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Ibrahim RA, Wang SH, Gebreyes WA, Mediavilla JR, Hundie GB, Mekuria Z, Ambachew R, Teklu DS, Kreiswirth B, Beyene D, Berhe N. Antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients, healthcare workers, and the environment in a tertiary hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308615. [PMID: 39146363 PMCID: PMC11326609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infection and colonization in patients may be transmitted to healthcare providers and the environment and subsequently cause healthcare-associated infections in other patients. Pathogenic S. aureus strains produce virulence factors, such as Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), that contribute to the severity of infections and aid in their spread. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is additional concern with respect to S. aureus infection. In this study, the virulence genes and antibiotic resistance profiles of S. aureus were characterized from patients' clinical isolates, healthcare workers' (HCWs') nasal colonization screenings, and the environment at a tertiary healthcare hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 365 samples were collected from September 2021 to September 2022: 73 patients' clinical specimens, 202 colonization screenings from HCWs, and 90 hospital environment's swabs. Fifty-one (25.2%) HCW and 10/90 (11.1%) environment S. aureus isolates were identified. Among the 134 isolates, 10 (7.5%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Three (4.1%), five (9.8%), and two (20.0%) of the MRSA isolates were identified from the patients, HCWs, and the environment, respectively. Overall, 118 (88.1%) were ampicillin and penicillin resistant; 70 (52.2%) were trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole resistant; and 28 (20.9%) were erythromycin resistant. S. aureus isolates from patients were more resistant to antibiotics than isolates from HCWs or the hospital environment (p<0.05). A total of 92/134 (68.6%) isolates possessed the lukfF-PV gene, which was identified in 62 (85.0%), 26 (51.0%), and 4 (40.0%) of the patient, HCWs, and the environment, respectively. The proportion of lukfF-PV gene containing S. aureus isolated from patient samples was statistically significant. Four (40.0%) of the MRSA isolates also had the lukfF-PV gene. The identification of highly AMR and virulence factors from patients, HCWs and the environment is concerning. Further studies are needed to identify potential transmission links and improve infection prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiha Abubeker Ibrahim
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ohio State Global One Health (GOH) LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Internal Medicine Department, Infectious Disease Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Ohio State University, Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- The Ohio State University, Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jose R Mediavilla
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gadissa Bedada Hundie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospitals Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Mekuria
- The Ohio State University, Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rozina Ambachew
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospitals Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Barry Kreiswirth
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Degefu Beyene
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Asfaw T, Metaferia Y, Weldehanna EG, Weldehanna DG. Bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility in ocular infections: A study at Boru-Meda General Hospital, Dessie, Ethiopia. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:342. [PMID: 39138386 PMCID: PMC11323621 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The eye consists of both internal and external compartments. Several variables, including microbes, dust, and high temperatures can cause eye illnesses that can result in blindness. Bacterial eye infections continue to be a major cause of ocular morbidity and blindness, and their prevalence is periodically rising. The objective of the study was to detect bacterial pathogens and assess their susceptibility profiles to antibiotics in the ophthalmology unit of Boru-meda Hospital in Dessie, Ethiopia. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 1 to April 30, 2021, among 319 study participants with symptomatic ocular or peri-ocular infections who were enrolled using a consecutive sampling technique. After proper specimen collection, the specimen was immediately inoculated with chocolate, blood, and MacConkey agar. After pure colonies were obtained, they were identified using standard microbiological methods. The Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, based on the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS The majority of participants developed conjunctivitis 126 (39.5%), followed by blepharitis 47 (14.73%), and dacryocystitis 45 (14.1%). Overall, 164 (51.4%) participants were culture positive, six (1.9%) participants had mixed bacterial isolates, giving a total of 170 bacterial isolates with an isolation rate of 53.3%. The predominant species was CoNS 47 (27.6%), followed by S. aureus 38 (22.4%) and Moraxella species 32 (18.8%). The overall Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) rate was 62.9%, with 33 (44.6%) being gram-negative and 74 (77.1%) being gram-positive isolates. CONCLUSION Conjunctivitis was the dominant clinical case and CoNS, was the predominant isolate. A higher rate of MDR isolates, particularly gram-positive ones, was observed. Efficient peri-ocular or ocular bacterial infection surveillance, including microbiological laboratory data, is necessary for monitoring disease trends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeshi Metaferia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | | | - Daniel Gebretsadik Weldehanna
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
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Demis A, Altaye BM, Emiru M, Tefera M. Prevalence of Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Who Attended Antenatal Care at Public Hospitals of North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:6668480. [PMID: 39149722 PMCID: PMC11325016 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6668480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication practice is the use of medicine without consulting health professionals to treat self-recognized illness by the general population including pregnant women. Inappropriate self-medication practice during pregnancy may pose harmful consequences for the fetus as well as the mother. There is not given much attention on the practice of self-medication among pregnant women in our setting. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of self-medication practice and associated factors among pregnant women who attended antenatal care at North Shewa Zone public hospitals. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 01, 2022 to July 30, 2022, among 650 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at North Shewa Zone public hospitals. A multistage sampling technique was employed. The questionnaires were pretested. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and reviewed medical records were used for data collection. Epi-data version 4.6.2 and SPSS version 20 were utilized for data entry and analysis, respectively. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was done to identify associated factors, and P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The prevalence of self-medication practice among pregnant women was 65.38%. Housewives (AOR = 0.097 95% CI 0.030, 0.310), farmers (AOR = 0.117, 95% CI 0.028, 0.493), people with health insurance (AOR = 0.507, 95% CI 0.300, 0.858), and people in preconception care (AOR = 0.038, 95% CI 0.011-0.135) were less likely to practice self-medication, while people with primary education (AOR = 3.00, 95% CI 1.217, 7.435), income less than 3,000 birr (AOR = 5.46, 95% CI 1.41, 21.1), participants in the first (AOR = 4.183, 95% CI 2.12, 8.24) and second trimesters (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.18, 3.56), pregnant women who lived in rural areas (AOR = 1.579, 95% CI 1.103-2.260), and people who previously practiced self-medication (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI 5.04, 13.3) were more likely to practice self-medication. Conclusion From the present finding, it can be concluded that self-medication among pregnant women is high. Previous self-medication practice, gestation period, educational status, monthly income, no preconception care, no health insurance, being a housewife, farmer, and place of residence were significantly associated with self-medication practice. Therefore, preventive measures such as proper counseling during dispensing, awareness creation programs on preconception care, and enrolling in health insurance programs to minimize the practice of self-medication are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrham Demis
- Department of Midwifery Debre Birhan Health Science College, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mulugeta Emiru
- Department of Nursing School of Nursing and Midwifery Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus Debre Birhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
| | - Mitiku Tefera
- Department of Midwifery Debre Birhan Health Science College, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
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Ayenew W, Tessema TA, Anagaw YK, Siraj EA, Zewdie S, Simegn W, Limenh LW, Tafere C, Yayehrad AT. Prevalence and predictors of self-medication with antibiotics in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:61. [PMID: 38853267 PMCID: PMC11163721 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibiotic self-medication is a global public health concern contributing to antibiotic resistance. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to assess the prevalence of antibiotic self-medication and its associated factors in Ethiopia. METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted from MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science to identify relevant studies published between 2000 and 2024. Adult households, undergraduate university students and health care professionals who had taken antibiotics without a prescription in the household setting were included in this review. The primary outcome of this review is antibiotic self- medication. The random-effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence rates. The outcome measure was analyzed with STATA version 17 software. RESULTS A total of nine studies were included in the Meta-analysis, comprising a sample size of 5908 participants. The pooled prevalence of antibiotic self-medication among Ethiopians was found to be 46.14 with 95% Confidence Interval [35.71, 56.57]. The most frequently used classes of self-medicated antibiotics were penicillins, followed by tetracyclines. Community pharmacies were the source of information that individuals utilized. The most common reported reasons for antibiotic self-medication include previous experience of treating a similar illness, to save cost, lack of time and avoiding waiting time for medical services. Participants having less than high school educational level was the most commonly reported factor associated with self-medication antibiotics. CONCLUSION Antibiotic self-medication is a prevalent practice in Ethiopia. This underscores the need for targeted interventions such as educating people about the risks associated with using antibiotics without medical guidance, which results in a reduction in antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondim Ayenew
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Ayalew Tessema
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yeniewa Kerie Anagaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ebrahim Abdela Siraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Segenet Zewdie
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Wudneh Simegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Liknaw Workie Limenh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Chernet Tafere
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ashagrachew Tewabe Yayehrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
