than during the fall (19.1% vs 7.2%, respectively, P < 0.01). The intensity of infection (light, moderate, and heavy) during summer versus fall was (93.55 vs 89.38%, 6.45 vs 8.85%, and 0.00% vs 1.77%), respectively (P < 0.05). A higher prevalence of human infection was observed among males than females [OR = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.10-2.40, P = 0.015], children aged 11-15 years than among their counterparts aged 6-10 years (OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.72-5.06, P < 0.001), and mothers with a low level of education (OR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.70-6.52, P < 0.001). The main identified risk factors were contacting the main body of water-canal for washing clothes (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12-2.49, P = 0.015), land irrigation (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.32-4.96, P = 0.004), water collection (OR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.82-4.73, P < 0.001), bathing (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.21-4.31, P = 0.009), and garbage disposal (OR = 2.38, 95% CI:1.38-4.12, P < 0.001). The count of Biomphalaria alexandrina was distinct between seasons (P < 0.01) in consistent with statistically significant differences in water temperature, salinity, turbidity, the total concentration of coliforms, depth, velocity, and water level (P < 0.01). The presence of grasses and duckweeds was significantly associated with snail infection (P = 0.00 l). Significant effects of water depth, pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids on snail count were also observed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The persistence of the infection is due to adoption of risky behaviors and environmental factors that enhance snail survival and infection. Schistosomiasis elimination in hotspots requires an integrated control approach that combines preventive chemotherapy with other complementary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Ismail Ellakany
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mai M. Badr
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nehad E. M. Taktak
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba Elhadad
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria university, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sarah M. Abdo
- grid.411978.20000 0004 0578 3577Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 35516 Egypt
| | - Ayat Hagag
- grid.411978.20000 0004 0578 3577Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 35516 Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Mostafa Tahoun
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Akrasi W, Brah AS, Essuman MA, Osei V, Boye A. Adverse drug effects among students following mass de-worming exercise involving administration of Praziquantel and Albendazole in KEEA Municipality, Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010680. [PMID: 36094964 PMCID: PMC9499283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
To manage the deleterious effects of parasitic infections such as lymphatic filariasis (LF) and schistosomiasis among school children, most countries including Ghana make use of mass drug administration (MDA). Although MDA has proven effective in reducing worm burden, unfortunately adverse drug effects (ADEs) post-MDA are derailing the gains and also remain poorly monitored. The study assessed incidence and factors associated with ADEs among students following a school-based mass de-worming exercise involving administration of Praziquantel (PZQT) and Albendazole (ADZ) against LF and SCH at Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem (KEEA) Municipal.
Methodology
After fulfilling all ethical obligations, a total of 598 students aged 5–20 years who received PZQT or ADZ monotherapy or a combination of the two (PZQT + ADZ) as part of the mass de-worming exercise were recruited through quota and random sampling. Bodyweight and height of students were measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Students were orally interviewed to obtain information such as age, sex, intake of diet before taking drugs. Subsequently, students were monitored over 24 hours post-MDA for cases of ADEs. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis using SPSS version 26 was used to describe data collected and to determine associations between incidence of ADEs and predictor variables.
Principal findings
Out of the 598 students, 243 (40.64%) represented by 124 males (51.03%) and 119 females (48.97%) with mean (SD) age of 13.43 (2.74) years experienced one or more forms of ADE. In decreasing order, the detected ADEs included headache (64.6%), Abdominal pain (48.6%), fever (30.0%), diarrhea (21.4%) and itching (12.8%). Multivariable statistical analysis showed that age 5–9 years (OR: 2.01, p = 0.041) and underweight (OR: 2.02, p = 0.038) were associated with incidence of ADEs. Compared with students who received combination therapy, students who received ADZ only (OR: 0.05, p < 0.001) and PZQT only (OR: 0.26, p < 0.001) had low cases of ADEs. Gender and diet intake before MDA were not associated with ADE incidence.
Conclusion
ADE incidence was common among students in the KEEA municipality. Age, underweight, and double dosing were associated with increase in ADE incidence, while gender and food intake were not associated with increase in ADE incidence. The Disease Control Unit of the Ghana Health Service should incorporate stringent ADE monitoring in post-MDA surveillance in the National MDA program in order to be able to detect, manage and report ADEs to inform planning for future MDA programs. Such initiatives will help not only in improving effectiveness of MDA programs but also identify high risk groups and exact strategies to reduce negative influence of ADE on MDA coverage and anthelminthic drug compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisdom Akrasi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Augustine Suurinobah Brah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mainprice Akuoko Essuman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Viona Osei
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- * E-mail:
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Thiam F, Fall CB, Gaye PM, Senghor B, Diamanka A, Wotodjo AN, Abotsi K, Parola P, Faye B, Sokhna C, Sow D, Doucouré S. Study of the behavior of snails intermediate hosts of Schistosoma spp . under different maintenance conditions and their resistance to salinity in an african laboratory environment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10289. [PMID: 36033271 PMCID: PMC9404331 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The control of snails intermediate hosts remains an effective strategy to limit schistosomiasis transmission despite the widespread mass de-worming campaign based on praziquantel. Therefore, the study of snail biology could help to improve snails control strategies. This study evaluated the development of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus senegalensis and Bulinus truncatus in various water sources and their resistance to salinity. Methods Five day-old juveniles individuals issued from adult snails non-shedding Schistosoma spp cercariae were breed in distilled water, commercial mineral water, ground pump water and well water. Snail’s survival rate and size were measured over a period of 40 days. These two parameters were also measured over 30 days in increasing saline solutions (1 g/l, 3.5 g/l and 4 g/l) made of well water to which sodium chloride was added. Results B. truncatus growth was not hampered by any water sources with a survival rate between 68% and 84% (log rank X2 = 1.86, df = 3, p = 0.60). Despite a poor survival rate (8%) in distilled water, B. pfeifferi, has adapted to other water sources with a survival fraction between 88% and 96% (log rank X2 = 61.94, df = 3, p < 0.0001). B. senegalensis development was very delicate with low survival rate of 4% in distilled