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Kovrlija I, Menshikh K, Abreu H, Cochis A, Rimondini L, Marsan O, Rey C, Combes C, Locs J, Loca D. Challenging applicability of ISO 10993-5 for calcium phosphate biomaterials evaluation: Towards more accurate in vitro cytotoxicity assessment. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 160:213866. [PMID: 38642518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Research on biomaterials typically starts with cytocompatibility evaluation, using the ISO 10993-5 standard as a reference that relies on extract tests to determine whether the material is safe (cell metabolic activity should exceed 70 %). However, the generalized approach within the standard may not accurately reflect the material's behavior in direct contact with cells, raising concerns about its effectiveness. Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are a group of materials that, despite being highly biocompatible and promoting bone formation, still exhibit inconsistencies in basic cytotoxicity evaluations. Hence, in order to test the cytocompatibility dependence on different experimental setups and material-cell interactions, we used amorphous calcium phosphate, α-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and octacalcium phosphate (0.1 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL) with core cell lines of bone microenvironment: mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblast-like and endothelial cells. All materials have been characterized for their physicochemical properties before and after cellular contact and once in vitro assays were finalized, groups identified as 'cytotoxic' were further analyzed using a modified Annexin V apoptosis assay to accurately determine cell death. The obtained results showed that indirect contact following ISO standards had no sensitivity of tested cells to the materials, but direct contact tests at physiological concentrations revealed decreased metabolic activity and viability. In summary, our findings offer valuable guidelines for handling biomaterials, especially in powder form, to better evaluate their biological properties and avoid false negatives commonly associated with the traditional standard approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilijana Kovrlija
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia; Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ksenia Menshikh
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Hugo Abreu
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Olivier Marsan
- CIRIMAT, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, ENSIACET, 4 allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Christian Rey
- CIRIMAT, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, ENSIACET, 4 allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Christèle Combes
- CIRIMAT, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, ENSIACET, 4 allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Janis Locs
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia; Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dagnija Loca
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia; Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia.
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2
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Steinacker VC, Renner T, Holzmeister I, Gubik S, Müller-Richter U, Breitenbücher N, Fuchs A, Straub A, Scheurer M, Kübler AC, Gbureck U. Biological and Mechanical Performance of Dual-Setting Brushite-Silica Gel Cements. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:108. [PMID: 38667565 PMCID: PMC11051121 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone defects resulting from trauma, diseases, or surgical procedures pose significant challenges in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The development of effective bone substitute materials that promote bone healing and regeneration is crucial for successful clinical outcomes. Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have emerged as promising candidates for bone replacement due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and ability to integrate with host tissues. However, there is a continuous demand for further improvements in the mechanical properties, biodegradability, and bioactivity of these materials. Dual setting of cements is one way to improve the performance of CPCs. Therefore, silicate matrices can be incorporated in these cements. Silicate-based materials have shown great potential in various biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug delivery systems. In the context of bone regeneration, silicate matrices offer unique advantages such as improved mechanical stability, controlled release of bioactive ions, and enhanced cellular responses. Comprehensive assessments of both the material properties and biological responses of our samples were conducted. Cytocompatibility was assessed through in vitro testing using osteoblastic (MG-63) and osteoclastic (RAW 264.7) cell lines. Cell activity on the surfaces was quantified, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to capture images of the RAW cells. In our study, incorporation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in dual-curing cements significantly enhanced physical properties, attributed to increased crosslinking density and reduced pore size. Higher alkoxysilyl group concentration improved biocompatibility by facilitating greater crosslinking. Additionally, our findings suggest citrate's potential as an alternative retarder due to its positive interaction with the silicate matrix, offering insights for future dental material research. This paper aims to provide an overview of the importance of silicate matrices as modifiers for calcium phosphate cements, focusing on their impact on the mechanical properties, setting behaviour, and biocompatibility of the resulting composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin C. Steinacker