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Bouqoufi A, Laila L, Boujraf S, Hadj FAE, Razine R, Abouqal R, Khabbal Y. Prevalence and associated factors of self-medication in worldwide pregnant women: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:308. [PMID: 38279083 PMCID: PMC10821266 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication during pregnancy is of great interest. The use of drugs during pregnancy requires a careful reflection on the benefits to the mother and the risks to the fetus. Selecting a drug or drugs for treating pregnant women can be difficult for clinicians owing to the various pharmacokinetic and physiological changes encountered during pregnancy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of self-medication and associated factors among women during pregnancy. METHODS Searches were carried out at PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The quality of the studies and the risk of bias were analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies instrument. The extracted data were tabulated and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through meta-analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women was 44.50% (95% CI: 38.92-50.23). Subgroup analyses showed differences in self-medication prevalence influenced by region, county income, and study design. The Heterogeneity, assessed by the statistical test I2 varied from 96 to 99% and was statistically significant. The result of this funnel plot showed that the funnel plot was symmetry with p-value = 0.36, and there is no publication bias. CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study showed that the prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women is relatively high. This requires effective measures and interventions to reduce self-medication. TRIAL REGISTRATION ID = CRD42022312333 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Bouqoufi
- Laboratory of Health and Science, Therapeutic Innovation, Translational Research, and Epidemiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Lahlou Laila
- Laboratory of Health and Science, Therapeutic Innovation, Translational Research, and Epidemiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Said Boujraf
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Fatima Ait El Hadj
- Laboratory of Health and Science, Therapeutic Innovation, Translational Research, and Epidemiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Rachid Razine
- Laboraoty of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Redouane Abouqal
- Laboraoty of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Khabbal
- Laboratory of Health and Science, Therapeutic Innovation, Translational Research, and Epidemiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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Tassew WC, Ferede YA, Sisay Woldie S, Yirdaw BW, Fenta Hussien H, Bayuh Yimer B, Gismie Hailemariam D, Adane Mengistu B, Mengistie Zeleke A. Self-medication practice and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231194429. [PMID: 38146496 PMCID: PMC10749516 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231194429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of, the need for evidence-based intervention on the potential harmful effects of self-medication practices during pregnancy, there is no systematic review and meta-analysis study regarding self-medication practices in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine prevalence of self-medication practice and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Method We used PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, the Wiley Online Library, and African Journals Online to choose important studies. The I-squared statistic method was used to check for heterogeneity between studies. Random effect model was used to estimate the pool prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women. Publication bias was determined by the funnel plot and Egger's test. Result A total of 11 studies with 4643 study participants were included in this review. The finding from the current meta-analysis showed that the overall prevalence of self-medication practice among pregnant women is 33.92% (95% CI: 23.15-44.70, I² value = 80.9%). First trimester of pregnancy (OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.44-3.47), women who faced health problems during pregnancies at the moment (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 3.92-8.29), previous self-medication practice (OR: 13.07, 95% CI: 5.14-33.25) and previous pregnancy-related problems (OR: 2.065, 95% CI: 1.44-2.96) were positively associated with self-medication practice among pregnant women. Conclusion The prevalence of self-medication practices among pregnant women is found to be high. Self-medication practices of the pregnant women were significantly higher among women who were in first-trimester pregnancy, encountered illness during pregnancy, previous self-medication history, and previous pregnancy-related problems.Prospero registration number: CRD42023394907.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worku Chekol Tassew
- Department of Medical Nursing, Teda Health Science College, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshiwas Ayal Ferede
- Department of Reproductive health, Teda Health Science College, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Sisay Woldie
- Department of Reproductive health, Teda Health Science College, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Wale Yirdaw
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Teda Health Science College, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Girmaw F, Sendekie AK, Mesfin B, Kassaw AT. Self-medication practices among pregnant women in Ethiopia. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:74. [PMID: 37337251 PMCID: PMC10278325 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is a worldwide issue that requires special attention due to the potentially harmful effects it can have not only on pregnant women but also on the fetus. OBJECTIVES This study assessed the magnitude of self-medication practice and associated factors among pregnant women following antenatal care (ANC) in primary healthcare settings in the North Wollo Zone of Ethiopia. METHODS An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 395 pregnant mothers who attended ANC follow-up in selected health centers in the North Wollo Zone of Ethiopia from April 20 to May 20, 2021. A multi-stage sampling method was employed to enroll participants. A face-to-face structured interview was conducted to collect the data. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with self-medication practice. A p value < 0.05 at the 95% confidence level was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Out of a total of 444 participants approached, 395 (89%) participated in the study. Of these, 44.6% reported practicing self-medication during the current pregnancy. Age < 35 (AOR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.02-9.15; p = 0.032), rural residence (AOR = 3.01, 95% CI 1.43-10.19; p = 0.017), and previous medication use (AOR = 5.02, 95% CI 1.24-12.93; p = 0.015) were found to have a significant association with self-medication practice. CONCLUSION Self-medication was highly prevalent among pregnant women in the study setting and result indicates need for critical action. Younger rural women with a history of self-medication use should be provided counselling to find a prescription medication, and measures are needed to minimize self-medication related harm in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fentaw Girmaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicines and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Betelhem Mesfin
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Tarekegn Kassaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
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Gebeyehu E, Ararsie M. Assessment of home storage of antimicrobials and its predictors in Mecha demographic surveillance and field research center: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:278. [PMID: 37138204 PMCID: PMC10155445 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Home storage of antimicrobials is a worldwide practice. Irrational storage and inappropriate use of antimicrobials should get special attention in low-income countries due to limited information, knowledge, and perceptions. This study was conducted to survey home storage of antimicrobials and assess its predictors in Mecha Demographic Surveillance and Field Research Center (MDSFRC), Amhara region, Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 868 households. Predeveloped structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographics, knowledge on antimicrobials and perception about home stored antimicrobials. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 to execute descriptive statistics, and run binary and multivariable binary logistic regression. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant at 95% confidence level. RESULTS The total number of households included in this study were 865. Female respondents represent 62.6%. The mean age (±) of respondents was 36.2 (± 13.93) years. The mean family size (±) of the household was 5.1 (± 2.5). Nearly one-fifth (21.2%) of the households stored antimicrobials at home with a condition similar to any household material. Most commonly stored antimicrobials were: Amoxicillin (30.3%), Cotrimoxazole (13.5%), Metronidazole (12.0%), and Ampicillin (9.6%). The most common immediate source of home stored antimicrobials was discontinuation of therapy (70.7%) either from symptomatic improvement (48.1%) or missing doses (22.6%). Predictors of home storage of antimicrobials with corresponding p-value were: age (0.002), family size (0.001), education status (< 0.001), home distance from the nearby healthcare institution (0.004), counseling while obtaining antimicrobials (< 0.001), knowledge level on antimicrobials (< 0.001), and perception of home stored antimicrobials as a wisdom (0.001). CONCLUSION Substantial proportion of households stored antimicrobials in a condition that may exert selection pressure. To reduce home storage of antimicrobials and its consequences, stakeholders should give due attention to predictors variables related to sociodemographics, level of knowledge on antimicrobials, perception of home storage as a wisdom, and counseling service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalew Gebeyehu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O.Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Misgan Ararsie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O.Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Lerango TL, Alagaw A, Tunje A, Andarge E, Duko B, Tilahune AB, Lerango SL. Self-medication practice among pregnant women in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: An institutionally based cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13833. [PMID: 36915492 PMCID: PMC10006518 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is a treatment based on symptoms without prescription and medical consultation. Despite being one of the critical practices that impose a harmful effect on the fetus and the woman herself, evidence on its practice and associated factors are not well-documented. This study, therefore, assessed the self-medication practice and associated factors among pregnant women in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods An institutionally based cross-sectional study was conducted at public health institutions in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia by recruiting a total of 408 pregnant women using a systematic random sampling technique between March 2019 and April 2019. We used the Antenatal care (ANC) registry as a sampling frame. A pre-tested, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire used to depict Self-medication practice and associated factors. Data entered using Epi-data and analyzed by SPSS 23.0. Results The overall prevalence of self-medication was 14.9% (95% CI:11-18). The odds of using self-medication may decreased by 75% for women who were in their third trimester (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.64). However, the odds of practicing increased by 13-folds among pregnant women reported earlier (previous) self-medication experience (AOR = 13.62, 95% CI: 6.66-27.84). Conclusion The prevalence of self-medication was high in the current study setting. Women's gestational period (third trimester) and earlier self-medication experience were associated with their current self-medication practice.