water, 20% in well water and 24% in commercial mineral water and ground pump water (log rank X2 = 13.24, df = 3, p = 0,004). For each species, even if the difference is not significant, the size of snails is larger with well water and pump water compared to distilled and commercial mineral water. B. pfeifferi survival rate was at 45% in both three saline solutions at day 30. B. senegalensis population collapsed at day 10 in 4 g/l saline solution and persisted until day 30 in both 1.5 g/l and 3.5 g/l solution. B. truncatus also persisted with a survival rate at 20% in 1.5 g/l but collapsed at day 5 and 15 in 4 g/l and 3.5 g/l solution, respectively. Conclusion The differences in adaptation between snails species show the need to take into account the water sources for snail breeding in the laboratory. Further studies could help to determine the optimal water quality for each snail species in order to standardize breeding conditions. This study could contribute to the understanding of the dynamics and distribution of snails in natural conditions. The knowledge of snail breeding conditions could represent a breakthrough for schistosomiasis control The survival rate of B. truncatus, B. senegalensis and B. pfeifferi depended on the origin of the water used for snails breeding Only B. truncatus displayed relatively high survival rate to both distilled water, commercial mineral water, ground pump water and well water The survival of B. pfeifferi is less hampered in saline water compared to B. truncatus and B. senegalensis
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Thiam
- VITROME, IRD-UCAD International Campus of the Institute of Research for Development, Dakar, Senegal.,Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Bintou Fall
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Papa M Gaye
- VITROME, IRD-UCAD International Campus of the Institute of Research for Development, Dakar, Senegal.,Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospital-University (IHU)-Mediterranean Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Senghor
- VITROME, IRD-UCAD International Campus of the Institute of Research for Development, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Arfang Diamanka
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amélé N Wotodjo
- VITROME, IRD-UCAD International Campus of the Institute of Research for Development, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Kokou Abotsi
- VITROME, IRD-UCAD International Campus of the Institute of Research for Development, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Philippe Parola
- VITROME, IRD-UCAD International Campus of the Institute of Research for Development, Dakar, Senegal.,Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospital-University (IHU)-Mediterranean Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Babacar Faye
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- VITROME, IRD-UCAD International Campus of the Institute of Research for Development, Dakar, Senegal.,Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospital-University (IHU)-Mediterranean Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Doudou Sow
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal.,Department of Parasitology-Mycology, UFR Health Sciences, University Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Souleymane Doucouré
- VITROME, IRD-UCAD International Campus of the Institute of Research for Development, Dakar, Senegal
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Tazebew B, Temesgen D, Alehegn M, Salew D, Tarekegn M. Prevalence of S. mansoni Infection and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Guangua District, Northwest Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:1005637. [PMID: 35469275 PMCID: PMC9034956 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1005637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods A cross-sectional study design was employed. Four hundred twenty-two participants were selected. Data was collected through observation and interview with structured questionnaire. Stool specimens were collected and examined using two-slide Kato-Katz method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Logistic regression was fitted for analysis. Variables with p value <0.25 in the univariate logistic regression analysis were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model. Those with <0.05 were identified as significantly associated risk factors. To assure the quality of the data, training was given for data collectors and supervisors, and the tools were pretested on 5% of the sample size. Results 404 (95.7%) school children were enrolled in the study. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni was 12.6%. School children in the age group 5-9 years old (AOR (95% CI): 22.27 (3.70-134.01), p = 0.001), age group 10-14 years old (AOR (95% CI): 4.58 (1.14-18.42), p = 0.032), grade levels 5-8 (AOR (95% CL): 14.95 (4.297-52.03), p = 0.001),who swim frequently (AOR (95% CI): 11.35 (2.33-55.33), p = 0.003), and those who cultivate near the irrigation area (AOR (95% CI): 7.10 (2.31-21.80), p = 0.001) were significantly associated with high risk of S. mansoni infection. Conclusion and Recommendation. From the finding of the current study, it can be concluded that the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni in the study area is relatively high. Age of fourteen and younger years old, swimming in the river, and irrigation practice were the main risk factors of S. mansoni infection. Thus, therapeutic interventions as well as health education are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belaynesh Tazebew
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box-79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Denekew Temesgen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box-79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Alehegn
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box-79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Spatial variation of life-history traits in Bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host of schistosomes, in the context of field application of niclosamide in Côte d’Ivoire. BMC ZOOL 2022; 7:7. [PMID: 37170324 PMCID: PMC10127057 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Control of intermediate host snails using molluscicides for the control and/or elimination of schistosomiasis is a strategy in line with WHO recommendations. Niclosamide is the main chemical molluscicide recommended by WHO. However, except the immediate killing of the snail, the extent of the impact of the molluscicide application on the evolution of snail life-history traits, in relation to recolonization of treated sites is not well known. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variation of life-history traits of populations of the freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus, in relation to niclosamide spraying in the field.
From 2016 to 2018, we conducted a trial, using niclosamide to control the intermediate host snails for interrupting the seasonal transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in northern and central Côte d’Ivoire. Five villages (sites) were considered, including three test and two control villages. In the test villages, the molluscicide was sprayed in habitats harboring B. truncatus snails three times a year (November, February–March and June). We sampled six B. truncatus populations: two populations from the control villages without any treatment; one collected before treatment and three sampled 2–3 months after treatment of the site with niclosamide. The snail populations were monitored for several life-history traits, including survival, growth, fecundity and hatchability, under laboratory conditions, over one generation (G1). We tested the population, region (North/Centre) and treatment status (treated/untreated) effects on the variation of the measured life-history traits and correlations between pairs of traits were estimated.
