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Vaillancourt C, Ahmed M, Kirk S, Labonté MÈ, Laar A, Mah CL, Minaker L, Olstad DL, Potvin Kent M, Provencher V, Prowse R, Raine KD, Schram A, Zavala-Mora D, Rancourt-Bouchard M, Vanderlee L. Food environment research in Canada: a rapid review of methodologies and measures deployed between 2010 and 2021. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38373957 PMCID: PMC10875887 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous research methodologies have been used to examine food environments. Existing reviews synthesizing food environment measures have examined a limited number of domains or settings and none have specifically targeted Canada. This rapid review aimed to 1) map research methodologies and measures that have been used to assess food environments; 2) examine what food environment dimensions and equity related-factors have been assessed; and 3) identify research gaps and priorities to guide future research. A systematic search of primary articles evaluating the Canadian food environment in a real-world setting was conducted. Publications in English or French published in peer-reviewed journals between January 1 2010 and June 17 2021 and indexed in Web of Science, CAB Abstracts and Ovid MEDLINE were considered. The search strategy adapted an internationally-adopted food environment monitoring framework covering 7 domains (Food Marketing; Labelling; Prices; Provision; Composition; Retail; and Trade and Investment). The final sample included 220 articles. Overall, Trade and Investment (1%, n = 2), Labelling (7%, n = 15) and, to a lesser extent, Prices (14%, n = 30) were the least studied domains in Canada. Among Provision articles, healthcare (2%, n = 1) settings were underrepresented compared to school (67%, n = 28) and recreation and sport (24%, n = 10) settings, as was the food service industry (14%, n = 6) compared to grocery stores (86%, n = 36) in the Composition domain. The study identified a vast selection of measures employed in Canada overall and within single domains. Equity-related factors were only examined in half of articles (n = 108), mostly related to Retail (n = 81). A number of gaps remain that prevent a holistic and systems-level analysis of food environments in Canada. As Canada continues to implement policies to improve the quality of food environments in order to improve dietary patterns, targeted research to address identified gaps and harmonize methods across studies will help evaluate policy impact over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vaillancourt
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mavra Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sara Kirk
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Kjipuktuk (Halifax), NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Labonté
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Amos Laar
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Catherine L Mah
- School of Health Administration, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Leia Minaker
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3T1, Canada
| | - Dana Lee Olstad
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Monique Potvin Kent
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON, K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Véronique Provencher
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rachel Prowse
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Kim D Raine
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Ave Northwest, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Ashley Schram
- School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet), ANU College of Asia & the Pacific, The Australian National University, 8 Fellows Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2600, Australia
| | - Daniela Zavala-Mora
- Science Library, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maryka Rancourt-Bouchard
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Arraztio-Cordoba A, Montero-Simo MJ, Araque-Padilla RA. "Marketing through Claims": A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Child-Targeted Food Packaging Claims within the Spanish Market. Nutrients 2023; 15:4548. [PMID: 37960201 PMCID: PMC10650306 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food advertising, especially on packaging, impacts children's choices. Food companies make different claims on packaging as a marketing techniques to make their products more appealing, enhancing their perceived healthiness, even in unhealthy products. Although the use of some claims is regulated, there are legal loopholes that could confuse young consumers and that concern global authorities. To shed light on the matter, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the performance of all types of claims made by food companies in food products targeting children. We examined 458 products from Spanish markets in two periods through a cross-sectional content analysis. Our findings reveal that existing policies are working due to the decrease in nutrition claims, but there is a growth in soft claims that are unregulated and potentially confusing and attractive to children. Considering that most of the products analyzed are unhealthy, this emphasizes the importance of implementing stricter regulations to create a healthier and more reliable food environment for children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Jose Montero-Simo
- Department of Management, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.J.M.-S.); (R.A.A.-P.)
| | - Rafael A. Araque-Padilla
- Department of Management, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.J.M.-S.); (R.A.A.-P.)
