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Chen M, Hu Z, Shi J, Xie Z. Human β-defensins and their synthetic analogs: Natural defenders and prospective new drugs of oral health. Life Sci 2024; 346:122591. [PMID: 38548013 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
As a family of cationic host defense peptides, human β-defensins (HBDs) are ubiquitous in the oral cavity and are mainly synthesized primarily by epithelial cells, serving as the primary barrier and aiming to prevent microbial invasion, inflammation, and disease while maintaining physiological homeostasis. In recent decades, there has been great interest in their biological functions, structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential in oral diseases. Meanwhile, researchers are dedicated to improving the properties of HBDs for clinical application. In this review, we first describe the classification, structural characteristics, functions, and mechanisms of HBDs. Next, we cover the role of HBDs and their synthetic analogs in oral diseases, including dental caries and pulp infections, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, fungal/viral infections and oral mucosal diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, we discuss the limitations and challenges of clinical translation of HBDs and their synthetic analogs, including, but not limited to, stability, bioavailability, antimicrobial activity, resistance, and toxicity. Above all, this review summarizes the biological functions, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of both natural HBDs and their synthetic analogs in oral diseases, as well as the challenges associated with clinical translation, thus providing substantial insights into the laboratory development and clinical application of HBDs in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumian Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Zihe Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Jue Shi
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Zhijian Xie
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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da Silveira EG, Prato LS, Pilati SFM, Arthur RA. Comparison of oral cavity protein abundance among caries-free and caries-affected individuals-a systematic review and meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1265817. [PMID: 37780687 PMCID: PMC10540632 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1265817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Some salivary proteins seem to be differently abundant among caries-free (CF) and caries-affected (CA) individuals, but previous results are contradictory precluding that definitive conclusion be drawn. A pooled analysis of the available evidence may provide more robust data on identifying oral cavity protein patterns among CF and CA individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD42021269079) aimed to compare the oral cavity protein abundance among caries-free and caries-affected individuals. Methods This study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically assessed (up to February 2023) to retrieve clinical studies written in English, German, or in Latin-based languages that compared the oral cavity protein abundance among CF and CA individuals. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment (NIH guidelines) were independently performed by two investigators. Qualitative synthesis was performed from all included studies and meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with inverse variance for studies that reported the concentration of proteins or enzymatic activity. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for each outcome. Results A total of 90 studies (two cohort and 88 cross-sectional designs) of more than 6,000 participants were selected for data extraction, being the quality of evidence graded as "fair" for most of them. The oral cavity of CF individuals presented lower total protein concentration [SMD = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.07-0.68; 18 studies)], lower total antioxidant capacity [SMD = 1.29 (95% CI: 0.74-1.85); 17 studies], and lower carbonic anhydrase activity [SMD = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.58-1.09); three studies], whereas CA individuals presented lower carbonic anhydrase concentration [SMD = -0.66 (95% CI: -1.00 to -0.32); three studies], urease [SMD = -0.95 (IC 95%: -1.72 to -0.17); four studies], and arginine deiminase system [SMD = -2.07 (95% CI: -3.53 to -0.62); three studies] activities. Antimicrobial peptides, secretory immunoglobulin-A concentrations and alpha-amylase activity were similar among individuals. Conclusion Differences on oral cavity protein abundance were observed among CF and CA individuals. These data indicate some protein patterns for the oral health and dental caries conditions. Even when statistically significant, some of the results were not very consistent. Cohort studies need to be conducted to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Garcia da Silveira
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Laura Schaurich Prato
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Li Y, Yang Z, Cai T, Jiang D, Luo J, Zhou Z. Untargeted metabolomics of saliva in caries-active and caries-free children in the mixed dentition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1104295. [PMID: 37082714 PMCID: PMC10110944 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo compare the differences in salivary metabolites between caries-active and caries-free children in the mixed dentition, and explore their correlation with caries status.MethodsThe study involved 20 children (aged 8–9 years) in the mixed dentition, including 10 caries-active (aged 8.6 ± 0.49years) and 10 caries-free children(aged 8.5 ± 0.5years), with a male/female ratio of 1:1. The saliva samples were collected from all children. Metabolite extraction, LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics, qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis and bioinformatics analysis were performed to identify differential metabolites between the two sample groups. The differential metabolites identified were further analyzed in an attempt to find their correlations with caries status.ResultsIn the positive ion mode, a total of 1606 molecular features were detected in the samples of the two groups, 189 of which were differential metabolites when comparing the caries-active group with the caries-free group, including 104 up-regulated and 85 down-regulated metabolites. In the negative ion mode, a total of 532 molecular features were detected in the samples of two groups, 70 of which were differential metabolites when comparing the caries-active group with the caries-free group, including 37 up-regulated and 33 down-regulated metabolites. In the positive ion mode, two of the top 5 up-regulated differential metabolites were found in and annotated to specific metabolic pathways, whereas in the negative ion mode, only one of the top 5 up-regulated differential metabolites was found in and annotated to specific metabolic pathways. In both the positive and negative ion modes, the top 5 down-regulated differential metabolites were both annotated to the metabolic pathways. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites showed that histamine and arachidonic acid identified in the positive ion mode, as well as succinate and L-histidine identified in the negative ion mode were enriched in the top 3 significantly altered pathways.ConclusionThe enriched differential metabolites including histamine, L-histidine and succinate were correlated with the presence of dental caries, but their role in the caries process needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueheng Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Luo, ; Zhi Zhou,
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Luo, ; Zhi Zhou,