Results
On the whole, the traits varied among populations. The risk of death was lower in northern populations compared to central ones. The age at first reproduction was reached earlier with a smaller size of snails in northern populations. Values of first reproduction features (size and fecundity) were lower in treated snail populations. The overall growth of untreated populations was higher than that of treated ones. The late fecundity and egg hatching were higher in northern than in central snails. At first reproduction, age was negatively correlated with some fecundity parameters. However, growth was positively associated with fecundity.
Conclusions
Our study showed a spatial variation of life-history traits in B. truncatus snails. The mollusciciding seems to have led to the depression of some life-history traits in the snail populations. However, investigations should be carried out over several generations of snails to better clarify the impact of niclosamide on the evolution of the life-history traits.
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Bassa FK, Eze IC, Assaré RK, Essé C, Koné S, Acka F, Laubhouet-Koffi V, Kouassi D, Bonfoh B, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK. Prevalence of Schistosoma mono- and co-infections with multiple common parasites and associated risk factors and morbidity profile among adults in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system, South-Central Côte d'Ivoire. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:3. [PMID: 34983662 PMCID: PMC8728899 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis remains an important public health problem, also among adults, and infected individuals not treated serve as a reservoir for continued transmission. Despite this fact, evidence on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in adults in Côte d’Ivoire is scanty. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma infection and co-infection with other helminth species and Plasmodium among adults in the Taabo region in the south-central part of Côte d’Ivoire. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in April and May 2017 in the frame of the “Côte d’Ivoire Dual Burden of Disease Study” (CoDuBu). A total of 901 randomly selected individuals, aged 18–90 years, provided blood, stool and urine samples for the diagnosis of malaria and helminth infections. Stool samples were subjected to the Kato-Katz technique for detection of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminth eggs, while urine samples were examined for eggs of Schistosoma haematobium and circulating cathodic antigen of S. mansoni. Risk factors and morbidity profiles were assessed using health examination and questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regressions were employed to identify risk factors and morbidity patterns associated with S. mansoni mono- and co-infections. Results The prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium was 23.2% and 1.0%, respectively. Most S. mansoni were mono-infections (81.3%). Independent determinants of S. mansoni infection were young age, low socioeconomic status (mono- and co-infection) and poor hygiene practices (co-infection) (P < 0.05). S. mansoni infection was independently associated with higher pain and symptom scores (mono-infection), poor self-rated health and low healthcare use (co-infection) (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study showed that adults represent a substantial reservoir of S. mansoni. To sustain schistosomiasis control and improve people’s wellbeing, it is important to expand preventive chemotherapy from school-aged children to adults, coupled with hygiene and health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidèle K Bassa
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22, P.O. Box 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Ikenna C Eze
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rufin K Assaré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22, P.O. Box 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Clémence Essé
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut d'Ethnosociologie, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01, P.O. Box 34,, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Siaka Koné
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Félix Acka
- Institut National de Santé Publique, 01, P.O. Box 47, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Véronique Laubhouet-Koffi
- Ligue Ivoirienne Contre l'Hypertension Artérielle et les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, 17, P.O. Box 773, Abidjan 17, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dinard Kouassi
- Institut National de Santé Publique, 01, P.O. Box 47, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22, P.O. Box 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
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8
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Rinaldo D, Perez-Saez J, Vounatsou P, Utzinger J, Arcand JL. The economic impact of schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:134. [PMID: 34895355 PMCID: PMC8667389 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The economic impact of schistosomiasis and the underlying tradeoffs between water resources development and public health concerns have yet to be quantified. Schistosomiasis exerts large health, social and financial burdens on infected individuals and households. While irrigation schemes are one of the most important policy responses designed to reduce poverty, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, they facilitate the propagation of schistosomiasis and other diseases. METHODS We estimate the economic impact of schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso via its effect on agricultural production. We create an original dataset that combines detailed household and agricultural surveys with high-resolution geo-statistical disease maps. We develop new methods that use the densities of the intermediate host snails of schistosomiasis as instrumental variables together with panel, spatial and machine learning techniques. RESULTS We estimate that the elimination of schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso would increase average crop yields by around 7%, rising to 32% for high infection clusters. Keeping schistosomiasis unchecked, in turn, would correspond to a loss of gross domestic product of approximately 0.8%. We identify the disease burden as a shock to the agricultural productivity of farmers. The poorest households engaged in subsistence agriculture bear a far heavier disease burden than their wealthier counterparts, experiencing an average yield loss due to schistosomiasis of between 32 and 45%. We show that the returns to water resources development are substantially reduced once its health effects are taken into account: villages in proximity of large-scale dams suffer an average yield loss of around 20%, and this burden decreases as distance between dams and villages increases. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a rigorous estimation of how schistosomiasis affects agricultural production and how it is both a driver and a consequence of poverty. It further quantifies the tradeoff between the economics of water infrastructures and their impact on public health. Although we focus on Burkina Faso, our approach can be applied to any country in which schistosomiasis is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rinaldo
- Department of Economics and Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute (LEEP), University of Exeter, Exeter, England.