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Demers-Potvin É, Gaucher-Holm A, Hobin E, Provencher V, Niquette M, Bélanger-Gravel A, Vanderlee L. Nutrition cues on ready-to-drink alcoholic beverage containers sold in grocery stores in Québec City, Canada. Prev Med Rep 2023; 32:102164. [PMID: 36922961 PMCID: PMC10009295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition cues on ready-to-drink alcoholic beverages (RTDs) may create an illusion of healthfulness; however, nutrition information on alcohol in Canada is seldom regulated. This research aimed to systematically record the use of nutrition cues on a subsample of RTDs sold in grocery stores. In July 2021, all available RTDs were purchased from three major grocery store banners in Québec City, Canada. Data regarding container size, purchase format, alcohol-by-volume (ABV), presence of nutrition cues (nutrient claims, other food-related claims and nutrition facts tables [NFTs]) and container surface occupied by nutrition cues were recorded. RTDs were classified as hard seltzers or pre-mixed cocktails and their ABV as "light-strength" (3.5%-4.0% ABV) and "regular-strength" (>4.0%-7.0% ABV). In total (n = 193), 23% were hard seltzers and 17% light-strength. Most RTDs (68%) had ≥1 type of nutrition cue, most often natural flavour claims (45%), an NFT (38%), and calorie claims (29%). Light-strength beverages were more likely than regular-strength to carry any nutrient claim (97% vs. 19%, p < 0.0001), an NFT (97% vs. 26%, p < 0.0001) and other food-related claims (e.g., natural flavour) (88% vs. 52%, p = 0.0002). In adjusted regression analyses, hard seltzers were more likely than pre-mixed cocktails to carry any nutrient claim (AOR = 19.1, 95% CI:7.5,48.7), any other food-related claim (AOR = 7.5, 95% CI:2.9,19.4), and an NFT (AOR = 45.5, 95% CI:12.6,163.9). The mean container surface occupied by nutrition cues was higher for hard seltzers compared to pre-mixed cocktails (13% vs 3%, p < 0.0001). The high proportion of RTDs carrying nutrition cues supports the need to further regulate labelling and marketing of RTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élisabeth Demers-Potvin
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexa Gaucher-Holm
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Erin Hobin
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Véronique Provencher
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon Niquette
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Département d'information et de communication, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Ariane Bélanger-Gravel
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Département d'information et de communication, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Hu G, Ahmed M, L'Abbé MR. Natural language processing and machine learning approaches for food categorization and nutrition quality prediction compared with traditional methods. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:553-563. [PMID: 36872019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food categorization and nutrient profiling are labor intensive, time consuming, and costly tasks, given the number of products and labels in large food composition databases and the dynamic food supply. OBJECTIVES This study used a pretrained language model and supervised machine learning to automate food category classification and nutrition quality score prediction based on manually coded and validated data, and compared prediction results with models using bag-of-words and structured nutrition facts as inputs for predictions. METHODS Food product information from University of Toronto Food Label Information and Price Database 2017 (n = 17,448) and University of Toronto Food Label Information and Price Database 2020 (n = 74,445) databases were used. Health Canada's Table of Reference Amounts (TRA) (24 categories and 172 subcategories) was used for food categorization and the Food Standards of Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) nutrient profiling system was used for nutrition quality score evaluation. TRA categories and FSANZ scores were manually coded and validated by trained nutrition researchers. A modified pretrained sentence-Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers model was used to encode unstructured text from food labels into lower-dimensional vector representations, followed by supervised machine learning algorithms (i.e., elastic net, k-Nearest Neighbors, and XGBoost) for multiclass classification and regression tasks. RESULTS Pretrained language model representations utilized by the XGBoost multiclass classification algorithm reached overall accuracy scores of 0.98 and 0.96 in predicting food TRA major and subcategories, outperforming bag-of-words methods. For FSANZ score prediction, our proposed method reached a similar prediction accuracy (R2: 0.87 and MSE: 14.4) compared with bag-of-words methods (R2: 0.72-0.84; MSE: 