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Alhomoud IS, Alrasheedy AA. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Burnout among Community Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia: Findings and Implications. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1834. [PMID: 39337175 PMCID: PMC11430934 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12181834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Burnout has negative consequences for the well-being of healthcare professionals and for the safety of patients. The prevalence of burnout varies among health professions and practice settings and across studies. Consequently, this cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with burnout among community pharmacists in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. The study used the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) to assess the burnout. The CBI consists of three scales, including personal burnout, work-related burnout, and client-related burnout. A total of 226 community pharmacists participated in the study. Of these, 63.72% were male, and 44.25% had experience of 1-5 years as community pharmacists. The prevalence of personal burnout was 83.63%, while the prevalence of work-related burnout was 83.19%, and the prevalence of client-related burnout was 76.11%. The prevalence of burnout was higher among younger age, early-career pharmacists; staff pharmacists; pharmacists working ≥6 days per week; and those working in pharmacies with fewer pharmacy teams. Multivariable logistic regression showed that compared to five workdays, working six and seven days per week was an independent risk factor for developing personal burnout [(adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.60: CI = (1.29-10.05), p = 0.014) and (aOR = 4.72: CI = (1.17-19.08), p = 0.030), respectively]. Similarly, pharmacists working in pharmacies with one or two pharmacists were at higher odds of developing personal burnout compared to others working in a larger team (aOR = 3.41: CI = (1.09-10.66), p = 0.035). For work-related burnout, working six and seven days per week was also an independent risk factor [(aOR = 5.78: CI = (1.96-17.06), p = 0.001), and (aOR = 8.38: CI = (1.99-35.27), p = 0.004, respectively)]. For client-related burnout, staff pharmacists were at higher odds of developing client-related burnout compared to pharmacy managers [(aOR = 2.28: CI = (1.01-5.14), p = 0.046)]. Overall, the prevalence of burnout is alarmingly high among community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Consequently, it is crucial to urgently address it through robust initiatives, strategies, and interventions that support the well-being, quality of life, and resilience of community pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S Alhomoud
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alian A Alrasheedy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Badr AF. Exploring Barriers Faced by Community Pharmacists in Serving Patients with Disabilities in Saudi Arabia: Recommendations for Enhancing Healthcare Provisions. PHARMACY 2024; 12:137. [PMID: 39311128 PMCID: PMC11417940 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
While several studies have explored the barriers to accessing community pharmacies for individuals with physical, hearing, visual, and learning disabilities, most have focused on the perspectives of disabled individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the barriers faced by community pharmacists when serving individuals with physical, visual, and hearing disabilities in Saudi Arabia, with the goal of recommending ways to enhance future healthcare provisions. METHODS A mixed-methods cross-sectional phenomenological study was conducted among community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia between March and April 2022. Both closed- and open-ended questions were utilized to identify themes related to community pharmacists' barriers and experiences when providing care to individuals with disabilities. RESULTS A total of 40 community pharmacists participated in this study. Among them, 57.5% reported encountering difficulties when caring for patients with disabilities, with 65% indicating a lack of specialized services at their respective community pharmacies. Three major themes emerged from the findings: the need for pharmacist training and awareness, technology-guided methods for overcoming communication barriers, and improving overall pharmacy accessibility. CONCLUSION This study reveals a significant gap in the provision of services for patients with disabilities in Saudi Arabia. Addressing physical accessibility, providing targeted training, and leveraging technology can enhance care delivery and promote inclusivity. Further research is warranted to assess the effectiveness of technological solutions and the integration of artificial intelligence in improving communication and patient-centered care for individuals with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha F Badr
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Alrasheed MA, Alfageh BH, Almohammed OA. Privacy in Community Pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1740. [PMID: 39273764 PMCID: PMC11394820 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12171740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Privacy in healthcare is a fundamental right essential to maintain patient confidentiality and trust. Community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia (SA) play a critical role in the healthcare system by providing accessible services and serving as initial points of contact for medical advice. However, the open nature of these settings poses significant challenges in maintaining patient privacy. METHODS This cross-sectional study used electronic surveys distributed across various online platforms. The target sample included Saudi adults, with a sample size of 385 participants to achieve 80% statistical power at a 95% confidence interval. The survey comprised demographic questions and sections evaluating perceptions of privacy, the importance of privacy, and personal experiences regarding privacy in community pharmacies. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used for the analysis. RESULTS A total of 511 responses were obtained. The mean age was 33.5 years, with an almost equal distribution of males (49.71%) and females (50.29%). Most participants held a bachelor's degree or higher (78.67%). Privacy perceptions varied, with only 9.0% strongly agreeing that there was a private space for consultations, while 64.0% felt that the design of community pharmacies did not adequately consider patient privacy, and 86.9% reported that conversations could be overheard. Privacy concerns were notable, with almost one-half of the participants (47.6%) having concerns about privacy and 56.6% doubting the confidentiality of their health information. Moreover, 17.6% reported being asked for unnecessary personal information when buying medication, and 56.2% admitted to avoiding discussing a health problem with the pharmacist due to privacy concerns. Experiences of privacy breaches were reported by 15.7% of respondents. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the availability of private space in the pharmacy and patients feeling that the pharmacy respects their privacy were associated with a lower likelihood of avoiding discussions with pharmacists due to privacy concerns (OR = 0.758, CI = 0.599-0.0957 and OR = 0.715, CI = 0.542-0.945 respectively) Conversely, greater privacy concerns and previous privacy breaches significantly increased the likelihood of avoiding discussions with pharmacists in the community pharmacy (OR = 1.657, CI = 1.317-2.102 and OR = 4.127, CI = 1.886-9.821 respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the significant concerns regarding privacy practices in community pharmacies in SA. Thus, there is a need for standards to improve privacy in community pharmacies, such as mandating the need for private consultation areas and enhanced staff training on handling privacy-related issues. Addressing the issue of privacy is crucial for maintaining patient trust, improving healthcare service quality, and ensuring effective patient-pharmacist interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan A Alrasheed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah H Alfageh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Almohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacoeconomics Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Khayyat SM, Haseeb A, Alkaabi ZH, Bahaziq AM, Alhomayani AM, Alhifany AA, Alrammaal HH, Jaha AY. Clinical Services, Barriers, and Public Perspectives of Community Pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Patient Exp 2024; 11:23743735241273564. [PMID: 39157762 PMCID: PMC11329909 DOI: 10.1177/23743735241273564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, there is an increasing demand for community pharmacists to provide the highest level of clinical knowledge and services. However, evidence regarding Saudi public awareness of the clinical services offered by community pharmacies (CPs) and the barriers to using them is limited. In this cross-sectional study, we used an online questionnaire developed by adapting the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. A total of 273 participants completed the survey. Half the participants were generally aware of the availability of some CP services but were not informed about the full range on offer, eg, medication reviews (84%) and online counseling (89%). Most of the participants (69.6%) did not identify differences in the care provided by community pharmacists versus hospital pharmacists (P = 0.02). A commonly reported barrier to using CP services was a general preference for other healthcare professionals to seek pharmaceutical help (85.7%). Many other barriers were also reported, impacting the participants' use of these services. The decision-making authorities should consider improvements to increase patients' awareness and utilization of clinical services and enhance community pharmacists' performance in clinical-oriented pharmaceutical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Khayyat
