1
|
Lee DJ, Kim JH, Lee TH, Park ME, Ahn BO, Lee SJ, Cho JY, Kim CK. Selection of Catechin Biosynthesis-Related Genes and Functional Analysis from Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly in C. sinensis L. Variety 'Sangmok'. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3634. [PMID: 38612446 PMCID: PMC11011610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Camellia is an important plant genus that includes well-known species such as C. sinensis, C. oleifera, and C. japonica. The C. sinensis cultivar 'Sangmok', one of Korea's standard types of tea landraces, is a small evergreen tree or shrub. Genome annotation has shown that Korean tea plants have special and unique benefits and superior components, such as catechin. The genome of Camellia sinensis cultivar 'Sangmok' was assembled on the chromosome level, with a length of 2678.62 Mbp and GC content of 38.16%. Further, 15 chromosome-scale scaffolds comprising 82.43% of the assembly (BUSCO completeness, 94.3%) were identified. Analysis of 68,151 protein-coding genes showed an average of 5.003 exons per gene. Among 82,481 coding sequences, the majority (99.06%) were annotated by Uniprot/Swiss-Prot. Further analysis revealed that 'Sangmok' is closely related to C. sinensis, with a divergence time of 60 million years ago. A total of 3336 exclusive gene families in 'Sangmok' were revealed by gene ontology analysis to play roles in auxin transport and cellular response mechanisms. By comparing these exclusive genes with 551 similar catechin genes, 17 'Sangmok'-specific catechin genes were identified by qRT-PCR, including those involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis and related to cytochrome P450. The 'Sangmok' genome exhibited distinctive genes compared to those of related species. This comprehensive genomic investigation enhances our understanding of the genetic architecture of 'Sangmok' and its specialized functions. The findings contribute valuable insights into the evolutionary and functional aspects of this plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Lee
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| | - Jin-Hyun Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| | - Myung-Eun Park
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| | - Byung-Ohg Ahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture (RICCA), Jeju-si 63240, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kug Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou F, Liu XY, Liu LL, Hou Y, Han Z, Zhang L. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomic analysis reveals metabolic changes of flavor compounds of Camellia assamica host plant after parasitized by Viscumarticulatum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108157. [PMID: 37939544 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most popular beverages, it has many health benefits and flavor properties due to the presence of numerous secondary metabolites. Camellia assamica is also a main source of tea, which is mainly planted in the regions of southwest China. In this study, a non-targeted and targeted metabolomics analysis and sensory evaluation on tea leaves with and without mistletoe (Viscum articulatum) was carried out using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RNA-seq-based transcriptomic analysis was conducted in parallel on the same samples, subsequently gene expression and metabolic differentiation were also investigated. Tea leaves with mistletoe presented much lower contents of (-)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-gallocatechin gallate and (-)-epicatechin gallate, but significantly higher levels of free amino acids including Arg, Asp, GABA and Gln than that without mistletoe. Transcriptomic analysis also confirmed the main differentially expressed genes (DEGs) containing phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis were down-regulated, but genes of amino acid biosynthesis were up-regulated. qRT-PCR analysis further revealed that the relative expression of CsCHS, CsC4H, CsANS, CsLAR, and CsF3H was hindered, while CsglyA and CsilvE expression was increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xu-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yan Hou
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Zisheng Han
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samarina L, Fedorina J, Kuzmina D, Malyukova L, Manakhova K, Kovalenko T, Matskiv A, Xia E, Tong W, Zhang Z, Ryndin A, Orlov YL, Khlestkina EK. Analysis of Functional Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Leaf Quality in Tea Collection under Nitrogen-Deficient Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14538. [PMID: 37833988 PMCID: PMC10572165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study discusses the genetic mutations that have a significant association with economically important traits that would benefit tea breeders. The purpose of this study was to analyze the leaf quality and SNPs in quality-related genes in the tea plant collection of 20 mutant genotypes growing without nitrogen fertilizers. Leaf N-content, catechins, L-theanine, and caffeine contents were analyzed in dry leaves via HPLC. Additionally, the photochemical yield, electron transport efficiency, and non-photochemical quenching were analyzed using PAM-fluorimetry. The next generation pooled amplicon-sequencing approach was used for SNPs-calling in 30 key genes related to N metabolism and leaf quality. The leaf N content varied significantly among genotypes (p ≤ 0.05) from 2.3 to 3.7% of dry mass. The caffeine content varied from 0.7 to 11.7 mg g-1, and the L-theanine content varied from 0.2 to 5.8 mg g-1 dry leaf mass. Significant positive correlations were detected between the nitrogen content and biochemical parameters such as theanine, caffeine, and most of the catechins. However, significant negative correlations were observed between the photosynthetic parameters (Y, ETR, Fv/Fm) and several biochemical compounds, including rutin, Quercetin-3-O-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, Theaflavin-3'-gallate, gallic acid. From our SNP-analysis, three SNPs in WRKY57 were detected in all genotypes with a low N content. Moreover, 29 SNPs with a high or moderate effect were specific for #316 (high N-content, high quality) or #507 (low N-content, low quality). The use of a linear regression model revealed 16 significant associations; theaflavin, L-theanine, and ECG were associated with several SNPs of the following genes: ANSa, DFRa, GDH2, 4CL, AlaAT1, MYB4, LHT1, F3'5'Hb, UFGTa. Among them, seven SNPs of moderate effect led to changes in the amino acid contents in the final proteins of the following genes: ANSa, GDH2, 4Cl, F3'5'Hb, UFGTa. These results will be useful for further evaluations of the important SNPs and will help to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of nitrogen uptake efficiency in tree crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Samarina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Jaroslava Fedorina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Daria Kuzmina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Lyudmila Malyukova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Karina Manakhova
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Tatyana Kovalenko
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexandra Matskiv
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Enhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (E.X.)
| | - Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (E.X.)