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Stewart L, Hong Y, Holmes IR, Firth SJ, Ahmed Y, Quinn J, Santos Y, Cobb SL, Jakubovics NS, Djoko KY. Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin-5 Does Not Display Zn(II)-Dependent or -Independent Activity against Streptococci. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:631-642. [PMID: 36826226 PMCID: PMC10012264 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Histatin-5 (Hst5) is a member of the histatin superfamily of cationic, His-rich, Zn(II)-binding peptides in human saliva. Hst5 displays antimicrobial activity against fungal and bacterial pathogens, often in a Zn(II)-dependent manner. In contrast, here we showed that under in vitro conditions that are characteristic of human saliva, Hst5 does not kill seven streptococcal species that normally colonize the human oral cavity and oropharynx. We further showed that Zn(II) does not influence this outcome. We then hypothesized that Hst5 exerts more subtle effects on streptococci by modulating Zn(II) availability. We initially proposed that Hst5 contributes to nutritional immunity by limiting nutrient Zn(II) availability and promoting bacterial Zn(II) starvation. By examining the interactions between Hst5 and Streptococcus pyogenes as a model Streptococcus species, we showed that Hst5 does not influence the expression of Zn(II) uptake genes. In addition, Hst5 did not suppress growth of a ΔadcAI mutant strain that is impaired in Zn(II) uptake. These observations establish that Hst5 does not promote Zn(II) starvation. Biochemical examination of purified peptides further confirmed that Hst5 binds Zn(II) with high micromolar affinities and does not compete with the AdcAI high-affinity Zn(II) uptake protein for binding nutrient Zn(II). Instead, we showed that Hst5 weakly limits the availability of excess Zn(II) and suppresses Zn(II) toxicity to a ΔczcD mutant strain that is impaired in Zn(II) efflux. Altogether, our findings led us to reconsider the function of Hst5 as a salivary antimicrobial agent and the role of Zn(II) in Hst5 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa
J. Stewart
- Department
of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - YoungJin Hong
- Department
of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel R. Holmes
- Department
of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J. Firth
- Department
of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Ahmed
- Biosciences
Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Quinn
- Biosciences
Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Yazmin Santos
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L. Cobb
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karrera Y. Djoko
- Department
of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Kompuinen J, Keskin M, Yilmaz D, Gürsoy M, Gürsoy UK. Human β-Defensins in Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060830. [PMID: 36980171 PMCID: PMC10047923 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are malignant growths with high death rates, which makes the early diagnosis of the affected patients of utmost importance. Over 90% of oral cavity cancers come from squamous cells, and the tongue, oral cavity, and salivary glands are the most common locations for oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions. Human β-defensins (hBDs), which are mainly produced by epithelial cells, are cationic peptides with a wide antimicrobial spectrum. In addition to their role in antimicrobial defense, these peptides also take part in the regulation of the immune response. Recent studies produced evidence that these small antimicrobial peptides are related to the gene and protein expression profiles of tumors. While the suppression of hBDs is a common finding in head and neck cancer studies, opposite findings were also presented. In the present narrative review, the aim will be to discuss the changes in the hBD expression profile during the onset and progression of head and neck cancers. The final aim will be to discuss the use of hBDs as diagnostic markers of head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Kompuinen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mutlu Keskin
- Oral and Dental Health Department, Altınbaş University, İstanbul 34147, Turkey
| | - Dogukan Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54050, Turkey
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, 20101 Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Min H, Zhu S, Safi L, Alkourdi M, Nguyen BH, Upadhyay A, Tran SD. Salivary Diagnostics in Pediatrics and the Status of Saliva-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:206. [PMID: 36831972 PMCID: PMC9953390 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salivary biomarkers are increasingly being used as an alternative to diagnose and monitor the progression of various diseases due to their ease of use, on site application, non-invasiveness, and most likely improved patient compliance. Here, we highlight the role of salivary biosensors in the general population, followed by the application of saliva as a diagnostic tool in the pediatric population. We searched the literature for pediatric applications of salivary biomarkers, more specifically, in children from 0 to 18 years old. The use of those biomarkers spans autoimmune, developmental disorders, oncology, neuropsychiatry, respiratory illnesses, gastrointestinal disorders, and oral diseases. Four major applications of salivary proteins as biomarkers are: (1) dental health (caries, stress from orthodontic appliances, and gingivitis); (2) gastrointestinal conditions (eosinophilic esophagitis, acid reflux, appendicitis); (3) metabolic conditions (obesity, diabetes); and (4) respiratory conditions (asthma, allergic rhinitis, small airway inflammation, pneumonia). Genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics, are various other classifications for biosensing based on the type of biomarkers used and reviewed here. Lastly, we describe the recent advances in pediatric biosensing applications using saliva. This work guides scientists in fabricating saliva-based biosensors by comprehensively overviewing the potential markers and techniques that can be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Min
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Science, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Sophie Zhu
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Science, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Lydia Safi
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Science, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Munzer Alkourdi
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Science, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | | | - Akshaya Upadhyay
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Science, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Simon D. Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Science, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
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Orlova E, Dudding T, Chernus JM, Alotaibi RN, Haworth S, Crout RJ, Lee MK, Mukhopadhyay N, Feingold E, Levy SM, McNeil DW, Foxman B, Weyant RJ, Timpson NJ, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR. Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies and Transcriptome-Wide Association Study. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:59. [PMID: 36672800 PMCID: PMC9858612 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genetics affects early childhood caries (ECC) risk, few studies have focused on finding its specific genetic determinants. Here, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in five cohorts of children (aged up to 5 years, total N = 2974, cohorts: Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia cohorts one and two [COHRA1, COHRA2], Iowa Fluoride Study, Iowa Head Start, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC]) aiming to identify genes with potential roles in ECC biology. We meta-analyzed the GWASs testing ~3.9 million genetic variants and found suggestive evidence for association at genetic regions previously associated with caries in primary and permanent dentition, including the β-defensin anti-microbial proteins. We then integrated the meta-analysis results with gene expression data in a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS). This approach identified four genes whose genetically predicted expression was associated with ECC (p-values < 3.09 × 10−6; CDH17, TAS2R43, SMIM10L1, TAS2R14). Some of the strongest associations were with genes encoding members of the bitter taste receptor family (TAS2R); other members of this family have previously been associated with caries. Of note, we identified the receptor encoded by TAS2R14, which stimulates innate immunity and anti-microbial defense in response to molecules released by the cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. These findings provide insight into ECC genetic architecture, underscore the importance of host-microbial interaction in caries risk, and identify novel risk genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Orlova