30.3-17.6), whereas structured nutrition facts machine learning model performed the best (R2: 0.98; MSE: 2.5). The pretrained language model had a higher generalizable ability on the external test datasets than bag-of-words methods. CONCLUSIONS Our automation achieved high accuracy in classifying food categories and predicting nutrition quality scores using text information found on food labels. This approach is effective and generalizable in a dynamic food environment, where large amounts of food label data can be obtained from websites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlan Hu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mavra Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Joannah & Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Silva ARCS, Braga LVM, Anastácio LR. Coexistence of high content of critical nutrients and claims in food products targeted at Brazilian children. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2023; 41:e2021355. [DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2021355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate food labels targeted at children and identify the concomitant presence of claims and high levels of critical nutrients and/or the presence of sweeteners. As a secondary objective, it aimed to list different types of claims and check which marketing strategies are most used. Methods: We collected 409 products, from 8 popular food groups targeted at children, in Brazilian market (i.e., fruit drinks, dairy drinks, sandwich cookies, cakes, breakfast cereals, jellies, corn snacks, and yogurts). The contents of critical nutrients (e.g., sugar, total fat, saturated fat, and trans-fat, and sodium) and presence/absence of sweetener were calculated, considering Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) parameters. Then, we verified the presence and types of claims in these products. Results: Overall, 265 (64.7%) labels presented claims. In three of the eight categories (i.e., breakfast cereals, dairy drinks, and yogurt), all products with claims (50, 34, and 34 products, respectively) had one or more nutrients in harmful concentrations (critical nutrients above PAHO’s nutritional profile and/or presence of sweeteners). In the other categories, only one product (of 63 sandwich cookies and 26 breakfast cereals with claims) and three products (of 22 cakes and 28 jellies with claims) had no nutrient in critical concentration. The presence of claims, like “rich/source” of micronutrient, was predominant in seven of the eight food groups. Conclusion: In the present study, there was a high presence of claims, of different types, in foods targeted at children, which, for the most part, also have excess of at least one critical nutrient, according to PAHO.
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Does Supplementary Information Add Value to Functional Food? Evidence from a Choice Experiment in China. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204424. [PMID: 36297108 PMCID: PMC9606922 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing an effective choice architecture system enables people to improve their ability to make better food choices and encourage transformation of the food system into one that is more efficient, healthy, and sustainable. However, affecting consumer preferences by improving information supply is still a crucial issue that has not been comprehensively explored in China and many developing countries. This study aimed to identify the most effective information treatment method for increasing the likelihood of purchase and willingness to pay (WTP) for nutritionally enhanced eggs. A survey with five information treatments and a choice experiment was completed by a random sample of 2379 Chinese consumers, and the mixed logit model was subsequently applied to interpret the results. It was found that when nutritional information (NI), health benefit information (HBI), and/or market status quo information (MSQ) was presented to consumers, their utility increased. Different schemes had different effects on participants' WTP. The HBI from scientific research institution, provided in the form of leaflets, has the most significant effect on improving WTP, increasing the WTP of consumers by 31.65%. WTP for functional eggs increased similarly in response to NI and MSQ information. However, adding NI to HBI did not significantly increase the value of functional eggs, especially when the information was presented to the interviewees in the form of short videos. This research broadens the present knowledge and application of an information communication strategy by suggesting that the combination of information content, carriers, source influence consumer preference and WTP for nutritionally enhanced eggs. The results have implications for the communication practices of food enterprises to optimize their marketing strategies and improve product innovation to add more value to the functional food.