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (E.X.)
| | - Alexey Ryndin
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Yuriy L. Orlov
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena K. Khlestkina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 196632 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu G, Huang K, Ke J, Chen C, Bao GH, Wan X. Novel Camellia sinensis O-Methyltransferase Regulated by CsMADSL1 Specifically Methylates EGCG in Cultivar "GZMe4". JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6706-6716. [PMID: 37094255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-O-(4-O-methyl)gallate (EGCG4″Me) in Camellia sinensis possesses numerous beneficial biological activities. However, the germplasm rich in EGCG4″Me and the O-methyltransferase responsible for EGCG4″Me biosynthesis are poorly understood. Herein, the content of EGCG3″Me and EGCG4″Me in the shoots of 13 cultivars was analyzed to demonstrate that EGCG4″Me is characteristically accumulated in the "GZMe4" cultivar but not in the other 12 cultivars. A novel O-methyltransferase (CsOMTL1) was identified from "GZMe4" using RNA-Seq and correlation analysis. Using the recombinant enzyme, EGCG4″Me was synthesized in vitro. Overexpression of CsOMTL1 via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation caused constitutive accumulation of EGCG4″Me in C. sinensis callus. Moreover, the transcription factor CsMADSL1 localized in the nucleus activated the transcription of CsOMTL1 and specifically interacted with its promoter. Hence, our study identified a novel O-methyltransferase that characteristically catalyzes the synthesis of EGCG4″Me and a positive regulator of EGCG4″Me synthesis in "GZMe4", which might provide a strategy for the breeding of a tea cultivar rich in EGCG4″Me.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kelin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiaping Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chenhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi S, Wei Y, Lin X, Liang H, Zhang S, Chen Y, Dong L, Ji C. Microbial metabolic transformation and antioxidant activity evaluation of polyphenols in kombucha. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
6
|
D’Auria JC, Cohen SP, Leung J, Glockzin K, Glockzin KM, Gervay-Hague J, Zhang D, Meinhardt LW. United States tea: A synopsis of ongoing tea research and solutions to United States tea production issues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:934651. [PMID: 36212324 PMCID: PMC9538180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.934651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a steeped beverage made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. Globally, this healthy, caffeine-containing drink is one of the most widely consumed beverages. At least 50 countries produce tea and most of the production information and tea research is derived from international sources. Here, we discuss information related to tea production, genetics, and chemistry as well as production issues that affect or are likely to affect emerging tea production and research in the United States. With this review, we relay current knowledge on tea production, threats to tea production, and solutions to production problems to inform this emerging market in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C. D’Auria
- Metabolic Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Stephen P. Cohen
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jason Leung
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Kayla Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Mark Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lyndel W. Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dai Y, Yang R, Yan Y, Wu Y, Meng X, Yang A, Wu Z, Shi L, Li X, Chen H. Digestive stability and transport ability changes of β-lactoglobulin–catechin complexes by M cell model in vitro. Front Nutr 2022; 9:955135. [PMID: 36071941 PMCID: PMC9441877 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.955135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current research on interaction between catechin and protein has focused on non-covalent crosslinking, however, the mechanism of free radical-induced crosslinking between catechin and β-lactoglobulin (BLG) is not known. In this study, BLG bound to four catechins [epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)]. The structure change of complex was investigated by circular dichroism spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and Acid and 8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence spectroscopy. M cell model was constructed to evaluate the transintestinal epithelial transport capacity of complex digestive products. The results showed that catechins were covalently bound to BLG by C-S and C-N bonds and their binding content was EGCG>EGC>ECG>EC. Moreover, catechins could change the secondary structure of BLG, with the decrease of α-helix and reduction of the irregular coilings, which leads to the loose spatial structure of the protein. Moreover, the catechin could enhance further the digestibility of BLG. Transport capacity of digestive products of M cell model was about twice of that of the Caco-2 cell model, indicating that M cell model had better antigen transport capacity. The difference between groups indicated that the transport efficiency of digestive products was decreased with the presence of catechin, in which BLG-EGCG and BLG-EGC groups were transported more strong than those of BLG-EC and BLG-ECG groups. The transport efficiency of BLG-catechin complexes were lower than that of BLG, indicating that catechin had the protective and repair roles on intestinal barrier permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruoting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuanyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linbo Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Li,
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Response of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Fruit to Light Days. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158357. [PMID: 35955513 PMCID: PMC9369206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is the key factor affecting the synthesis of anthocyanins in pepper. In this study, pepper fruit under different light days was used as experimental material to explore the synthesis of anthocyanins in purple pepper. A total of 38 flavonoid metabolites were identified in the purple pepper germplasm HNUCA21 by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), of which 30 belong to anthocyanins. The detected anthocyanin with the highest content was Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (17.13 µg/g), which reached the maximum after 168 h of light treatment. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), the brown module was identified to be related to the early synthesis of anthocyanins. This module contains many structural genes related to flavonoid synthesis, including chalcone synthase (CHS 107871256, 107864266), chalcone isomerase (CHI 107871144, 107852750), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR 107860031), flavonoid 3′ 5′-hydroxylase (F3’5’H 107848667), flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase (F3M 107862334), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX 107866341), and trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (TCM 107875406, 107875407). The module also contained some genes related to anthocyanin transport function, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST 107861273), anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UDPGT 107861697, 107843659), and MATE (107863234, 107844661), as well as some transcription factors, such as EGL1 (107865400), basic helix-loop-helix 104 (bHLH104 107864591), and WRKY44 (107843538, 107843524). The co-expression regulatory network indicated the involvement of CHS, DFR, CHI, and EGL1, as well as two MATE and two WRKY44 genes in anthocyanin synthesis. The identified genes involved in early, middle, and late light response provided a reference for the further analysis of the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepper.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang L, Tang X, Zhang S, Xie X, Li M, Liu Y, Wang S. Tea GOLDEN2- LIKE genes enhance catechin biosynthesis through activating R2R3-MYB transcription factor. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac117. [PMID: 35937860 PMCID: PMC9347013 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of catechins, a major type of flavonoids accumulated in tea, is mediated by developmental cues and environmental stimuli. Light enhances but shading treatment reduces catechin accumulation in tea leaves. However, the transcription factors involved in light-mediated catechin biosynthesis remain to be identified. Two GOLDEN2 LIKE genes from tea plant (CsGLK1 and CsGLK2) were isolated and characterized in both tomato and tea plants. Transcripts of both CsGLK1 and CsGLK2 were affected by light intensity in tea plants. Overexpression of CsGLK1 and CsGLK2 promoted chloroplast development and carotenoid accumulation in tomato fruits. An integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approach revealed that both catechin content and related biosynthetic genes were upregulated in CsGLK-overexpressing tomato leaves. Our further studies in tea plants indicated that CsGLKs directly regulate the transcription of CsMYB5b, a transcription factor involved in catechin biosynthesis. Suppression of CsGLKs in tea leaves led to the reduction of both CsMYB5b expression and catechin accumulation. Taken together, the results show that CsGLKs are involved in light-regulated catechin accumulation in tea plants by regulating expression of CsMYB5b and have great potential for enhancing the accumulation of both carotenoids and flavonoids in fruits of horticultural crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihuan Wang
- School of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Xiang Xie
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Mengfei Li
- School of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luo Y, Huang XX, Song XF, Wen BB, Xie NC, Wang KB, Huang JA, Liu ZH. Identification of a WRKY transcriptional activator from Camellia sinensis that regulates methylated EGCG biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac024. [PMID: 35184160 PMCID: PMC9071374 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring methylated catechins, especially methylated EGCG in tea leaves are known to have many health benefits. Although the genes involved in methylated EGCG biosynthesis have been studied extensively, the transcriptional factors controlling methylated EGCG biosynthesis are still poorly understood. In the present study, a WRKY domain-containing protein termed CsWRKY57like was identified, which belongs to group IIc of the WRKY family, and contains one conserved WRKY motif. CsWRKY57like was found to localize in the nucleus, function as a transcriptional activator, and its expression positively correlated with methylated EGCG level. In addition, CsWRKY57like activated the transcription of three genes related to methylated EGCG biosynthesis, including CCoAOMT, CsLAR, and CsDFR by specifically interacting with their promoters via binding to the cis-acting element (C/T)TGAC(T/C). Further assays revealed that CsWRKY57like physically interacts with CsVQ4, and participates in the metabolic regulation of O-methylated catechin biosynthesis. Collectively, we conclude that CsWRKY57like may positively impact the biosynthesis of methylated EGCG in the tea plant, which comprehensively enriches the regulatory network of WRKY TFs associated with methylated EGCG and provide a potential strategy for the breeding of specific tea plant cultivars with high methylated EGCG .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, 423000, China
| | - Xiang-xiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education & National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiao-feng Song
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education & National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Bei-bei Wen
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025
| | - Nian-ci Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education & National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Kun-bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education & National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jian-an Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education & National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhong-hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education & National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krishnatreya DB, Agarwala N, Gill SS, Bandyopadhyay T. Understanding the role of miRNAs for improvement of tea quality and stress tolerance. J Biotechnol 2021; 328:34-46. [PMID: 33421509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an emerging class of small non-coding RNAs that exhibit important role in regulation of gene expression, mostly through the mechanism of cleavage and/or inhibition of translation of target mRNAs during or after transcription. Although much has been unravelled about the role of miRNAs in diverse biological processes like maintenance of functional integrity of genes and genome, growth and development, metabolism, and adaptive responses towards biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, not much is known on their specific roles in majority of cash crops - an area of investigation with potentially significant and gainful economic implications. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is globally the second most consumed beverage after water and its cultivation has major agro-economic and social ramifications. In recent years, global tea production has been greatly challenged by many biotic and abiotic stress factors and a deeper understanding of molecular processes regulating stress adaptation in this largely under investigated crop stands to significantly facilitate potential crop improvement strategies towards durable stress tolerance. This review endeavours to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the role of miRNAs in regulating stress tolerance traits in tea plant with additional focus on their role in determining tea quality attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niraj Agarwala
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India.
| | - Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Center for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Samarina L, Matskiv A, Simonyan T, Koninskaya N, Malyarovskaya V, Gvasaliya M, Malyukova L, Tsaturyan G, Mytdyeva A, Martinez-Montero ME, Choudhary R, Ryndin A. Biochemical and Genetic Responses of Tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Microplants under Mannitol-Induced Osmotic Stress In Vitro. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121795. [PMID: 33348920 PMCID: PMC7766420 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osmotic stress is a major factor reducing the growth and yield of many horticultural crops worldwide. To reveal reliable markers of tolerant genotypes, we need a comprehensive understanding of the responsive mechanisms in crops. In vitro stress induction can be an efficient tool to study the mechanisms of responses in plants to help gain a better understanding of the physiological and genetic responses of plant tissues against each stress factor. In the present study, the osmotic stress was induced by addition of mannitol into the culture media to reveal biochemical and genetic responses of tea microplants. The contents of proline, threonine, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate were increased in leaves during mannitol treatment. The expression level of several genes, namely DHN2, LOX1, LOX6, BAM, SUS1, TPS11, RS1, RS2, and SnRK1.3, was elevated by 2–10 times under mannitol-induced osmotic stress, while the expression of many other stress-related genes was not changed significantly. Surprisingly, down-regulation of the following genes, viz. bHLH12, bHLH7, bHLH21, bHLH43, CBF1, WRKY2, SWEET1, SWEET2, SWEET3, INV5, and LOX7, was observed. During this study, two major groups of highly correlated genes were observed. The first group included seven genes, namely CBF1, DHN3, HXK2,SnRK1.1, SPS, SWEET3, and SWEET1. The second group comprised eight genes, viz. DHN2, SnRK1.3, HXK3, RS1, RS2,LOX6, SUS4, and BAM5. A high level of correlation indicates the high strength connection of the genes which can be co-expressed or can be linked to the joint regulons. The present study demonstrates that tea plants develop several adaptations to cope under osmotic stress in vitro; however, some important stress-related genes were silent or downregulated in microplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Samarina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +79-66-7709038
| | - Alexandra Matskiv
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Taisiya Simonyan
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Natalia Koninskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Valentina Malyarovskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Maya Gvasaliya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Lyudmila Malyukova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Gregory Tsaturyan
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alfiya Mytdyeva
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Marcos Edel Martinez-Montero
- Department of Plant Breeding and Plant Conservation, Bioplantas Center, University of Ciego de Avila, Ciego de Avila 65200, Cuba;
| | - Ravish Choudhary
- Division of Seed Science and Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Alexey Ryndin
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi 354002, Russia; (A.M.); (T.S.); (N.K.); (V.M.); (M.G.); (L.M.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Integrated Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal a Regulatory Network of Anthocyanin Metabolism Contributing to the Ornamental Value in a Novel Hybrid Cultivar of Camellia Japonica. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121724. [PMID: 33297392 PMCID: PMC7762260 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Camellia japonica is a plant species with great ornamental and gardening values. A novel hybrid cultivar Chunjiang Hongxia (Camellia japonica cv. Chunjiang Hongxia, CH) possesses vivid red leaves from an early growth stage to a prolonged period and is, therefore, commercially valuable. The molecular mechanism underlying this red-leaf phenotype in C. japonica cv. CH is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the leaf coloration process, photosynthetic pigments contents, and different types of anthocyanin compounds in three growth stages of the hybrid cultivar CH and its parental cultivars. The gene co-expression network and differential expression analysis from the transcriptome data indicated that the changes of leaf color were strongly correlated to the anthocyanin metabolic processes in different leaf growth stages. Genes with expression patterns associated with leaf color changes were also discussed. Together, physiological and transcriptomic analyses uncovered the regulatory network of metabolism processes involved in the modulation of the ornamentally valuable red-leaf phenotype and provided the potential candidate genes for future molecular breeding of ornamental plants such as Camellia japonica.