| | - Javier Perez-Saez
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Penelope Vounatsou
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Arcand
- Department of International Economics, The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland.,Fondation pour les études et recherches sur le développement international (FERDI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
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9
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Aula OP, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gordon CA. Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:109. [PMID: 34206495 PMCID: PMC8293433 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease of impoverished people and livestock in many developing countries in tropical Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Substantial progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis in some African countries, but the disease still prevails in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 800 million people at risk of infection. Current control strategies rely primarily on treatment with praziquantel, as no vaccine is available; however, treatment alone does not prevent reinfection. There has been emphasis on the use of integrated approaches in the control and elimination of the disease in recent years with the development of health infrastructure and health education. However, there is a need to evaluate the present status of African schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and the factors affecting the disease as the basis for developing more effective control and elimination strategies in the future. This review provides an historical perspective of schistosomiasis in Africa and discusses the current status of control efforts in those countries where the disease is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyime Poise Aula
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia;
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
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10
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Baseline and Impact of First-Year Intervention on Schistosoma haematobium Infection in Seasonal Transmission Foci in the Northern and Central Parts of Côte d'Ivoire. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6010007. [PMID: 33429843 PMCID: PMC7838999 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the impact of different control strategies against Schistosoma haematobium in seasonal transmission foci in Côte d’Ivoire, a three-year cluster randomized trial was implemented. The decrease in S. haematobium prevalence among children aged 9−12 years was the primary outcome. In the first step, an eligibility survey was conducted, subjecting 50 children aged 13−14 years to a single urine filtration. Sixty-four villages with a prevalence of S. haematobium of ≥4% were selected and randomly assigned to four intervention arms consisting of annual mass drug administration (MDA) before (arm 1) and after (arm 2) the peak transmission, biannual treatment with praziquantel before and after the peak transmission season (arm 3), and annual MDA before the peak transmission season, coupled with focal chemical snail control using molluscicides (arm 4). At baseline, we observed a prevalence of 24.8%, 10.1%, 13.9%, and 15.9% in study arms 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. One year after the first intervention, the prevalence decreased in all study arms by about two-thirds or more. The prevalence in arm 2 was lower than in arm 1 (3.5% vs. 8.1%), but the difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio (OR) = 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.10−1.80). After adjusting for baseline prevalence, arms 1 and 2 performed roughly similarly (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.34−3.07). The prevalence in arms 3 and 4 (1.9% and 2.2%) were significantly lower compared to arm 1 in the unadjusted and the adjusted models (arm 3 vs. arm 1, OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.05−0.95, aOR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.08−0.48; arm 4 vs. arm 1, OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08−0.85, aOR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.06−0.87). The initial intervention showed a significant impact on the prevalence of S. haematobium. It will be interesting to monitor the comparative impact of the different intervention arms and to determine whether the interruption of seasonal transmission of S. haematobium can be achieved in this epidemiological setting within three years.
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11
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Resistance of Biomphalaria alexandrina to Schistosoma mansoni and Bulinus truncatus to Schistosoma haematobium Correlates with Unsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in the Snail Soft Tissue. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:8852243. [PMID: 33204522 PMCID: PMC7652611 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8852243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a fraction of the Biomphalaria and Bulinus snail community shows patent infection with schistosomes despite continuous exposure to the parasite, indicating that a substantial proportion of snails may resist infection. Accordingly, exterminating the schistosome intermediate snail hosts in transmission foci in habitats that may extend to kilometres is cost-prohibitive and damaging to the ecological equilibrium and quality of water and may be superfluous. It may be more cost effective with risk less ecological damage to focus on discovering the parameters governing snail susceptibility and resistance to schistosome infection. Therefore, laboratory bred Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus snails were exposed to miracidia of laboratory-maintained Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively. Snails were examined for presence or lack of infection association with soft tissue and hemolymph content of proteins, cholesterol, and triglycerides, evaluated using standard biochemical techniques and palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acid, assayed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Successful schistosome infection of B. alexandrina and B. truncatus consistently and reproducibly correlated with snails showing highly significant (up to P < 0.0001) decrease in soft tissue and hemolymph content of the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic, and arachidonic acids as compared to naïve snails. Snails that resisted twice infection had soft tissue content of oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acid similar to naïve counterparts. High levels of soft tissue and hemolymph oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acid content appear to interfere with schistosome development in snails. Diet manipulation directed to eliciting excessive increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids in snails may protect them from infection and interrupt disease transmission in a simple and effective manner.
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12
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Hailegebriel T, Nibret E, Munshea A. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Snail Intermediate Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:8850840. [PMID: 32963554 PMCID: PMC7492904 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8850840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Africa. These schistosome parasites use freshwater snail intermediate hosts to complete their lifecycle. Varied prevalence rates of these parasites in the snail intermediate hosts were reported from several African countries, but there were no summarized data for policymakers. Therefore, this study was aimed to systematically summarize the prevalence and geographical distribution of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. METHODS Literature search was carried out from PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus which reported the prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. The pooled prevalence was determined using a random-effect model, while heterogeneities between studies were evaluated by I 2 test. The meta-analyses were conducted using Stata software, metan command. RESULTS A total of 273,643 snails were examined for the presence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria in the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria among freshwater snails was 5.5% (95% CI: 4.9-6.1%). The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria was 5.6% (95% CI: 4.9-6.3%) and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.6-5.7%), respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was observed from Nigeria (19.0%; 95% CI: 12.7-25.3%), while the lowest prevalence was reported from Chad (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.03-0.13). Higher prevalence of schistosome cercaria was observed from Bulinus globosus (12.3%; 95% CI: 6.2-18.3%) followed by Biomphalaria sudanica (6.7%; 95% CI: 4.5-9.0%) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (5.1%; 95% CI: 4.1-6.2%). The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria obtained using PCR was 26.7% in contrast to 4.5% obtained by shedding cercariae. CONCLUSION This study revealed that nearly 6% of freshwater snails in Africa were infected by either S. haematobium or S. mansoni. The high prevalence of schistosomes among freshwater snails highlights the importance of appropriate snail control strategies in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Hailegebriel