- Department of Pharmacy Practices, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, Al Rayan private college of health sciences and nursing, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad H. Alkaabi
- Department of Pharmacy Practices, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Bahaziq
- Department of Pharmacy Practices, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M. Alhomayani
- Department of Pharmacy Practices, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alhifany
- Department of Pharmacy Practices, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi H. Alrammaal
- Department of Pharmacy Practices, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athar Y. Jaha
- Pharmacy Department, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Makkah Healthcare Cluster, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Alrasheedy AA. Pharmaceutical Activities, Services, Medicines, and Products at Community Pharmacies in the Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia: Findings and Implications for the Future. Cureus 2024; 16:e67957. [PMID: 39193053 PMCID: PMC11349288 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community pharmacies are highly accessible and provide access to several services to patients and community members. Recently, several developments have been made in Saudi Arabia to enhance the roles and contributions of community pharmacists to the healthcare system, including expanding their scope of practice. This study aims to evaluate the current pharmaceutical activities, medicines, products, and services offered by community pharmacies. Methods This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based descriptive study. The questionnaire consisted of three sections. The first section comprised the demographic characteristics of the participants. The second section explored the types of pharmaceuticals and products sold by community pharmacies, while the third section explored the current professional services and activities offered by pharmacies. This study was conducted among community pharmacists in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Results Overall, 109/115 community pharmacies participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 94.78%. Most participants (97.25%) were men, and 42.20% were 31-40 years old. All pharmacies (100%) dispensed prescriptions and provided over-the-counter medicines, self-care therapeutics, vitamins, minerals, and dietary supplements. However, only a few pharmacies had controlled and narcotic medicine services (5.50%) and supplied vaccines (3.67%). Almost all pharmacies provided access to herbal products (97.25%), self-diagnostic test/home-test kits (97.25%), first-aid kits (95.41%), and medical equipment and devices and their accessories (89.91%). All pharmacies (100%) sold health-related products, including oral, skin, and hair care products. All pharmacists (100%) provided medication counseling. However, e-prescription services (Wasfaty) were provided in only 55.96% of the pharmacies. Most pharmacists provided health education and promotion (95.41%), management of minor ailments (88.99%), and patient training on the use of medical devices (92.66%). Other pharmaceutical activities included travel health advice (52.29%) and smoking cessation (31.19%). However, patient care services, including vaccination services (0.92%), patient assessment and monitoring services (0.92%), and point-of-care (POC) testing (0.92%), were limited. Additional services included online shopping (66.97%), home delivery of medicines (54.13%), and instant/live chat communication with pharmacies (70.64%). Conclusion Community pharmacies play a crucial role in Saudi Arabia's healthcare system. These include providing access to medicines, medical equipment, and various products related to health and wellness. Community pharmacies provide public health services. However, their clinical services are limited. Consequently, a holistic strategy involving all stakeholders is required to further enhance the role of community pharmacists and better utilize their skills and training to provide preventive healthcare services and optimize medication therapy in primary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alian A Alrasheedy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, SAU
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Alzahrani AM, Felix HC, Alzhrani AA, Alharbi KK, Arbaein TJ, Shahzad MW, Monshi SS. Patient satisfaction with Saudi community pharmacy services (Wasfaty System). J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:711-719. [PMID: 39006372 PMCID: PMC11245964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The healthcare system in KSA has been substantially transformed as part of Vision 2030, including implementation of an electronic prescribing system, called Wasfaty, to enable patients to receive their prescriptions from community pharmacies (CPs). This study assessed patient satisfaction with CPs and the Wasfaty system. Methods This cross-sectional observational study used existing data from the Saudi Ministry of Health's patient experience program. Data were collected from patients (≥15 years of age) visiting governmental primary care clinics in 2022. Summary statistics were determined and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results The sample included 66,541 patients. More than 70% of patients were satisfied with the services of the CPs and the Wasfaty system. Being older and being female consistently showed a positive association with satisfaction across several services. Whereas patients in preventive clinics had higher odds of satisfaction with medication availability (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03-1.37) and waiting time (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.03-1.47), patients in chronic disease clinics had lower satisfaction with medication availability (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85-0.99). Saudi patients had lower odds of being satisfied with multiple services. Conclusions The overall high satisfaction among patients suggested the success of the Wasfaty system in meeting patient needs and expectations. However, areas for improvement exist to increase patient satisfaction, such as addressing medication shortages and ensuring clear patient-pharmacist communication. The results highlight the importance of continued monitoring and evaluation to support the patient experience with pharmacy services, and to improve patients' journeys, medication adherence, and overall healthcare outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Alzahrani
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Holly C Felix
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Abdulrhman A Alzhrani
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Khulud K Alharbi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Turky J Arbaein
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | | | - Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
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Campbell I, Harrison H, Kurdi A. A qualitative study exploring the challenges and enablers of pharmacists with a recent background in community pharmacy transitioning into primary care. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:704-713. [PMID: 38478211 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-024-01710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists are an increasing part of the primary care health care team in Scotland. Recruitment to this expanding sector has largely come from community pharmacy. However, it is unknown if these pharmacists have specific needs to perform their role within the primary care team. AIM To explore the perceived challenges and enablers of community pharmacists transitioning into primary care pharmacist roles. METHOD Eight pharmacists (5 female, 3 male, median age 32) across Scotland's largest regional health board who previously practised in community pharmacy participated in a recorded, semi-structured interview via Microsoft Teams® to explore their challenges and enablers of transition into primary care. Recordings were transcribed, verified, and thematic analysis then undertaken. RESULTS Five themes were identified: challenging transition, transferable skills, transferable training from community pharmacy, training needs for primary care role, and benefits of structured learning. Participants reported lack of opportunity to apply their clinical knowledge and for professional development in community pharmacy. CONCLUSION Pharmacists in our study reported a range of challenges (such as examination skills, improved clinical and therapeutics knowledge) required to practice in primary care, while their regular patient contact and knowledge of community pharmacy workings enabled their transition. Previous sectors of practice should be taken into consideration when inducting pharmacists into a new role and background specific inductions may need to be implemented to support these pharmacists work autonomously at an advanced level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Campbell
- Glasgow City (South) Health and Social Care Partnership, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 1St Floor, Pavilion One, Rowan Business Park, 5 Ardlaw Street, Glasgow, G51 3RR, Scotland, UK.