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Bedran P, Bou-Mitri C, Merhi S, Doumit J, Fares JEH, Farhat AG. The compliance of nutrition claims on pita bread in Lebanon and risk on public health: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:32. [PMID: 35430802 PMCID: PMC9014642 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mislabeling is a type of fraud, that can lead to major health concerns, especially when used on staple foods like bread. This study aimed to assess the compliance of nutrition claims on pre-packaged Pita bread in Mount Lebanon with national (LIBNOR; NL 661:2017) and international (CODEX; CAC/GL -2–1985) standards. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and Lebanese bread samples (n = 75) were collected from all the registered bakeries in Mount Lebanon directorate (n = 25). The claim compliance assessment was based on values of the nutrition facts panel and standard nutrient analyses, following official methods. Results Of all assessed breads, 84% carried nutrition claims, and 25.3% carried health claims. Among nutrition claims, 70.7% had non-addition claims, 56.0% had nutrient content claims, and 1.3% had comparative claims. The results showed a high prevalence of nutrition claims with majority non-compliant. Based on the nutrition facts panel, only 32.4% of the sugar related claims, 45.5% of the fiber claims, and 54.4% of salt claims were eligible to make those statements. Based on the chemical nutrient analyses, only 47.0% of sugar claims, 16.1% of fiber claims, and 37.5% of salt claims were compliant. All the claims related to protein (n = 7) were compliant. Conclusions These results suggest the urgent need to develop clear guidelines for the effective implementation of the current standard; in order to prevent mislead consumers from making poor decisions at the point-of-sale, which might affect their overall health and efforts towards proper nutrition.
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Ahmed M, Schermel A, Lee J, Weippert M, Franco-Arellano B, L'Abbé M. Development of the Food Label Information Program: A Comprehensive Canadian Branded Food Composition Database. Front Nutr 2022; 8:825050. [PMID: 35187026 PMCID: PMC8852278 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.825050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Traditional methods for creating food composition databases struggle to cope with the large number of products and the rapid pace of turnover in the food supply. This paper introduces Food Label Information Program (FLIP), a big data approach to the evaluation of the Canadian food supply and presents the latest methods used in the development of this database. Methods The Food Label Information Program (FLIP) is a database of Canadian food and beverage package labels by brand name. The latest iteration of the FLIP, FLIP 2020, was developed using website “scraping” to collect food labeling information (e.g., nutritional composition, price, product images, ingredients, brand, etc.) on all foods and beverages available on seven major Canadian e-grocery retailer websites between May 2020 and February 2021. Results The University of Toronto's Food Label Information Program (FLIP) 2020 was developed in three phases: Phase 1, database development and enhancements; Phase 2, data capture and management of food products and nutrition information; Phase 3, data processing and food categorizing. A total of 74,445 products available on websites of seven retailers and 2 location-specific duplicate retailers were collected for FLIP 2020. Of 57,006 food and beverage products available on seven retailers, nutritional composition data were available for about 60% of the products and ingredients were available for about 45%. Data for energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, sugar, sodium and saturated fat were present for 54–65% of the products, while fiber information was available for 37%. Food products were classified under multiple categorization systems, including Health Canada's Table of Reference Amounts, Health Canada's sodium categories for guiding benchmark sodium levels, sugar-focused categories and categories specific to various global nutrient profiling models. Conclusions FLIP is a powerful tool for evaluating and monitoring the Canadian food supply environment. The comprehensive sampling and granularity of collection provides power for revealing analyses of the relationship between nutritional quality and marketing of branded foods, timely observation of product reformulation and other changes to the Canadian food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavra Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Schermel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madyson Weippert
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beatriz Franco-Arellano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mary L'Abbé
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Mary L'Abbé