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Key Words
- ANC, Antenatal Care
- AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio
- CHI, Community-Based Health Insurance
- CI, Confidence Interval
- COR, Crude Odds Ratio
- Cross-sectional
- EFDA, Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority
- ETB, Ethiopian Birr
- HC, Health Center
- HDA, Health (Women) Development Army
- HMIS, Health ManagementInformation System
- OTC, Over-The-Counter Medicines
- PH, Primary Hospital
- POM, Prescription-Only-Medicines
- Pregnant women
- SNNPR, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region
- Self-medication
- Southern Ethiopia
- WHO, World Health Organization
- Wolaita
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Leka Lerango
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Amsalu Alagaw
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Abayneh Tunje
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Andarge
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bereket Duko
- Research Fellow, Australian Centre for Precision Health, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Adjunct Research Fellow, Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Semalgn Leka Lerango
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Rafati S, Baniasadi T, Dastyar N, Zoghi G, Ahmadidarrehsima S, Salari N, Rafati F. Prevalence of self-medication among the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:67. [PMID: 37113410 PMCID: PMC10127510 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_630_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is the use of unprescribed drugs to treat a disease. Elderly self-medication can be more dangerous compared to other age groups because of changes in organ functions that occur due to senescence. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication in the elderly, its related factors, and common drugs used in this regard. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched between January 2016 and June 2021. The search strategy was built on two core concepts: "self-medication" and "aged". The search was limited to original articles in the English language. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of self-medication. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using both the I2 statistic and the χ 2 test. Also, a meta-regression model was used to investigate the potential sources of heterogeneity of the studies. RESULTS Out of 520 non-duplicate studies, 38 were included in the meta-analysis. Self-medication in the elderly ranged from 0.3% to 82%. The pooled proportion of self-medication was 36% (95% CI: 27%-45%). The result of the χ 2 test and the I2 index (P < 0.001, I2= 99.90%) revealed notable heterogeneity among the included studies in the meta-analysis. The meta-regression showed a significant association between the sample size (adjusted β = -0.01; P = 0.043) and the pooled proportion of self-medication. CONCLUSION The prevalence of self-medication in the elderly is high. Education through mass media to raise awareness about the dangers of self-medication can help solve this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shideh Rafati
- Social Factors in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Research Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Baniasadi
- Department of Health Information Technology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Neda Dastyar
- Department of Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery School, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Ghazal Zoghi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan Univesity of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sudabeh Ahmadidarrehsima
- Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Salari
- Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Foozieh Rafati
- Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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Sawunyavisuth B, Ngamjarus C, Sawanyawisuth K. Adherence to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy in Pediatric Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Meta-Analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2023; 19:143-162. [PMID: 36761690 PMCID: PMC9904217 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s358737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a public health problem that affects children. Although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is effective, the CPAP adherence rate in children is varied. This study aimed to evaluate the CPAP adherence rate and factors associated with CPAP adherence in children with OSA using a systematic review. Methods The inclusion criteria were observational studies conducted in children with OSA and assessed adherence of CPAP using objective evaluation. The literature search was performed in four databases. Meta-analysis using fixed-effect model was conducted to combine results among included studies. Results In all, 34 studies that evaluated adherence rate and predictors of CPAP adherence in children with OSA were included, representing 21,737 patients with an average adherence rate of 46.56%. There were 11 calculations of factors predictive of CPAP adherence: age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, obesity, income, sleep efficiency, the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), severity of OSA, residual AHI, and lowest oxygen saturation level. Three different factors were linked to children with adherence and non-adherence to CPAP: age, body mass index, and AHI. Conclusion The CPAP adherence rate in children with OSA was 46.56%. Young age, low body mass index, and high AHI were associated with acceptable CPAP adherence in children with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bundit Sawunyavisuth
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration and Accountancy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chetta Ngamjarus
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Correspondence: Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand, Tel +66-43-363664, Fax +66-43-348399, Email
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12
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MORAES RR, CORREA MB, MARTINS-FILHO PR, LIMA GS, DEMARCO FF. COVID-19 incidence, severity, medication use, and vaccination among dentists: survey during the second wave in Brazil. J Appl Oral Sci 2022; 30:e20220016. [PMID: 36197403 PMCID: PMC9529204 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This cross-sectional study with dentists in Brazil assessed the COVID-19 incidence and severity, its vaccination status, and the level of confidence in vaccines in May 2021 (COVID-19 second wave). The medications used to prevent or treat COVID-19, including controversial substances (vitamin D, ivermectin, zinc, and chloroquine), were analyzed. Methodology Dentists were recruited by email and responded to a pretested questionnaire until May 31, 2021. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed (α=0.05). Prevalence ratios were calculated for the association between professional characteristics and two outcomes: SARS-CoV-2 infection and use of controversial substances. Results In total, 1,907 responses were received (return rate of 21.2%). One third of dentists reported intermediate levels of confidence in the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, but 96% had received at least one vaccine dose, mainly CoronaVac. The effect of the pandemic on dental practice was classified as lower/much lower, in comparison with the first wave, by 46% of participants. Moreover, 27% of dentists had already tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and about 50% had relatives or friends who had been hospitalized or died from COVID-19. At least one medication was used by 59% of participants and 43% used two or more substances. Vitamin D (41%), ivermectin (35%), and zinc (29%) were the most frequent substances. More experienced dentists (≥21 years of professional experience) were 42% more likely to use controversial substances than less experienced dentists. The prevalence of use of controversial substances was 30% higher among dentists with residency or advanced training, such as postgraduate degrees, in comparison with participants holding MSc or PhD degrees. Participants with low confidence in vaccines were 2.1 times more likely to use controversial substances than participants with a very high confidence. Conclusion The results of this study show the high severity of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and raised questions about the use of scientific evidence by dentists in their decision to use controversial substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R MORAES
- Universidade Federal de PelotasBrasilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Brasil.
| | - Marcos B CORREA
- Universidade Federal de PelotasBrasilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Brasil.
| | | | - Giana S LIMA
- Universidade Federal de PelotasBrasilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Brasil.
| | - Flavio F DEMARCO
- Universidade Federal de PelotasBrasilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Brasil.
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Shrestha AB, Aryal M, Magar JR, Shrestha S, Hossainy L, Rimti FH. The scenario of self-medication practices during the covid-19 pandemic; a systematic review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104482. [PMID: 36059596 PMCID: PMC9419440 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manjil Aryal
- M Abdur Rahim Medical College, Rajshahi University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Junu Rana Magar
- Central Institute of Science and Technology, Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Labiba Hossainy
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogra, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Hoque Rimti
- Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author. Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
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Kahssay SW, Tadege G, Muhammed F. Self-medication practice with modern and herbal medicines and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10398. [PMID: 36091961 PMCID: PMC9450074 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Practicing self-medication using conventional and/or herbal drugs during pregnancy could contribute/result in illness and death for the mother and embryo. The focus of the current study was to investigate the level of practice and factors affecting self-medication with conventional and herbal drugs among pregnant women who were on follow-up at the antenatal care (ANC) clinic of Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital (MTUTH), Southwest Ethiopia. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1st to February 30th, 2022, among 264 pregnant mothers who were on follow-up at antenatal care of MTUTH. A lottery method was used to pick study subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data which was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 24 software. Bivariate followed by multivariate logistic regression was employed to point out factors affecting self-medication practice with conventional and herbal drugs. P-value <0.05 in multivariate analysis was used as a cut-off point to decide statistical significance. Results It was revealed that 44.3 percent and 49.2 percent of pregnant women self-medicate with conventional and herbal medications, respectively. Women with no history of self-medication were 6.69 folds less likely to practice self-medication using conventional medicine than those with prior experience (AOR: 6.69, 95% CI, (3.847–11.659). Having no health insurance increased the odds of self-medication using conventional medicine by about 46% among pregnant women (AOR: 0.687, 95% CI, (0.373–1.264). Pregnant mothers who joined college/university education were more likely to practice self-medication than mothers without formal education (AOR: 0.656, 95% CI, (0.304–1.414). Gravidity, education level, and history of herbal medicine use were factors that influenced pregnant mothers’ use of herbal medicines. Conclusion According to the present investigation, self-medication by expectant mothers is very common; thus, education and guidance of pregnant women and their partners should be considered during their ANC follow-up to minimize self-medication-associated potential threats.
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Ortiz MI, Flores-Ceron KI, Muñoz-Pérez VM. Self-Medication Practice in Mexico. Sr Care Pharm 2022; 37:266-283. [DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2022.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence and features of self-medication (SM) in Mexican populations. Data Sources An electronic bibliographic search was carried out from databases and indexing services including Scopus, PubMed, International Pharmaceutical
Abstracts (Clarivate Analytics), Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar addressing SM practice in Mexican populations, SM with allopathic or conventional medicines (CM) or complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and features of SM (diseases-related, factors-associated, and drugs).