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Renner
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ib Holzmeister
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gubik
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Urs Müller-Richter
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niko Breitenbücher
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fuchs
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anton Straub
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Scheurer
- Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial-Surgery, German Armed Forces Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander C. Kübler
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Seifert A, Tylek T, Blum C, Hemmelmann N, Böttcher B, Gbureck U, Groll J. Calcium phosphate-based biomaterials trigger human macrophages to release extracellular traps. Biomaterials 2022; 285:121521. [PMID: 35523018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As central part of the innate immune response, immune cells fight against invaders through various mechanisms, such as the release of extracellular traps (ETs). While this mechanism is mainly known for neutrophils in biomaterial contact, the release of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) in response to biomaterials has not yet been reported. An important application area for biomaterials is bone, where healing of defects of a critical size requires the implantation of grafts, which are often composed of calcium phosphates (CaPs). In this study, the response of human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro to two different CaPs (α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA)) as well as different pore structures was investigated. Scaffolds with anisotropic porosity were prepared by directional freezing, while samples with isotropic pore structure served as reference. It was revealed that ETs are released by human monocyte-derived macrophages in direct or indirect contact with CaP scaffolds. This was caused by mineral nanoparticles formed during incubation of α-TCP samples in culture medium supplemented with human platelet lysate, with an anisotropic pore structure attenuating MET formation. METs were significantly less pronounced or absent in association with CDHA samples. It was furthermore demonstrated that MET formation was accompanied by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, this study provided the first evidence that macrophages are capable of releasing ETs in response to biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Seifert
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tina Tylek
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carina Blum
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Naomi Hemmelmann
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany.
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4
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Fandzloch M, Bodylska W, Roszek K, Halubek-Gluchowska K, Jaromin A, Gerasymchuk Y, Lukowiak A. Solvothermally-derived nanoglass as a highly bioactive material. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5514-5528. [PMID: 35343556 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05984j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A highly bioactive glass solvBG76 in a binary system 76SiO2-24CaO (wt%) was prepared following a solvothermal path of the synthesis. The facile synthesis, in terms of the steps and reagents needed, enabled the achievement of a mesoporous material. Many factors such as nano-size (<50 nm), different morphology (non-spherical), use of an unconventional network modifier (calcium hydroxide) during the synthesis, a structure free of crystalline impurities, and textural properties greatly enhanced the kinetic deposition process of hydroxyapatite (HA) when contacting with physiological fluids. The formation of a HA layer on the glass was analyzed by various techniques, namely XRD, IR-ATR, Raman, XPS, EDS analyses, SEM, and HR-TEM imaging. The results obtained were compared to the 45S5 glass tested as a reference biomaterial as well as 70S30C-a glass with similar size and composition to reported solvBG76 but obtained by the conventional sol-gel method. For the first time, superior apatite-mineralization ability in less than 1 h in a physiological-like buffer was achieved. This unique bioactivity is accompanied by biocompatibility and hemocompatibility, which was indicated by a set of various assays in human dermal fibroblasts and MC3T3 mouse osteoblast precursor cells, as well as hemolytic activity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Fandzloch
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Weronika Bodylska
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Halubek-Gluchowska
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Yuriy Gerasymchuk
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Lukowiak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
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5
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Adawy A, Diaz R. Probing the Structure, Cytocompatibility, and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver-, Strontium-, and Zinc-Doped Monetite. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1648-1657. [PMID: 35324139 PMCID: PMC9019811 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Calcium phosphate
phases are among the most widely accepted compounds