| | - Heather Harrison
- Central Prescribing Team, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Clarkston Court, 56 Busby Road, Glasgow, G76 7AT, Scotland, UK
| | - Amanj Kurdi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Alshehri AM, Alqahtani WH, Moaili AA, Almogbel YS, Almalki ZS, Alahmari AK, Albassam AA, Ahmed NJ. An analysis of the intention of female pharmacy students to work in community pharmacy settings in Saudi Arabia using the theory of planned behavior. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101996. [PMID: 38414782 PMCID: PMC10897891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the intention of female Saudi pharmacy students to work in community pharmacies and the factors associated with this intention. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2022 and June 2022 and included female students from pharmacy colleges in Saudi Arabia. The survey was created based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. It included items that measure student intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding working in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. The study also included items that assessed sociodemographic characteristics, pharmacy program degrees, training, and job preferences of students. Results A total of 407 participants completed the survey. The average age was 21.8 (±1.6) years, and most participants were Saudi nationals (97.79 %). The intention of participants to work in community pharmacies after graduation was low (mean = 3.2 ± 1.8; range: 1-7). Slightly positive attitudes toward working in a community pharmacy after graduation were revealed as participants showed an overall attitude mean of 4.5 ± 1.6 (range: 1-7). Furthermore, the participants perceived a low social pressure toward working in a community pharmacy after graduation (mean of 3.3 ± 1.9; range: 1-7). The intention of female pharmacy students to work in community pharmacies was significantly predicted by attitudes (p-value < 0.0001), perceived behavioral control (p-value = 0.0017), nationality (p-value = 0.0151), residence in the Saudi Arabian region (p-value = 0.0013), monthly income (p-value = 0.0231), pharmacy degree program (p-value = 0.0035), training received in community pharmacies (p-value = 0.0145), had a relative working in a community pharmacy (p-value = 0.0257), and preference to work in community pharmacies after graduation (p-value = 0.0001). Conclusion Female pharmacy students in Saudi Arabia had a low intention to work in community pharmacies, a positive attitude toward working in community pharmacies, and perceived no social pressure to work in them. A positive attitude and behavioral perception of control toward working in community pharmacies were demonstrated among pharmacy students who study at a university outside Riyadh, undertaking a bachelor's degree in pharmacy, have a monthly income higher than 5000 Saudi riyals (USD 1,333.3), previously received training in community pharmacies, having a relative working in a community pharmacy, prefer to work in community pharmacies after graduation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Alshehri
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa H Alqahtani
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljoharah A Moaili
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser S Almogbel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad S Almalki
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah K Alahmari
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Albassam
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad J Ahmed
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Deniz EU, Rasheed MK, Eren R, Gözeler H. Lived experiences of Turkish community pharmacists toward person-centric care: a qualitative analysis. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 17:2294942. [PMID: 38234994 PMCID: PMC10793631 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2023.2294942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In Turkey, the SMART pharmacist program was launched to enable community pharmacists to deliver patient-centric care services. However, how far this programme has achieved success and what are the challenges faced by the programme need to be evaluated. Objective This study aimed to explore the experiences of community pharmacists in providing person-centric care services in pharmacies and provide recommendations for improved care effectiveness. Methods A phenomenological approach was adopted in this study. To conduct qualitative interviews, a semi-structured interview guide was devised to gather insights from the pharmacists. The interviews were coded verbatim. Subsequently, various themes and sub-themes were developed based on the aim and objectives of the study. A total of 14 pharmacists engaged in semi-structured interviews conducted between May and August 2023. Results Two main themes emerged from the data: challenges in person-centric care and recommendations to improve person-centric care. Barriers were subdivided into patient-related challenges and personal challenges. Recommendations consisted of pharmacists' professional tasks and recommendations. Conclusion The findings of this study, suggest that the concerned healthcare authorities should re-evaluate the 'SMART pharmacist' program in Turkey and address professional and personal challenges faced by community pharmacists in delivering effective person-centric care. Pharmacists recommend patient follow-up (follow-ups), providing a counselling environment, collaboration with physicians, expansion of pharmacy services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Ulutas Deniz
- Department of Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Yakutiye-Erzurum, Türkiye
| | | | - Rumeysa Eren
- Department of Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Yakutiye-Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Gözeler
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Yakutiye-Erzurum, Türkiye
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Alotaibi MM, Aldandan EM, Alfredan BE, Almohammed SH, Almousa ZH. Pharmacists' perceptions about providing COVID-19 vaccines in community settings. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100326. [PMID: 37743853 PMCID: PMC10511797 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists were underutilized in Saudi Arabia. At the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, global healthcare systems experienced significant pressure. To combat the pandemic effectively, there was a need to involve other healthcare providers, such as community pharmacists. As a result, community pharmacists were enlisted to provide vaccines. Objectives This study aims to explore community pharmacists' perceptions about providing COVID-19 vaccines in Saudi community settings. Methods Ethical approval was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of King Faisal University in January 2022. A qualitative methodology was used to explore the opinions of community pharmacists. Semi-structured interviews were conducted via face-to-face qualitative interviewing. Participants were recruited purposively and represented different types of community pharmacy settings. Results A total of 15 face-to-face individual interviews were conducted. The cohort included pharmacists who provided the service (n = 5) and those who did not (n = 10). The results showed that providing the service in a community setting was advantageous to patients, community pharmacy sector, and healthcare system. Moreover, the participants identified several barriers to providing the service. Conclusion Although providing the service had several advantages to several parties, the identified barriers need to be considered for the service to be provided appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour M. Alotaibi
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman M. Aldandan
- Pharm-D intern, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer E. Alfredan
- Pharm-D intern, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar H. Almohammed
- Pharm-D intern, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahra H. Almousa
- Pharm-D intern, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Dores AR, Peixoto M, Carvalho IP, Jesus Â, Moreira F, Marques A. The Pharmacy of the Future: Pharmacy Professionals' Perceptions and Contributions Regarding New Services in Community Pharmacies. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2580. [PMID: 37761777 PMCID: PMC10531482 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has revolutionized the provision of health services, often referred to as eHealth, benefiting community pharmacies that can offer new services in innovative formats, namely through telepharmacy. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of pharmacy professionals (i.e., pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) on the provision of new services. The study consisted of administering an online questionnaire to pharmacy professionals nationwide. The questionnaire was developed by the research team, based on focus group methodology, from which an inductive analysis led to the categories that made up the dimensions of the survey. Participants were 95 pharmacy professionals with a mean age of 33.69 years old (SD = 10.75). Almost 79% were women. The results show overall receptivity to the development of new services in community pharmacies. Suggestions for the development of the new services, conditions necessary for their implementation, potential obstacles, and strategies to promote adherence to the new services, among others, are identified. The knowledge thus acquired will help community pharmacies to develop innovative solutions in counselling, pharmacotherapy monitoring, and pharmacovigilance, for example, of herb/dietary supplement-drug adverse reactions and interactions. Based on this information, new services can become more accessible, namely through the use of ICTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemisa R. Dores
- Laboratório de Reabilitação Psicossocial, Centro de Investigação em Reabilitação (CIR), Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Miguel Peixoto
- Laboratório de Reabilitação Psicossocial, Centro de Investigação em Reabilitação (CIR), Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Irene P. Carvalho
- Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Jesus
- CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (Â.J.); (F.M.)
| | - Fernando Moreira
- CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (Â.J.); (F.M.)
| | - António Marques
- Laboratório de Reabilitação Psicossocial, Centro de Investigação em Reabilitação (CIR), Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (A.M.)
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Tobaiqy M, AlZahrani FA, Hassan AS, Alirbidi AH, Alraddadi OA, AlSadah OA, Yamani MB, Alqutub ST. Community Pharmacists' Knowledge, Attitudes and the Perceived Safety and Effectiveness of Melatonin Supplements: A Cross-Sectional Survey. PHARMACY 2023; 11:147. [PMID: 37736919 PMCID: PMC10514787 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11050147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, which is classified as a dietary supplement by the Saudi Food and Drug Authority, is used to manage sleep disorders. In this study, community pharmacists' knowledge and attitudes about dispensing melatonin supplements and the perceived safety and effectiveness of melatonin were assessed. A cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia was conducted from March-June 2023. Community pharmacists' knowledge and attitudes towards prescribing and dispensing melatonin supplements, the methods of dispensing melatonin supplements (prescription, over the counter, self-administered), indications, ages of users, dosage forms, and adverse drug reactions related to melatonin use among consumers were surveyed using a questionnaire. Potential participants were approached face to face, a questionnaire was administered to those agreeing to participate in the study, and responses were recorded electronically. The response rate of the 300 community pharmacists who participated in this study was 83.5%. The mean age of participants was 33.6 years, and 89.3% (n = 268) of community pharmacists reported dispensing melatonin supplements. Self-medication and over the counter (n = 213; 71.2%) were the most common dispensing and prescribing patterns (p = 0.001). Awareness rates about melatonin supplement pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics among community pharmacists were 38% and 37%, respectively. Despite its popularity, community pharmacists reported relatively low rates of awareness of melatonin supplement pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Further attention to this issue is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Tobaiqy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah P.O. Box 45311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris A. AlZahrani
- College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah P.O. Box 45311, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (M.B.Y.)
| | - Abdulrahman S. Hassan
- College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah P.O. Box 45311, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (M.B.Y.)
| | - Abdullah H. Alirbidi
- College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah P.O. Box 45311, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (M.B.Y.)
| | - Osama A. Alraddadi
- College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah P.O. Box 45311, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (M.B.Y.)
