1
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Robertson BM, Fane ME, Weeraratna AT, Rebecca VW. Determinants of resistance and response to melanoma therapy. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:964-982. [PMID: 39020103 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is among the most enigmatic advanced cancers to clinically manage despite immense progress in the way of available therapeutic options and historic decreases in the melanoma mortality rate. Most patients with metastatic melanoma treated with modern targeted therapies (for example, BRAFV600E/K inhibitors) and/or immune checkpoint blockade (for example, anti-programmed death 1 therapy) will progress, owing to profound tumor cell plasticity fueled by genetic and nongenetic mechanisms and dichotomous host microenvironmental influences. Here we discuss the determinants of tumor heterogeneity, mechanisms of therapy resistance and effective therapy regimens that hold curative promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey M Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vito W Rebecca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Pu W, Ma C, Wang B, Zhu W, Chen H. The "Heater" of "Cold" Tumors-Blocking IL-6. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300587. [PMID: 38773937 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is not simply the end of the inflammatory response but rather a complex process that involves various cells, inflammatory factors, and specialized proresolving mediators following the occurrence of inflammation. Once inflammation cannot be cleared by the body, malignant tumors may be induced. Among them, IL-6, as an immunosuppressive factor, activates a variety of signal transduction pathways and induces tumorigenesis. Monitoring IL-6 can be used for the diagnosis, efficacy evaluation and prognosis of tumor patients. In terms of treatment, improving the efficacy of targeted and immunotherapy remains a major challenge. Blocking IL-6 and its mediated signaling pathways can regulate the tumor immune microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy responses by activating immune cells. Even transform "cold" tumors that are difficult to respond to immunotherapy into immunogenic "hot" tumors, acting as a "heater" for "cold" tumors, restarting the tumor immune cycle, and reducing immunotherapy-related toxic reactions and drug resistance. In clinical practice, the combined application of IL-6 inhibition with targeted therapy and immunotherapy may produce synergistic results. Nevertheless, additional clinical trials are imperative to further validate the safety and efficacy of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigao Pu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Chenhui Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bofang Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- General Surgery Department of Lintao County People's Hospital in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Hao Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Oncology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
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Zhou X, Wu C, Wang X, Pan N, Sun X, Chen B, Zheng S, Wei Y, Chen J, Wu Y, Zhu F, Chen J, Chen H, Wang LX. Tumor cell-released autophagosomes (TRAPs) induce PD-L1-decorated NETs that suppress T-cell function to promote breast cancer pulmonary metastasis. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009082. [PMID: 38926151 PMCID: PMC11216055 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung metastasis is the primary cause of breast cancer-related mortality. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are involved in the progression of breast cancer. However, the mechanism of NET formation is not fully understood. This study posits that tumor cell-released autophagosomes (TRAPs) play a crucial role in this process. METHODS TRAPs were isolated from breast cancer cell lines to analyze their impact on NET formation in both human and mouse neutrophils. The study used both in vitro and in vivo models, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4-/-) mice and engineered breast cancer cell lines. Immunofluorescence, ELISA, Western blotting, RNA sequencing, and flow cytometry were employed to dissect the signaling pathways leading to NET production and to explore their immunosuppressive effects, particularly focusing on the impact of NETs on T-cell function. The therapeutic potential of targeting TRAP-induced NETs and their immunosuppressive functions was evaluated using DNase I and αPD-L1 antibodies. Clinical relevance was assessed by correlating circulating levels of TRAPs and NETs with lung metastasis in patients with breast cancer. RESULTS This study showed that TRAPs induced the formation of NETs in both human and mouse neutrophils by using the high mobility group box 1 and activating the TLR4-Myd88-ERK/p38 signaling axis. More importantly, PD-L1 carried by TRAP-induced NETs inhibited T-cell function in vitro and in vivo, thereby contributing to the formation of lung premetastatic niche (PMN) immunosuppression. In contrast, Becn1 KD-4T1 breast tumors with decreased circulating TRAPs in vivo reduced the formation of NETs, which in turn attenuated the immunosuppressive effects in PMN and resulted in a reduction of breast cancer pulmonary metastasis in murine models. Moreover, treatment with αPD-L1 in combination with DNase I that degraded NETs restored T-cell function and significantly reduced tumor metastasis. TRAP levels in the peripheral blood positively correlated with NET levels and lung metastasis in patients with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel role of TRAPs in the formation of PD-L1-decorated NETs, which may provide a new strategy for early detection and treatment of pulmonary metastasis in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengdong Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuru Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Pan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Bohao Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiya Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyang Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinpeng Chen
- Department of general surgery, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huabiao Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Gu Y, Liu Q, He Q, Wu Q, Li L, Xu D, Zheng L, Xie L, Cheng S, Shen H, Zhou Y, Yang J, Jin H, Zhang X. LC3-dependent extracellular vesicles promote M-MDSC accumulation and immunosuppression in colorectal cancer. iScience 2024; 27:109272. [PMID: 38706868 PMCID: PMC11066428 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
For a long time, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) dilated in circulation system of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have been puzzling clinicians. Various evidence shows that MDSCs constitute the bulk of immunosuppression in CRC, which is related to tumor growth, adhesion, invasion, metastasis, and immune escape. However, the mechanisms underlying these cells formation remain incompletely understood. In this study, we reported that CRC cell-derived LC3-dependent extracellular vesicles (LDEVs)-mediated M-MDSCs formation via TLR2-MYD88 pathway. Furthermore Hsp60 was the LDEVs surface ligand that triggered these MDSCs induction. In clinical studies, we reported that accumulation of circulating M-MDSCs as well as IL-10 and arginase1 secretion were reliant upon the levels of tumor cell-derived LDEVs in CRC patients. These findings indicated how local tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles influence distal hematopoiesis and provided novel justification for therapeutic targeting of LDEVs in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Hangzhou Hospital & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoxian He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Qiangsheng Wu
- Department of Assay Development, EOTOBio TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD, Nanjing, Jiangsu 310006, P.R. China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Dongchao Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Sile Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhang Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Hangbin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Hangzhou Hospital & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Yang X, Li Q, Zeng T. Peripheral CD4 + T cells correlate with response and survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving chemo-immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1364507. [PMID: 38650951 PMCID: PMC11033411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1364507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to explore the potential of peripheral immune cells in predicting the response and prognosis of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and platinum-based chemotherapy. Participants and Methods We utilized flow cytometry to examine the levels and dynamics of blood immune cells in 79 advanced NSCLC patients treated with the chemoimmunotherapy between December 2019 and January 2022. The pre- and post-treatment blood samples were collected within 3 days prior to the initiation of the first and third cycle of combination treatment, respectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) analyses were conducted using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models. Results The pre-treatment CD4+/Total T cells ratio was