Collapse
|
14
|
Anthony BM, Chaparro JM, Prenni JE, Minas IS. Early metabolic priming under differing carbon sufficiency conditions influences peach fruit quality development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:416-431. [PMID: 33202321 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crop load management is an important preharvest factor to balance yield, quality, and maturation in peach. However, few studies have addressed how preharvest factors impact metabolism on fruit of equal maturity. An experiment was conducted to understand how carbon competition impacts fruit internal quality and metabolism in 'Cresthaven' peach trees by imposing distinct thinning severities. Fruit quality was evaluated at three developmental stages (S2, S3, S4), while controlling for equal maturity using non-destructive visual to near-infrared spectroscopy. Non-targeted metabolite profiling was used to characterize fruit at each developmental stage from trees that were unthinned (carbon starvation) or thinned (carbon sufficiency). Carbon sufficiency resulted in significantly higher fruit dry matter content and soluble solids concentration at harvest when compared to the carbon starved, underscoring the true impact of carbon manipulation on fruit quality. Significant differences in the fruit metabolome between treatments were observed at S2 when phenotypes were similar, while less differences were observed at S4 when the carbon sufficient fruit exhibited a superior phenotype. This suggests a potential metabolic priming effect on fruit quality when carbon is sufficiently supplied during early fruit growth and development. In particular, elevated levels of catechin may suggest a link between secondary/primary metabolism and fruit quality development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendon M Anthony
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ioannis S Minas
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tan L, Jin Z, Ge Y, Nadeem H, Cheng Z, Azeem F, Zhan R. Comprehensive ESI-Q TRAP-MS/MS based characterization of metabolome of two mango (Mangifera indica L) cultivars from China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20017. [PMID: 33208758 PMCID: PMC7676270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols based bioactive compounds from vegetables and fruits are known for impressive antioxidant activity. Ingestion of these antioxidants may promote human health against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mango is a popular tropical fruit with special taste, high nutritional value and health-enhancing metabolites. The aim was to investigate the diversity of phytochemicals between two mango cultivars of china at three stages of fruit maturity. We used ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS approach to characterize comprehensively the metabolome of two mango cultivars named Hongguifei (HGF) and Tainong (TN). HPLC was used to quantify selected catechin based phenolic compounds. Moreover, real-time qPCR was used to study the expression profiles of two key genes (ANR and LAR) involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis from catechins and derivatives. A total of 651 metabolites were identified, which include at least 257 phenolic compounds. Higher number of metabolites were differentially modulated in peel as compared to pulp. Overall, the relative quantities of amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, and other metabolites were increased in the pulp of TN cultivar. While the contents of phenolic compounds were relatively higher in HGF cultivar. Moreover, HPLC based quantification of catechin and derivatives exhibited cultivar specific variations. The ANR and LAR genes exhibited an opposite expression profile in both cultivars. Current study is the first report of numerous metabolites including catechin-based derivatives in mango fruit. These findings open novel possibilities for the use of mango as a source of bioactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yu Ge
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Habibullah Nadeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhihao Cheng
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Rulin Zhan
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fulvic acid ameliorates drought stress-induced damage in tea plants by regulating the ascorbate metabolism and flavonoids biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:411. [PMID: 32552744 PMCID: PMC7301537 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fulvic acid (FA) is a kind of plant growth regulator, which can promote plant growth, play an important role in fighting against drought, improve plant stress resistance, increase production and improve quality. However, the function of FA in tea plants during drought stress remain largely unknown. Results Here, we examined the effects of 0.1 g/L FA on genes and metabolites in tea plants at different periods of drought stress using transcriptomics and metabolomics profiles. Totally, 30,702 genes and 892 metabolites were identified. Compared with controlled groups, 604 and 3331 differentially expressed metabolite genes (DEGs) were found in FA-treated tea plants at 4 days and 8 days under drought stress, respectively; 54 and 125 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were also found at two time points, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DEGs and DEMs participated in diverse biological processes such as ascorbate metabolism (GME, AO, ALDH and L-ascorbate), glutathione metabolism (GST, G6PDH, glutathione reduced form and CYS-GYL), and flavonoids biosynthesis (C4H, CHS, F3’5’H, F3H, kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin). Moreover, the results of co-expression analysis showed that the interactions of identified DEGs and DEMs diversely involved in ascorbate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and flavonoids biosynthesis, indicating that FA may be involved in the regulation of these processes during drought stress. Conclusion The results indicated that FA enhanced the drought tolerance of tea plants by (i) enhancement of the ascorbate metabolism, (ii) improvement of the glutathione metabolism, as well as (iii) promotion of the flavonoids biosynthesis that significantly improved the antioxidant defense of tea plants during drought stress. This study not only confirmed the main strategies of FA to protect tea plants from drought stress, but also deepened the understanding of the complex molecular mechanism of FA to deal with tea plants to better avoid drought damage.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ku YS, Ng MS, Cheng SS, Lo AWY, Xiao Z, Shin TS, Chung G, Lam HM. Understanding the Composition, Biosynthesis, Accumulation and Transport of Flavonoids in Crops for the Promotion of Crops as Healthy Sources of Flavonoids for Human Consumption. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061717. [PMID: 32521660 PMCID: PMC7352743 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds that naturally occur in plants. Sub-groups of flavonoids include flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, anthocyanidin, flavanol and isoflavone. The various modifications on flavonoid molecules further increase the diversity of flavonoids. Certain crops are famous for being enriched in specific flavonoids. For example, anthocyanins, which give rise to a purplish color, are the characteristic compounds in berries; flavanols are enriched in teas; and isoflavones are uniquely found in several legumes. It is widely accepted that the antioxidative properties of flavonoids are beneficial for human health. In this review, we summarize the classification of the different sub-groups of flavonoids based on their molecular structures. The health benefits of flavonoids are addressed from the perspective of their molecular structures. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are compared among different crops to highlight the mechanisms that lead to the differential accumulation of different sub-groups of flavonoids. In addition, the mechanisms and genes involved in the transport and accumulation of flavonoids in crops are discussed. We hope the understanding of flavonoid accumulation in crops will guide the proper balance in their consumption to improve human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shan Ku