for biomaterial applications, of which the resorbable phases have
gained particular attention in recent years. Brushite and its anhydrous
form monetite are among the most interesting resorbable calcium phosphate
phases that can be applied as cements and for in situ fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) implants. Of these two dicalcium
phosphate compounds, monetite is more stable and undergoes slower
degradation than brushite. The purpose of the current study is to
synthesize and dope monetite with the antimicrobial elements silver
and zinc and the osteoinductive element strontium and investigate
the possible structural variations as well as their biocompatibility
and antimicrobial effectiveness. For this, powder X-ray diffraction
(PXRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM)
were used to thoroughly study the synthesized structures. Moreover,
the ASTM E-2149-01 protocol and a cell proliferation assay were used
to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum
bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the cytocompatibility of the
different phases with the Soas-2 cell line, respectively. The results
confirm the successful synthesis and doping procedures, such that
zinc was the most incorporated element into the monetite phase and
strontium was the least incorporated element. The microbiological
studies revealed that silver is a very effective antimicrobial agent
at low concentrations but unsuitable at high concentrations because
its cytotoxicity would prevail. On the other hand, doping the compounds
with zinc led to a reasonable antimicrobial activity without compromising
the biocompatibility to obviously high concentrations. The study also
highlights that strontium, widely known for its osteoinductivity,
bears an antimicrobial effect at high concentrations. The generated
doped compounds could be beneficial for prospective studies as bone
cements or for scaffold biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Adawy
- Unit of Electron Microscopy and Nanotechnology, Institute for Scientific and Technological Resources (SCTs), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Raquel Diaz
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Centre─CINN (CSIC), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
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6
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Md Yusop AH, Al Sakkaf A, Nur H. Modifications on porous absorbable Fe-based scaffolds for bone applications: A review from corrosion and biocompatibility viewpoints. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:18-44. [PMID: 34132457 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) and Fe-based scaffolds have become a research frontier in absorbable materials which is inherent to their promising mechanical properties including fatigue strength and ductility. Nevertheless, their slow corrosion rate and low biocompatibility have been their major obstacles to be applied in clinical applications. Over the last decade, various modifications on porous Fe-based scaffolds have been performed to ameliorate both properties encompassing surface coating, microstructural alteration via alloying, and advanced topologically order structural design produced by additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. The recent advent of AM produces topologically ordered porous Fe-based structures with an optimized architecture having controllable pore size and strut thickness, intricate internal design, and larger exposed surface area. This undoubtedly opens up new options for controlling Fe corrosion and its structural strengths. However, the in vitro biocompatibility of the AM porous Fe still needs to be addressed considering its higher corrosion rate due to the larger exposed surface area. This review summarizes the latest progress of the modifications on porous Fe-based scaffolds with a specific focus on their responses on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hakim Md Yusop
- Center for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Al Sakkaf
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hadi Nur
- Center for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Central Laboratory of Minerals and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
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7
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Zhou H, Yang L, Gbureck U, Bhaduri SB, Sikder P. Monetite, an important calcium phosphate compound-Its synthesis, properties and applications in orthopedics. Acta Biomater 2021; 127:41-55. [PMID: 33812072 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review recognizes a unique calcium phosphate (CaP) phase known as monetite or dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA, CaHPO4), and presents an overview of its properties, processing, and applications in orthopedics. The motivation for the present effort is to highlight the state-of-the-art research and development of monetite and propel the research community to explore more of its potentials in orthopedics. After a brief introduction of monetite, we provide a summary of its various synthesis routes like dehydration, solvent-based, energy-assisted processes and also discuss the formation of different crystal structures with respect to the synthesis conditions. Subsequently, we discuss the material's noteworthy physico-chemical properties including the crystal structure, vibrational spectra, solubility, thermal decomposition, and conversion to other phases. Of note, we focus on the biological (in vitro and in vivo) properties of monetite, given its ever-increasing popularity as a biomaterial for medical implants. Appropriately, we discuss various orthopedic applications of monetite as bone cement, implant coatings, granules for defect fillers, and scaffolds. Many in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the favorable osteointegration and osteoconduction properties of monetite products, along with a better balance between implant resorption and new bone formation as compared to other CaP phases. The review ends with translational aspects of monetite and presents thoughts about its possible future research directions. Further research may explore but not limited to improvements in mechanical strength of monetite-based scaffolds, using monetite particles as a therapeutic agent delivery, and tissue engineering strategies where monetite serves as the biomaterial. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first review that focusses on the favorable potential of monetite for hard tissue repair and regeneration. The article accurately covers the "Synthesis-Structure-Property-Applications" correlations elaborating on monetite's diverse material properties. Special focus is put on the in vitro and in vivo properties of the material highlighting monetite as an orthopedic material-of-choice. The synthesis techniques are discussed which provide important information about the different fabrication routes for monetite. Most importantly, the review provides comprehensive knowledge about the diverse biomedical applications of monetite as granules, defect--specific scaffolds, bone cements and implant coatings. This review will help to highlight monetite's potential as an effective regenerative medicine and catalyze the continuing translation of this bioceramic from the laboratory to clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Center for Health Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China; International Research Center for Translational Orthopaedics (IRCTO), Jiangsu, China
| | - L Yang
- Center for Health Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China; International Research Center for Translational Orthopaedics (IRCTO), Jiangsu, China
| | - U Gbureck
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S B Bhaduri
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; ENG-EEC Division, The National Science Foundation (NSF), Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - P Sikder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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8
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Guo X, Jiang H, Zong X, Du L, Zhao J, Zhang D, Song G, Jin X. The implication of the notch signaling pathway in biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic‐induced ectopic bone formation: A preliminary experiment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1035-1044. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Guo
- 16th Department, Plastic Surgery HospitalPeking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- 16th Department, Plastic Surgery HospitalPeking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xianlei Zong
- 16th Department, Plastic Surgery HospitalPeking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Le Du
- 16th Department, Plastic Surgery HospitalPeking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- 16th Department, Plastic Surgery HospitalPeking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Dong Zhang
- 16th Department, Plastic Surgery HospitalPeking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guodong Song
- 16th Department, Plastic Surgery HospitalPeking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- 16th Department, Plastic Surgery HospitalPeking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
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9
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Bolaños RV, Castilho M, de Grauw J, Cokelaere S, Plomp S, Groll J, van Weeren PR, Gbureck U, Malda J. Long-Term in Vivo Performance of Low-Temperature 3D-Printed Bioceramics in an Equine Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1681-1689. [PMID: 33455387 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone has great self-healing capacity, but above a certain critical size, bone defects will not heal spontaneously, requiring intervention to achieve full healing. Among the synthetic calcium phosphate (CaP) bone replacement materials, brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O)-based materials are of particular interest because of their degree of solubility and the related high potential to promote bone regeneration after dissolution. They can be produced tailor-made using modern three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Although this type of implant has been widely tested in vitro, there are only limited in vivo data and less so in a relevant large animal model. In this study, material properties of a 3D-printed brushite-based scaffold are characterized, after which the material is tested by in vivo orthotopic implantation in the equine tuber coxae for 6 months. The implantation procedure was easy to perform and was well tolerated by the animals, which showed no detectable signs of discomfort. In vitro tests showed that compressive strength along the vertical axis of densely printed material was around 13 MPa, which was reduced to approximately 8 MPa in the cylindrical porous implant. In vivo, approximately 40% of the visible volume of the implants was degraded after 6 months and replaced by bone, showing the capacity to stimulate new bone formation. Histologically, ample bone ingrowth was observed. In contrast, empty defects were filled with fibrous tissue only, confirming the material's osteoconductive capacity. It is concluded that this study provides proof that the 3D-printed brushite implants were able to promote new bone growth after 6 months' implantation in a large animal model and that the new equine tuber coxae bone model that was used is a promising tool for bone regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vindas Bolaños