significantly higher in responders than non-responders (P < 0.05). The levels of pre-treatment total lymphocytes (P = 0.012), total B lymphocytes (P = 0.025), and NK cells (P = 0.022), and post-treatment NK cells (P = 0.011) and NKT cells (P = 0.035) were significantly associated with OS. Post-treatment CD8+/Total T cells ratio was positively correlated with OS (P = 0.038). In multivariate analysis, post-treatment NK cells and post-treatment CD4+CD8+/Total T cells ratio were negatively associated with OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 10.30, P = 0.038) and PFS (HR = 1.95, P = 0.022), respectively. Notably, significantly positive correlations were observed between CD4+/Total T cells ratio and prognosis both before and after treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion To summarize, our finding reveals that high CD4+/total T cells ratio was associated with favorable response and prognosis, highlighting its potential as a predictive biomarker to guide the selection of likely responders to platinum and anti-PD-1 combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Pathology, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianyang Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Chen YQ, Man ZS, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Zhao CW, Ma YT, Zhou J, Wang P, Yu Y, Gu F, Niu GP. Tumor cell-derived LC3B +extracellular vesicles mediate the crosstalk between tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma via the HSP90α-IL-6/IL-8 signaling axis. Clin Immunol 2024; 261:109925. [PMID: 38310993 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory factors are being recognized as critical modulators of host antitumor immunity in liver cancer. We have previously shown that tumor cell-released LC3B positive extracellular vesicles (LC3B+ EVs) are responsible for malignant progression by dampening antitumor immunity. However, the relationship between LC3B+ EVs and inflammatory factors in the regulation of the liver cancer microenvironment remains unclear. METHODS Flow cytometry analyses were performed to examine the panel of 12 cytokines, the main source of positive cytokines, and plasma LC3B+ EVs carrying HSP90α in peripheral blood of liver cancer patients. We correlated the levels of plasma IL-6, IL-8 with LC3B+ EVs carrying HSP90α and with prognosis. In vitro culture of healthy donor leukocytes with liver cancer-derived LC3B+ EVs was performed to evaluate the potential effect of blocking HSP90α, IL-6 or IL-8 alone or in combination with PD-1 inhibitor on CD8+ T cell function. We also investigated the potential associations of MAP1LC3B, HSP90AA1, IL6 or IL8 with immunotherapy efficacy using the TCGA databases. RESULTS In liver cancer patients, plasma IL-6 and IL-8 levels were significantly higher than in healthy controls and associated with poor clinical outcome. In peripheral blood, levels of plasma LC3B+ EVs carrying HSP90α were significantly elevated in HCC patients and positively associated with IL-6 and IL-8 levels, which are predominantly secreted by monocytes and neutrophils. Moreover, LC3B+ EVs from human liver cancer cells promoted the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by leukocytes through HSP90α. Besides, we show that the cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 secreted by LC3B+ EVs-induced leukocytes were involved in the inhibition of CD8+ T-cell function, while blockade of the HSP90α on the LC3B+ EVs, IL-6, or IL-8 could enhance anti-PD-1-induced T cell reinvigoration. Finally, patients who received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy with high MAP1LC3B, HSP90AA1, IL6, or IL8 expression had a lower immunotherapy efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that liver cancer-derived LC3B+ EVs promote a pro-oncogenic inflammatory microenvironment by carrying membrane-bound HSP90α. Targeting HSP90α on the LC3B+ EVs, IL-6, or IL-8 may synergize with anti-PD-1 treatment to enhance the CD8+ T-cell functions, which may provide novel combination strategies in the clinic for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Science, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China.
| | - Zhong-Song Man
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Science, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Science, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China
| | - Cheng-Wen Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Science, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China
| | - Yu-Ting Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Science, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Science, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Science, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Science, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Science, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221009, China.
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7
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Huang Z, Liu X, Guo Q, Zhou Y, Shi L, Cai Q, Tang S, Ouyang Q, Zheng J. Extracellular vesicle-mediated communication between CD8 + cytotoxic T cells and tumor cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1376962. [PMID: 38562940 PMCID: PMC10982391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1376962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors pose a significant global public health challenge, resulting in numerous fatalities annually. CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in combating tumors; however, their effectiveness is compromised by the tumor itself and the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in reduced efficacy of immunotherapy. In this dynamic interplay, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as pivotal mediators, facilitating direct and indirect communication between tumors and CD8+ T cells. In this article, we provide an overview of how tumor-derived EVs directly regulate CD8+ T cell function by carrying bioactive molecules they carry internally and on their surface. Simultaneously, these EVs modulate the TME, indirectly influencing the efficiency of CD8+ T cell responses. Furthermore, EVs derived from CD8+ T cells exhibit a dual role: they promote tumor immune evasion while also enhancing antitumor activity. Finally, we briefly discuss current prevailing approaches that utilize functionalized EVs based on tumor-targeted therapy and tumor immunotherapy. These approaches aim to present novel perspectives for EV-based tumor treatment strategies, demonstrating potential for advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Huang
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghao Guo
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yihang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qingjin Cai
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shupei Tang
- Department of Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shigatse, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Cossu C, Di Lorenzo A, Fiorilla I, Todesco AM, Audrito V, Conti L. The Role of the Toll-like Receptor 2 and the cGAS-STING Pathways in Breast Cancer: Friends or Foes? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:456. [PMID: 38203626 PMCID: PMC10778705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as a primary malignancy among women, ranking second in global cancer-related deaths. Despite treatment advancements, many patients progress to metastatic stages, posing a significant therapeutic challenge. Current therapies primarily target cancer cells, overlooking their intricate interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) that fuel progression and treatment resistance. Dysregulated innate immunity in breast cancer triggers chronic inflammation, fostering cancer development and therapy resistance. Innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have emerged as crucial regulators of the immune response as well as of several immune-mediated or cancer cell-intrinsic mechanisms that either inhibit or promote tumor progression. In particular, several studies showed that the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways play a central role in breast cancer progression. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the role of TLR2 and STING in breast cancer, and we explore the potential to target these PRRs for drug development. This information will significantly impact the scientific discussion on the use of PRR agonists or inhibitors in cancer therapy, opening up new and promising avenues for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cossu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences–Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, University of Turin, Piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Antonino Di Lorenzo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences–Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, University of Turin, Piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Irene Fiorilla
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (I.F.); (A.M.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Alberto Maria Todesco
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (I.F.); (A.M.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Valentina Audrito
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (I.F.); (A.M.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences–Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, University of Turin, Piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (A.D.L.)