Study Selection A total of 33 studies addressing SM practice in Mexican populations. SM with allopathic or CM and/or CAM, and features of SM (diseases-related, factors-associated, and drugs) were included. Data Extraction Two independent reviewers evaluated
the titles and abstracts. After that, eligible studies were fully assessed. Quality evaluation was realized by the Mix Methods Appraisal Tool. Data Synthesis SM prevalence ranged from 6.1 to 100%. SM prevalence was 42.3% with CM and 30.7% with CAM. Respiratory and gastrointestinal
affectations such as disorders or injuries were the main conditions for which SM was realized. The main reasons for practicing SM were prior experience and less costly. Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antidiarrheal were the main drugs used as SM. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla),
peppermint (Mentha piperita), and gordolobo (Verbascum thapsus) infusions were the plant-derived alternative medications mainly used. CMs were obtained mainly through pharmacies and home/family. SM was mainly suggested by relatives, pharmacists, and own decision. Conclusion
SM was a common practice in the Mexican population, and it has some similar characteristics to other reports worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I. Ortiz
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Karla I. Flores-Ceron
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Víctor M. Muñoz-Pérez
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Ray I, Bardhan M, Hasan MM, Sahito AM, Khan E, Patel S, Jani I, Bhatt PK, Sp R, Swed S. Over the counter drugs and self-medication: A worldwide paranoia and a troublesome situation in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 78:103797. [PMID: 35637885 PMCID: PMC9132719 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Sawunyavisuth B, Ngamjarus C, Sawanyawisuth K. A meta‑analysis to identify factors associated with CPAP machine purchasing in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Biomed Rep 2022; 16:45. [PMID: 35620316 PMCID: PMC9112380 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease and related to several cardiovascular diseases. Treatment with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine is effective. However, not all patients with OSA purchase a CPAP machine for personal use. Previous studies showed different predictors of CPAP machine purchasing in patients with OSA. The present study aimed to summarize and identify predictors of CPAP purchasing using meta-analysis. The study was conducted using factors associated with CPAP purchasing in patients with OSA. The types of studies conducted in adult patients with OSA included: Randomized controlled trials, observational studies or descriptive studies comparing factors between those who purchased CPAP and those who did not. A total of five databases, including PubMed, Central database, Scopus, CINAHL Plus and Web of Science, were searched, and the final search was performed on February 8, 2021. Predictors for CPAP purchasing were determined. There were 598 articles from five databases, which met the inclusion criteria. After duplicated article removal, 390 articles were included in the screening process. There were 12 eligible articles for full text evaluation, and of those, eight studies met the study criteria with 1,605 patients from four countries. There were 11 variables that were available for a comparison between those who purchased the CPAP machine and those who did not, and six factors were different between the two groups: Age, years of education, income, smoking, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score and apnea hypopnea index/respiratory disturbance index (AHI/RDI). The AHI/RDI was significantly different between the two groups, with the highest mean difference of 10.40 events/h (95% CI, 4.95-15.86). Patients who purchased CPAP were older (1.11 years), had more years of education (0.93 years), smoked more (1.15 pack/year), and had both higher ESS (0.61) and AHI/RDI (10.40) than those who did not purchase CPAP. Additionally, those who purchased CPAP had a 1.47 times higher income than those who did not. In conclusion, specific personal customer and clinical factors were related to the decision of CPAP purchase in patients with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bundit Sawunyavisuth
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration and Accountancy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chetta Ngamjarus
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Evaluation of Medication Package Inserts in Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:8299218. [PMID: 35096074 PMCID: PMC8791750 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8299218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients require accurate and reliable information to help them use their medications safely and effectively. Inadequate patient knowledge may contribute to medication nonadherence which could negatively affect treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presentation and completeness of medication package inserts (MPIs) which are available in the Ethiopian market. Methods A cross-sectional document review was performed in February and March of 2019. All MPIs which were authorized by EFDA to sell in the Ethiopian market and available during the data collection period were considered. Results The mean overall completeness score of 200 MPIs was 18.39 ± 4.30. Of the 200 MPIs, only 20% were from domestic pharmaceutical companies. Antimicrobials represented 24% of the total MPIs. Topical preparations, cardiovascular drugs, gastrointestinal drugs, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, accounted for 12.5%,12.5%, 11%, and 9% of the MPIs, respectively. The majority of the MPIs presented information about the drug's use during pregnancy and lactation, 77.0% and 74.0%, respectively. However, only half of the MPIs, 49.5%, gave information about special warnings and precautions. Only a few of the MPIs provided information about instructions to convert tablets or capsules into liquid forms and the possibility of tablet splitting, 4.8% and 8.7%, respectively. Furthermore, only 1.0% had local language translation. Conclusion The MPIs available in Ethiopia provide inadequate information including about the safety of drug products and local language translation. Regulatory authorities should implement stringent regulations to ensure the provision of vital information which extends beyond checking the mere presence of an MPI. They should also act to the possible standardization of MPIs.
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Sewunet T, Asrat D, Woldeamanuel Y, Ny S, Westerlund F, Aseffa A, Giske CG. Polyclonal spread of bla CTX-M-15 through high-risk clones of Escherichia coli at a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 29:405-412. [PMID: 34775133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The burden of antimicrobial resistance and spread of epidemic clones are rarely reported from low-income countries. We aimed to investigate genome-based epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) at a tertiary hospital in Jimma, Ethiopia. METHODS Bacteria were isolated from clinical specimens obtained from Jimma Medical Center and subjected to species identification (MALDI-TOF), antibiotic susceptibility testing (disk diffusion), and whole genome sequencing (Illumina HiSeq2500). Genomic data analysis was performed using the Enterobase and Center for Genomic Epidemiology bioinformatics pipelines. A maximum likelihood tree was generated using FastTree/2.1.8 based on SNPs in shared genomic regions to identify transmission clusters. RESULT E. coli isolates (n=261) were collected from 1,087 single non-repeat clinical specimens over a period of five months in 2016. The prevalence of ESBL-EC was (54.7%, 143/261), and 96% of these isolates were resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. ESBL-gene blaCTX-M-15 was present in 88.4.% of the isolates (122/138). Genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin - aac(6')-Ib-cr (62.3%, 86/138), phenicols - catB3 (56.5%, 78/138), sulfonamides - sul1 (68.1%, 94/138), trimethoprim - dfrA17 (57.9%, 80/138) and macrolides - mph(A) (67.3%, 93/138) were detected. The most prevalent sequence types were ST410 (23%), ST648 (17%), ST131 (10%), and ST167 (7%). Isolates of same sequence type collected from different units of the hospital were highly similar in SNP-analysis. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of ESBL, and dissemination of blaCTX-M-15 through multiple high-risk clones of E. coli, was detected. The nosocomial spread of multidrug-resistant ESBL-EC within the hospital puts vulnerable patients at risk for difficult-to-treat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegaye Sewunet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; School of Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Sofia Ny
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Christian G Giske
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology, Sweden
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Self-medication practices to prevent or manage COVID-19: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259317. [PMID: 34727126 PMCID: PMC8562851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have assessed the prevalence and characteristics of self-medication in COVID-19. However, no systematic review has summarized their findings. Objective We conducted a systematic review to assess the prevalence of self-medication to prevent or manage COVID-19. Methods We used different keywords and searched studies published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, two preprint repositories, Google, and Google Scholar. We included studies that reported original data and assessed self-medication to prevent or manage COVID-19. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) modified for cross-sectional studies. Results We identified eight studies, all studies were cross-sectional, and only one detailed the question used to assess self-medication. The recall period was heterogeneous across studies. Of the eight studies, seven assessed self-medication without focusing on a specific symptom: four performed in the general population (self-medication prevalence ranged between <4% to 88.3%) and three in specific populations (range: 33.9% to 51.3%). In these seven studies, the most used medications varied widely, including antibiotics, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, acetaminophen, vitamins or supplements, ivermectin, and ibuprofen. The last study only assessed self-medication for fever due to COVID-19. Most studies had a risk of bias in the “representativeness of the sample” and “assessment of outcome” items of the NOS. Conclusions Studies that assessed self-medication for COVID-19 found heterogeneous results regarding self-medication prevalence and medications used. More well-designed and adequately reported studies are warranted to assess this topic.