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Tom Dudding
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Chernus
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Rasha N. Alotaibi
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Richard J. Crout
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Myoung Keun Lee
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Nandita Mukhopadhyay
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Steven M. Levy
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Daniel W. McNeil
- Department of Psychology & Department of Dental Public Health and Professional Practice, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert J. Weyant
- Dental Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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8
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Alamoudi A, Alamoudi R, Gazzaz Y, Alqahtani AM. Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Detection of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123080. [PMID: 36553087 PMCID: PMC9777252 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva plays a significant role in oral health and tooth integrity. Salivary components reduce tooth surface exposure to demineralization, protect against teeth wear and aid in enamel remineralization. There is a growing attempt to use salivary markers in diagnosing or predicting caries. However, despite the current information, there has yet to be an agreement among scholars. This study seeks to contribute more evidence on the suitability of salivary biomarkers in dental caries diagnosis. Eligible studies were electronically searched on online databases PubMed, Elsevier's Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science, and all the studies that met the inclusion criteria were considered. The PECOS criteria guided the study selection process based on the study question. The risk of bias was assessed using the STROBE checklist. Eighteen articles were included in the analysis. All the studies presented relevant data concerning the study objectives. There was evidence of associations between salivary biomarkers and dental caries, and the correlations were either positive or negative. The studies presented significant heterogeneity; thus, a meta-analysis was not possible. Salivary biomarkers appeared to perform crucial and complementary functions toward tooth integrity and thus may be reliable in predicting or diagnosing dental caries in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alamoudi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Raghad Alamoudi
- General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara Gazzaz
- General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aseel M. Alqahtani
- General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Olayanju OA, Mba IN, Awah NE, Akinmola OO, Ofagbor E, Okonkwo O, Olasehinde OE, Akintunde AAR, Abbiyesuku F. Oral innate immunity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 43:134. [PMID: 36762154 PMCID: PMC9898773 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.134.34287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction diabetes mellitus is associated with a high prevalence of oral infections. However, it is unclear how diabetes impacts oral innate antimicrobial proteins. This study evaluated salivary lysozyme and histatins, two major innate antimicrobial proteins, in patients with diabetes and non-diabetic controls. Methods a cross-sectional study where salivary lysozyme and histatins were measured alongside plasma glucose levels. Values of the salivary proteins were compared between the two groups; their association with glucose levels was also established using correlation and regression analysis. Results one hundred and fifty-one participants were recruited for this study, 85 (56.3%) of them had type 2 diabetes mellitus with a median fasting plasma glucose of 108.8 mg/dl (IQR 91.2-134.8) while the remaining 66 (43.7%) healthy non-diabetic controls had a median random plasma glucose of 101 mg/dl (IQR 89-112). The median salivary lysozyme was 32.5 ng/ml (IQR 25.0-39.6) in the group with diabetes and 36.4 ng/ml (IQR 31.4-42.1; p=0.01) in the non-diabetic control group. The median salivary histatins was 9.2 ng/ml (IQR 7.6 -10.2) in the group with diabetes and 14.7 ng/ml (IQR12.8-16.5; p<0.001) in the non-diabetic control group. Salivary lysozyme (r = -0.127; p =0.163) and histatins (r = -0.025; p = 0.424) were both negatively correlated with plasma glucose levels, and logistic regression showed that patients with diabetes are more likely to have lower levels of salivary lysozyme (0.957; p=0.013) and histatins (0.527; p<0.001). Conclusion patients with diabetes had reduced levels of salivary lysozyme and histatins, this could provide an insight into the associated high oral infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunde Ayodeji Olayanju
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Ben Carson (Snr) College of Health and Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilisan, Nigeria,,Corresponding author: Olatunde Ayodeji Olayanju, Department of Chemical Pathology, Ben Carson (Snr) College of Health and Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilisan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Nnaemeka Elvis Awah
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Ekitumi Ofagbor
- Royal Free London, National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Onyiye Okonkwo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olanrewaju Ezekiel Olasehinde
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Ben Carson (Snr) College of Health and Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilisan, Nigeria
| | - Akinbayo Abdul-Razaq Akintunde
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Ben Carson (Snr) College of Health and Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilisan, Nigeria
| | - Fayeofori Abbiyesuku
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Ben Carson (Snr) College of Health and Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilisan, Nigeria
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10
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An injectable multifunctional thermo-sensitive chitosan-based hydrogel for periodontitis therapy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 142:213158. [PMID: 36288629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are recognized as the driving factors of periodontitis. However, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can harm periodontal tissue while also causing an uncontrolled inflammatory response. Hence, eliminating excessive ROS and blocking ROS-induced abnormal inflammatory response by antioxidants are achieving remarkable results in periodontitis therapy. Moreover, influenced by the deep and irregular periodontal pockets, injectable thermo-sensitive chitosan-based hydrogels have attracted a lot of attention. This study aimed to formulate an antibacterial and antioxidant therapeutic regimen by incorporating antimicrobial peptides (Nal-P-113) and/or antioxidants (polydopamine nanoparticles, PDNPs) into chitosan-based hydrogels. The hydrogel was characterized in vitro and finally examined in rats using the experimental periodontitis model. The release kinetics showed that the hydrogel could stably release Nal-P-113 and PDNPs for up to 13 days. The scavenging activity of the hydrogel against DPPH was about 80 % and the antibacterial ratio against Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) was about 99 %. Importantly, it was examined that the hydrogel had the ability to prevent periodontal tissue damage. Thus, chitosan-based hydrogels may provide a basis for designing multifunctional local drug delivery biomaterials for the treatment of periodontitis.