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9
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Zhang Y, Pan D, Ning Z, Huang F, Wei Y, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang LX, Shen Y. Identifying tumor cell-released extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis by a three-dimensional hydrogel-based electrochemical immunosensor. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:467. [PMID: 38062518 PMCID: PMC10701998 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell-released LC3+ extracellular vesicles (LC3+ EVs) participate in immunosuppression during autophagy and contribute to the occurrence and development of breast cancer. In view of the strong association between the LC3+ EVs and breast cancer, developing an effective strategy for the quantitative detection of LC3+ EVs levels with high sensitivity to identify LC3+ EVs as new biomarkers for accurate diagnosis of breast cancer is crucial, but yet not been reported. Herein, an ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor is presented for the quantitative determination of LC3+ EVs using a three-dimensional graphene oxide hydrogel-methylene blue composite as a redox probe, showing a low detection limit and a wide linear range. With this immunosensor, the expression levels of LC3+ EVs in various practical sample groups including different cancer cell lines, the peripheral blood of tumor-bearing mice before and after immunotherapy, and the peripheral blood from breast cancer patients with different subtypes and stages were clearly distinguished. This study demonstrated that LC3+ EVs were superior as biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis of breast cancer compared to traditional biomarkers, particularly for cancer subtype discrimination. This work would provide a new noninvasive detection tool for the early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of breast cancer in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, China
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhenqiang Ning
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yiting Wei
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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10
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Cui S, Liu X, Liu Y, Hu W, Ma K, Huang Q, Chu Z, Tian L, Meng S, Su J, Zhang W, Li H, Fu X, Zhang C. Autophagosomes Defeat Ferroptosis by Decreasing Generation and Increasing Discharge of Free Fe 2+ in Skin Repair Cells to Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300414. [PMID: 37387572 PMCID: PMC10477857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis plays an essential role in the development of diabetes and its complications, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis. Secretory autophagosomes (SAPs) carrying cytoplasmic cargoes have been recognized as novel nano-warrior to defeat diseases. Here, it is hypothesized that SAPs derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) can restore the function of skin repair cells by inhibiting ferroptosis to promote diabetic wound healing. High glucose (HG)-caused ferroptosis in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) is observed in vitro, which results in impaired cellular function. SAPs successfully inhibit ferroptosis in HG-HDFs, thereby improving their proliferation and migration. Further research show that the inhibitory effect of SAPs on ferroptosis resulted from a decrease in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-regulated generation of free ferrous ions (Fe2+ ) in HG-HDFs and an increase in exosome release to discharge free Fe2+ from HG-HDFs. Additionally, SAPs promote the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HG-HUVECs. Then the SAPs are loaded into gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels to fabricate functional wound dressings. The results demonstrate the therapeutic effect of Gel-SAPs on diabetic wounds by restoring the normal behavior of skin repair cells. These findings suggest a promising SAP-based strategy for the treatment of ferroptosis-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Cui
- Department of DermatologyChina Academy of Chinese Medical ScienceXiyuan HospitalBeijing100091China
| | - Xi Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research DivisionThe 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100048China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of DermatologyShaanxi Provincial Hospital of Chinese MedicineXi'an710003China
| | - Wenzhi Hu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research DivisionThe 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100048China
| | - Kui Ma
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research DivisionThe 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100048China
| | - Qilin Huang
- Department of the 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityNo. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping DistrictTianjin300070China
| | - Ziqiang Chu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research DivisionThe 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100048China
- Department of the 1th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Medical School28 Fuxing Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100853China
| | - Lige Tian
- Department of the 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityNo. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping DistrictTianjin300070China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research DivisionThe 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100048China
| | - Jianlong Su
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research DivisionThe 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100048China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research DivisionThe 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100048China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Wound RepairInstitute of Wound Repair and Regeneration MedicineSouthern University of Science and Technology HospitalSouthern University of Science and Technology School of MedicineShenzhen518055China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research DivisionThe 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100048China
- Department of the 1th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Medical School28 Fuxing Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100853China
- Research Unit of Trauma CareTissue Repair and RegenerationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences2019RU051, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100048China
- Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin InjuryRepair and Regeneration51 Fucheng Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100048China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research DivisionThe 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100048China
- Department of the 1th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Medical School28 Fuxing Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100853China
- Research Unit of Trauma CareTissue Repair and RegenerationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences2019RU051, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100048China
- Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin InjuryRepair and Regeneration51 Fucheng Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100048China
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11
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Cortellino S, Longo VD. Metabolites and Immune Response in Tumor Microenvironments. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3898. [PMID: 37568713 PMCID: PMC10417674 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The remodeled cancer cell metabolism affects the tumor microenvironment and promotes an immunosuppressive state by changing the levels of macro- and micronutrients and by releasing hormones and cytokines that recruit immunosuppressive immune cells. Novel dietary interventions such as amino acid restriction and periodic fasting mimicking diets can prevent or dampen the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment by acting systemically on the release of hormones and growth factors, inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and remodeling the tumor vasculature and extracellular matrix. Here, we discuss the latest research on the effects of these therapeutic interventions on immunometabolism and tumor immune response and future scenarios pertaining to how dietary interventions could contribute to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cortellino
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Valter D. Longo
- IFOM, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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12