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Nibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abaineh Munshea
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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13
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Haggerty CJE, Bakhoum S, Civitello DJ, De Leo GA, Jouanard N, Ndione RA, Remais JV, Riveau G, Senghor S, Sokolow SH, Sow S, Wolfe C, Wood CL, Jones I, Chamberlin AJ, Rohr JR. Aquatic macrophytes and macroinvertebrate predators affect densities of snail hosts and local production of schistosome cercariae that cause human schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008417. [PMID: 32628666 PMCID: PMC7365472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is responsible for the second highest burden of disease among neglected tropical diseases globally, with over 90 percent of cases occurring in African regions where drugs to treat the disease are only sporadically available. Additionally, human re-infection after treatment can be a problem where there are high numbers of infected snails in the environment. Recent experiments indicate that aquatic factors, including plants, nutrients, or predators, can influence snail abundance and parasite production within infected snails, both components of human risk. This study investigated how snail host abundance and release of cercariae (the free swimming stage infective to humans) varies at water access sites in an endemic region in Senegal, a setting where human schistosomiasis prevalence is among the highest globally. Methods/Principal findings We collected snail intermediate hosts at 15 random points stratified by three habitat types at 36 water access sites, and counted cercarial production by each snail after transfer to the laboratory on the same day. We found that aquatic vegetation was positively associated with per-capita cercarial release by snails, probably because macrophytes harbor periphyton resources that snails feed upon, and well-fed snails tend to produce more parasites. In contrast, the abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrate snail predators was negatively associated with per-capita cercarial release by snails, probably because of several potential sublethal effects on snails or snail infection, despite a positive association between snail predators and total snail numbers at a site, possibly due to shared habitat usage or prey tracking by the predators. Thus, complex bottom-up and top-down ecological effects in this region plausibly influence the snail shedding rate and thus, total local density of schistosome cercariae. Conclusions/Significance Our study suggests that aquatic macrophytes and snail predators can influence per-capita cercarial production and total abundance of snails. Thus, snail control efforts might benefit by targeting specific snail habitats where parasite production is greatest. In conclusion, a better understanding of top-down and bottom-up ecological factors that regulate densities of cercarial release by snails, rather than solely snail densities or snail infection prevalence, might facilitate improved schistosomiasis control. Over 800 million people are at risk of schistosomiasis and environmental factors that regulate densities of cercariae parasites that infect humans remain poorly understood. We sampled a spatially extensive area at 36 water-access points in northern Senegal, and quantified densities of snail intermediate hosts, snail predators, and aquatic vegetation in each sample, as well as cercariae released from snails after they were brought to the laboratory. We found that the quantity of submerged aquatic vegetation, particularly Ceratophyllum spp., was positively associated with schistosome cercariae released per infected snail, and total potential cercariae released by the collected snails per water access site. In contrast, the abundance of aquatic predators near infected snails (in the same sweep) was negatively associated with the per-capita cercarial release by infected snails, but positively associated with total snail abundance per site. Additionally, snail densities and potential cercarial densities (estimated as the sum of cercariae released by all collected, infected snails at a site) were only weakly correlated, suggesting that snail densities alone might not accurately reflect total potential of those snails to emit schistosome cercariae. Overall, a better understanding of aquatic factors that can influence the production of schistosome cercariae under field conditions, rather than snail host abundance alone, might facilitate improvements in schistosomiasis monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. E. Haggerty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - David J. Civitello
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Giulio A. De Leo
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Jouanard
- Station d'Innovation Aquacole, Saint-Louis, Senegal
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Raphael A. Ndione
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Justin V. Remais
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gilles Riveau
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
- Institut Pasteur de Lille—CIIL, France
| | - Simon Senghor
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Souleymane Sow
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Caitlin Wolfe
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chelsea L. Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Isabel Jones
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Chamberlin
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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14
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Koudenoukpo ZC, Odountan OH, Bocxlaer BV, Sablon R, Chikou A, Backeljau T. Checklist of the fresh and brackish water snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) of Bénin and adjacent West African ecoregions. Zookeys 2020; 942:21-64. [PMID: 32612441 PMCID: PMC7316818 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.942.52722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently no comprehensive checklist of fresh and brackish water gastropods from Bénin exists, and those for adjacent West African areas are outdated. Yet, such checklists provide essential biodiversity information and a consistent taxonomic and nomenclatural framework for that biodiversity. Here a first checklist of the fresh and brackish water gastropods from Bénin and adjacent West African ecoregions is presented, based on an extensive literature review and field surveys between September 2014 and June 2019 in six major fresh and brackish water ecosystems in Bénin. This inventory includes information on synonymy, species distribution in West Africa, habitats, and conservation status. The fresh and brackish water gastropod fauna includes 60 species, belonging to 28 genera and 16 families. Pachychilidae, Ampullariidae, Neritidae, and Bulinidae were the most diverse families with 9, 8, 7, and 7 species, respectively. However, literature and field data indicated that 23 species observed in West African basins that extend to Bénin do not occur in the territory of Bénin. These species were not detected in our field surveys, most likely because they are rare at collecting sites. Of the 60 species included, five are classified as “Data Deficient”, 43 as “Least Concern”, two as “Nearly Threatened”, one as “Vulnerable”, and six as “Endangered” by the IUCN, whereas the remaining three species were not evaluated. Because the taxonomy of fresh and brackish water gastropods in West Africa is still largely based on morphology, comparative molecular and taxonomic studies may result in substantial revisions of this checklist over the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinsou Cosme Koudenoukpo
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Bénin.,Biodiversité et Ressources en Eau-Benin (BioREB-ONG), 01 BP 1442, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Olaniran Hamed Odountan
- Laboratory of Ecology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technics, University of Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Bénin.,Cercle d'Action pour la Protection de l'Environnement et de la Biodiversité (CAPE BIO-ONG), Cotonou, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