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Rashid M, Chhabra M, Kashyap A, Undela K, Gudi SK. Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Medication Practices in India: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 15:90-101. [PMID: 31763976 PMCID: PMC7579319 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666191122103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-Medication (SM) is a practice of using medications to treat selfdiagnosed symptoms without a legitimate prescription by a health care professional. Alongside posing a burden on a patient, SM practices are associated with certain unfavourable health conditions such as drug-resistance, adverse effects, drug-interactions, including death. OBJECTIVE To systematically review and quantify the prevalence of SM practices and its associated factors in India. METHODS A comprehensive systematic search was performed using scientific databases such as PubMed and Cochrane library for the peer-reviewed research articles that were conducted in India without any language and date restrictions. Studies which were cross-sectional by design and assessing the prevalence and predictors of SM practices in India were considered for the review, and all the relevant articles were screened for their eligibility. RESULTS Of 248 articles, a total of 17 articles comprising of 10,248 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the mean prevalence of SM practices in India was observed to be 53.57%. Familiarity with the medication appears to be a major reason to practice SM (PR: 30.45; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 17.08-43.82; 6 studies), and the practice was noticed more among individuals from a middle-lower class family with a prevalence rate of 26.31 (95%CI: 2.02-50.60; P<0.0001). Minor ailments were the primary reason for practicing SM (PR: 42.46; 95%CI: 21.87- 63.06), among which headache was the most commonly reported (PR: 41.53; 95%CI: 18.05-65.02). CONCLUSION Self-medication practices are quite frequent in India. While NSAIDs and anti-allergens are the most frequently utilized self-medicated drugs used for headache and cold and cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, Karnataka 571448, India
| | - Manik Chhabra
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Ananth Kashyap
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sarada Vilas College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka 570004, India
| | - Krishna Undela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Sai K Gudi
- Department of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Tegegne GT, Kefale B, Engidaw MT, Degu A, Tesfa D, Ewunetei A, Yazie TS, Molla M. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Healthcare Providers Toward Novel Coronavirus 19 During the First Months of the Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:606666. [PMID: 34249826 PMCID: PMC8267791 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.606666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious viral infection that has spread to every corner of the world. Lack of knowledge among healthcare providers (HCPs) about diseases such as COVID-19 may delay the diagnosis, disease spread, and produce poor infection control practices. Hence, this systematic review aimed to summarize the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of HCPs toward COVID-19 during the first months of the pandemic. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according the PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020191742). A relevant article search was performed on EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and the Google Scholar database. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The median percentage of HCPs with good KAP was computed. Results: Twenty studies involving 12,072 HCPs were included in the review process. Median percentages of 75.8% (IQR: 69.3–87.7%), 74.6% (IQR: 54.4–74.6), and 79.8% (IQR: 67.0–79.8%) of HCPs had good knowledge, and positive attitude and practice, respectively. Although the reported risk factors were inconsistent among studies, age, gender, level of education, experience, infection prevention training, and sources of information were associated with knowledge of HCPs. In addition, being elderly, having a high level of education, absence of chronic illness, and good knowledge and practice were significantly associated with the attitude of HCPs. Further, types of profession, experience, age, level of education, use of personnel protective equipment, and gender were significantly associated with the practice of HCPs. Conclusions: Approximately, three-fourths of HCPs had good knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 during the first months of the pandemic, although the percentage of HCPs was inconsistent in different study settings. In addition, associated factors of KAP were inconsistent among studies; hence, stake holders should target locally identified risk factors to design relevant education packages and infection prevention training to halt the rapid transmission of COVID-19. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020191742, identifier: CRD42020191742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobezie T Tegegne
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Belayneh Kefale
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit and Research Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Tadege Engidaw
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amsalu Degu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Desalegn Tesfa
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amien Ewunetei
- Pharmacology Unit and Research Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Taklo Simeneh Yazie
- Pharmacology Unit and Research Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Molla
- Pharmacology Unit and Research Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Sawunyavisuth B, Ngamjarus C, Sawanyawisuth K. Any Effective Intervention to Improve CPAP Adherence in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review. Glob Pediatr Health 2021; 8:2333794X211019884. [PMID: 34104700 PMCID: PMC8165832 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x211019884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is leading to several consequences as
reported in adults. A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine is one
of the effective treatments in pediatric OSA. However, the CPAP adherence rate
is approximately 50%. This study aimed to evaluate if any interventions that
improve CPAP adherence in pediatric patients with OSA using a systematic review.
We included intervention studies on CPAP adherence in pediatric patients with
OSA regardless of machine types. Five databases were used for article searching.
Search terms included OSA, adherence, compliance, and CPAP. The outcomes of this
study were adherence rate and usage hours/minutes. The outcomes were compared
between the intervention and comparator groups with descriptive statistics.
There were 2931 articles from 5-database searching. There were 41 articles
related with children. There were 7 articles conducted with any intervention on
CPAP compliance. Of those, 4 studies included in the analysis. There were 3
significant differences between both groups in 2 studies. Those with caregiver
support had significantly longer CPAP use/night by 86.60 minutes (95% CI 10.90,
162.30) and percentage of CPAP usage more than 4 hours/night by 18.10% (95% CI
3.87, 32.33) than those without caregiver support. Those who received BPAP
therapy had higher chance of good PAP adherence than those who received CPAP by
18.17 times (95% CI 5.19, 63.70). Caregiver support and BPAP therapy
significantly improved CPAP adherence in children with OSA. Further studies are
required to add additional comparisons and also other interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bundit Sawunyavisuth
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration and Accountancy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chetta Ngamjarus
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Niriayo YL, Mohammed K, Asgedom SW, Demoz GT, Wahdey S, Gidey K. Self-medication practice and contributing factors among pregnant women. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251725. [PMID: 34014975 PMCID: PMC8136661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The practice of self-medication during pregnancy is a global challenge that necessitates high attention as it poses a potential threat to the pregnant mother and fetus. However, little is known regarding self-medication practice and its contributors among pregnant women in our setting. OBJECTIVE The main aim of this study was to investigate the practice of self-medication and its contributing factors among pregnant women. METHODOLOGY A cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant women at antenatal care follow-up of Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before interview. Simple random sampling technique was employed to recruit participants in to the study. Data were collected by interviewing participants using the structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regressions analysis was performed to determine the contributing factors of self-medication practice during pregnancy. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS A total of 250 pregnant women were included in the study. Of the total, 40.8% practiced self-medication during the current pregnancy. Morning sickness (39.2%), headache (34.3%), and upper respiratory tract infections (29.4%) were the leading indications for self-medication. According to participant report, ease of access to medicines (25.5%), feelings that the disease is minor (21.6%) and timesaving (19.6%) were the most commonly reported reasons for self-medication practice. Absence of health insurance (AOR: 2.75, 95%CI: 1.29-5.89) and being on first trimester of pregnancy (AOR: 2.44, 95%CI: 1.02-5.86) were significant contributors of self-medication practice among pregnant women. CONCLUSION In our study, high prevalence of self-medication was reported among pregnant women. Self-medication practice during pregnancy was higher among pregnant women on first trimester and those who were not having health insurance. Therefore, intervention programs should be designed to minimize the practice of self-medication during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirga Legesse Niriayo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Kadra Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- Departments of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Unit, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Axum, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Shishay Wahdey
- Department of Public Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Kidu Gidey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Sen Tunc E, Aksoy E, Arslan HN, Kaya Z. Evaluation of parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding self-medication for their children's dental problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:98. [PMID: 33673839 PMCID: PMC7934979 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication refers to taking medicine without consultation with a doctor or dentist, and it is an important health issue, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are no data about parents' SM practices for their children's dental problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to evaluate parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding self-medication for their children's dental problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Turkey. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out in the pediatric dental clinic at Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, immediately after the COVID-19 lockdown ended. A total of 389 parents who agreed to participate in the study completed the questionnaire from July 1 to October 1. A questionnaire with 18 items was designed to collect information on the parents' knowledge and attitudes regarding when, why, and how to use drugs and on their practices on medicating their children. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square test). RESULTS The majority of parents (n = 273; 70.2%) practiced self-medication for their children's dental problems. Self-medication with a previously prescribed medications was usually preferred by parents (n = 179; 62.2%). Analgesics (98%) were the most commonly used medicines by parents in their self-medication for their children's dental problems. CONCLUSION Prevalence of self-medication practices for children's dental problems is high in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, new healthcare services, such as teledentistry, may be useful to overcome problems related to the self-medication of children during times when the ability to reach healthcare providers is limited, such as during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Sen Tunc