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Li J, Zhao C, Wang D, Wang S, Dong H, Wang D, Yang Y, Li J, Cui F, He X, Qin J. ZIM3 activation of CCL25 expression in pulmonary metastatic nodules of osteosarcoma recruits M2 macrophages to promote metastatic growth. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:903-916. [PMID: 36161509 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. However, the involvement of TAMs infiltration in pulmonary osteosarcoma (OS) metastasis remains poorly understood. Therefore, the effect of OS cells on macrophages migration was investigated by in vivo and in vitro experiments to evaluate the infiltration and mechanism of TAMs in pulmonary OS metastases. The results showed that the zinc finger protein ZIM3 was upregulated in OS cells than in osteoblasts and activated the expression of CCL25, which subsequently promoted the migration of M2 macrophages. CCL25 or ZIM3 silencing in OS cells inhibited the infiltration of M2 macrophages and the formation of pulmonary metastatic nodules in a mouse model of pulmonary OS metastasis and prolonged the survival of the mice. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses revealed that CCL25 and ZIM3 expressions are negatively correlated with the prognosis of OS patients. In conclusion, this study found that a large number of M2 TAMs were recruited into pulmonary metastatic nodules of OS through the activation of the ZIM3-CCL25 axis in OS cells, thereby facilitating OS metastasis. Therefore, the suppression of ZIM3-CCL25-induced recruitment of M2 TAMs to the metastatic sites might be considered as a therapeutic approach to inhibit the growth of pulmonary OS metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Difan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubing Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Hou L, Zhu Z, Jiang F, Zhao J, Jia Q, Jiang Q, Wang H, Xue W, Wang Y, Tian L. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles alleviated silica induced lung inflammation and fibrosis in mice via circPWWP2A/miR-223-3p/NLRP3 axis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114537. [PMID: 36646008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis is a progressive inflammatory disease with poorly defined mechanisms and limited therapeutic options. Recent studies found that microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) were involved in the development of respiratory diseases; however, the function of non-coding RNAs in silicosis was still needed to be further explored. We found that miR-223-3p was significantly decreased in macrophages and lung tissues of mice after silica treatment, which were consistent with the results of GEO database microarray analysis. Notably, NLRP3 is a target gene downstream of miR-223-3p. And circular RNA PWWP2A (circPWWP2A) was significantly elevated after silica stimulation. To elucidate the role of these RNAs in silica-induced inflammation in macrophages and lung tissues, we investigated the upstream molecular mechanisms of circPWWP2A on the inflammatory response. The inhibitory effect of miR-223-3p on its target NLRP3 was suppressed by circPWWP2A, which led to lung fibrosis. Our study found that circPWWP2A could adsorb miR-223-3p to regulate NLRP3 after silica stimulation in pulmonary fibrosis. And our results revealed that the circPWWP2A-miR-223-3p-NLRP3 axis was potentially instrumental in managing silica-induced inflammation and fibrosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hucMSC-EVs) exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in multiple organs. However, the potential effectiveness of hucMSC-EVs against silicosis or the underlying mechanisms of their biological outcomes remains unclear. Therefore, we used 3D culture technology to extract hucMSC-EVs and observed their effects in macrophages and lung tissues, respectively. According to the EVmiRNA database, miR-223-3p was abundant in MSC-EVs. In addition, hucMSC-EVs may modulate lung function, reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors (NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18 and cleaved Caspase-1) and attenuate the deposition of fibrosis-related factors (Collagen Ⅰ, Collagen Ⅲ, fibronectin and α-SMA). In vitro results evinced that hucMSC-EVs reduced the inflammatory response of macrophages and restricted the activation and proliferation of fibroblasts. Moreover, our study showed that hucMSCs-EVs acted as a mediator to transfer miR-223-3p to suppress circPWWP2A, thereby alleviating pulmonary fibrosis through the NLRP3 signaling pathway. These data may provide potentially novel strategies for investigating the pathogenesis of silicosis and developing novel treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fuyang Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiyue Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiyue Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wenming Xue
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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14
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Reid SE, Kolapalli SP, Nielsen TM, Frankel LB. Canonical and non-canonical roles for ATG8 proteins in autophagy and beyond. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1074701. [PMID: 36601581 PMCID: PMC9806848 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1074701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During autophagy, the ATG8 family proteins have several well-characterized roles in facilitating early, mid, and late steps of autophagy, including autophagosome expansion, cargo recruitment and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Their discovery has importantly allowed for precise experimental monitoring of the pathway, bringing about a huge expansion of research in the field over the last decades. In this review, we discuss both canonical and non-canonical roles of the autophagic lipidation machinery, with particular focus on the ATG8 proteins, their post-translational modifications and their increasingly uncovered alternative roles mediated through their anchoring at different membranes. These include endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes and the plasma membrane, to which ATG8 proteins can bind through canonical or alternative lipidation. Beyond new ATG8 binding partners and cargo types, we also explore several open questions related to alternative outcomes of autophagic machinery engagement beyond degradation. These include their roles in plasma membrane repair and secretion of selected substrates as well as the physiological implications hereof in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa B. Frankel
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark,Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Lisa B. Frankel,
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15
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Shao X, Hua S, Feng T, Ocansey DKW, Yin L. Hypoxia-Regulated Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Tumor Progression: A Focus on Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911789. [PMID: 36233088 PMCID: PMC9570495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells express a high quantity of exosomes packaged with unique cargos under hypoxia, an important characteristic feature in solid tumors. These hypoxic tumor-derived exosomes are, crucially, involved in the interaction of cancer cells with their microenvironment, facilitating not only immune evasion, but increased cell growth and survival, enhanced angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), therapeutic resistance, autophagy, pre-metastasis, and metastasis. This paper explores the tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling effects of hypoxic tumor-derived exosome towards facilitating the tumor progression process, particularly, the modulatory role of these factors on tumor cell immune evasion through suppression of immune cells, expression of surface recognition molecules, and secretion of antitumor soluble factor. Tumor-expressed exosomes educate immune effector cells, including macrophages, monocytes, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), γδ T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), mast cells, and B cells, within the hypoxic TME through the release of factors that regulate their recruitment, phenotype, and function. Thus, both hypoxia and tumor-derived exosomes modulate immune cells, growth factors, cytokines, receptor molecules, and other soluble factors, which, together, collaborate to form the immune-suppressive milieu of the tumor environment. Exploring the contribution of exosomal cargos, such as RNAs and proteins, as indispensable players in the cross-talk within the hypoxic tumor microenvironmental provides a potential target for antitumor immunity or subverting immune evasion and enhancing tumor therapies.