| | | | - Rose Sablon
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Chikou
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium.,Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Assaré RK, N’Tamon RN, Bellai LG, Koffi JA, Mathieu TBI, Ouattara M, Hürlimann E, Coulibaly JT, Diabaté S, N’Goran EK, Utzinger J. Characteristics of persistent hotspots of Schistosoma mansoni in western Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:337. [PMID: 32616074 PMCID: PMC7333430 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control. However, in some social-ecological settings, the prevalence and/or intensity of Schistosoma infection does not lower meaningfully despite multiple rounds of preventive chemotherapy, a phenomenon termed persistent hotspot (PHS). We assessed the characteristics of PHS in a Schistosoma mansoni-endemic area of Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS In October 2016, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 14 schools in the western part of Côte d'Ivoire, one year after multiple rounds of preventive chemotherapy. In each school, 50 children aged 9-12 years provided two stool samples and one urine sample. Stool samples were subjected to triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears for S. mansoni diagnosis. Urine samples were examined by a filtration method for S. haematobium eggs. PHS was defined as failure to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of S. mansoni infection of at least 35% and/or a reduction of infection intensity of at least 50%. Six schools underwent more detailed investigations, including a questionnaire survey for demographic characteristics and a malacological survey. RESULTS In the six schools subjected to detailed investigations, the overall prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium was 9.5% and 2.6%, respectively. Four schools were classified as PHS. The S. mansoni prevalence in the four PHS was 10.9% compared to 6.6% in the remaining two schools. The S. mansoni infection intensity, expressed as arithmetic mean eggs per gram of stool (EPG) among infected children, was 123.8 EPG in PHS and 18.7 EPG in the other two schools. Children bathing in open freshwater bodies were at higher odds of S. mansoni infection (odds ratio: 4.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.6-12.6). A total of 76 human-water contact sites (53 in PHS and 23 in the other schools) were examined and 688 snails were collected, including potential intermediate host snails of Schistosoma (Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus forskalii, Bu. globosus and Bu. truncatus). CONCLUSION Children in PHS schools bathed more frequently in open freshwater bodies, and hence, they are more exposed to Schistosoma transmission. Our findings call for an integrated control approach, complementing preventive chemotherapy with other interventions, particularly in PHS settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufin K. Assaré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roméo N. N’Tamon
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Louise G. Bellai
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Judicaelle A. Koffi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Science de l’Homme et de la Société, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 08 BP 865, Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Tra-Bi I. Mathieu
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eveline Hürlimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean T. Coulibaly
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salia Diabaté
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, 27 BP 529, Abidjan 27, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Angora EK, Boissier J, Menan H, Rey O, Tuo K, Touré AO, Coulibaly JT, Méité A, Raso G, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J, Balmer O. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Schistosomiasis among Schoolchildren in two Settings of Côte d'Ivoire. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4030110. [PMID: 31340504 PMCID: PMC6789509 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting more than 250 million people, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. In Côte d’Ivoire both Schistosoma haematobium (causing urogenital schistosomiasis) and Schistosoma mansoni (causing intestinal schistosomiasis) co-exist. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. haematobium and S. mansoni and to identify risk factors among schoolchildren in the western and southern parts of Côte d’Ivoire. From January to April 2018, a cross-sectional study was carried out including 1187 schoolchildren aged 5–14 years. Urine samples were examined by a filtration method to identify and count S. haematobium eggs, while stool samples were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears to quantify eggs of S.mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths. Data on sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors were obtained using a pretested questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to test for associations between variables. We found a prevalence of S. haematobium of 14.0% (166 of 1187 schoolchildren infected) and a prevalence of S. mansoni of 6.1% (66 of 1089 schoolchildren infected). In the southern part of Côte d’Ivoire, the prevalence of S. haematobium was 16.1% with a particularly high prevalence observed in Sikensi (35.6%), while S. mansoni was most prevalent in Agboville (11.2%). Swimming in open freshwater bodies was the main risk factor for S. haematobium infection (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 127.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 25.0–634.0, p < 0.001). Fishing and washing clothes in open freshwater bodies were positively associated with S. haematobium and S. mansoni infection, respectively. Preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel should be combined with setting-specific information, education, and communication strategies in order to change children’s behavior, thus avoiding contact with unprotected open freshwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne K Angora
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan BPV 34, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Hervé Menan
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan BPV 34, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Olivier Rey
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Karim Tuo
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan BPV 490, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Andre O Touré
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan BPV 490, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jean T Coulibaly
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aboulaye Méité
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées à Chimiothérapie Préventive, 06 BP 6394, Abidjan 06, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Balmer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Environmental DNA for improved detection and environmental surveillance of schistosomiasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8931-8940. [PMID: 30975758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815046116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a water-based, infectious disease with high morbidity and significant economic burdens affecting >250 million people globally. Disease control has, with notable success, for decades focused on drug treatment of infected human populations, but a recent paradigm shift now entails moving from control to elimination. To achieve this ambitious goal, more sensitive diagnostic tools are needed to monitor progress toward transmission interruption in the environment, especially in low-intensity infection areas. We report on the development of an environmental DNA (eDNA)-based tool to efficiently detect DNA traces of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni directly in the aquatic environment, where the nonhuman part of the parasite life cycle occurs. This is a report of the successful detection of S. mansoni in freshwater samples by using aquatic eDNA. True eDNA was detected in as few as 10 cercariae per liter of water in laboratory experiments. The field applicability of the method was tested at known transmission sites in Kenya, where comparison of schistosome detection by conventional snail surveys (snail collection and cercariae shedding) with eDNA (water samples) showed 71% agreement between the methods. The eDNA method furthermore detected schistosome presence at two additional sites where snail shedding failed, demonstrating a higher sensitivity of eDNA sampling. We conclude that eDNA provides a promising tool to substantially improve the environmental surveillance of S. mansoni Given the proper method and guideline development, eDNA could become an essential future component of the schistosomiasis control tool box needed to achieve the goal of elimination.