| | - Omar A. AlSadah
- College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah P.O. Box 45311, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (M.B.Y.)
| | - Mohammad B. Yamani
- College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah P.O. Box 45311, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (M.B.Y.)
| | - Sulafa T. Alqutub
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah P.O. Box 45311, Saudi Arabia;
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Alfayez OM, Alfuraih SN, Alsalamah BI, Almendeel HM, Alkhezi OS, Alharbi S, Alwohaibi NA, Kamran Rasheed M. Metformin use among obese patients with prediabetes in Qassim, Saudi Arabia: An observational study. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101694. [PMID: 37520674 PMCID: PMC10382924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The high prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus and its secondary complications in Saudi Arabia is a major healthcare concern. Evidence suggests that despite evidence-based efficacy and safety, metformin is underutilized in prediabetic obese patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the use of metformin in prediabetic obese patients in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Methods Prediabetic patients' electronic health records were accessed and screened from 2017 to 2021. The inclusion criteria were patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 35) diagnosed with prediabetes, and who received metformin. Patients with chronic kidney disease and those using metformin for other diseases were excluded. The first major endpoint of this study was the rate of metformin use among obese, prediabetic individuals. The second major endpoint was the factors associated with metformin prescribing in our cohort. Descriptive statistics were used to report the primary and secondary outcomes. Data are presented as percentages, means, standard deviations (SDs), medians, and interquartile ranges, as appropriate. All analyses were conducted using Stata version 16.1. Results A total of 304 prediabetic patients were included in this study after screening the records of 1,789 patients. The average age was found to be 40, and the majority were female (72%). The average BMI was found to be 39.4 kg/m2, while the average HbA1c was 5.8%. In the entire sample, only 25 (8.22%) obese patients received metformin for diabetes prevention. Among obese patients with a BMI ≥ 30, 19 patients (8.7%) received metformin. Metformin users had higher odds of being on statins (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.01 to 7.36; p = 0.049). Conclusion According to the study, metformin is not frequently prescribed to prediabetic obese individuals in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. This prevention strategy is a missed opportunity in the management of prediabetes in high-risk patients. Future studies are needed to investigate the root causes of the underuse of metformin and potential interventions to promote evidence-based practice in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah M. Alfayez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Omar S. Alkhezi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saad Alharbi
- Pharmacy services, Buraidah central hospital, Qassim, Saudi Arabai
| | | | - Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Alzarea AI, Khan YH, Alanazi AS, Alotaibi NH, Alzarea SI, Almalki ZS, Alqahtani SS, Mallhi TH. Evaluation of Outreach of Community Pharmacists in Public Health Services in Al-Jouf Region of Saudi Arabia: Findings and Implications. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2299. [PMID: 37628497 PMCID: PMC10454010 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diversifying the conventional role of community pharmacists from dispensing to involvement in public health services could help in optimized patient care and ultimately good health practices. The current study aimed to ascertain the involvement of community pharmacists, barriers to involvement, their preparedness towards the provision of public health services in the future, and effective strategies to improve their existing role, especially in remote areas of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Al-Jouf region of Saudi Arabia (KSA), between January to April 2023. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit community pharmacists (CPs). A self-designed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The relative importance index (RII) was utilized to rank the barriers to participation in public health services. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS. RESULTS This study recruited 119 participants (mean age: 32.2 ± 7.9; male gender: 67.2%). Of these, 91.6% were involved in the provision of public health services at community pharmacies. Majority of CPs (n = 114/119, 95.8%) provided drug use-related written information to the patients, and the least practiced service was screening of dyslipidemia (n = 81; 68.1%). According to RII, the major barrier was the lack of time given by patients (RII: 0.812). Overall, the majority of the pharmacists (n = 94/119; 79%) were willing to provide public health services. Most of the CPs reported that empowerment through education and awareness (n = 100/119; 84%) is most effective strategy to enhance the involvement of pharmacists in public health services. CONCLUSIONS Findings of the present study underscored the adequate participation of community pharmacists in public health activities. Further studies are required in other remote regions of KSA to get a clear insight into the overall participation of community pharmacists in public health services and generalize the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (Y.H.K.); (A.S.A.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Yusra Habib Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (Y.H.K.); (A.S.A.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Abdullah Salah Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (Y.H.K.); (A.S.A.); (N.H.A.)
- Health Sciences Research Unit, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Hadal Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (Y.H.K.); (A.S.A.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ziyad Saeed Almalki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (Y.H.K.); (A.S.A.); (N.H.A.)
- Health Sciences Research Unit, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
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Alenezi S, Alanazi M, Aljazaeri R, Almuzaini M, Alrasheidi S, Shamlan WB, Aljohani R, Alhawiti G, Alqarni M, Aljabri E, Qmmash M, Kanan M. Community Pharmacies in the Asian Countries of Developing Health System: Formation, Regulation, and Implication. PHARMACY 2023; 11:127. [PMID: 37624082 PMCID: PMC10460015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Community pharmacies (CPs) in Asian countries are often the first point of contact for patients withinthe healthcare system and their preferred place to purchase medicines. The number of CPs may vary across Asian countries, and each country has developed its own design and functioning. The regulatory environment plays a crucial role in shaping and governing CPs. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive literature review in order to enhance understanding of the establishment and regulation of CPs. By undertaking this review, the researchers, policymakers, and practitioners sought to gain a deeper insight into the performance and functions of CPs and the regulatory frameworks that govern them. Moreover, this review shed light on implementation strategies, effects on patient outcomes, and the barriers and challenges associated with their establishment. A narrative literature review method was adopted with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Significant disparities can be observed when comparing the stated intentions of regulations with their actual implementation. Recently, there has been an inclusion of public health practices. Unfortunately, pharmacy procedures conducted in such environments have been characterized by inadequate understanding and inappropriate care. This poor performance can be attributed to employees' focus on maximizing profits. Several shortcomings can arise, including incomplete patient history documentation, failure to refer patients who require medical attention, unauthorized dispensing of prescription-only medicines (POM), dispensing clinically inappropriate or excessive medication doses, selling incomplete antibiotic courses, and inadequate information and counseling services. Regulatory interventions can help strengthen these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Alenezi
- Al-Dawaa Pharmacy, Raiydh 12211, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Mona Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Reaam Aljazaeri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Marwah Almuzaini
- Al-Dawaa Pharmacy, Raiydh 12211, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (S.A.)