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16
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Arkhypov I, Özbay Kurt FG, Bitsch R, Novak D, Petrova V, Lasser S, Hielscher T, Groth C, Lepper A, Hu X, Li W, Utikal J, Altevogt P, Umansky V. HSP90α induces immunosuppressive myeloid cells in melanoma via TLR4 signaling. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005551. [PMID: 36113897 PMCID: PMC9486388 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor cells modulate host immunity by secreting extracellular vesicles (EV) and soluble factors. Their interactions with myeloid cells lead to the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which inhibit the antitumor function of T and NK cells. We demonstrated previously that EV derived from mouse and human melanoma cells induced immunosuppressive activity via increased expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on myeloid cells that was dependent on the heat-shock protein 90α (HSP90α) in EV. Here, we investigated whether soluble HSP90α could convert monocytes into MDSC. Methods CD14 monocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors, incubated with human recombinant HSP90α (rHSP90α) alone or in the presence of inhibitors of TLR4 signaling and analyzed by flow cytometry. Inhibition of T cell proliferation assay was applied to assess the immunosuppressive function of rHSP90α-treated monocytes. HSP90α levels were measured by ELISA in plasma of patients with advanced melanoma and correlated with clinical outcome. Results We found that the incubation of monocytes with rHSP90α resulted in a strong upregulation of PD-L1 expression, whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production as well as the expression of arginase-1, ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 remained unchanged. The PD-L1 upregulation was blocked by anti-TLR4 antibodies and a nuclear factor-κB inhibitor. rHSP90α-treated monocytes displayed the downregulation of HLA-DR expression and acquired the resistance to apoptosis. Moreover, these monocytes were converted into MDSC as indicated by their capacity to inhibit T cell proliferation, which was mediated by TLR4 signaling as well as PD-L1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) 1 expression. Higher levels of HSP90α in plasma of patients with melanoma correlated with augmented PD-L1 expression on circulating monocytic (M)-MDSC. Patients with melanoma with high levels of HSP90α displayed shorter progression-free survival (PFS) on the treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that soluble rHSP90α increased the resistance of normal human monocytes to apoptosis and converted them into immunosuppressive MDSC via TLR4 signaling that stimulated PD-L1 and IDO-1 expression. Furthermore, patients with melanoma with high concentrations of HSP90α displayed increased PD-L1 expression on M-MDSC and reduced PFS after ICI therapy, suggesting HSP90α as a promising therapeutic target for overcoming immunosuppression in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Arkhypov
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Feyza Gül Özbay Kurt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rebekka Bitsch
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vera Petrova
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Samantha Lasser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Groth
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alisa Lepper
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Hu
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology and the USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Southern California Keck Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany .,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DFKZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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Sun X, Wang X, Yan C, Zheng S, Gao R, Huang F, Wei Y, Wen Z, Chen Y, Zhou X, Liu X, Chen B, Shen Y, Cai Y, Pan N, Wang L. Tumor cell-released LC3-positive EVs promote lung metastasis of breast cancer through enhancing premetastatic niche formation. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3405-3416. [PMID: 35879596 PMCID: PMC9530874 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most breast cancer–related deaths are caused by metastasis in vital organs including the lungs. Development of supportive metastatic microenvironments, referred to as premetastatic niches (PMNs), in certain distant organs before arrival of metastatic cells, is critical in metastasis. However, the mechanisms of PMN formation are not fully clear. Here, we demonstrated that chemoattractant C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) could be stimulated by heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) on the surface of murine 4 T1 breast cancer cell–released LC3+ extracellular vesicles (LC3+ EVs) via the TLR2‐MyD88‐NF‐κB signal cascade in lung fibroblasts, which subsequently promoted lung PMN formation through recruiting monocytes and suppressing T cell function. Consistently, reduction of LC3+ EV release or HSP60 level or neutralization of CCL2 markedly attenuated PMN formation and lung metastasis. Furthermore, the number of circulating LC3+ EVs and HSP60 level on LC3+ EVs in the plasma of breast cancer patients were positively correlated with disease progression and lung metastasis, which might have potential value as biomarkers of lung metastasis in breast cancer patients (AUC = 0.898, 0.694, respectively). These findings illuminate a novel mechanism of PMN formation and might provide therapeutic targets for anti‐metastasis therapy for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuru Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunguang Yan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiya Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiting Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhifa Wen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohe Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueming Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bohao Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlang Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Pan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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19
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IL-6 secretion of CD4+ T cells stimulated by LC3-positive extracellular vesicles in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:2222-2230. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Chen YQ, Zheng L, Zhou J, Wang P, Wang L, Zhang Y, Man ZS, Chen YH, Gu F, Niu GP. Evaluation of plasma LC3B+extracellular vesicles as a potential novel diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Di Lorenzo A, Bolli E, Ruiu R, Ferrauto G, Di Gregorio E, Avalle L, Savino A, Poggio P, Merighi IF, Riccardo F, Brancaccio M, Quaglino E, Cavallo F, Conti L. Toll-like receptor 2 promotes breast cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2086752. [PMID: 35756841 PMCID: PMC9225225 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2086752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the main drivers of disease progression and chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer. Tumor progression and chemoresistance might then be prevented by CSC-targeted therapies. We previously demonstrated that Toll-like Receptor (TLR)2 is overexpressed in CSCs and fuels their self-renewal. Here, we show that high TLR2 expression is linked to poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, therefore representing a candidate target for breast cancer treatment. By using a novel mammary cancer-prone TLR2KO mouse model, we demonstrate that TLR2 is required for CSC pool maintenance and for regulatory T cell induction. Accordingly, cancer-prone TLR2KO mice display delayed tumor onset and increased survival. Transplantation of TLR2WT and TLR2KO cancer cells in either TLR2WT or TLR2KO hosts shows that tumor initiation is mostly sustained by TLR2 expression in cancer cells. TLR2 host deficiency partially impairs cancer cell growth, implying a pro-tumorigenic effect of TLR2 expression in immune cells. Finally, we demonstrate that doxorubicin-induced release of HMGB1 activates TLR2 signaling in cancer cells, leading to a chemotherapy-resistant phenotype. Unprecedented use of TLR2 inhibitors in vivo reduces tumor growth and potentiates doxorubicin efficacy with no negative impact on the host immune system, opening new perspectives for the treatment of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Di Lorenzo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bolli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Ruiu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enza Di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lidia Avalle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Poggio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Fiore Merighi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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22
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Ruiu R, Di Lorenzo A, Cavallo F, Conti L. Are Cancer Stem Cells a Suitable Target for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy? Front Oncol 2022; 12:877384. [PMID: 35530300 PMCID: PMC9069673 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence to suggest that complete tumor eradication relies on the effective elimination of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs have been widely described as mediators of resistance to conventional therapies, including chemo- and radiotherapy, as well as of tumor metastasization and relapse in different tumor types, including breast cancer. However, the resistant phenotype of CSCs makes their targeting a tough task, and immunotherapy may therefore be an interesting option. Nevertheless, although immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer treatment have generated great enthusiasm due to recent success in clinics, breast cancer treatment mostly relies on standard approaches. In this context, we review the existing literature on the immunological properties of breast CSC and immunotherapeutic approaches to them. We will thus attempt to clarify whether there is room for the immunotargeting of breast CSCs in the current landscape of breast cancer therapies. Finally, we will provide our opinion on the CSC-targeting immunotherapeutic strategies that could prospectively be attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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23