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18
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Tian-Bi YNT, Webster B, Konan CK, Allan F, Diakité NR, Ouattara M, Salia D, Koné A, Kakou AK, Rabone M, Coulibaly JT, Knopp S, Meïté A, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, Rollinson D. Molecular characterization and distribution of Schistosoma cercariae collected from naturally infected bulinid snails in northern and central Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:117. [PMID: 30890180 PMCID: PMC6423847 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate identification of schistosome species infecting intermediate host snails is important for understanding parasite transmission, schistosomiasis control and elimination. Cercariae emerging from infected snails cannot be precisely identified morphologically to the species level. We used molecular tools to clarify the distribution of the Schistosoma haematobium group species infecting bulinid snails in a large part of Côte d’Ivoire and confirmed the presence of interspecific hybrid schistosomes. Methods Between June 2016 and March 2017, Bulinus snails were sampled in 164 human-water contact sites from 22 villages of the northern and central parts of Côte d’Ivoire. Multi-locus genetic analysis (mitochondrial cox1 and nuclear ITS) was performed on individual schistosome cercariae shed from snails, in the morning and in the afternoon, for species and hybrid identification. Results Overall, 1923 Bulinus truncatus, 255 Bulinus globosus and 1424 Bulinus forskalii were obtained. Among 2417 Bulinus screened, 25 specimens (18 B. truncatus and seven B. globosus) shed schistosomes, with up to 14% infection prevalence per site and time point. Globally, infection rates per time point ranged between 0.6 and 4%. Schistosoma bovis, S. haematobium and S. bovis × S. haematobium hybrids infected 0.5%, 0.2% and 0.4% of the snails screened, respectively. Schistosoma bovis and hybrids were more prevalent in B. truncatus, whereas S. haematobium and hybrid infections were more prevalent in B. globosus. Schistosoma bovis-infected Bulinus were predominantly found in northern sites, while S. haematobium and hybrid infected snails were mainly found in central parts of Côte d’Ivoire. Conclusions The data highlight the necessity of using molecular tools to identify and understand which schistosome species are transmitted by specific intermediate host snails. The study deepens our understanding of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of S. haematobium and S. bovis in Côte d’Ivoire and provides the first conclusive evidence for the transmission of S. haematobium × S. bovis hybrids in this West African country. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN10926858. Registered 21 December 2016; retrospectively registered (see: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN10926858) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3381-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves-Nathan T Tian-Bi
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bonnie Webster
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Cyrille K Konan
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fiona Allan
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Nana R Diakité
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Diabaté Salia
- Centre d'Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouaké, 27 BP 529, Abidjan 27, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Amani Koné
- Institut National d'Hygiène Publique, Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Boulevard Du Port (Chu)-Treichville, Bp V 14, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Adolphe K Kakou
- Institut National d'Hygiène Publique, Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Boulevard Du Port (Chu)-Treichville, Bp V 14, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Muriel Rabone
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jean T Coulibaly
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Knopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aboulaye Meïté
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées à Chimiothérapie Préventive (PNLMTN-CP), Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, 06 BP 6394, Abidjan 06, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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19
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Stensgaard AS, Vounatsou P, Sengupta ME, Utzinger J. Schistosomes, snails and climate change: Current trends and future expectations. Acta Trop 2019; 190:257-268. [PMID: 30261186 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The exact impact of climate change on schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a blood fluke that affects more than 250 million people mainly in tropical and subtropical countries, is currently unknown, but likely to vary with the snail-parasite species' specific ecologies and the spatio-temporal scale of investigation. Here, by means of a systematic review to identify studies reporting on impacts of climate change on the agents of schistosomiasis, we provide an updated synthesis of the current knowledge about the climate change-schistosomiasis relation. We found that, despite a recent increase in scientific studies that discuss the potential impact of climate change on schistosomiasis, only a handful of reports have applied modelling and predictive forecasting that provide a quantitative estimate of potential outcomes. The volume and type of evidence associated with climate change responses were found to be variable across geographical regions and snail-parasite taxonomic groups. Indeed, the strongest evidence stems from the People's Republic of China pertaining to Schistosoma japonicum. Some evidence is also available from eastern Africa, mainly for Schistosoma mansoni. While studies focused on the northern and southern range margins for schistosomiasis indicate an increase in transmission range as the most likely outcome, there was less agreement about the direction of outcomes from the central and eastern parts of Africa. The current lack of consensus suggests that climate change is more likely to shift than to expand the geographic ranges of schistosomiasis. A comparison between the current geographical distributions and the thermo-physiological limitations of the two main African schistosome species (Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni) offered additional insights, and showed that both species already exist near their thermo-physiological niche boundaries. The African species both stand to move considerably out of their "thermal comfort zone" in a future, warmer Africa, but S. haematobium in particular is likely to experience less favourable climatic temperatures. The consequences for schistosomiasis transmission will, to a large extent, depend on the parasites and snails ability to adapt or move. Based on the identified geographical trends and knowledge gaps about the climate change-schistosomiasis relation, we propose to align efforts to close the current knowledge gaps and focus on areas considered to be the most vulnerable to climate change.