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Parra-Murillo M, Lowery CM, Gómez LF, Mora-Plazas M, Taillie LS, Dillman Carpentier FR. Claims on Ready-to-Eat Cereals: Are Those With Claims Healthier? Front Nutr 2021; 8:770489. [PMID: 34901117 PMCID: PMC8662936 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.770489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of advertising content strategies that suggest consuming a product will confer nutrient- and health-related benefits influences household food purchasing decisions, which increases consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor products. We examined the presence of marketing claims regarding nutrient content, health and nature in ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal packages in relation to the products' nutritional quality. Methods: A cross-sectional content analysis was conducted on 178 RTE cereal packages available in the six largest supermarket chains in four Colombian cities from August to November 2018. The nutritional quality of products was assessed through the nutrient profile model established by the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising law. Results: All products sampled exceeded the regulation threshold for at least one nutrient of concern (e.g., high-in calories and/or sugar). The majority (66.3%) of packages had claims related to nature, 57.3% had nutrient-content claims, and 15.7% had health benefit or risk avoidance claims. Most products with nature, nutrient-content, and health claims were high in energy (99.2, 98.0, and 92.9%, respectively) and sugar (88.1, 87.3, and 92.9%, respectively). Conclusion: RTE cereal products offered in major Colombian supermarket chains are heavily marketed using nutrition- and nature-related claims. Nearly all products with claims are high in energy and sugar, despite the messages conveyed by the claims to consumers. Results support the implementation of mandatory regulations restricting claims on food and beverage products high in nutrients of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caitlin M Lowery
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Luis F Gómez
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Mercedes Mora-Plazas
- Departamento de Nutrición Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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De Silva DAM, Jeewanthi RKC, Rajapaksha RHN, Weddagala WMTB, Hirotsu N, Shimizu BI, Munasinghe MAJP. Clean vs dirty labels: Transparency and authenticity of the labels of Ceylon cinnamon. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260474. [PMID: 34813609 PMCID: PMC8610277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceylon cinnamon, which was regarded as a luxury spice during ancient times, has been consumed for its medicinal properties and health benefits for thousands of years. For centuries, Arabian traders controlled the European cinnamon trade through limited supplies from a country which they did not reveal. Content marketing analysis and chemical profiling of value-added products of Ceylon cinnamon in the global marketplace are proposed to investigate the clean status of the product labels. In the present study, a mixed-method approach was employed to investigate the labels of 6 types of value-added forms of cinnamon; i.e. quills, powder, tea, breakfast cereals, confectionery and bakery and nutraceuticals which are used in USA, UK, Mexico, Japan and products of Sri Lankan cinnamon exporters. Two hundred and seventy-six labels were analyzed to find out the aspects of clean status, transparency and authenticity. Key label claims of the cinnamon products lie within the bounds of cleaner, healthy, nutritional and sustainable attributes. Consumer perception lies within ingredients, nutritional value, country of origin and claim on safety and quality standards and certification. The value chain transparency, ethical rules (species mislabeling), and chemical profile of the pharmaceutical, confectionery and fragrance industry inputs were ignored. The best claim and competitive advantage of the Ceylon cinnamon; an ultra-low level (<0.01 mg/g Dry Weight) of Coumarin, were rarely indicated in labels. Lack of clean labels and traceability lagged Ceylon cinnamon in the 40 international markets while Cassia cinnamon (Coumarin content 2.23 mg/g DW), a major competitor of Ceylon cinnamon appears in the market with dirty labels. Millennials and upper-middle-class female consumers in their active ages, place a high demand on Ceylon cinnamon. Today's tech-savvy global consumers of Ceylon cinnamon use market intelligence frequently for identifying product authenticity. Well equipped clean labels were found to be demanded by the modern cinnamon consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devarahandhi Achini Melda De Silva
- Department of Agribusiness Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka
| | - Renda Kankanamge Chaturika Jeewanthi
- Department of Agribusiness Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka
| | - Rajapakshage Heshani Navoda Rajapaksha
- Department of Agribusiness Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Naoki Hirotsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Bun-ichi Shimizu
- Department of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