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55270, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Emre Aksoy
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55270, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Nilden Arslan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kaya
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55270, Samsun, Turkey
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Mohammed SA, Tsega G, Hailu AD. Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors Among Health Care Professionals at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. DRUG HEALTHCARE AND PATIENT SAFETY 2021; 13:19-28. [PMID: 33603491 PMCID: PMC7886097 DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s290662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Despite self-medication empowers patients in making decisions about the management of minor illnesses independently, the prevalence among health care professionals has sharply increased throughout the world. Self-medication has negative consequences on both the health care professionals themselves and health care delivery. Hence, this study assessed self-medication practices and associated factors among health care professionals at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire among health care professionals working at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from October 10 to 25, 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select 227 study participants. Multivariate logistic regression was computed using the statistical package for social sciences version 20 and variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Results were presented in the form of tables and graphs. Results Among 227 health professional, 164 (72.2%; 95% CI: 66.0%, 77.7%) practiced self-medication. Of these, 107 (65.2%; 95% CI: 57.3%, 71.8%) stated the negative consequence of self-medication. Drug resistance 96 (89.7%) and adverse drug reaction 95 (88.8%) were reported as a consequence. The predictor of self-medication among health professionals was the pharmacy profession (AOR: 11.88, 95% CI (1.38–102.38)). The most common disease conditions for practicing self-medication were headache 153 (93.3%), respiratory tract infection 116 (70.7%) and gastrointestinal symptoms 103 (62.8%). Pain killers 154 (93.9%), antibiotics 122 (74.4%), and antacid 101 (61.6%) were frequently used for self-medication and health professionals got the medicines from drug retail shops 130 (79.3%) and workplace 104 (63.4%). Mild disease condition 128 (78%), time-saving 124 (75.6%), and accessibility 97 (59.1%) were the reasons for self-medication. Conclusion More than two-thirds of health professionals practiced self-medication and reported the negative consequence of self-medication. The predictor of self-medication was the pharmacy profession. The provision of appropriate health education was recommended for promoting rational medication use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Tsega
- Department of Pharmacy, Finote Selam General Hospital, Finote Selam, Ethiopia
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Gashaw T, Sisay M, Tesfa T, Baye Y, Amare F. Amoxicillin Utilization Pattern at Governmental Hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:193-203. [PMID: 33505162 PMCID: PMC7829130 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s288387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penicillin is among the highly used antibiotics in most parts of the world, with amoxicillin being the most frequently utilized drug in the category. However, amoxicillin use has been found to deviate from standard treatment guidelines (STGs). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate amoxicillin utilization patterns based on Ethiopian STGs criteria at four governmental hospitals in Harar town: Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Jugel Hospital, South East Command III Hospital, and Federal Harar Police Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia in 2016. METHODS A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed using medication records of patients who received amoxicillin in 2016 at four governmental hospitals from May 15 to June 30, 2018. A total of 502 medication records were proportionally allocated based on the ratio of consumption data of each hospital. Simple random sampling was employed to collect the required sample from the sampling frame. The collected data were entered into SPSS version 21 and analyzed using descriptive analysis. RESULTS Amoxicillin was used in all age groups, including pregnant and lactating women. The majority (96.2%) of patients were from the outpatient departments. Complete blood count was the most laboratory investigation carried out in 24.9% whereas microbiological culture was not recorded at all. Top three indications include nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections (15.1%), pneumonia (13.5%) and dental problems (10.6%). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (56.2%) were frequently co-administered agents. An appropriate utilization was made considering indication, dose, frequency and therapy duration in 23.9% as per the Ethiopian STG. The wrong indication (65.4%) was the prime reason for inappropriateness, followed by dose (14.6%) and duration of therapy (12.2%). CONCLUSION Amoxicillin utilization was appropriate in less than a quarter of patients. The wrong indication was the main reason for inappropriateness, predisposing to resistance development. Further studies identifying factors related to misuse and sensitivity tests should be the next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Gashaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Sisay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Tesfa
- Microbiology Unit, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Baye
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Firehiwot Amare
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Sadio AJ, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Konu RY, Bakoubayi AW, Tchankoni MK, Bitty-Anderson AM, Gomez IM, Denadou CP, Anani J, Kouanfack HR, Kpeto IK, Salou M, Ekouevi DK. Assessment of self-medication practices in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak in Togo. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:58. [PMID: 33407321 PMCID: PMC7787400 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there is no effective treatment for COVID-19, which is a pandemic disease, caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. In Togo, where four in five people practice self-medication, the absence of a cure for COVID-19 and the constant progression of the disease requires an assessment of self-medication patterns in the context of the pandemic. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication to prevent COVID-19 and its associated factors in Lomé, Togo. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lomé, the capital city of Togo, from April 23rd to May 8th, 2020, with a sample of participants from five sectors: the healthcare, air transport, police, road transport and informal sectors. The participants were invited to provide information about their self-medication practices to prevent COVID-19 in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. RESULTS A total of 955 participants (71.6% men) with a median age of 36 (IQR 32-43) were included. Approximately 22.1% were in the air transport sector, 20.5% were in the police sector, and 38.7% were in the health sector. The overall prevalence of self-medication to prevent COVID-19 was 34.2% (95% CI: 31.2-37.3%). The most commonly used products were vitamin C (27.6%) and traditional medicine (10.2%). Only 2.0% of participants reported using chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine. Female sex (aOR=1.90; p< 0.001), work in the health sector (aOR=1.89; p= 0.001), secondary education level (aOR= 2.28; p= 0.043) and university education level (aOR= 5.11; p< 0.001) were associated with self-medication. CONCLUSION One-third of the individuals in high-risk populations in Lomé practiced self-medication. Intensifying awareness campaigns is crucial to fight misinformation about alleged COVID-19 prevention products on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold J Sadio
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Fifonsi A Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Rodion Y Konu
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Akila W Bakoubayi
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Martin K Tchankoni
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Iris M Gomez
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Claudia P Denadou
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Joël Anani
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Harold R Kouanfack
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Innocent K Kpeto
- Conseil Scientifique pour la riposte à la pandémie Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | - Mounerou Salou
- Conseil Scientifique pour la riposte à la pandémie Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d'Immunologie, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Didier K Ekouevi
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Lomé, Togo.
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo.
- Conseil Scientifique pour la riposte à la pandémie Covid-19, Lomé, Togo.
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1219 Bordeaux Population Health Research, ISPED, Bordeaux, France.
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Kawuma R, Chimukuche RS, Francis SC, Seeley J, Weiss HA. Knowledge, use (misuse) and perceptions of over-the-counter analgesics in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. Glob Health Action 2021; 14:1955476. [PMID: 34420494 PMCID: PMC8386732 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2021.1955476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics are safe for pain-management when used as recommended. Misuse can increase the risk of hypertension and gastrointestinal problems. OBJECTIVE To conduct a scoping review of the uses and misuses of OTC analgesics in sub-Saharan Africa, to inform strategies for correct use. METHOD Following guidelines for conducting a scoping review, we systematically searched Pubmed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases for published articles on OTC analgesic drug use in sub-Saharan Africa, without restrictions on publication year or language. Search terms were 'analgesics', 'non-prescription drugs', 'use or dependence or patterns or misuse or abuse' and 'sub-Saharan Africa'. Articles focusing on prescription drugs were excluded. RESULTS Of 1381 articles identified, 35 papers from 13 countries were eligible for inclusion. Most were quantitative cross-sectional studies, two were mixed-methods studies, and one used qualitative methods only. About half (n = 17) the studies recorded prevalence of OTC drug use above 70%, including non-analgesics. Headache and fever were the most common ailments for which OTC drugs were taken. Primary sources of OTC drugs were pharmacy and drug shops, and family, friends and relatives as well as leftover drugs from previous treatment. The main reasons for OTC drug use were challenges in health service access, perception of illness as minor, and knowledge gained from treating a previous illness. Information regarding self-medication came from family, friends and neighbours, pharmacies and reading leaflets either distributed in the community or at institutions of learning. OTC drug use tended to be more commonly reported among females, those with an education lower than secondary level, and participants aged ≥50 years. CONCLUSION Self-medicating with OTC drugs including analgesics is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. However, literature on reasons for this, and misuse, is limited. Research is needed to educate providers and the public on safe use of OTC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kawuma