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Ming-Sin Ng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Sau-Shan Cheng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Annie Wing-Yi Lo
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhixia Xiao
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Tai-Sun Shin
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7302 (G.C.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7302 (G.C.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Transformation of catechins into theaflavins by upregulation of CsPPO3 in preharvest tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves exposed to shading treatment. Food Res Int 2020; 129:108842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Rana A, Kumar S. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Delivery of Major Tea Constituents. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41838-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
20
|
Xu X, Pan J, He M, Tian H, Qi X, Xu Q, Chen X. Transcriptome profiling reveals key genes related to astringency during cucumber fruit development. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:390. [PMID: 31656728 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to provide quantitative data on the catechin contents and underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms in cucumber during fruit development. The dynamic changes in the total catechin contents and RNA-seq-based transcriptome profiling of the flesh and peel of the cucumber cultivar 'YanBai', which is strongly astringent, were examined at three key developmental stages 3, 6 and 9 days post-pollination. The total catechin content decreased as cucumber fruit developed and was significantly lower in the flesh than in the peel. In total, 5092 and 4004 genes were found to be differently expressed in the peel and flesh, respectively. Based on a functional annotation, eight structural genes encode enzymes involved in the catechin biosynthesis pathway. Three genes encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligases, two genes encoding chalcone isomerases, two genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase and one gene each encoding a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase were identified as affecting the catechin content of cucumber. The transcriptome data also revealed the significance of transcription factors, including WD40-repeat proteins, MYB and bHLH, in regulating catechin biosynthesis. These findings help increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling catechin biosynthesis and astringency development in cucumber fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiawei Pan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Min He
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Henglu Tian
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zuk M, Szperlik J, Hnitecka A, Szopa J. Temporal biosynthesis of flavone constituents in flax growth stages. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:234-245. [PMID: 31323536 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that chalcone synthase (chs) silencing in flax (Linum usitatisimum) induces a signal transduction cascade that leads to extensive modification of plant metabolism. Result presented in the current study, performed on field grown flax plants - (across the whole vegetation period) demonstrates that, in addition to its role in tannin and lignin biosynthesis, the chs gene also participates in the regulation of flavone biosynthesis during plant growth. Apigenin and luteolin glycosides constitute the flavones, the major group of flavonoids in flax. Alterations in their levels correlate with plant growth, peaking at the flower initiation stage. Suppression of chs gene expression causes significant changes in the ratio of flavone constituents at the early stage of flax growth. A significant correlation between flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) gene expression and accumulation of luteolin glycosides has been found, indicating that flavone biosynthesis during flax growth and development is regulated by temporal expression of this gene. The lack of such a correlation between the flavone synthase (FNS) gene and flavone accumulation in the course of plant growth suggests that the main route of flavone biosynthesis is mediated by eriodictyol. This is the first report indicating the ratio of flavone constituents as a potent marker of flax growth stages and temporal expression of F3'H, the key gene of their biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland; Linum Foundation, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Szperlik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Hnitecka
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Linum Foundation, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang C, Yao X, Ren H, Wang K, Chang J. Isolation and Characterization of Three Chalcone Synthase Genes in Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis). Biomolecules 2019; 9:E236. [PMID: 31216753 PMCID: PMC6627513 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolics are a group of important plant secondary metabolites that have been proven to possess remarkable antioxidant activity and to be beneficial for human health. Pecan nuts are an excellent source of dietary phenolics. In recent years, many studies have focused on the separation and biochemical analysis of pecan phenolics, but the molecular mechanisms of phenolic metabolism in pecans have not been fully elucidated, which significantly hinders quality breeding research for this plant. Chalcone synthase (CHS) plays crucial roles in phenolic biosynthesis. In this study, three Carya illinoinensisCHSs (CiCHS1, CiCHS2, and CiCHS3), were isolated and analyzed. CiCHS2 and CiCHS3 present high expression levels in different tissues, and they are also highly expressed at the initial developmental stages of kernels in three pecan genotypes. A correlation analysis was performed between the phenolic content and CHSs expression values during kernel development. The results indicated that the expression variations of CiCHS2 and CiCHS3 are significantly related to changes in total phenolic content. Therefore, CiCHSs play crucial roles in phenolic components synthesis in pecan. We believe that the isolation of CiCHSs is helpful for understanding phenolic metabolism in C. illinoinensis, which will improve quality breeding and resistance breeding studies in this plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Zhang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Huadong Ren
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Kailiang Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jun Chang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Y, Wei K, Li H, Wang L, Ruan L, Pang D, Cheng H. Identification of key genes involved in catechin metabolism in tea seedlings based on transcriptomic and HPLC analysis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 133:107-115. [PMID: 30399544 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a non-alcoholic beverage with many benefits to human health and thereby widely consumed in the world. It contains plenty of secondary metabolites and tea catechins are the characteristic compounds. To further elucidate the biosynthetic and regulatory mechanisms of catechins in tea, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and transcriptome analysis were performed in tea seedlings of different growth stages. A combined method of differential expression and correlation analysis was then conducted. The results showed that the order of total catechin (TC) contents was leaves > stems > roots, irrespective of growth stages. For transcriptome analysis, a total of 355.81 million clean reads were generated and mapped to the referencing tea genome. Further real time PCR analysis of 18 selected genes confirmed RNA-Seq results. A total of 7 structural genes and 35 transcription factors (TFs) were identified to be significantly correlated with TC changes. Among them, three TFs homologous to ANL2, WRKY44 and AtMYB113 might play key roles in catechin regulation. The de novo transcriptome data of different organs in tea seedlings provided new insights into the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of catechins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China.