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Davidović D, Paunović K, Zarić D, Jovanović A, Vasiljević N, Stošović D, Tomanić M. Nutrition and Health Claims Spectra of Pre-Packaged Foods on Serbian Supermarket Shelves: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082832. [PMID: 34444992 PMCID: PMC8398323 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and health claims (NHCs) are a powerful tool that influence consumers’ final decision on the choice of food products. The purposes of this repeated cross-sectional study were to (i) assess the prevalence of pre-packaged food products containing nutrition and health claims among different food categories, (ii) to determine the type of NHCs labelled on the examined food products, and (iii) to evaluate the trend in the use of NHCs in comparison to the 2012 survey. The survey was conducted immediately before the full enforcement of the new national legislation on NHCs in 2020. It comprised 3141 pre-packaged food products from 10 product categories. In total, 21.2% of food products contained any claim (19.4% contained any nutrition claim; 8.2% contained any health claim). In comparison to the 2012 survey, we observed a rising trend in the presence of NHCs; the use of nutrition claims on food products increased three times and the use of health claims increased 1.3 times in the 2020 survey. Bearing in mind that NHCs are a powerful tool guiding consumers’ food purchase decisions, NHCs should be supported by precise legislation and strict surveillance by the public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Davidović
- Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.P.); (A.J.); (N.V.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-11-3612762
| | - Katarina Paunović
- Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.P.); (A.J.); (N.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Danica Zarić
- Innovation Centre of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ana Jovanović
- Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.P.); (A.J.); (N.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Nadja Vasiljević
- Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.P.); (A.J.); (N.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Dragana Stošović
- Centre for Hygiene and Human Ecology, Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut”, Dr Subotića 5, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milena Tomanić
- Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.P.); (A.J.); (N.V.); (M.T.)
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A Cross-Sectional Audit of Nutrition and Health Claims on Dairy Yoghurts in Supermarkets of the Illawarra Region of New South Wales, Australia. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061835. [PMID: 34072130 PMCID: PMC8229526 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Health and nutrition claims are used by consumers to guide purchasing decisions. In consequence, monitoring and evaluation of such claims to ensure they are accurate and transparent is required. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of nutrition and health claims on dairy-yoghurt products within select Australian supermarkets and assess their compliance with the revised Food Standards Code (FSC). Nutrition, health, and related claims on yoghurt products were assessed in a cross-sectional audit of five supermarkets in the Illawarra region of New South Wales. Claim prevalence, type, and compliance were assessed and products were compared against current rating measures. A total of n = 340 dairy yoghurt products were identified. Most products (97.9%) carried at least one nutrition and/or health claim, with nutrition-content claims (93.9%) the most prevalent. Most products (n = 277) met the nutrient profiling scoring criterion; while 87.9% of products did not carry the health star rating. Almost all claims surveyed (97.4%) were compliant with the FSC. Health and nutrition claims are highly prevalent across yoghurt categories, with the majority of these compliant with regulations. The ambiguity surrounding the wording and context of claims challenges researchers to investigate consumers’ interpretations of health messaging within the food environment.
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Consumers' Implicit and Explicit Recall, Understanding and Perceptions of Products with Nutrition-Related Messages: An Online Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218213. [PMID: 33172128 PMCID: PMC7664426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess consumers' implicit and explicit recall, understanding and perceptions of products with a nutrition claim and a symbol depicting 'health,' and to determine whether these perceptions differed among Nutrition Facts table (NFt) users vs. nonusers. In an online survey, participants (n = 1997) were randomized to one of eight conditions in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, consisting of a label with a claim (present/absent) a heart-shaped symbol depicting 'health' (present/absent) for a healthier or less healthy soup. Participants were shown a label for 10 s and asked whether they recalled seeing a claim. If participants answered yes, they were then asked to describe their response using open-ended questions. Participants also rated the product's perceived nutritional quality and purchase intentions using seven-point Likert scales. In the claim condition, most participants (75%) were able to recall the presence of a claim, while 12% incorrectly mentioned the presence of a claim when there was none. Claims likely attracted consumers' attention and increased perceived nutritional quality, although with limited influence among NFt users (23%). The symbol depicting 'health' did not enhance perceived nutritional quality or purchase intentions. Although most participants (77%) made their decisions implicitly using the front of labels, those who used the NFt had a better understanding of the nutritional quality of products.