- Social Aspects of Health Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rujeko Samanthia Chimukuche
- Social Science and Research Ethics Department, Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Suzanna C Francis
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Janet Seeley
- Social Aspects of Health Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Social Science and Research Ethics Department, Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helen A Weiss
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Ayana H, Sileshi T, Bule MH, Chaka EE. Non-Prescription Antibiotics Use and Associated Factors Among Drug Retail Outlets in Ambo, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2021; 15:2739-2747. [PMID: 34916784 PMCID: PMC8670884 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s337364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the non-prescription use of antibiotics and associated factors in Ambo Town, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia. METHODS An institutional-based cross-sectional study design supported with the qualitative study was conducted in Ambo Town from February 1 to March 1, 2020. Data were collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interview guide questions. Simple random sampling was used to select retail outlets and systematic random sampling to select study participants. The data analysis was done using SPSS and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with non-prescription use of antibiotics. Thematic framework analysis was applied for the qualitative data. RESULTS From the 421 study sample, a total of 399 participants were interviewed with a 94.8% response rate. Among the study participants, 214 (53.6) were males, 228 (57.1%) were married, 191 (47.9%) were orthodox by religion, and 343 (86%) were Oromo by ethnicity. One hundred seventy-two (43.1%; 95% CI: 38.6, 48.1) of the participants had used non-prescribed antibiotics. Being male [AOR=2.21 95% CI: 1.276, 3.835], residing in rural area [AOR=3.659, 95% CI: 1.479, 9.054], holding diploma [AOR=0.120, 95% CI: 0.025, 0.591], and hold BSC degree [AOR=0.050, 95% CI: 0.007, 0.378], and being farmer [AOR=0.034, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.285] showed significant association with the non-prescription use of antibiotics. CONCLUSION This study concluded that the non-prescription use of antibiotics 172 (43.1%) was relatively high. Being male, residing in a rural area, holding a diploma, BSc degree, and being a farmer were significantly associated with non-prescription use of antibiotics. So, West Shoa Zone regulatory body should actively focus on the prevention of non-prescription use of antibiotics through health communication and public awareness on the demerits of non-prescription use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hika Ayana
- Department of Public Health, Rift Valley University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Tesemma Sileshi
- Department of Public Health, Rift Valley University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Hussen Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Mohammed Hussen Bule Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, P. o. Box: 653/1110, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel +251 911 809 397 Email
| | - Eshetu E Chaka
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Feyisa BB, Deyaso SF, Tefera GM. Self-Reported Morbidity and Health-Seeking Behavior and its Predictors Among a Geriatric Population in Western Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:1381-1393. [PMID: 33324085 PMCID: PMC7732166 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s283906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Planning for health care services provision depends on the morbidity profile, health-seeking behavior (HSB), and its predictors. Thus, this study aimed to identify the level of self-reported morbidity, HSB and its predictors. Patients and Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the geriatric (≥60 years) population in West Shoa Zone. A multi-stage systematic sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. After testing for collinearity, variables with p-value <0.25 on binary logistic regression were entered into backward multivariate logistic regression analysis with statistical significance at p-value <0.05. Results With a response rate of 98%, 779 study participants were recruited. The median (IQR) age of the respondents was 70 (70–78) years. Five hundred eighty-four (3/4) of the study participants reported that they experienced morbidity at least once in the year before interview. Of 584 study participants, 53.9% had poor HSB. Living in village (p-value = 0.034), being housewife (p-value = 0.048), wealth index [being rich (p-value = 0.033), being in moderate economic status (p-value= 0.001), and being poor (p-value= 0.049) relative to richest], being head of polygamous household (p-value= 0.019), non-smoker (P-value = 0.012), not having community-based health insurance coverage (CBHI) (p-value< 0.0001), having ≤3 times number of illness (p-value <0.0001), self-medication (p-value < 0.0001), not having hypertension (p-value=0.016), not having diabetes mellitus (DM) (p-value=0.012), and not having oro-dental problem (p-value= 0.043) were positively associated with poor HSB. Nevertheless, self-perceived mild severity of illness (p-value= <0.0001), good health status (p-value= 0.001), and not having musculoskeletal problem (p-value< 0.0001) were negatively associated with poor HSB. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of self-reported morbidity and poor HSB. There should be an effort to improve the HSB and CBHI utilization of the geriatric population by all stakeholders. Moreover, modifiable predictors of HSB needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beshadu Bedada Feyisa
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Seble Fekadu Deyaso
- Department of Sociology, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Gosaye Mekonen Tefera
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Adane F, Seyoum G, Alamneh YM. Non-prescribed drug use and predictors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:4273-4284. [PMID: 33233996 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1849105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of non-prescribed drugs are common to pregnant women. It may lead to undesirable effects, such as birth defects. Study results on the occurrence and predictor of non-prescribed drug use among pregnant women throughout Ethiopia are highly variable and inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the pooled prevalence of non-prescribed drug use and predictors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. METHODS We systematically searched studies from the international databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library and others. The meta-analysis was conducted using Stata15. I2 test and Egger's test were used to assess the heterogeneity and publication bias respectively. The random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of non-prescribed drug use at a 95% CI. RESULTS Eleven studies with a total of 4492 pregnant women fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included. The pooled national level non-prescribed drug use among pregnant women was 30.38% (95% CI: 20.28, 40.48). The highest use of non-prescribed drug among pregnant women was observed in Amhara region 36.71%, while the lowest was in Tigray region 9.67%, respectively. The most frequently consumed non prescribed drugs by pregnant mothers were paracetamol 34.38%, amoxicillin 14.73%, aspirin 4.25%, metronidazole 2.81% and ciprofloxacin 2.80%. Maternal previous history of self-medication, maternal illness during pregnancy and maternal marital status were significantly associated with women non-prescribed drug use during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The overall prevalence of non- prescribed drug use among pregnant women in Ethiopia is relatively high, and varies across different regions. The most frequently consumed non- prescribed drug by pregnant mothers was paracetamol. Maternal; previous history of self-medication, illness during pregnancy and marital status were significantly associated with pregnant women non-prescribed drug use. Awareness of the possible side effects of taking non-prescribed drugs for all pregnant women is very relevant in the media and in the maternity ward. In particular, it is important to make clear to mothers who have a history of self-medication, to those who have a history of illness during pregnancy and to those who are pregnant, unmarried or divorced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fentahun Adane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Seyoum
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yoseph Merkeb Alamneh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Medication among Pregnant Women on Antenatal Care Follow-Up at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Reprod Med 2020; 2020:2936862. [PMID: 33062663 PMCID: PMC7545459 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2936862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is being prevalent throughout the globe. Although pregnant women are among the most vulnerable group of the population for drug-induced adverse effects on their fetus and themselves, many pregnant women use self-medication without adequate safety precautions. Objective This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence and associated factors of self-medication among pregnant women on antenatal care follow-up at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Methods A cross-sectional study was employed among 400 pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital between February 01 and May 30, 2019. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS® (IBM Corporation) version 22. Descriptive statistics were presented using frequency and proportion. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with self-medication with a 95% confidence level and p value of 0.05. Results Among 400 respondents, the prevalence of self-medication during the current pregnancy was 44.8% (95% CI = 40.5-50). Among all respondents (400), 38.0% (95% CI = 33.3-42.8) and 12.5% (95% CI = 9.5-15) used herbal and conventional medicine, respectively. Self-medication showed a significant association with a previous history of self-medication and monthly income. Conclusions The prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women is considerably high. The previous history of self-medication and monthly income showed a significant association with self-medication. Awareness creation should be done for reproductive-age women on the potential risks of self-medication.