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11
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Ozsin-Ozler C, Duruel O, Pinar A, Özbek B, Yaz İ, Ataman-Duruel ET, Uzamis-Tekcicek M, Gunes-Yalcın E, Dogru-Ersoz D, Kiper N, Tezcan İ, Berker E. Dental caries and associated salivary biomarkers in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:2839-2846. [PMID: 36097860 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the caries status of the Cystic fibrosis (CF) children and adolescents with the comparation of some biochemical markers, secretory-immunoglobulin-A (sIgA), and antimicrobial peptides in the saliva. METHODS In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the approval Ethics Board was obtained. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from CF and healthy control children (non-CF) patients. Both groups underwent the same dental and periodontal evaluation scheme of the assessment. Human beta defensin (HBD1), human alpha defensin (HNP-1), cathelicidin (LL-37), sIgA in saliva were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunoassay method. A general biochemical analysis was performed. Statistical analysis was performed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 20.0 (SPSS Inc.). RESULTS A total of 21 (9 male, 12 female) CF and 23 (11 male, 12 female) control patients were participated with the mean age of 10.17 ± 3.38 and 9.52 ± 2.15 years, respectively. In control children, DMFT/S (decayed-missing-filled-tooth/surface-in-permanent-dentition), dmft/s (decayed-missing-filled-tooth/surface-in-primary-dentition) values were higher; DT (decayed-tooth in permanent dentition), ft (filled-tooth in primary dentition) and plaque index values were statistically significantly higher (p = 0.042, p = 0.005, p = 0.038, respectively) than CF patients. Bicarbonate was higher in control group; sodium, chloride, and total protein were higher in CF group; magnesium, calcium and phosphate levels were similar in each group (p > 0.05). Alpha and beta defensin-1 levels in control group was statistically significantly higher (p = 0.037 and p = 0.020, respectively), while LL37 and sIgA were not statistically significantly higher (p > 0.05) than CF group. CONCLUSIONS Children with CF had lower caries in permanent teeth, filling in primary teeth, and an altered salivary biomarker profile, especially in HNB1, HNP1. Therefore, it is important to conduct periodic oral-dental controls among CF patients during their childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ozsin-Ozler
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onurcem Duruel
- Department of Periodontology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asli Pinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begüm Özbek
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmail Yaz
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Meryem Uzamis-Tekcicek
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Gunes-Yalcın
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Dogru-Ersoz
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nural Kiper
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlhan Tezcan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ezel Berker
- Department of Periodontology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Tavares dos Santos H, Nam K, Maslow FM, Small T, Galloway TL, Dooley LM, Tassone PT, Zitsch RP, Weisman GA, Baker OJ. Tuft Cells Are Present in Submandibular Glands Across Species. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:659-667. [PMID: 35993302 PMCID: PMC9527474 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221120301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuft cells are bottle-shaped, microvilli-projecting chemosensory cells located in the lining of a variety of epithelial tissues and, following their identification approximately 60 years ago, have been linked to immune system function in a variety of epithelia. Until recently, Tuft cells had not been convincingly demonstrated to be present in salivary glands with their detection by transmission electron microscopy only shown in a handful of earlier studies using rat salivary glands, and no follow-up work has been conducted to verify their presence in salivary glands of other species. Here, we demonstrate that Tuft cells are present in the submandibular glands of various species (i.e., mouse, pig and human) using transmission electron microscopy and confocal immunofluorescent analysis for the POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3), which is considered to be a master regulator of Tuft cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harim Tavares dos Santos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kihoon Nam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Frank M. Maslow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Travis Small
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tabitha L.I. Galloway
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Laura M. Dooley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Patrick T. Tassone
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert P. Zitsch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Olga J. Baker
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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13
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Kaur B, Kobayashi Y, Cugini C, Shimizu E. A Mini Review: The Potential Biomarkers for Non-invasive Diagnosis of Pulpal Inflammation. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021; 2:718445. [PMID: 38947881 PMCID: PMC11212789 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.718445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
For assessing the adequacy of vital pulp therapy for an inflamed pulp, the use of non-invasive diagnostic tools is necessary to avoid further damage to the teeth. Detection of biomarkers that are indicative of the inflammatory status in pulp can be a promising tool for this purpose. These biomarkers need to be reliably correlated with pulpal inflammation and to be easily detected without pulp exposure. This mini-review article aims to review biomarkers that are present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in inflamed pulp conditions. Several studies have reported the availability of various biomarkers including cytokines, proteases, elastase, neuropeptides, and growth factors. Non-invasive pulpal diagnostic methods will be useful as well to determine reversibility, irreversibility, or necrosis of inflamed pulp. These types of molecular diagnoses via analyzing the proteome have revolutionized the medical field, and are one of the most promising empirical methodologies that a clinician can utilize for the proactive identification of pulpal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmleen Kaur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yoshifumi Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Carla Cugini
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Endodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
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14
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Norris HL, Kumar R, Edgerton M. A Novel Role for Histatin 5 in Combination with Zinc to Promote Commensalism in C. albicans Survivor Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121609. [PMID: 34959564 PMCID: PMC8703888 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is maintained as a commensal by immune mechanisms at the oral epithelia. Oral antifungal peptide Histatin 5 (Hst 5) may function in innate immunity, but the specific role Hst 5 plays in C. albicans commensalism is unclear. Since Zn-binding potentiates the candidacidal activity of Hst 5, we hypothesized that Hst 5+Zn would elicit a unique fungal stress response to shape interactions between C. albicans and oral epithelial cells (OECs). We found that Hst 5+Zn but not Hst 5 alone resulted in the activation of cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling, and deletion mutants were then used to determine that CWI-mediated chitin synthesis was protective against killing. Using flow cytometry, we confirmed that Hst 5+Zn-treated cells had significantly elevated levels of cell-wall chitin, mannan and β-1,3 glucan compared to Hst 5-treated cells. We then tested the activation of host signaling components involved in C. albicans cell-wall recognition. The immunoblot assay of C. albicans-exposed oral epithelial cells showed increased activation of EphA2 and NF-κB but not EGFR. Interestingly, C. albicans treated with Hst 5+Zn induced the global suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine release from OECs, but an increase in negative regulator IL-10. Hst 5+Zn-treated cells were more adherent but ultimately less invasive to OECs than control cells, thus indicating lowered virulence. Therefore, Hst 5+Zn-treated C. albicans cells are discerned by epithelial monolayers, but are less virulent and promote anti-inflammatory signaling, suggesting that Hst 5+Zn in combination could play a role in regulating commensalism of oral C. albicans through cell wall reorganization.