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Wang BZ, Luo L, Vunjak-Novakovic G. RNA and Protein Delivery by Cell-Secreted and Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101557. [PMID: 34706168 PMCID: PMC8891029 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are carriers of biological signals through export and delivery of RNAs and proteins. Of increasing interest is the use of EVs as a platform for delivery of biomolecules. Preclinical studies have effectively used EVs to treat a number of diseases. Uniquely, endogenous machinery within cells can be manipulated in order to produce desirable loading of cargo within secreted EVs. In order to inform the development of such approaches, an understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which cargo is sorted to EVs is required. Here, the current knowledge of cargo sorting within EVs is reviewed. Here is given an overview of recent bioengineering approaches that leverage these advances. Methods of externally manipulating EV cargo are also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the current challenges of EVs as a drug delivery platform is offered. It is proposed that standardized bioengineering methods for therapeutic EV preparation will be required to create a well-defined clinical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Z. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Lori Luo
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
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24
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Aoki T, Nishida N, Kudo M. Current Perspectives on the Immunosuppressive Niche and Role of Fibrosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Development of Antitumor Immunity. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:53-81. [PMID: 34751050 PMCID: PMC8721576 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211056853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become the mainstay of treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, they are ineffective in some cases. Previous studies have reported that genetic alterations in oncogenic pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin are the important triggers in HCC for primary refractoriness. T-cell exhaustion has been reported in various tumors and is likely to play a prominent role in the emergence of HCC due to chronic inflammation and cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction. Immunosuppressive cells including regulatory T-cells and tumor-associated macrophages infiltrating the tumor are associated with hyperprogressive disease in the early stages of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. In addition, stellate cells and tumor-associated fibroblasts create an abundant desmoplastic environment by producing extracellular matrix. This strongly contributes to epithelial to mesenchymal transition via signaling activities including transforming growth factor beta, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hippo pathway. The abundant desmoplastic environment has been demonstrated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma to suppress cytotoxic T-cell infiltration, PD-L1 expression, and neoantigen expression, resulting in a highly immunosuppressive niche. It is possible that a similar immunosuppressive environment is created in HCC with advanced fibrosis in the background liver. Although sufficient understanding is required for the establishment of immune therapies of HCC, further investigations are still required in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Aoki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Nishida
- Naoshi Nishida, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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25
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Chen S, Yu Q, Zhou S. Plasmatic Levels of HSP90α at Diagnosis: A Novel Prognostic Indicator of Clinical Outcome in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients Treated With PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors Plus Chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:765115. [PMID: 34926266 PMCID: PMC8678125 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.765115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was set to investigate the prognostic role of plasmatic levels of heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90α) at diagnosis in advanced lung cancer patients treated with Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/Programmed cell death-Ligand protein 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors plus chemotherapy. Methods A total of 137 advanced lung cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy admitted to the Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital were enrolled in this study. Smooth curve fitting was conducted to address the nonlinearity of HSP90α and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). We calculated the inflection point using a recursive algorithm. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to assess the prognostic value of HSP90α for PFS and OS. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between high HSP90α and disease progression and death risk. Results The average age of patients was 58.6 ± 9.8 years, and 73.7% of them were men. We divided patients according to their plasmatic levels of HSP90α into low (HSP90α <52.7 ng/ml) group and high (HSP90α ≥52.7 ng/ml) group. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a shorter PFS and OS for the high group with log-rank P < 0.05. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that high HSP90α was associated with an increased risk of disease progression and death after fully adjusting potential confounders with hazard ratio (HR) 1.8 (95% CI = 1.0–3.2) and HR 2.4 (95% CI = 1.1–5.1), respectively (P < 0.05). After stratification by subgroup analysis, the relationship between high HSP90α and the risk of disease progression and death was consistent across all patient subgroups. Conclusion Plasmatic levels of HSP90α at diagnosis can be considered a potential independent prognostic marker of advanced lung cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy. A further large-scale prospective validation study is needed to determine whether these results are widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Chen
- Medical Oncology of Respiratory, Guangxi Cancer Hospital and Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Qitao Yu
- Medical Oncology of Respiratory, Guangxi Cancer Hospital and Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Shaozhang Zhou
- Medical Oncology of Respiratory, Guangxi Cancer Hospital and Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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Albakova Z, Mangasarova Y. The HSP Immune Network in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:796493. [PMID: 34917098 PMCID: PMC8669653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.796493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones which support tumor development by regulating various cellular processes including unfolded protein response, mitochondrial bioenergetics, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, cancer cell stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor immunity. Apart from their intracellular activities, HSPs have also distinct extracellular functions. However, the role that HSP chaperones play in the regulation of immune responses inside and outside the cell is not yet clear. Herein, we explore the intracellular and extracellular immunologic functions of HSPs in cancer. A broader understanding of how HSPs modulate immune responses may provide critical insights for the development of effective immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarema Albakova
- Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Intestinal Intervention Strategy Targeting Myeloid Cells to Improve Hepatic Immunity during Hepatocarcinoma Development. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111633. [PMID: 34829862 PMCID: PMC8615385 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity in the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in hepatocarcinoma (HCC) progression. Plant seeds provide serine-type protease inhibitors (SETIs), which can have a significant influence on liver inflammation and macrophage function. To elucidate the influence of SETIs to counter pro-tumorigenic conditions, at the early stages of HCC development, it was used as an established model of diethylnitrosamine/thioacetamide-injured liver fed with a standard diet (STD) or high-fat diet (42%) (HFD). The administration of SETIs improved survival and ameliorated tumor burden via modulation of monocyte-derived macrophages as key effectors involved in diet-induced HCC development. RT-qPCR analyses of hepatic tissue evidenced a diet-independent downregulatory effect of SETIs on the transcripts of CD36, FASN, ALOX15, and SREBP1c; however, animals fed with an STD showed opposing effects for PPAR and NRLP3 levels. These effects were accompanied by a decreased production of IL-6 and IL-17 but increased that of TNF in animals receiving SETIs. Moreover, only animals fed an HFD displayed increased concentrations of the stem cell factor. Overall, SETIs administration decreased the hepatic contents of lysophosphatydilcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Notably, animals that received SETIs exhibited increased hepatic proportions of CD68+CX3CR1+CD74+ cells and at a higher rate in those animals fed an HFD. Altogether, the data evidence that oral administration of SETIs modulates the tumor microenvironment, improving hepatic innate immune response(s) and favoring a better antitumoral environment. It represents a path forward in developing coadjutant strategies to pharmacological therapies, with either a preventive or therapeutic character, to counter physiopathological conditions at early stages of HCC development.