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Ropero AB, Blain N, Beltrá M. Nutrition Claims Frequency and Compliance in a Food Sample of the Spanish Market: The BADALI Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102943. [PMID: 32992866 PMCID: PMC7599968 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition claims (NCs) have been shown to affect customers’ perceptions and behaviour. In Europe, they are regulated by Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. The aim of this work was to analyse the prevalence and compliance of NCs according to this regulation in Spain. For this purpose, we used the BADALI database, which included 3197 foods present in the Spanish market. Our results show that 36.1% of all foods carried NCs, at a rate of 3.3 NCs/food. The prevalence was very heterogeneous among food groups. Nuts and seeds, legumes and non-alcoholic beverages were the groups with the highest prevalence. Micronutrients, fat, fibre and sugars were the nutrients most referred to in NCs. Overall, the compliance was low, with 49.2% NCs correct. Fibre and proteins were the nutrients with most correct NCs. Vegetables and non-alcoholic beverages were the food groups with the highest proportion of correct NCs. The main reason for incorrect NCs was because the amount of the nutrient was not stated in the label. The results of our study reveal that the aim of the European Commission to ensure a high level of protection for consumers regarding NCs has not been fulfilled. Therefore, we consider it crucial that European institutions invest in guaranteeing regulation compliance.
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What makes a beverage healthy? A qualitative study of young adults’ conceptualisation of sugar-containing beverage healthfulness. Appetite 2020; 150:104675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Franco-Arellano B, Vanderlee L, Ahmed M, Oh A, L'Abbé M. Influence of front-of-pack labelling and regulated nutrition claims on consumers’ perceptions of product healthfulness and purchase intentions: A randomized controlled trial. Appetite 2020; 149:104629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Changes in nutrition content and health claims post-implementation of regulation in Australia. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2221-2227. [PMID: 32338248 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019004890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether there were changes in the prevalence or healthiness of products carrying claims post-implementation of Standard 1.2.7: Nutrition, Health and Related Claims in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. DESIGN Observational survey of claims on food packages in three categories: non-alcoholic beverages, breakfast cereals and cereal bars. Nutrient profiling was applied to products to determine their eligibility to carry health claims under Standard 1.2.7. The Standard came into effect in 2013. The proportion of products carrying claims and the proportion of those not meeting the nutrient profiling criteria were calculated. A comparative analysis was conducted to determine changes between 2011 and 2016. SETTING Three large metropolitan stores from the three major supermarket chains in Sydney, Australia were surveyed in 2011 and 2016. PARTICIPANTS All claims on all available products in 2016 (n 1737). Nutrition composition and ingredients were collected from the packaging. RESULTS Overall in 2016, 76 % of products carried claims and there were 7367 claims identified in the three food categories. Of products in 2016 with health claims, 34 % did not meet nutrient profiling criteria. These may breach Standard 1.2.7. Comparison of 2011-2016 showed a significant increase in the number of products carrying claims (66 v. 76 %, P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of products carrying claims that do not meet nutrient profiling and consumers' tendency to infer health benefits from nutrition content claims warrants the regulation of all claims using the nutrient profiling. This will ensure consumers are not misled by claims on unhealthy food products.