| | | | - Wafa Bin Shamlan
- Community Pharmacist, United Pharmaceutical Company, Jeddah 22230, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Raghad Aljohani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Ghadeer Alhawiti
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alkadi Medical Group, Tabuk 47311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Meaad Alqarni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Ehdaa Aljabri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Majd Qmmash
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Kanan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia
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Rasheed MK, Hasan SS, Alqasoumi A, Babar ZUD. Impact of an educational program on community pharmacist's preparedness to conduct pharmacist-led diabetes clinic in Saudi Arabia. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:87. [PMID: 37443099 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demand for diabetes care and prevention has increased due to Saudi Arabia's high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its insufficient treatment. This raised awareness of the significance of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia, who may significantly improve diabetes treatment by setting up pharmacist-led diabetic clinics. Thus, to assess community pharmacists' readiness to lead diabetes clinics in Saudi Arabia, this study evaluated the usefulness of an educational session on diabetes care. METHOD The preparation of community pharmacists for diabetes treatment and management was assessed using a validated diabetes-specific questionnaire. An engaging and thorough diabetes education class was presented by two licensed diabetes educators. One-way ANOVA, chi-square, and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used to statistically assess the pre- and post-knowledge and attitude scores of community pharmacists. RESULTS Following a learning session, the community pharmacists had a significant increase in understanding oral hypoglycemic medicines, monitoring the disease's course, and dosing of insulin for diabetics (p = 0.01). Additionally, the community pharmacist's perspective and attitude score on managing diabetes increased from 49.74 to 52.74 (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION The study's findings demonstrated a marked improvement in community pharmacist's knowledge of and attitude toward running pharmacist-led diabetic clinics following a session on diabetes education in collaboration with the Pharmacy College. The study's findings also emphasized the significance of developing a structured programme for diabetes education in Saudi Arabia to address the demands of community pharmacists in terms of professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Abdulmajeed Alqasoumi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Rasheed MK, Hasan SS, Altowayan WM, Farooqui M, Ud-Din Babar Z. Community pharmacist's preparedness to provide patient-centred care in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:801-807. [PMID: 37228322 PMCID: PMC10203743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia is evolving and needs to be at par with the developed world. Community pharmacists can play a vital role in bridging gaps in the delivery of healthcare services by providing patient-centred care to patients and contributing toward the healthcare transformation plan of vision 2030 of Saudi Arabia. The present study is aimed at evaluating the knowledge, attitude, and practices of community pharmacists in delivering patient-centred care services. Method A nationwide cross-sectional survey using a validated and pre-tested 27-item self-reported questionnaire was conducted amongst 301 (86.4% male, 13/6% female) community pharmacists from all regions of Saudi Arabia. Both descriptive and inferential analysis was employed using the SPSS version, with 0.05 as the level of significance. Results Community pharmacists from chain pharmacy groups, female gender and staff community pharmacists had statistically better overall practice standards, knowledge, and attitude to conduct patient-centred care services (p less than 0.01). The majority of community pharmacists would expect extra remuneration and participation in structured professional skills development programs to provide patient-centred care efficiently. Inaccessibility of patient data from healthcare facilities, the unavailability of informative literature, and administrative workload were among the barriers cited in delivering patient-centred care. Conclusion The study findings show that community pharmacists could play a significant role in providing patient-centred care and contribute to the achievement of the healthcare reform agenda of Saudi Arabia. However, some obstacles must be overcome before this practice can be shifted, including the introduction of a formalized continuing professional development program, financial incentives, and a decrease in the administrative burden on pharmacists. The results of this study may help policymakers in Saudi Arabia better comprehend the country's existing approach to community pharmacy practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Waleed M. Altowayan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ud-Din Babar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
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Easwaran V, Almeleebia TM, Mantargi MJS, Khan NA, Alshahrani SM, Orayj K, Alshehri OAA, Alqasimi NYH, AlFlan SA. Patient Safety Culture in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia: A Survey among Community Pharmacies. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101416. [PMID: 37239699 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring patient safety culture in the community pharmacy can help with identifying areas for development. The current study is a descriptive, cross-sectional, electronic survey conducted among pharmacists working in community pharmacies located in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. The community pharmacy version of the "Pharmacy Survey on Patient Safety Culture" (PSOPSC) was used to collect data. The positive response rate (PRR) was calculated as per the guidance provided by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Based on the PRR, two least-achieved items (<25%) were taken for further analysis to identify the possible predictors. A sum of 195 pharmacists were included in this study and most of them were working in chain pharmacies. The highest PRRs were observed with teamwork (94.99), and patient counseling (94.13), followed by physical space and environment (93.07). The lowest PRRs were observed with staffing, work pressure, and pace (47.70), followed by communication openness (72.60). Specific characteristics, such as experience and the number of working hours, are significantly related to a poor PRR. The current study results indicate that the scope for improving patient safety exists in various areas of community pharmacies. However, it is necessary to prioritize the need based on a positive response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Easwaran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Musleh Almeleebia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Noohu Abdulla Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Orayj
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Saad A AlFlan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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Alfadly S, Anaam M, Alshammari M, Alsahali S, Ahmed E, Mubarak AB, Aldahouk A, Aljameeli M. Drug Information Sources for Patients with Chronic Conditions in the Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11020057. [PMID: 36961035 PMCID: PMC10037653 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate drug information is vital for the correct use of drugs in pharmaceutical practice. Providing patients with educational advice on prescribed medication and on proper medication administration has become an essential part of the pharmaceutical care process. The objectives of this study were to identify patients' knowledge of prescribed medications, their desire for more information, and the sources of medication information in a population from Qassim, Saudi Arabia, using a cross-sectional descriptive study. Our target population consisted of adult patients with chronic illnesses receiving drugs at outpatient pharmacies. Nineteen pharmacies were selected based on convenience. After collecting their prescriptions, patients were asked to take part in the study by interviewers as they were leaving the pharmacies. The questionnaire used was pretested on 18 patients and then modified accordingly. questions investigated participants' knowledge of drug information, their wish for more information, and their sources of drug information, other than clinicians. Descriptive analysis was used to describe patients' physical details. The effect of sex, education, diagnosis, number of drugs, and age on knowledge of the purpose of drugs and the need for additional information were tested using Chi-square test. A total of 270 patients were interviewed, of whom 29.7% reported not knowing the purpose of at least one of their medications, and only reading a portion of the PILs. Of the patients sampled, 56.7% said they read the side effects section of the PIL, 43.3% reported reading the uses, while 27% read the contraindications. The drug -interactions section was the least read, with only 18.9% reporting reading it. A total of 57% of the patients reported that they needed more information about their medications. Highly educated patients reported using the PIL, social media, family and friends, TV, and newspapers as sources of drug information at significantly higher rates than patients with lower levels of education. Healthcare professionals should assess patient comprehension and the need for additional drug information, especially among patients with low levels of education. Additionally, healthcare professionals should consider other information sources used by their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alfadly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadramout University, Al Mukalla P.O. Box 8892, Yemen
| | - Mohammed Anaam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alsahali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkareem Bin Mubarak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldahouk
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhanna Aljameeli
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 5888, Unaizah 51911, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Bajuayfir A, Alhazmi M, Alshareef O, Rawas A, Alsharif S, Almasoudi A, Cheema E, Ali M. Evaluation of Current Community Pharmacist Practice in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study from Patients' Perspective (PART I). J Res Pharm Pract 2023; 12:15-20. [PMID: 38213603 PMCID: PMC10779689 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_12_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the current practice of community pharmacists from patients' and pharmacists' perspectives in Saudi Arabia. This paper presents the patients' perspective. Methods A self-administered cross-sectional survey was developed to collect responses from patients in Saudi Arabia from February to April 2021. The questionnaire comprised several statements related to the best practice in community pharmacy. Patients' responses to each statement were scored using a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores represented the greater extent to which the pharmacists perform the best practice in a community pharmacy setting and vice versa. Findings The data of 233 participants were included in the analysis. The majority of the participants were female (67%) and Saudi nationals (96%). The minimum mean score was related to the statement: pharmacist discusses with you about herbal medications or vitamin supplements. The maximum mean score was related to the statement: Pharmacist explains to you about the dose of medications and when to take them. Participants who were <20 years old had a significantly highest mean score, whereas those above 40 years old had the least mean score, P = 0.001. Participants from the Eastern region had a significantly highest mean score, compared to South region participants who had the least mean score, P = 0.009. Conclusion A gap in the current practice and the best practice of community pharmacists was found. The policymakers can utilize these findings to provide targeted professional development opportunities for the practicing community pharmacists to improve the overall service and care for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmajeed Bajuayfir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm AlQura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alhazmi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Alshareef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm AlQura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Rawas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm AlQura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumayyah Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Almasoudi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ejaz Cheema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Majid Ali
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi University, Al-Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