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Abstract
The immune (innate and adaptive) system has evolved to protect the host from any danger present in the surrounding outer environment (microbes and associated MAMPs or PAMPs, xenobiotics, and allergens) and dangers originated within the host called danger or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and recognizing and clearing the cells dying due to apoptosis. It also helps to lower the tissue damage during trauma and initiates the healing process. The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in recognizing different PAMPs or MAMPs and DAMPs to initiate the pro-inflammatory immune response to clear them. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are first recognized PRRs and their discovery proved milestone in the field of immunology as it filled the gap between the first recognition of the pathogen by the immune system and the initiation of the appropriate immune response required to clear the infection by innate immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells or DCs, and mast cells). However, in addition to their expression by innate immune cells and controlling their function, TLRs are also expressed by adaptive immune cells. We have identified 10 TLRs (TLR1-TLR10) in humans and 12 TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) in laboratory mice till date as TLR10 in mice is present only as a defective pseudogene. The present chapter starts with the introduction of innate immunity, timing of TLR evolution, and the evolution of adaptive immune system and its receptors (T cell receptors or TCRs and B cell receptors or BCRs). The next section describes the role of TLRs in the innate immune function and signaling involved in the generation of inflammation. The subsequent sections describe the expression and function of different TLRs in murine and human adaptive immune cells (B cells and different types of T cells, including CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, CD4+CD25+Tregs, and CD8+CD25+Tregs, etc.). The modulation of TLRs expressed on T and B cells has a great potential to develop different vaccine candidates, adjuvants, immunotherapies to target various microbial infections, including current COVID-19 pandemic, cancers, and autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, USA.
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Qiao Y, Liu C, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Li Y, Xu Y, Gao Z, Xu Y, Kong L, Yang A, Mei M, Ren Y, Wang X, Zhou X. PD-L2 based immune signature confers poor prognosis in HNSCC. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1947569. [PMID: 34377590 PMCID: PMC8344752 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1947569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-L2 expression is an important predictor of anti-PD-1 therapy efficacy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, whether the PD-L2-based immune signature can serve as a prognostic biomarker for patients with HNSCC remains unclear. Here, we reported that PD-L2 was positively stained in 62.7% of tumors, which was more than twice as that of PD-L1, and in 61.4% of patients with PD-L1-negative tumors. Survival tree analysis (STA) revealed that PD-L2high was an independent predictor of poor overall survival (OS). Six patterns were generated from STA, demonstrating that patients with PD-L2lowCD3high were associated with an improved median OS of 72 months and prognostic index (PI) of -3.95 (95% CI, -5.14 to -2.76), whereas patients with PD-L2highCD3lowCD8low to a median OS of 10 months and PI of 1.43 (95% CI, 0.56 to 2.30). Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing showed that PD-L2 expression was associated with IL-6 expression. We confirmed that IL-6 augments PD-L2 expression in HNSCC cell lines. The PD-L2-based immune signature can serve as an effective biomarker for anti-PD-1 therapy. In addition, PD-L2 may serve as a potential immunotherapeutic target, and we propose anti-IL6 therapy in the adjuvant setting for patients with HNSCC with high PD-L2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiao
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yatian Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yini Xu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyue Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiqi Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingping Kong
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Aifeng Yang
- Department of Second General Surgery, Shuangyashan People's Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mei Mei
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
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30
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Vito A, Salem O, El-Sayes N, MacFawn IP, Portillo AL, Milne K, Harrington D, Ashkar AA, Wan Y, Workenhe ST, Nelson BH, Bruno TC, Mossman KL. Immune checkpoint blockade in triple negative breast cancer influenced by B cells through myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:859. [PMID: 34253827 PMCID: PMC8275624 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer holds a dismal clinical outcome and as such, patients routinely undergo aggressive, highly toxic treatment regimens. Clinical trials for TNBC employing immune checkpoint blockade in combination with chemotherapy show modest prognostic benefit, but the percentage of patients that respond to treatment is low, and patients often succumb to relapsed disease. Here, we show that a combination immunotherapy platform utilizing low dose chemotherapy (FEC) combined with oncolytic virotherapy (oHSV-1) increases tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, in otherwise immune-bare tumors, allowing 60% of mice to achieve durable tumor regression when treated with immune checkpoint blockade. Whole-tumor RNA sequencing of mice treated with FEC + oHSV-1 shows an upregulation of B cell receptor signaling pathways and depletion of B cells prior to the start of treatment in mice results in complete loss of therapeutic efficacy and expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Additionally, RNA sequencing data shows that FEC + oHSV-1 suppresses genes associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells, a key population of cells that drive immune escape and mediate therapeutic resistance. These findings highlight the importance of tumor-infiltrating B cells as drivers of antitumor immunity and their potential role in the regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Vito
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Omar Salem
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ian P MacFawn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana L Portillo
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Katy Milne
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Ali A Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen L Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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31
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Mandhair HK, Novak U, Radpour R. Epigenetic regulation of autophagy: A key modification in cancer cells and cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:542-567. [PMID: 34249227 PMCID: PMC8246247 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i6.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic alterations play a decisive role in cancer initiation and propagation via the regulation of key tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes or by modulation of essential signaling pathways. Autophagy is a highly regulated mechanism required for the recycling and degradation of surplus and damaged cytoplasmic constituents in a lysosome dependent manner. In cancer, autophagy has a divergent role. For instance, autophagy elicits tumor promoting functions by facilitating metabolic adaption and plasticity in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and cancer cells. Moreover, autophagy exerts pro-survival mechanisms to these cancerous cells by influencing survival, dormancy, immunosurveillance, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anti-cancer therapies. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that various tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes involved in autophagy, are tightly regulated via different epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. The impact of epigenetic regulation of autophagy in cancer cells and CSCs is not well-understood. Therefore, uncovering the complex mechanism of epigenetic regulation of autophagy provides an opportunity to improve and discover novel cancer therapeutics. Subsequently, this would aid in improving clinical outcome for cancer patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge available on epigenetic regulation of autophagy and its importance in the maintenance and homeostasis of CSCs and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet K Mandhair