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15
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Zhou X, Li H, Zhu C, Yuan C, Meng C, Feng S, Sun X, Zheng S. Analysis of salivary proteomic biomarkers for the surveillance of changes in high-risk status of early childhood caries. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:572. [PMID: 34749719 PMCID: PMC8573911 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood caries is an urgent public health concern. The aim of this study was to investigate salivary proteomic biomarkers for the surveillance of changes in the high-risk status of early childhood caries. The process involves the screening of specific salivary peptides that were differentially expressed only under dynamic changes in individual caries status. Methods Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 28 kindergarten children aged 3–4 years in Beijing at baseline and 3 months and 6 months after baseline. A total of 68 samples were collected. In terms of their caries status and progress during the observation period, participants were divided into 3 groups; 7 in the non-caries recurrence group, 6 in the caries recurrence group, and 15 in the healthy control group. Salivary peptides that exhibited no significant differences in cross-sectional comparisons between different groups of caries status but only expressed differentially along with dynamic changes of individual caries were screened using the technique of magnetic beads combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The technique of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed to identify the proteins from which these peptides were derived. Results We found two salivary peptides differentially expressed only under dynamic changes in individual caries status in the above comparisons; mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) values of the two peptides were 1045.9 and 2517.6, respectively (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) and the decision tree model based on these two peptides showed an acceptable distinguishing ability for changes in the high-risk status of early childhood caries. The source proteins of the two peptides with m/z values of 1045.9 and 2517.6 were identified as submandibular gland androgen regulatory protein 3B (SMR-3B) and mucin-7, respectively. Conclusions Two proteins in children’s saliva, namely SMR-3B and mucin-7, have the potentiality to serve as candidate biomarkers for dynamic surveillance of changes in high-risk status of early childhood caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Haozhe Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Chunhua Meng
- Second Kindergarten in Asian Games Village, Chaoyang Disctrict, Beijing, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Shulan Feng
- Second Kindergarten in Asian Games Village, Chaoyang Disctrict, Beijing, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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16
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Faheem S, Maqsood S, Hasan A, Imtiaz F, Shaikh F, Farooqui WA. Associations of early childhood caries with salivary beta defensin-3 and childhood anemia: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:445. [PMID: 34521396 PMCID: PMC8442316 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human beta defensin-3 (HβD-3) is an antimicrobial peptide present in saliva that protects tooth surfaces from microbial attack. These peptides are part of innate immunity so levels may be affected by different systemic diseases like anemia. Therefore, anemia may predispose an affected child to an increased risk of dental caries. The objectives of this study were to determine the association of early childhood caries (ECC) with HβD-3 levels and observe the association of HβD-3 levels with childhood anemia. Methods A total of 80 children admitted in a pediatric medical ward, age 48–71 months, of either sex were included in the study. The included children were categorized as cases (children with ECC n = 40) and controls (children without ECC n = 40). Children were further segregated into the anemic and non-anemic sub-groups based on the hospital record of hemoglobin level. The salivary concentration of HβD-3 was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). IBM SPSS version 20 software was used for statistical analysis. Two sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare mean values while spearman was used for correlations at p < 0.05. Results The mean Salivary HβD-3 level in cases (8.87 ± 4.30) was significantly higher (p = 0.042) as compared to controls (7.23 ± 2.57). Salivary HβD-3 level in patients with caries and without anemia was highest (10.80 ± 4.50) whereas salivary HβD-3 level in the presence of caries and anemia was lowest (6.94 ± 3.13) amongst all groups. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Salivary HβD-3 level was found to be moderately correlated with cases (p = 0.002). An inverse correlation was found between salivary HβD-3 level and anemia (r = -0.479, p = 0.002). Conclusion Anemia may affect the innate immunity of children, and may result in a decreased level of salivary HβD3, thus increasing vulnerability to decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Faheem
- Department of Oral Biology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Shahida Maqsood
- Department of Oral Biology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Hasan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Imtiaz
- Department of Biochemistry Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Shaikh
- London Dental Clinics & Dental Implants, 41-C Badar Commercial Street 10, Phase 5, Badar Commercial DHA, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmed Farooqui
- Department of Research, School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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17
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Niu JY, Yin IX, Mei ML, Wu WKK, Li QL, Chu CH. The multifaceted roles of antimicrobial peptides in oral diseases. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:159-171. [PMID: 33721398 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are naturally occurring protein molecules with antibacterial, antiviral and/or antifungal activity. Some antimicrobial peptides kill microorganisms through direct binding with negatively charged microbial surfaces. This action disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane and leads to the leakage of the cytoplasm. In addition, they are involved in the innate immune response. Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in oral health, as natural antimicrobial peptides are the first line of host defence in response to microbial infection. The level of natural antimicrobial peptides increases during severe disease conditions and play a role in promoting the healing of oral tissues. However, they are insufficient for eliminating pathogenic micro-organisms. The variability of the oral environment can markedly reduce the effect of natural antimicrobial peptides. Thus, researchers are developing synthetic antimicrobial peptides with promising stability and biocompatibility. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides are a potential alternative to traditional antimicrobial therapy. Pertinent to oral diseases, the deregulation of antimicrobial peptides is involved in the pathogenesis of dental caries, periodontal disease, mucosal disease and oral cancer, where they can kill pathogenic microorganisms, promote tissue healing, serve as biomarkers and inhibit tumor cells. This narrative review provides an overview of the multifaceted roles of antimicrobial peptides in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yun Niu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan-Li Li