| | - Hailin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Dandan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu LY, Fang ZT, Lin JK, Sun Y, Du ZZ, Guo YL, Liu JH, Liang YR, Ye JH. Complementary iTRAQ Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Leaves in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis L.) with Different Maturity and Regulatory Network of Flavonoid Biosynthesis. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:252-264. [PMID: 30427694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quality of tea is highly related with the maturity of the fresh tea leaves at harvest. The present study investigated the proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of tea leaves with different maturity, using iTRAQ and RNA-seq technologies. A total of 4455 proteins and 27 930 unigenes were identified, with functional enrichment analyses of GO categorization and KEGG annotation. The compositions of flavonoids (catechins and flavonols) in tea leaves were determined. The total content of flavonoids decreased with leaf maturity, in accordance with the protein regulation patterns of shikimate, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid pathways. The abundance of ANR had a positive correlation with epi-catechin content, while LAR abundance was positively related with catechin content ( P < 0.05). The biosynthetic network of flavonoid biosynthesis was discussed in combination with photosynthesis, primary metabolism, and transcription factors. Bud had the lowest activities of photosynthesis and carbon fixation but the highest flavonoid biosynthesis ability in opposite to mature leaf. SUS-INV switch might be an important joint for carbon flow shifting into the follow-up biochemical syntheses. This work provided a comprehensive overview on the functional protein profile changes of tea leaves at different growing stages and also proposed a research direction regarding the correlations between primary metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Wu
- College of Horticulture , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , 15 Shangxiadian Road , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Zhou-Tao Fang
- Tea Research Institute , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310013 , China
| | - Jin-Ke Lin
- Anxi College of Tea Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , 15 Shangxiadian Road , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Horticulture , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , 15 Shangxiadian Road , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Zhi-Zheng Du
- College of Horticulture , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , 15 Shangxiadian Road , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Ya-Ling Guo
- College of Horticulture , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , 15 Shangxiadian Road , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Jiang-Hong Liu
- College of Horticulture , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , 15 Shangxiadian Road , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310013 , China
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Tea Research Institute , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310013 , China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Luo Y, Yu S, Li J, Li Q, Wang K, Huang J, Liu Z. Molecular Characterization of WRKY Transcription Factors That Act as Negative Regulators of O-Methylated Catechin Biosynthesis in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11234-11243. [PMID: 30350966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tea O-methylated catechins, especially (-)-epigallocatechin 3- O-(3- O-methyl)gallate (EGCG3″Me), have been attracting much attention as a result of their positive health effects. The transcription regulators of O-methylated catechin biosynthesis remain elusive. In this study, the expression pattern of genes related to O-methylated catechin biosynthesis, including CsLAR, CsANS, CsDFR, CsANR, and CCoAOMT, in three tea cultivars with different contents of EGCG3″Me was investigated. Two WRKY transcription factors (TFs), designated as CsWRKY31 and CsWRKY48, belonging to groups IIb and IIc of the WRKY family, respectively, were further identified. CsWRKY31 and CsWRKY48 were nuclear-localized proteins and possessed transcriptional repression ability. Furthermore, expression of CsWRKY31 and CsWRKY48 showed negative correlation with CsLAR, CsDFR, and CCoAOMT during EGCG3″Me accumulation in tea leaves. More importantly, W-box (C/T)TGAC(T/C) elements were located in the promoter of CsLAR, CsDFR, and CCoAOMT, and further assays revealed that CsWRKY31 and CsWRKY48 were capable of repressing the transcription of CsLAR, CsDFR, and CCoAOMT via the attachment of their promoters to the W-box elements. Collectively, our findings identify two novel negative regulators of O-methylated catechin biosynthesis in tea plants, which might provide a potential strategy to breed high-quality tea cultivar.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gallego AM, Rojas LF, Parra O, Rodriguez HA, Mazo Rivas JC, Urrea AI, Atehortúa L, Fister AS, Guiltinan MJ, Maximova SN, Pabón-Mora N. Transcriptomic analyses of cacao cell suspensions in light and dark provide target genes for controlled flavonoid production. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13575. [PMID: 30206304 PMCID: PMC6134037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechins, including catechin (C) and epicatechin (E), are the main type of flavonoids in cacao seeds. They play important roles in plant defense and have been associated with human health benefits. Although flavonoid biosynthesis has been extensively studied using in vitro and in vivo models, the regulatory mechanisms controlling their accumulation under light/dark conditions remain poorly understood. To identify differences in flavonoid biosynthesis (particularly catechins) under different light treatments, we used cacao cell suspensions exposed to white-blue light and darkness during 14 days. RNA-Seq was applied to evaluate differential gene expression. Our results indicate that light can effectively regulate flavonoid profiles, inducing a faster accumulation of phenolic compounds and shifting E/C ratios, in particular as a response to switching from white to blue light. The results demonstrated that HY5, MYB12, ANR and LAR were differentially regulated under light/dark conditions and could be targeted by overexpression aiming to improve catechin synthesis in cell cultures. In conclusion, our RNA-Seq analysis of cacao cells cultured under different light conditions provides a platform to dissect key aspects into the genetic regulatory network of flavonoids. These light-responsive candidate genes can be used further to modulate the flavonoid production in in vitro systems with value-added characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Gallego