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Alfadl AA, Anaam MS, Alhassun MS, Albuaymi YR, Alrehaili FM, Alsikhan RS. Evaluation of patients' knowledge about their medications: A cross-sectional study in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE ACCESS 2023; 7:27550834231163003. [PMID: 37056869 PMCID: PMC10088406 DOI: 10.1177/27550834231163003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Background To authors' knowledge, in Saudi Arabia, information regarding patients' knowledge about their medications is lacking. Objectives This study aimed to fill this literature gap by assessing patients' knowledge and perceptions about their medications. Design To achieve the objective of the study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted outside community pharmacies in Qassim region through an exit interview with patients after getting their prescriptions filled or refilled. Methods A convenient sample of patients was chosen based on acceptance to participate. A form was prepared based on the core and complementary medicines use indicators for evaluation of medicines use in healthcare settings developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results Four hundred forty-three forms were completed. A total of 70% of the indicators of patients' knowledge about their medications were found to be satisfactory, and a total of 89% of the patients were found to have positive perceptions about safety and effectiveness of their medications. Conclusion Overall, patients' knowledge about their medications was found to be reasonable with exception of the area "information about precautions and possible side effects" which had shown poor patients' knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakr Abdelraouf Alfadl
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Abubakr Abdelraouf Alfadl, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Saif Anaam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Rawan Saleh Alsikhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Almanasef M. Attitudes of the general public toward community pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1092215. [PMID: 36908423 PMCID: PMC9998947 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This research was conducted to evaluate the attitudes of the general public toward community pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods The current study followed a cross-sectional design using an online anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The study was conducted in Saudi Arabia between February and April 2022. The study participants were selected and recruited using a convenience sampling strategy. The questionnaire was adapted from previous work and involved four sections: demographic information, use of community pharmacy, perception and willingness to use community pharmacist services, and barriers to approaching a community pharmacist for advice. Results and conclusions A total of 449 participants agreed to take part in this study and completed the questionnaire. Just above half (55%) of the participants indicated that they had visited a community pharmacy at least once a month over the last 12 months. The most frequently reported reason for visiting community pharmacies was to buy over-the-counter (OTC) medications. The majority (n = 318) of the participants were satisfied or highly satisfied with community pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. A willingness to use community pharmacy services was expressed mostly for the essential community pharmacist roles, involving selecting over-the-counter products, management of minor ailments, selecting non-pharmaceuticals and receiving counseling on using medications. However, an unwillingness was noted to approach a community pharmacist for counseling on alcohol dependence and drug misuse. Lack of privacy in the community pharmacy was found to be the most frequently reported barrier that would hinder individuals from approaching community pharmacists to get help or advice. Policymakers in Saudi Arabia could considerably advance the community pharmacy practice and improve the public utilization of various community pharmacist services beyond their limited essential roles such as dispensing and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Almanasef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Lynch M, Kodate N, Hickey C, O'Leary AC. Bridging the gap between healthcare professions' regulation and practice: the "lived experience" of community pharmacists in Ireland following regulatory change. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:74. [PMID: 36309758 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reforms to models of health and care regulation internationally have adapted to address the challenges associated with regulating healthcare professionals. Pharmacists in Ireland entered a new era of regulation with the enactment of the Pharmacy Act in 2007 which significantly updated the law regulating pharmacy in Ireland and expanded the regulatory scope considerably. An earlier study in 2017 examined the experiences of 20 community pharmacists of the Act. This follow-up study aimed to expand the scope of the original study to all community pharmacists in Ireland, to report their "lived experience" of the regulatory model introduced by the Act, assessing its impact on their professional practice using the principles of "better regulation". METHODS Survey methodology was used to assess the perception of all community pharmacists registered with the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland of the Act, as implemented, on their practice using an experimental design based on the seven principles of "Better Regulation". Descriptive statistics analyzed quantitative responses while answers from open-ended questions were analyzed using a combination of a modified framework analysis and a qualitative content analysis. RESULTS Respondents agreed that the Act was necessary, although its implementation by the regulator was largely not viewed as fulfilling the remaining "Better Regulation" principles of being effective, proportional, consistent, agile, accountable and transparent. In particular, its proportionality was questioned. This resulted in pharmacists perceiving that their professional competency to act in the best interests of their patients was not appropriately acknowledged by the regulator, which in turn compromised their ability to provide optimal care for their patients. CONCLUSION While healthcare professional regulation must primarily be concerned with public protection, it must also have regard to its impact on those delivering healthcare services. The findings highlight the challenge internationally of balancing rigidity and flexibility in professional health and care regulation, and the importance of a regulatory conversation occurring between those regulating and those regulated. This would serve to promote mutual learning and understanding to create a responsive approach to regulation, underpinned by mutual trust, effective risk assessment and adherence to the principles of "Better Regulation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lynch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1st Floor Ardilaun House Block B, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, DO2 VN51, Ireland.
| | - Naonori Kodate
- School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Public Policy Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,L'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France.,Institute for Future Initiatives, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Universal Accessibility and Ageing Research Centre, Nishitokyo, Japan
| | - Conor Hickey
- National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Aisling C O'Leary
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1st Floor Ardilaun House Block B, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, DO2 VN51, Ireland.,National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Alfaifi S, Bridges S, Arakawa N. Developing pharmacists' competencies in Saudi Arabia: A proposed national competency framework to support initial education and professional development. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:1256-1268. [PMID: 36280556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the currently accelerating changes in pharmacists' roles in Saudi Arabia, evidence-based developmental tools are required to guide initial pharmacy education and define competencies for early career (foundation level) pharmacists' progression. This study aimed to develop a profession-wide competency framework for foundation level pharmacists in Saudi Arabia using the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Global Competency Framework (GbCF) as the source framework. METHODS An online nominal group technique was used to develop consensus on a profession-wide national competency framework in Saudi Arabia. Purposive sampling was used to recruit experts from local various pharmacy sectors. A combination of self-administered surveys and online meetings was used to measure and develop consensus. The survey items were adopted from the FIP GbCF version 2. RESULTS Nine pharmacy experts participated in five iterative rounds of consensus measurement and development between July and November 2021. Consensus was achieved on appropriateness to Saudi pharmacy practice for all the behaviours in the "Pharmaceutical Public Health," "Pharmaceutical Care," and "Professional/Personal" clusters. The "Organisation and Management" cluster caused most differences of opinion. The final consensus generated a list of 125 behavioural statements for inclusion in the national competency framework. CONCLUSION This study proposes the first competency framework for foundation level pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The developed framework represents a consensus on competencies for foundation level pharmacists working across all pharmacy sectors and is eligible for supporting further improvement of initial pharmacy education and support excellence in pharmacists' performance to address the country's needs from pharmaceutical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihah Alfaifi
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Stephanie Bridges
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Naoko Arakawa
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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Demissie F, Buno H, Paulos G. Assessment of Pharmaceutical Service Quality Provided in Community Drug Retail Outlets in Selected Towns, South West Ethiopia. Integr Pharm Res Pract 2022; 11:117-126. [PMID: 36035245 PMCID: PMC9416480 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s375155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Inappropriate pharmaceutical services may result in unsafe, ineffective, and poor-quality treatment. This practice ultimately will lead to prolonged illness, suffering and damage to the patient and an increase in the cost of treatment. This study aims to assess the activities of pharmacy professionals and the pharmaceutical service quality given in community drug retail outlets of selected towns, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on all drug retail outlets working in Adola, Bule Hora, Dilla, and Yabelo towns, southern Ethiopia from October 1 to November 30, 2021, by interview through self- structured questionnaires and participant observations of the dispensing process. Results A total of 46 (100%) dispensers participated. Out of which 18 (39.13%) respondents were from Dilla town, 11 (23.91%) were from Adola, 8 (17.39%) were from Bule Hora and 9 (19.57%) were from Yabelo town. Standard Reference Books 21 (45.7%) and Internet 20 (43.5%) were used as drug information sources by pharmacy professionals to get the latest facts about medicines. The leading causes of a dispensing error were incomplete prescription (54.34%) and illegible prescription (30.43%) from the prescriber. The errors were managed by communicating with patients (23, 50%), and prescribers (18, 39.13%). There was a high frequency of dispensing prescription drugs without prescription paper. Conclusion The study revealed that less than half of the respondents use standard reference books and the internet as their drug information sources. Incomplete prescriptions from the prescribers were found to be the leading cause of dispensing errors. Dispensing of prescription drugs without receiving an order from a prescriber remains a common problem. Therefore, extensive work from regulatory authorities and pharmacy professionals is required to improve the quality of pharmaceutical services provided in drug retail outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Demissie
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Bule-Hora University, Bule-Hora, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Buno
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Bule-Hora University, Bule-Hora, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Paulos
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Effect of Occupational Stress on Pharmacists’ Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10081441. [PMID: 36011097 PMCID: PMC9408447 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Work stress occurs when employees have to deal with pressures that do not align with their skills, knowledge, or expectations. This study aimed to assess the impact of work stress on job satisfaction among pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, a cross-sectional, self-administered, paper-based survey was conducted between August 2019 and October 2020 using three scales. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed. A linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction among Saudi pharmacists. A total of 284 questionnaires were completed. Multiple linear regression analyses showed a significant negative relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction (β = −0.456, 95% CI, −0.561 to −0.350), a positive relationship between confirmation and satisfaction (β = 0.147, 95% CI, 0.005 to –0.290), and a negative relationship between working in hospitals and job satisfaction (β= −3.009; 95% CI, −5.424 to −0.593) when other variables were kept constant. The results of this study indicated that occupational stress and satisfaction negatively influenced pharmacists, whereas confirmation was associated with better satisfaction. Moreover, hospital pharmacists had lower job satisfaction. The job satisfaction of pharmacists may help improve medication safety and ensure an adequate pharmacist workforce.