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Kim HE, Liu Y, Dhall A, Bawazir M, Koo H, Hwang G. Synergism of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Reinforces Biofilm Maturation and Acidogenicity in Saliva: An In Vitro Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:623980. [PMID: 33680985 PMCID: PMC7933670 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.623980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries, a virulent-form of dental caries, is painful, difficult, and costly to treat that has been associated with high levels of Streptococcus mutans (Sm) and Candida albicans (Ca) in plaque-biofilms on teeth. These microorganisms appear to develop a symbiotic cross-kingdom interaction that amplifies the virulence of plaque-biofilms. Although biofilm studies reveal synergistic bacterial-fungal association, how these organisms modulate cross-kingdom biofilm formation and enhance its virulence in the presence of saliva remain largely unknown. Here, we compared the properties of Sm and Sm-Ca biofilms cultured in saliva by examining the biofilm structural organization and capability to sustain an acidic pH environment conducive to enamel demineralization. Intriguingly, Sm-Ca biofilm is rapidly matured and maintained acidic pH-values (~4.3), while Sm biofilm development was retarded and failed to create an acidic environment when cultured in saliva. In turn, the human enamel slab surface was severely demineralized by Sm-Ca biofilms, while there was minimal damage to the enamel surface by Sm biofilm. Interestingly, Sm-Ca biofilms exhibited an acidic environment regardless of their hyphal formation ability. Our data reveal the critical role of symbiotic interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans in human saliva in the context of pathogenesis of dental caries, which may explain how the cross-kingdom interaction contributes to enhanced virulence of plaque-biofilm in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Atul Dhall
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marwa Bawazir
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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19
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Syafriza D, Sutadi H, Primasari A, Siregar Y. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation in Saliva and Histatin-5 Relate to pH and Viscosity. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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Jurczak A, Jamka-Kasprzyk M, Bębenek Z, Staszczyk M, Jagielski P, Kościelniak D, Gregorczyk-Maga I, Kołodziej I, Kępisty M, Kukurba-Setkowicz M, Bryll A, Krzyściak W. Differences in Sweet Taste Perception and Its Association with the Streptococcus mutans Cariogenic Profile in Preschool Children with Caries. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092592. [PMID: 32858903 PMCID: PMC7551438 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis about differences in sweet taste perception in the group of preschool children with and without caries, and to determine its relationship with cariogenic microbiota and the frequency of sweets consumption in children. The study group included of 63 children aged 2–6 years: 32 with caries and 31 without caries. The study consisted of collecting questionnaire data and assessment of dental status using the decayed, missing, filled in primary teeth index (dmft) and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). The evaluation of sweet taste perception was carried out using a specific method that simultaneously assessed the level of taste preferences and the sensitivity threshold for a given taste. The microbiological analysis consisted of the assessment of the quantitative and qualitative compositions of the oral microbiota of the examined children. The sweet taste perception of children with caries was characterized by a lower susceptibility to sucrose (the preferred sucrose solution concentration was >4 g/L) compared to children without caries (in the range ≤ 4 g/L, p = 0.0015, chi-square test). A similar relationship was also observed for frequent snacking between meals (p = 0.0038, chi-square test). The analysis of studied variables showed the existence of a strong positive correlation between the perception of sweet taste and the occurrence and intensity of the cariogenic process (p = 0.007 for dmft; and p = 0.012 for ICDAS II), as well as the frequency of consuming sweets (p ≤ 0.001 for frequent and repeated consumption of sweets during the day, Spearman test) in children with caries. Additionally, children with an elevated sucrose taste threshold were more than 10-times more likely to develop S. mutans presence (OR = 10.21; 95% CI 3.11–33.44). The results of this study suggest the future use of taste preferences in children as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of increased susceptibility to caries through microbial dysbiosis towards specific species of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jurczak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Małgorzata Jamka-Kasprzyk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Zuzanna Bębenek
- Department of Mycology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Czysta St 18, 31-121 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Staszczyk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Paweł Jagielski
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Faculty of Health Science, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Grzegórzecka St 20, 31-531 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Dorota Kościelniak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Iwona Kołodziej
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Kępisty
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Kukurba-Setkowicz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Amira Bryll
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-620-57-60
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Buzalaf MAR, Ortiz ADC, Carvalho TS, Fideles SOM, Araújo TT, Moraes SM, Buzalaf NR, Reis FN. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for dental caries, periodontal disease and cancer: is there a need for more biomarkers? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:543-555. [PMID: 32223655 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1743686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A biomarker is a biological indicator of normal or pathogenic processes. Identification of biomarkers is useful for the prevention, diagnosis and prognosis of diseases as well as for monitoring the progression of pathological disorders. Several types of molecules present in biological fluids can act as biomarkers such as DNA, coding and non-coding RNA, lipids, metabolites, proteins and even microbes. In this context, saliva emerges as a useful diagnostic tool for the detection of biomarkers involved with oral and systemic diseases, since it reflects the pathophysiological conditions of the organism and allows early, rapid, practical and noninvasive detection of biomarkers.Areas covered: This review discusses the properties of saliva as a diagnostic tool and addresses the main identified biomarkers related to dental caries, periodontal disease, head and neck cancer and other types of cancer of considerable incidence among the world population.Expert commentary: Despite extensive efforts which have been directed toward the identification of one or a combination of biomarkers with good predictive values for the early detection of dental caries, periodontal disease and cancer, these biomarkers still need validation before chairside point-of-care devices can be widely used in the clinic.