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Simegn W, Dagnew B, Dagne H. Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors Among Health Professionals at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2539-2546. [PMID: 32801792 PMCID: PMC7399467 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s257667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is the use of medication to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms. In the current time, there has been an increasing tendency in self-medication in pharmacies and retail outlets in our country Ethiopia and alarmingly high in healthcare professionals. In spite of the adverse impacts, there were scarcity of data on self-medication practice among health professionals in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the practice of self-medication and its determinant factors among health professionals at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A Cross-sectional study design was employed using a simple random sampling technique to recruit the study participants. We used self-administered questionnaires to collect the data. Epi Info 7 and SPSS 20 were used for data entry and statistical analysis, respectively. Frequencies and mean with standard deviation were computed. Measure of association between self-medication and independent factors was determined using logistic regression. Variables with a p<0.05 were declared as determinant factors of self-medication practice. Results Four hundred and twelve health professionals were involved in the study with a mean age of 29.9 years (±5.43, range=20–60). In this study, self-medication practice was 54.6% (95% CI: 49.8–59.4). Health professionals who had worked less than 3 years after last graduation (AOR=1.67, 95% CI (1.02, 2.76)), those with 44–55 working hours per week (AOR=2.44, 95% CI: 1.07,5.57), and who knew over-the-counter classification of drugs (AOR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.03,2.99) had significantly higher self-medication practice. Conclusion Self-medication practice was remarkably high in the current study which is a major public health problem. The findings suggest a cooperative implementation of pharmaceutical regulations particularly focusing on those health professionals with high working hours per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudneh Simegn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Dagnew
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Dagne
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Goetz K, Kalder M, Albert US, Jacke CO. The usage of over-the-counter products by private insured patients in Germany - a claims data analysis with focus on complementary medicine. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:651. [PMID: 32660646 PMCID: PMC7359243 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important contribution to well-being of human beings can be observed by the use of self-medication products that is reflected in the constantly growing volume of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. The aim of the current study was to extend the measurement concept for OTCs by exploring the relevance of the peripheral assortment provided by the widely accepted framework of the Anatomical Therapeutical and Chemical (ATC) classification of the WHO. Methods The focus was on the prescriptions and drug-related receipts submitted by privately insured persons to 18 private health insurers (PHIs) in Germany from the year 2016. The age- and gender-specific average claims amount per risks of outpatient drug expenditure were used as weights to scale up the relative distributions of the item amounts. The ATC-classification defines the commodity groups and discriminates between the main and the peripheral assortment. A descriptive analysis assessed the OTC frequencies and sum scores of the product groups within the main and peripheral assortment whereby the study group explored and assessed the relevance of each category independently according to the OTCs and integrative medicines. Results The analysis included 22.1 Mio. packages from the main assortment and examined 10.1 Mio. packages from the peripheral assortment. The latter was examined thoroughly and the commodity groups “Pharmaceutical food products”, “Medicinal products for special therapy options” and particular “Hygiene and body care products” meet the defined requirements for OTCs relevant for integrative medicines. A high proportion of OTC products from the peripheral assortment was associated with the categories “medicinal products for special therapy options”. Homeopathy and anthroposophy present two special therapy options, which are relevant for the extended OTC measurement. Conclusions The analysis of OTC drugs is feasible when the main and the peripheral assortment is available and enable to integrate about 18% of all OTCs, which are neglected by the common ATC-based approach. The presented extended approach may help to identify potential users of OTCs or people in need of OTC use. In case of the highly disputed homeopathy and anthroposophy products, more research among interactions with prescriptions drugs (Rx), nutrition’s and other potentially harmful exposures is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Goetz
- Institute of Family Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 16, Building 50, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kalder
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps University of Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ute-Susann Albert
- Department for Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 4, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian O Jacke
- Scientific Institute of Private Health Insurance (WIP), Gustav-Heinemann-Ufer 74c, 50968, Köln, Germany
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Self-Medication and Safety Profile of Medicines Used among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Jimma, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113993. [PMID: 32512804 PMCID: PMC7312933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite the potential foetal and maternal risks of self-medication, studies on self-medication and safety profile of medicines used during pregnancy are scarce. This study determined the prevalence, predictors and safety profile of medicines used for self-medication during pregnancy at Jimma University Medical Centre (JUMC) in Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based cross sectional study was conducted on 1117 hospitalized pregnant women or postpartum women in the maternity and gynaecology wards at JUMC between February and June 2017. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and by reviewing patient medical records. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Result: Nearly 3 out of 10 women reported taking at least one type of conventional medicine for self-medication, mainly analgesics 92.3%. Almost 75.0% of the self-medicated women used medicines classified as probably safe and 13.6% as potentially risky to use during pregnancy. Medicinal plant use, religion and access to a health facility near their residency were significantly associated with self-medication during pregnancy. Conclusions: Self-medication is common among pregnant women at JUMC. Most women used medicines classified as safe to use during pregnancy. There is need for enlightenment of pregnant women on the potential dangers of self-medication during pregnancy to prevent foetal and maternal risks.
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Tosisa W, Mihret A, Ararsa A, Eguale T, Abebe T. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from diarrheic children in Ambo town. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:91. [PMID: 32103729 PMCID: PMC7045482 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-1970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea, particularly of enteric bacterial pathogen, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. Despite the high prevalence of diarrheal disease among under-five children, antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens test is not part of routine childcare in the study area. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility status of Salmonella and Shigella species among diarrheic children attending public health institutions in Ambo town, west Showa, Ethiopia. METHODS Institutional based, cross-sectional study was carried out from January to July 2014 among 239 diarrheic children below five years of age in Ambo town, Ethiopia. Information about patient demographics, signs, and symptoms was obtained from the parents/guardians of each child using a questionnaire. Stool samples from diarrheic children were collected and processed for isolation of Salmonella and Shigella using conventional microbiology procedures. Suspected Salmonella isolates were confirmed by genus-specific PCR and serotyped using a slide agglutination test. Susceptibility to 10 commonly used antimicrobials was assessed using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. RESULTS From the 239 children screened, only nine (3.8%) of them were positive for either Salmonella (n = 3) or Shigella (n = 6) and 19 (7.9%) positive for the intestinal parasite. Three species of Shigella were identified: Shigella flexinari (n = 3), Shigella boydii (n = 2), and Shigella sonnei (n = 1). The three Salmonella isolates were S. chicago, S. caracas, and S. saintpaul. Salmonella and Shigella isolates were resistant to ampicillin (88.9%), followed by tetracycline (66.7%), cotrimoxazole (55.6%), chloramphenicol (44.4%), amoxicillin (33.3%), nalidixic acid (11.1%) and cefotaxime (11.1%). All isolates were sensitive to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin. CONCLUSION In this study, either Salmonella or Shigella species were detected only in 3.8% of diarrheic children in Ambo town, suggesting the dominance of other causes of diarrhea in the study area. A further study targeting other causes of diarrhea should be conducted to establish the major causes of childhood diarrhea in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagi Tosisa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asnake Ararsa
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood, Australia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Fekadu G, Dugassa D, Negera GZ, Woyessa TB, Turi E, Tolossa T, Fetensa G, Assefa L, Getachew M, Shibiru T. Self-Medication Practices and Associated Factors Among Health-Care Professionals in Selected Hospitals of Western Ethiopia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:353-361. [PMID: 32110001 PMCID: PMC7040189 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s244163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the type, extent and reasons for self-medication practice (SMP) vary, globally self-medication (SM) is rising to relieve burdens on health services. However, inappropriate SMP results in economic wastes, damage of vital organs, incorrect therapy selection, risk of adverse drug reactions and development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. These consequences have severe implications including legal, ethical and quality of health-care delivery. Temporal increment and high prevalence of SM among health professionals is also a major bottleneck for Ethiopia. Hence, the study aimed to assess the SM among health-care professionals (HCPs) in selected governmental hospitals of Western Ethiopia. METHODS An instiution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 338 HCPs using a pre-tested and self-adminstered questionnaries from March 1 to 25, 2018. Simple random sampling was used to select study participants and SMP (yes or no) was the outcome of the study variable. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated and all results were deemed to be statistically significant when p < 0.05. RESULTS Among the 338 participants, 184 (54.4%) were females and the mean age of the study participants was 25±3.23 years. About 154 (45.6%) of them had work experience of less than 5 years and 49.7% were nurses by profession. The prevalence of SM was 73.4% with 3 months of recall for SM. Familiarity with medicines and ailments (46.8%) and mildness of illness (40.7%) were the most common reasons to self-medicate. The most frequently reported ailments were headache (37.1%) and gastric pain (29.8%). Analgesics (44.4%) and antibiotics (42.7%) were the most commonly used self-medicated categories of drugs. Female sex (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =2.13, 95% CI: 1.43-8.66), age 20-29 years (AOR=4.53, 95% CI: 1.01-14.45) and work experience of <5 years (AOR= 3.01, 95% CI: 1.32-11.71) were significantly associated with SMPs. CONCLUSION The study revealed a high prevalence of SMP among HCPs. Sex, age, and work experience were significantly associated with SMPs. Hence, the use of prescription drugs without prescription should be discouraged and appropriate health education should be provided by all concerned bodies on the proper use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginenus Fekadu
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Ginenus Fekadu Clinical Pharmacy Unit Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Oromia, EthiopiaTel +251-917137145Fax +251576617980 Email
| | - Dinka Dugassa
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tilahun Bakala Woyessa
- Department of Midwifery, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Ebisa Turi
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tolossa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Fetensa
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Lemessa Assefa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Motuma Getachew
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Shibiru
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Wollega University Referral Hospital, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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Bogale AA, Amhare AF, Chang J, Bogale HA, Betaw ST, Gebrehiwot NT, Fang Y. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication with antibiotics among community residents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:459-466. [PMID: 31122087 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1620105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: Self-medication with antibiotics, which may cause significant antibiotic resistance, is predominant in developing countries. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication with antibiotics among community residents in Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted from June to August 2017. Knowledge-Attitude-Practice questionnaire was developed and distributed to eligible household respondents in Addis Ababa and its surrounding area. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with self-medication with antibiotics. Results: Among the 605 invited participants, 595 respondents were participated in this study (response rate = 98.3%) and 67.3% of the respondents had reported self-medication with antibiotics in the past 6 months. The median score of knowledge about antibiotics was 3 (Inter quarter range: 2-4) of a maximum possible score of 6 and the median score of attitude was 19 (Inter quarter range: 16-22) from a maximum of 29. Self-medication with antibiotics was significantly associated with age, educational status, and average monthly income of the communities. Conclusions: Respondents have inadequate knowledge and inappropriate practice toward rational use of antibiotics. Policies such as restricting the purchase of antibiotics without a medical prescription and educating appropriate use of antibiotics are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemtsehay Adam Bogale
- a Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy , School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China.,b Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Abebe Feyissa Amhare
- c Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics , School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jie Chang
- a Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy , School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China.,b Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China.,d Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an , China
| | | | - Sintayehu Tsegaye Betaw
- c Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics , School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Negatu Tadesse Gebrehiwot
- a Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy , School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China.,b Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yu Fang
- a Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy , School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China.,b Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China.,d Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an , China
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