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Almaghaslah D. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Community Pharmacists Toward Non-pharmaceutical Products in Saudi Arabia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:771308. [PMID: 35570966 PMCID: PMC9099022 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.771308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community pharmacy is a rapidly changing sector in Saudi Arabia. Customers visit local community pharmacies for a variety of reasons including disease-related advice, buying OTC medication, cosmetic products and re-filling a prescription for a chronic illness. The current study was conducted to fill the gap in the literature regarding community pharmacists' knowledge, attitude and practice toward non-pharmaceutical products. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design. A total of 211 community pharmacists working in the Asir region, Saudi Arabia were included. The questionnaire was adopted from a previous study with the same purpose. Results Products sold in community pharmacies were mainly pharmaceutical products (69.7%) compared to 30.3% non-pharmaceutical products. The most commonly sold non-pharmaceutical products were mother and baby products (26%) and skin care products (19%). Pharmacists showed good mean knowledge (3.96 out of 5), mean positive attitude (3.79 out of 5) and mean positive practice (3.32 out of 5). Conclusion Community pharmacists showed considerable knowledge pertaining to non-pharmaceutical products. Respondents demonstrated positive attitudes toward the non-pharmaceutical products and were interested in expanding their knowledge on the topic through continuing education. Additionally, they showed social accountability by assuming responsibility for providing patient counseling on non-pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Publics’ Perceptions of Community Pharmacists and Satisfaction with Pharmacy Services in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58030432. [PMID: 35334609 PMCID: PMC8954639 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Pharmacists play a major role in serving patients and delivering pharmaceutical services to the community. It is unclear whether the public fully appreciates what pharmacists can do as key health care providers. This study aims to examine public perceptions of community pharmacists and levels of satisfaction with pharmacy services. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a randomly selected sample population (n = 1000) in Saudi Arabia over a period of six months from January through June 2019. A 40-item, structured, self-administered questionnaire was used, comprised of questions on the demographics characteristics of the respondents and their satisfaction with pharmacy services. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The response rate of the survey was 76.92%. Public opinions were influenced by pharmacists’ availability and knowledge, service promptness, and counseling services. Overall, 80.5% of respondents agreed that community pharmacists treat them with respect. Doctors were identified as the preferred source of drug therapy consultation by 58.7% and pharmacists by 41.29%. About 72.8% of respondents agreed that pharmacists provided them with clear instructions about medication use, and 70.2% trusted pharmacists’ opinions about medications. About 62.5% of respondents expressed satisfaction with pharmacists, and 64.8% with pharmacy services. Conclusions: Customers’ opinions were influenced by pharmacists’ availability and knowledge, pharmacy service promptness, pharmacy location, waiting area, medication knowledge, and counseling. However, the public was greatly satisfied with community pharmacists’ professionalism and pharmaceutical services. This positive perception provides an opportunity for pharmacists to extend their roles as healthcare professionals.
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Alhazmi M, Bajuayfir A, Cheema E, Elrggal M, Ali M. Evaluation of Current Community Pharmacist Practice in Saudi Arabia—A Cross-Sectional Study from Pharmacists’ Perspective (Part II). PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10020038. [PMID: 35314619 PMCID: PMC8938769 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the current practice of community pharmacists from patients’ and pharmacists’ perspectives in Saudi Arabia. This paper presents the pharmacist’s perspective. A cross-sectional self-administered online survey was designed to collect responses from community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia from February to April 2021. The questionnaire consisted of several statements related to best practice in community pharmacy. Pharmacists’ responses to each statement were scored using a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores represented a greater extent to which they adhered to best practice in the community pharmacy setting and vice versa. Data of 164 participants were included in the analysis. The minimum median score was related to the statement: Pharmacist explains the main side effects. The maximum median score was related to the statement: Pharmacist explains dosage regimen. Pharmacists aged 30 years or above and non-Saudi pharmacists had significantly higher median scores compared with pharmacists less than 30 years of age (p = 0.016) and Saudi pharmacists, respectively (p = 0.001). A gap between best practice and current practice of community pharmacists was observed. Policymakers can utilize these findings to provide targeted professional development opportunities for the practicing community pharmacists in order to improve the overall service and care for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alhazmi
- Pharmacy Services, Ministry of Health, Al-Baha 11176, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Ejaz Cheema
- School of Pharmacy, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan;
| | - Mahmoud Elrggal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Majid Ali
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire (Hosted by Global Academic Foundation), New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Alfaifi S, Arakawa N, Bridges S. The relevance of the International Pharmaceutical Federation Global Competency Framework in developing a country-level competency framework for pharmacists: A cross-sectional study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 5:100095. [PMID: 35478515 PMCID: PMC9030276 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Almansour HA, Aloudah NM, Alhawassi TM, Chaar B, Krass I, Saini B. Physicians' views on cardiovascular disease risk prevention services by pharmacists and potential for collaboration. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2021; 4:100077. [PMID: 35479842 PMCID: PMC9029915 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Almanasef M, Almaghaslah D, Kandasamy G, Vasudevan R, Batool S. Involvement of community pharmacists in public health services in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14940. [PMID: 34606135 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists are one of the most accessible healthcare practitioners worldwide and their services are used by a large proportion of the population. Expanding the roles of community pharmacists could contribute to reducing pressure on general health practice and other areas of the health services. This research aimed to evaluate the contribution of community pharmacists in the provision of public health services and to investigate the perceived barriers for the provision of these services in Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study followed a cross-sectional design using an online anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The study took place in Asir region, Saudi Arabia, between September 2019 and February 2020. A convenience sampling strategy was used to select and recruit the study participants. The questionnaire was adapted from previous research and involved three sections: demographics, involvement in public health services and barriers for practising public health roles. RESULTS The total number of respondents was 193. The proportion of respondents who reported that they were "very involved" or "involved" in each service was 61.7% for weight management, 60.6% for sexual health, 57.5% for healthy eating, 53.4% for physical activity promotion, 51.3% for dental health, 46.1% for smoking cessation, 39.4% for screening for diabetes, 35.7% for screening for hypertension, 31.1% for alcohol dependence and drug misuse counselling, 30.6% for screening for dyslipidaemia, and 21.8% for vaccination and immunisation. Most of the barriers in the current research were rated as having low relevance to the provision of public health services. CONCLUSION Findings in the current research suggest that community pharmacists in Asir region have varying levels of involvement in public health roles. Further research needs to be undertaken to understand the barriers to the provision of public health services and what strategies would be beneficial for enhancing the public health role of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Almanasef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geetha Kandasamy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajalakshimi Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Batool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Fathelrahman AI. Medical Devices-Related Counseling Practices Among Community Pharmacists: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study from Saudi Arabia. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 10:113-125. [PMID: 34532279 PMCID: PMC8439968 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s310027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The current study was conducted to assess medical devices-related counseling practices among community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methodology This was a cross-sectional study conducted among community pharmacists from Saudi Arabia using a convenience sampling technique. An online questionnaire based on Google forms was used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted using SPSS statistics 22. Student t-test, one way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation statistics were used where applicable. Results with a p-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results One thousand and six community pharmacists responded to the survey. Males’ rating of their ability to operate medical devices was significantly higher than females (overall average score of 3.8 versus 3.5, p=0.033). As years of experience increased there were slight but significant increases in the overall scores on ability to operate medical devices (p=0.002) and confidence to counsel patients about the devices (p=0.032). Those who got a board certification used devices for self-treatment significantly more than their counterparts (on average 6.9 devices versus 5.2, p=0.003). Those who received clinical training reported higher rates of ability to use/operate devices (p=0.011), confidence to counsel patients on devices (p=0.001), and counseling practice (p=0.044) than those who did not receive clinical training. Conclusion The present study revealed good to very good self-reported medical devices-related counseling practices. There is a need for more future rigorous research to evaluate pharmacists' actual practice in this area. Pharmacy educators and CPD programs should pay attention to updating pharmacists’ knowledge and skills and improve their contribution to medical devices supportive services.