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Impact of nutritional claims on consumer preferences for bread with varied fiber and salt content. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Franco-Arellano B, Kim MA, Vandevijvere S, Bernstein JT, Labonté MÈ, Mulligan C, L'Abbé MR. Assessment of Packaged Foods and Beverages Carrying Nutrition Marketing against Canada's Food Guide Recommendations. Nutrients 2019; 11:E411. [PMID: 30781351 PMCID: PMC6412409 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canadians' food purchases consist largely of packaged processed and ultra-processed products, which typically fall outside the "core" foods recommended by Canada's Food Guide (CFG). Almost half of packaged products in Canada carry nutrition marketing (i.e., nutrient content and health claims). This study assessed whether packaged foods carrying nutrition marketing align with recommendations outlined in the 2007 CFG. Label data (n = 9376) were extracted from the 2013 Food Label Information Program (FLIP). Label components (including nutrition marketing) were classified using the International Network for Food and Obesity/NCDs Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) labelling taxonomy. The Health Canada Surveillance Tool (HCST) was used to assess the alignment of products to CFG. Each food or beverage was classified into one of five groups (i.e., Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3, Tier 4, "Others"). Products in Tier 1, 2 or water were considered "in line with CFG". Most products in the analyzed sample were classified as Tier 2 (35%) and Tier 3 (27%). Although foods with nutrition marketing were significantly more likely to align to CFG recommendations (p < 0.001), many products not "in line with CFG" still carried nutrition marketing. This study provides important baseline data that could be used upon the implementation of the new CFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Franco-Arellano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Min Ah Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Stefanie Vandevijvere
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Jodi T Bernstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Marie-Ève Labonté
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- School of Nutrition & Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Christine Mulligan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Industry use of ‘better-for-you’ features on labels of sugar-containing beverages. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:3335-3343. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018002392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo examine the ways in which sugar-containing beverages are being portrayed as ‘better-for-you’ (BFY) via features on product labels.DesignCross-sectional audit of beverage labels.SettingAdelaide, Australia. Data on beverage labels were collected from seventeen grocery stores during September to November 2016.SubjectsThe content of 945 sugar-containing beverages labels were analysed for explicit and implicit features positioning them as healthy or BFY.ResultsThe mean sugar content of beverages was high at 8·3 g/100 ml and most sugar-containing beverages (87·7 %) displayed features that position them as BFY. This was most commonly achieved by indicating the beverages are natural (76·8 %), or contain reduced or natural energy/sugar content (48·4 %), or through suggesting that they contribute to meeting bodily needs for nutrition (28·9 %) or health (15·1 %). Features positioning beverages as BFY were more common among certain categories of beverages, namely coconut waters, iced teas, sports drinks and juices.ConclusionsA large proportion of sugar-containing beverages use features on labels that position them as healthy or BFY despite containing high amounts of sugar.
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Franco-Arellano B, Labonté MÈ, Bernstein JT, L'Abbé MR. Examining the Nutritional Quality of Canadian Packaged Foods and Beverages with and without Nutrition Claims. Nutrients 2018; 10:E832. [PMID: 29954102 PMCID: PMC6073495 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient content claims, health claims, and front-of-pack symbols (henceforth referred to as “nutrition claims” in the present study) are often found on food labels in Canada. However, it is currently unknown whether foods and beverages (F&Bs) carrying nutrition claims have a more favourable nutritional profile than those without such claims. This study examined differences in the global nutritional quality, as determined by the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Nutrient Profiling Scoring Criterion (FSANZ-NPSC), of Canadian F&B bearing nutrition claims as compared to those without, as well as in their nutritional composition. Data (n = 15,184) was obtained from the University of Toronto 2013 Food Label Information Program. Forty-two percent of F&Bs carrying nutrition claims (n = 2930/6990) were found to be ineligible to carry claims based on the FSANZ-NPSC, in comparison to 66% of F&Bs without (n = 5401/8194, p < 0.001). Sugars and sweets, and miscellaneous products were the food categories with larger proportions of foods carrying nutrition claims not meeting the FSANZ-NPSC eligibility criteria. F&Bs with nutrition claims had fewer calories, less saturated fat, sodium, and sugar, and higher content of protein and fibre than comparable products without nutrition claims (p < 0.05 in all cases). In conclusion, nearly half of F&Bs carrying nutrition claims in Canada did not meet the FSANZ-NPSC threshold, although Canadian products carrying nutrition claims have an overall “healthier” profile than their counterparts without such claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Franco-Arellano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Marie-Ève Labonté
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jodi T Bernstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
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