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Urban Novak
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
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32
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Catalán D, Mansilla MA, Ferrier A, Soto L, Oleinika K, Aguillón JC, Aravena O. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611795. [PMID: 33995344 PMCID: PMC8118522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashley Ferrier
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile (HCUCH), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Seclì L, Fusella F, Avalle L, Brancaccio M. The dark-side of the outside: how extracellular heat shock proteins promote cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4069-4083. [PMID: 33544155 PMCID: PMC8164615 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to exerting several essential house-keeping activities in the cell, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial players in a well-structured molecular program activated in response to stressful challenges. Among the different activities carried out by HSPs during emergency, they reach the extracellular milieu, from where they scout the surroundings, regulate extracellular protein activity and send autocrine and paracrine signals. Cancer cells permanently experience stress conditions due to their altered equilibrium and behaviour, and constantly secrete heat shock proteins as a result. Other than supporting anti-tumour immunity, extracellular heat shock proteins (eHSPs), can also exacerbate cancer cell growth and malignancy by sustaining different cancer hallmarks. eHSPs are implicated in extracellular matrix remodelling, resistance to apoptosis, promotion of cell migration and invasion, induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis and activation of stromal cells, supporting ultimately, metastasis dissemination. A broader understanding of eHSP activity and contribution to tumour development and progression is leading to new opportunities in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Seclì
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Federica Fusella
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lidia Avalle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Toll-Like Receptor 2 at the Crossroad between Cancer Cells, the Immune System, and the Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249418. [PMID: 33321934 PMCID: PMC7763461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expressed on myeloid cells mediates the recognition of harmful molecules belonging to invading pathogens or host damaged tissues, leading to inflammation. For this ability to activate immune responses, TLR2 has been considered a player in anti-cancer immunity. Therefore, TLR2 agonists have been used as adjuvants for anti-cancer immunotherapies. However, TLR2 is also expressed on neoplastic cells from different malignancies and promotes their proliferation through activation of the myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) pathway. Furthermore, its activation on regulatory immune cells may contribute to the generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and of the pre-metastatic niche, promoting cancer progression. Thus, TLR2 represents a double-edge sword, whose role in cancer needs to be carefully understood for the setup of effective therapies. In this review, we discuss the divergent effects induced by TLR2 activation in different immune cell populations, cancer cells, and cancer stem cells. Moreover, we analyze the stimuli that lead to its activation in the tumor microenvironment, addressing the role of danger, pathogen, and microbiota-associated molecular patterns and their modulation during cancer treatments. This information will contribute to the scientific debate on the use of TLR2 agonists or antagonists in cancer treatment and pave the way for new therapeutic avenues.
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35
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Roefs MT, Sluijter JPG, Vader P. Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Proteins in Tissue Repair. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:990-1013. [PMID: 33069512 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The administration of (stem) cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) promotes tissue repair through management of different inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling processes in the body. Despite the widely observed biological and therapeutic roles of EVs in wound healing and tissue repair, knowledge on how EVs activate recipient cells and which EV cargo is responsible for the subsequent functional effects is limited. Recent studies hint toward an important role for proteins as functional EV cargo. Here, we provide an overview of how EV-associated proteins promote tissue repair processes and discuss current challenges in evaluating their contribution to EV function and future directions for translating fundamental insights into clinically relevant EV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke T Roefs
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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36
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Peng P, Hu H, Liu P, Xu LX. Neoantigen-specific CD4 + T-cell response is critical for the therapeutic efficacy of cryo-thermal therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2019-000421. [PMID: 32938627 PMCID: PMC7497524 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional tumor thermal ablations, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryoablation, can result in good local control of tumor, but traditional tumor thermal ablations are limited by poor long-term survival due to the failure of control of distal metastasis. Our previous studies developed a novel cryo-thermal therapy to treat the B16F10 melanoma mouse model. Long-term survival and T-cell-mediated durable antitumor immunity were achieved after cryo-thermal therapy, but whether tumor antigen-specific T-cells were augmented by cryo-thermal therapy was not determined. Methods The long-term antitumor therapeutic efficacy of cryo-thermal therapy was performed in B16F10 murine melanoma models. Splenocytes derived from mice treated with RFA or cryo-thermal therapy were coincubated with tumor antigen peptides to detect the frequency of antigen specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells by flow cytometry. Splenocytes were then stimulated and expanded by αCD3 or peptides and adoptive T-cell therapy experiments were performed to identify the antitumor efficacy of T-cells induced by RFA and cryo-thermal therapy. Naïve mice and tumor-bearing mice were used as control groups. Results Local cryo-thermal therapy generated a stronger systematic antitumor immune response than RFA and a long-lasting antitumor immunity that protected against tumor rechallenge. In vitro studies showed that the antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell response was induced by both cryo-thermal therapy and RFA, but the strong neoantigen-specific CD4+ T-cell response was only induced by cryo-thermal therapy. Cryo-thermal therapy-induced strong antitumor immune response was mainly mediated by CD4+ T-cells, particularly neoantigen-specific CD4+ T-cells. Conclusion Cryo-thermal therapy induced a stronger and broader antigen-specific memory T-cells. Specifically, cryo-thermal therapy, but not RFA, led to a strong neoantigen-specific CD4+ T-cell response that mediated the resistance to tumor challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongming Hu
- Providence Portland Medical Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisa X Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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37
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Hu R, Han Q, Zhang J. STAT3: A key signaling molecule for converting cold to hot tumors. Cancer Lett 2020; 489:29-40. [PMID: 32522692 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumors can be classified as cold or hot according to the degree of immune cell infiltration into tumor tissues; cold tumors are insensitive to either chemotherapy or immunotherapy and are associated with poor prognosis. Recent studies have shown that STAT3 signaling molecules hinder the conversion of cold to hot tumors by regulating immunosuppressive molecule secretion and immunosuppressive cell functions. This review aims to present the most recent studies on how STAT3 regulates cold tumor formation and discuss its research status in cancer therapy. We also present insight for designing new therapeutic strategies to "heat" tumors and provide a reference for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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