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Alghadeer S, Al-Arifi MN. Community Pharmacists' Practice, Awareness, and Beliefs about Drug Disposal in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9070823. [PMID: 34209499 PMCID: PMC8306795 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9070823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The awareness among Saudi people regarding the good and safe practice of drug disposal is fairly low. Community pharmacists’ potential toward drugs disposal directions and practice are not emphasized enough. Therefore, a cross sectional study was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to evaluate the practice, awareness and beliefs of community pharmacists about disposal of unused drugs. Out of 360 subjects who participated in the study, more than 70% returned the unused drugs to the pharmaceutical distributors. Around 80% of the participants confirmed the risk of environmental damage due to the inappropriate disposal of drugs, and 87.5% of them held themselves responsible for preventing such risk. Approximately 85% of surveyed pharmacists believed community pharmacies to be an appropriate location for the collection of unused drugs. There was no significant association between the community pharmacists’ age group and years of practice as community pharmacists with either the awareness of unused medication disposal on environmental hazards, or the beliefs about the appropriate location for collecting unused drugs (p > 0.05). The awareness and proactive accountable responsibility, along with community pharmacists’ belief of appointing pharmacies to collect unused drugs, strongly support the institution of drug take-back programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alghadeer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Center, Basic Sciences Department, Prince Sultan College for EMS, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammed N. Al-Arifi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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Alshammari F, Shaikh S, Hussain A, Alafnan A, Almuzaini I, Alshammari B. Public Awareness of Common Eye Diseases and the Role of Pharmacists in Raising This Awareness in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060692. [PMID: 34201117 PMCID: PMC8226453 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of common eye disorders and their prevention and treatment can play an essential role in reducing the visual impairment burden. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted from 15 November 2020 to 15 January 2021 to estimate the knowledge and awareness about common eye problems and their possible risk factors among the general population of the Hail Region, Saudi Arabia. The study also investigated the participants’ sources of information about eye diseases. Participants from various areas of the Hail Region were randomly selected. There were four parts in the questionnaire based upon the general awareness about the common eye diseases, participants’ knowledge and awareness of risk factors associated with eye disorders, awareness of treatment and prevention of various eye disorders, and the participants’ sources of information about ocular diseases. The questionnaire was distributed to the participants by direct contact with them at eye clinics, hospitals, malls, and markets. The number of participants in the survey was 400 people, 53.8% males and 46.3% females. Cataracts were known to 31% of the participants, 43% knew about glaucoma, 66% knew about dry eyes, and 44% knew about diabetic retinopathy. Overall, 46% of the participants knew about eye problems, and the male participants had better knowledge about eye problems than the female ones. The primary sources of information about the common eye diseases were pharmacists (43.3%), family physicians (40.3%), the Internet (37.3%), the community (37.3%), television and radio (9.3%), and books/ brochures (9.5%). In the Hail Region, the general public carries a moderate awareness of preventable vision-threatening ocular disorders. However, the awareness of cataracts and glaucoma was low. The gaps in awareness can be overcome by public health promotion. In offering information about eye conditions to the general public, pharmacists may play a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sameer Shaikh
- Divisions of Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine, Department of OMFS and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-530-935-057
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (I.A.)
| | - Ahmed Alafnan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim Almuzaini
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (I.A.)
| | - Bushra Alshammari
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing College of Nursing, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia;
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Mohammed E, Khanal S, Jalal Z, Cheema E, Abutaleb MH, Paudyal V. Perceived barriers and facilitators to uptake of non-traditional roles by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia and implications for COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: a qualitative study using Theoretical Domain Framework. J Pharm Policy Pract 2021; 14:25. [PMID: 33627172 PMCID: PMC7903212 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-021-00307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has further strengthened the need for pharmacists to uptake non-traditional roles. Pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia is emerging in recent years with greater policy emphasis on pharmacists taking new clinical roles. This study aimed to explore the experiences, perceptions and barriers of Saudi pharmacists about their uptake of non-traditional roles using Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Methods A qualitative semi-structured study using face-to-face or telephone interviews were conducted. Eligible participants included qualified pharmacists from Saudi Arabia. Interviews focused on pharmacist’s perceptions, current opportunities and key challenges towards the uptake of non-traditional roles. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Results were analysed through the framework analysis method and were later mapped with respective domains of TDF. Results A total of 14 pharmacists completed the interview (9 females and 5 males). Participants showed an overall positive attitude towards the uptake of non-traditional roles. Participants felt that there was wider support available for pharmacists at the policy level to uptake non-traditional roles. However, a need for greater recognition of roles by other healthcare professionals and patients were identified. Participants alluded to reluctance of some physicians to take on board the suggestions from a pharmacist. Key barriers to uptake of non-traditional roles were related to environmental context and resources domain of TDF. For example, participants discussed the need for even further practical experiences during their undergraduate degree to become ready to adopt non-traditional roles in clinical practice. Conclusions Participants of this theoretically informed qualitative study showed an overall positive attitude towards the way pharmacy practice is progressing in Saudi Arabia and their uptake of non-traditional roles. However, there is a need to improve interdisciplinary working, patient awareness of pharmacist competencies and their educational preparedness in furthering their uptake of non-traditional roles. Addressing such barriers and promoting uptake of novel roles by pharmacists is imperative in the context of emerging COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeman Mohammed
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Saval Khanal
- Behavioral Science Group, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Zahraa Jalal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ejaz Cheema
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mohammed H Abutaleb
- Pharmacy Department, King Fahad Central Hospital-Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vibhu Paudyal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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