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The impact of salivary lactoperoxidase and histatin-5 on early childhood caries severity in relation to nutritional status. Saudi Dent J 2020; 32:410-416. [PMID: 33304085 PMCID: PMC7714966 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early childhood caries is a multifactorial disease. Saliva plays an important role in initiation and protection against caries, and its composition is greatly affected by nutritional status. This study was conducted to determine the impact of salivary lactoperoxidase and histatin-5 on the severity of ECC in relation to nutritional status. Materials and methods The sample consisted of 120 children aged 5 years, classified into eight groups: mild ECC in underweight children, mild ECC in normalweight children, moderate ECC in underweight children, moderate in ECC normal weight children, severe ECC in underweight children, severe ECC in normalweight, caries-free (control) underweight children and caries-free normalweight children. Each group consisted of 15 children. Stimulated saliva was collected. Salivary lactoperoxidase was analysed using Human LPO/ Lactoperoxidase ELISA Kit (CLIA)-LS-F29892, and salivary histatin-5 was analysed using Human Histatin-5 ELISA Kit MBS705083_48T. Results Lactoperoxidase and histatin-5 concentrations were significantly higher in caries-free children than in children with ECC, and they were higher in children with mild ECC than in children with moderate ECC or in children with severe ECC. They were significantly higher among children with normal weight than among those who were underweight (p < 0.01). ECC and nutritional status recorded non-significant interactions with both LPO and HST-5 (p > 0.01), but there was significant interaction between these two variables and LPO and HST-5 together (p < 0.01). The Pearson's correlation coefficient test recorded significant negative correlations between ECC severity and both salivary lactoperoxidase and histatin-5 among the eight study groups, whereas significant positive correlations were recorded between BMI values and both salivary lactoperoxidase and histatin-5 among the eight study groups. Conclusion Salivary lactoperoxidase and histatin-5 may be affected by nutritional status, and these two parameters may play an important role in caries prevention at high concentrations. There is interaction between these two parameters and ECC severity and nutrition.
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Prasad SV, Fiedoruk K, Daniluk T, Piktel E, Bucki R. Expression and Function of Host Defense Peptides at Inflammation Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010104. [PMID: 31877866 PMCID: PMC6982121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the complex role of host defense peptides (HDPs) in the pathophysiology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The physicochemical properties and selective interaction of HDPs with various receptors define their immunomodulatory effects. However, it is quite challenging to understand their function because some HDPs play opposing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles, depending on their expression level within the site of inflammation. While it is known that HDPs maintain constitutive host protection against invading microorganisms, the inducible nature of HDPs in various cells and tissues is an important aspect of the molecular events of inflammation. This review outlines the biological functions and emerging roles of HDPs in different inflammatory conditions. We further discuss the current data on the clinical relevance of impaired HDPs expression in inflammation and selected diseases.
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Wang K, Zhou X, Li W, Zhang L. Human salivary proteins and their peptidomimetics: Values of function, early diagnosis, and therapeutic potential in combating dental caries. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 99:31-42. [PMID: 30599395 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva contains a large number of proteins that play various crucial roles to maintain the oral health and tooth integrity. This oral fluid is proposed to be one of the most important host factors, serving as a special medium for monitoring aspects of microorganisms, diet and host susceptibility involved in the caries process. Extensive salivary proteomic and peptidomic studies have resulted in considerable advances in the field of biomarkers discovery for dental caries. These salivary biomarkers may be exploited for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dental caries, many of which could also provide the potential templates for bioactive peptides used for the biomimetic management of dental caries, rather than repairing caries lesions with artificial materials. A comprehensive understanding of the biological function of salivary proteins as well as their derived biomimetic peptides with promising potential against dental caries has been long awaited. This review overviewed a collection of current literature and addressed the majority of different functions of salivary proteins and peptides with their potential as functional biomarkers for caries risk assessment and clinical prospects for the anti-caries application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Piekoszewska-Ziętek P, Turska-Szybka A, Olczak-Kowalczyk D. Salivary proteins and peptides in the aetiology of caries in children: Systematic literature review. Oral Dis 2018; 25:1048-1056. [PMID: 30091198 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the relationship of chosen salivary proteins and peptides levels with the occurrence of caries in children. METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 2000 to 2018 were researched for original observational studies published in English. The risk of bias and quality of the included papers were assessed regarding the guidelines by Fowkes and Fulton. RESULTS Twenty-two studies were included in the review, from which the issue of glycoproteins (including immunoglobulins), AMPs and salivary enzymes was discussed. The research involved primary dentition (13 papers), as well as mixed (7) and permanent dentition (5). Caries assessment included visual inspection, dmft/s and DMFT/S indexed; quantity of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. bacteria; and caries risk assessment. DISCUSSION The results of studies regarding the connection between salivary peptides and proteins and caries development in children are promising; however, further investigations should be undertaken. The majority of studies included are case-control and cross-sectional; however, it is necessary to conduct more cohort studies with adequate follow-up prior to considering this as markers for caries risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Turska-Szybka
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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Ananthalakshmi R, Mahendra J, Jayamathi P, Mahendra L, Kareem N, Subramaniam S. Effect of Sudarshan Kriya Pranayama on periodontal status and human salivary beta-defensin-2: An interventional study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2018; 15:327-333. [PMID: 30233652 PMCID: PMC6134726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yogic stretching (asana) has been proven to have an effect on salivary human beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2) concentration, which is an antimicrobial peptide and is an inflammatory marker in periodontal disease. Sudarshan Kriya Pranayama (SKP) is a part of yoga which involves rhythmic breathing. Hence, we aim to evaluate the periodontal parameters and to estimate the salivary HBD-2 level before and after SKP program in periodontitis individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS An interventional study was designed and individuals were divided into three groups: Group I - healthy periodontium, Group II - chronic gingivitis, and Group III - chronic periodontitis. SKP was the interventional tool. The clinical parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and salivary HBD-2 level were analyzed at baseline and 90 days after the SKP practice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate salivary HBD-2. McNemar's Chi-square, Paired samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the results. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Following the SKP intervention, the clinical parameters such as PI and GI improved significantly in all the groups (P < 0.001); however, Group III showed a significant reduction as compared to the other groups. The mean baseline salivary HBD-2 levels of Group I, Group II, and Group III were 91.78 ng/μl, 110.22 ng/μl, and 157.63 ng/μl which was further decreased to 95.22 ng/μl, 98.22 ng/μl, and 132.88 ng/μl, respectively, following SKP intervention (P < 0.001). However, Group III had a higher HBD-2 level at 90 th day as compared to other groups. CONCLUSION There was an improvement in PI and GI with a decrease in salivary HBD-2 in chronic periodontitis patients following SKP. Hence, SKP can be considered as an adjunct to treatment modality in patients with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ananthalakshmi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaideep Mahendra
- Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Jayamathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Little Mahendra
- Department of Periodontology, Priyadharshini Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nashra Kareem
- Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Association between genetic polymorphisms in DEFB1 and microRNA202 with caries in two groups of Brazilian children. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 92:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Laputková G, Schwartzová V, Bánovčin J, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Salivary Protein Roles in Oral Health and as Predictors of Caries Risk. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:174-200. [PMID: 33817083 PMCID: PMC7874700 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the current state of research on the potential relationship between protein content in human saliva and dental caries, which remains among the most common oral diseases and causes irreversible damage in the oral cavity. An understanding the whole saliva proteome in the oral cavity could serve as a prerequisite to obtaining insight into the etiology of tooth decay at early stages. To date, however, there is no comprehensive evidence showing that salivary proteins could serve as potential indicators for the early diagnosis of the risk factors causing dental caries. Therefore, proteomics indicates the promising direction of future investigations of such factors, including diagnosis and thus prevention in dental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Laputková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Schwartzová
- 1st Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Bánovčin
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Rastislavova 43, Košice, 041 90, Slovakia
| | - Michal Alexovič
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Ján Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
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Hemadi AS, Huang R, Zhou Y, Zou J. Salivary proteins and microbiota as biomarkers for early childhood caries risk assessment. Int J Oral Sci 2017; 9:e1. [PMID: 29125139 PMCID: PMC5775330 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a term used to describe dental caries in children aged 6 years or younger. Oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbrinus, are considered to be the main etiological agents of tooth decay in children. Other bacteria, such as Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and fungus, that is, Candida albicans, are related to the development and progression of ECC. Biomolecules in saliva, mainly proteins, affect the survival of oral microorganisms by multiple innate defensive mechanisms, thus modulating the oral microflora. Therefore, the protein composition of saliva can be a sensitive indicator for dental health. Resistance or susceptibility to caries may be significantly correlated with alterations in salivary protein components. Some oral microorganisms and saliva proteins may serve as useful biomarkers in predicting the risk and prognosis of caries. Current research has generated abundant information that contributes to a better understanding of the roles of microorganisms and salivary proteins in ECC occurrence and prevention. This review summarizes the microorganisms that cause caries and tooth-protective salivary proteins with their potential as functional biomarkers for ECC risk assessment. The identification of biomarkers for children at high risk of ECC is not only critical for early diagnosis but also important for preventing and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Hemadi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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A novel antimicrobial peptide against dental-caries-associated bacteria. Anaerobe 2017; 47:165-172. [PMID: 28571698 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries, a highly prevalent oral disease, is primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria infection, and most of them are anaerobic. Herein, we investigated the activity of a designed antimicrobial peptide ZXR-2, and found it showed broad-spectrum activity against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative oral bacteria, particularly the caries-related taxa Streptococcus mutans. Time-course killing assays indicated that ZXR-2 killed most bacterial cells within 5 min at 4 × MIC. The mechanism of ZXR-2 involved disruption of cell membranes, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, ZXR-2 inhibited the formation of S. mutans biofilm, but showed limited hemolytic effect. Based on its potent antimicrobial activity, rapid killing, and inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation, ZXR-2 represents a potential therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.
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Ao S, Sun X, Shi X, Huang X, Chen F, Zheng S. Longitudinal investigation of salivary proteomic profiles in the development of early childhood caries. J Dent 2017; 61:21-27. [PMID: 28438560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate differentially expressed salivary peptides in the development of early childhood caries (ECC) in 3-4 year-old children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-two caries-free children at baseline were followed-up for 1year, during which period 15 of them had developed ECC (Group C), whilst another 15 cases out of the 31 individuals who remained healthy were marked as Group H. Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected at 0, 6 and 12 months, and analyzed using weak cation exchange magnetic beads combined with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Corresponding peptide mass fingerprints were obtained to develop a discriminating model for ECC development. Q-Exactive mass spectrometry was then performed to identify the possible proteins where these peptides might derive from. RESULTS Nine peptide peaks were found to be significantly different in Group C among the three sampling time points and might correlate with development of caries. Levels of three of them increased over time, whilst that of the other six decreased gradually. We chose three peptides (1346.6, 2603.5 and 3192.8Da) which exhibited the best capability of classification, to establish a model for children at high risk of caries. One peptide (1346.6Da) was identified to be salivary histatin-rich peptide. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that peptidomic methods can be applied to help identify new candidate biomarkers for the occurrence and development of ECC. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The change of salivary peptides may be an indicator of ECC, facilitating more effective measures to be taken in prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangru Shi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.
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