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20
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Habib MR, Lv S, Guo YH, Gu WB, Standley CJ, Caldeira RL, Zhou XN. Morphological and molecular characterization of invasive Biomphalaria straminea in southern China. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:120. [PMID: 30526682 PMCID: PMC6286595 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a common parasitic disease designated as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis mansoni is a form of the disease that is caused by the digenean trematode Schistosoma mansoni, transmitted through Biomphalaria spp. as an intermediate host. Biomphalaria was introduced to Hong Kong, China in aquatic plants shipments coming from Brazil and the snail rapidly established its habitats in southern China. Earlier studies of Biomphalaria spp. introduced to southern China identified the snails as Biomphalaria straminea, one of the susceptible species implicated in S. mansoni transmission in South America. However, recent molecular investigations also indicated the presence of another South American species, B. kuhniana, which is refractory to infection. As such, it is important to identify accurately the species currently distributed in southern China, especially with emerging reports of active S. mansoni infections in Chinese workers returning from Africa. METHODS We combined morphological and molecular taxonomy tools to precisely identify Biomphalaria spp. distributed in Guangdong Province, southern China. In order to clearly understand the molecular profile of the species, we constructed a phylogeny using mtDNA data (COI and 16S rRNA sequences) from six populations of Biomphalaria spp. from Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province. In addition, we examined the external morphology of the shell and internal anatomy of the reproductive organs. RESULTS Both morphological and molecular evidences indicated a close affinity between Biomphalaria spp. populations from Guangdong and B. straminea from Brazil. The shell morphology was roughly identical in all the populations collected with rounded whorls on one side and subangulated on the other, a smooth periphery, an egg-shaped aperture bowed to one side, and a deep umbilicus. The shape and number of prostate diverticula (ranged from 11.67 to 17.67) in Guangdong populations supports its close affinity to B. straminea rather than B. kuhniana. Molecular analysis did not conflict with morphological analysis. Little genetic differentiation was observed within Biomphalaria populations collected. Phylogenetic analysis of COI and 16S rRNA haplotypes from snails collected and B. straminea sequences from Brazil and China using Bayesian inference revealed that Guangdong populations were clustered in one clade with B. straminea from Hong Kong of China and B. straminea from Brazil indicating their close affinity to each other. CONCLUSIONS Data obtained in the current study clearly show that the populations of Biomphalaria spp. investigated are B. straminea, and we assume that those snails were either introduced via passive dispersal from Hong Kong of China or as a result of multiple introduction routes from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Habib
- Medical Malacology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 12411 Egypt
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yun-Hai Guo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Wen-Biao Gu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Claire J. Standley
- Milken Institute, School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, 20052 USA
| | - Roberta L. Caldeira
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Belo Horizonte, MG 1715 Brazil
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025 China
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21
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Association of riverine prawns and intermediate host snails and correlation with human schistosomiasis in two river systems in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire. Parasitology 2018; 145:1792-1800. [PMID: 30246683 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201800135x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The current emphasis of schistosomiasis control is placed on preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel. However, reinfection may occur rapidly in the absence of complementary interventions. Recent studies from Senegal suggest that predatory prawns might feed on intermediate host snails and thus impact on schistosomiasis transmission. We designed a study with four repeated cross-sectional surveys pertaining to prawns and snails, coupled with a single cross-sectional parasitological survey among humans. We assessed for potential associations between the presence/density of prawns and snails and correlation with Schistosoma infection in a composite sample of school-aged children and adults. The study was carried out between October 2015 and December 2016 in 24 villages located near the Agnéby and Mé coastal river systems in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire. At each site, snails and prawns were collected, and in each village, 150 individuals were subjected to stool and urine examination for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. We found peaks of relative abundance of intermediate host snails in the villages of the Agnéby River system, while predatory prawns were predominantly recorded in the Mé River system. A negative association was observed between intermediate host snail densities and riverine prawns; however, no pattern was found between this trend in the predator-prey relationship and the prevalence of human schistosomiasis.
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22
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Silva JDD, Pinheiro MCC, Sousa MS, Gomes VDS, Castro IMND, Ramos AN, Bezerra FSDM. Detection of schistosomiasis in an area directly affected by the São Francisco River large-scale water transposition project in the Northeast of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:658-665. [PMID: 29160513 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0299-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of the São Francisco River Integration Project [Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco (PISF)] in the State of Ceará, Brazil, has resulted in environmental and socioeconomic changes with potential risks to public health. We aimed to determine the presence of Schistosoma mansoni infections in schoolchildren (aged 7-14 years) and workers from the construction site in an area under the direct influence of the PISF in the municipality of Brejo Santo-CE, to aid in the prevention and control of schistosomiasis. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using two S. mansoni-detection methods: detection of S. mansoni eggs by the Kato-Katz parasitological method in stool samples (assessed in triplicate for each sample) and S. mansoni circulating cathodic antigen by the point-of-care immunochromatographic rapid test (POC-CCA) in urine. RESULTS In general, the positivity rates for S. mansoni detection were 1.9% (2/106) among schoolchildren and 2.9% (4/138) among workers. No child had evidence of S. mansoni eggs in their stools; 1.9% tested positive by the POC-CCA method. Among workers, two (1.4%) tested positive by the Kato-Katz test and three (2.2%) by the POC-CCA test. If the POC-CCA test results that were scored as traces were considered negative, then the positivity rates dropped to 0.9% and 0.7% for schoolchildren and workers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The active transmission of schistosomiasis in a region covered by the PISF was recognized, reinforcing the necessity to consolidate surveillance and control actions, as well as structural sanitation measures to reverse the social determinants of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Damião da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia e Biologia de Moluscos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristhiany Cunha Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Biologia de Moluscos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Mariana Silva Sousa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Biologia de Moluscos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vivian da Silva Gomes
- Núcleo de Controle de Vetores, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Issis Maria Nogueira de Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia e Biologia de Moluscos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alberto Novaes Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fernando Schemelzer de Moraes Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia e Biologia de Moluscos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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