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Biotecnología, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luisa F Rojas
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Biotecnología-Escuela de Microbiología, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Oriana Parra
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Biotecnología, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Héctor A Rodriguez
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas and Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, UNALMED-CIB, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Aura Inés Urrea
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Biotecnología, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucía Atehortúa
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Biotecnología, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrew S Fister
- Department of Plant Science and Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- Department of Plant Science and Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Siela N Maximova
- Department of Plant Science and Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Universidad de Antioquia, Instituto de Biología, Grupo Evo-Devo en Plantas, Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Prawira-Atmaja MI, Shabri, Khomaini HS, Maulana H, Harianto S, Rohdiana D. Changes in chlorophyll and polyphenols content inCamellia sinensis var. sinensisat different stage of leaf maturity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/131/1/012010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
28
|
Guo F, Guo Y, Wang P, Wang Y, Ni D. Transcriptional profiling of catechins biosynthesis genes during tea plant leaf development. PLANTA 2017; 246:1139-1152. [PMID: 28825226 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A total of 299,113 unigenes were generated and 15,817 DEGs were identified. We identified candidate genes associated with the regulation of catechins biosynthesis during leaf development in tea plant. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is one of the most economically significant crops worldwide because of its positive effects on human health. The health benefits of tea are mainly attributed to catechins, which are the predominant polyphenols that accumulate in tea. Catechins are products of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Although catechins were identified in tea leaves long ago, the molecular mechanisms regulating catechins biosynthesis remain unclear. To identify candidate genes involved in catechins biosynthesis, we analyzed the transcriptomes of tea leaves during five different leaf stages of development using RNA-seq. Approximately 809 million high-quality reads were obtained, trimmed, and assembled into 299,113 unigenes with an average length of 565 bp. A total of 15,817 unigenes were differentially expressed during the different stages of leaf development. These differentially expressed genes were enriched in a variety of processes such as the regulation of the cell cycle, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Based on their annotations, 51 of these differentially expressed unigenes are involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, transcription factors such as MYB, bHLH and MADS, which may involve in the regulation of catechins biosynthesis, were identified through co-expression analysis of transcription factors and structural genes. Real-time PCR analysis of candidate genes indicated a good correlation with the transcriptome data. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating catechins biosynthesis in the tea plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yafei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen C, Wei K, Wang L, Ruan L, Li H, Zhou X, Lin Z, Shan R, Cheng H. Expression of Key Structural Genes of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway Associated with Catechin Epimerization in Tea Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:702. [PMID: 28515736 PMCID: PMC5413559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Catechin epimerization is an important factor affecting tea catechin compositions and thereby tea quality. However, a lack of tea germplasms with high non-epicatechins limits relative research. Here, a tea cultivar Y510 with high non-epicatechins was firstly reported and used for catechin and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. Results showed that the (-)-gallocatechin gallate and (+)-catechin (C) contents in Y510 were at least 136 and 6 times higher than those in Fudingdabaicha and 0306I, but the epicatechins (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epicatechin (EC) were significantly lower. Eleven unigenes potentially involved in catechin epimerization were identified by RNA-Seq analysis. Based on a combination of catechin and gene expression analysis, it was hypothesized that two anthocyanidin reductase genes (CsANR1, CsANR2) and an anthocyanidin synthase gene (CsANS) are the key genes affecting catechin epimerization in tea. Non-epicatechin formations were hypothesized to be mainly influenced by the expression ratio of CsANR2 to CsANR1 and the expression of CsANS. Overexpression of CsANS in an Arabidopsis mutant tds4-2 led to a significant increase of EC accumulation in seeds, revealing CsANS is important for catechin epimerization. These results shed new light on breeding tea cultivars with special catechin compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFu’an, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Wei, Hao Cheng,
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghe Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFu’an, China
| | - Ruiyang Shan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFu’an, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Wei, Hao Cheng,
| |
Collapse
|