- Cátedra de Cirugı́a de Especies Mayores, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Avenida 1, Calle 9, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janny de Grauw
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Cokelaere
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Plomp
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Three-dimensional Printed Mg-Doped β-TCP Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Effects of Magnesium Ion Concentration on Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis In Vitro. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:415-429. [PMID: 31413945 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds have been widely used in research and clinical applications. β-TCP is a biomaterial commonly used in bone tissue engineering to treat bone defects, and its multifunctionality can be achieved by co-doping different metal ions. Magnesium doping in biomaterials has been shown to alter physicochemical properties of cells and enhance osteogenesis. Methods A series of Mg-doped TCP scaffolds were manufactured by using cryogenic 3D printing technology and sintering. The characteristics of the porous scaffolds, such as microstructure, chemical composition, mechanical properties, apparent porosity, etc., were examined. To further study the role of magnesium ions in simultaneously inducing osteogenesis and angiogenesis, human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and human umblical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in scaffold extracts to investigate cell proliferation, viability, and expression of osteogenic and angiogenic genes. Results The results showed that Mg-doped TCP scaffolds have the advantages of precise design, interconnected porous structure, and similar compressive strength to natural cancellous bone. hBMSCs and HUVECs exhibit high proliferation rate, cell morphology and viability in a certain amount of Mg2+. In addition, this concentration of magnesium can also increase the expression levels of osteogenic and angiogenic biomarkers. Conclusion A certain concentration of magnesium ions plays an important role in new bone regeneration and reconstruction. It can be used as a simple and effective method to enhance the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of bioceramic scaffolds, and support the development of biomaterials and bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Effect of Baghdadite Substitution on the Physicochemical Properties of Brushite Cements. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12101719. [PMID: 31137837 PMCID: PMC6566396 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brushite cements have been clinically used for irregular bone defect filling applications, and various strategies have been previously reported to modify and improve their physicochemical properties such as strength and injectability. However, strategies to address other limitations of brushite cements such as low radiopacity or acidity without negatively impacting mechanical strength have not yet been reported. In this study, we report the effect of substituting the beta-tricalcium phosphate reactant in brushite cement with baghdadite (Ca3ZrSi2O9), a bioactive zirconium-doped calcium silicate ceramic, at various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 wt%) on the properties of the final brushite cement product. X-ray diffraction profiles indicate the dissolution of baghdadite during the cement reaction, without affecting the crystal structure of the precipitated brushite. EDX analysis shows that calcium is homogeneously distributed within the cement matrix, while zirconium and silicon form cluster-like aggregates with sizes ranging from few microns to more than 50 µm. X-ray images and µ-CT analysis indicate enhanced radiopacity with increased incorporation of baghdadite into brushite cement, with nearly a doubling of the aluminium equivalent thickness at 50 wt% baghdadite substitution. At the same time, compressive strength of brushite cement increased from 12.9 ± 3.1 MPa to 21.1 ± 4.1 MPa with 10 wt% baghdadite substitution. Culture medium conditioned with powdered brushite cement approached closer to physiological pH values when the cement is incorporated with increasing amounts of baghdadite (pH = 6.47 for pure brushite, pH = 7.02 for brushite with 20 wt% baghdadite substitution). Baghdadite substitution also influenced the ionic content in the culture medium, and subsequently affected the proliferative activity of primary human osteoblasts in vitro. This study indicates that baghdadite is a beneficial additive to enhance the radiopacity, mechanical performance and cytocompatibility of brushite cements.
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Mocanu AC, Stan GE, Maidaniuc A, Miculescu M, Antoniac IV, Ciocoiu RC, Voicu ȘI, Mitran V, Cîmpean A, Miculescu F. Naturally-Derived Biphasic Calcium Phosphates through Increased Phosphorus-Based Reagent Amounts for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E381. [PMID: 30691077 PMCID: PMC6384751 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcium carbonate from marble and seashells is an eco-friendly, sustainable, and largely available bioresource for producing natural bone-like calcium phosphates (CaPs). Based on three main objectives, this research targeted the: (i) adaptation of an indirect synthesis route by modulating the amount of phosphorus used in the chemical reaction, (ii) comprehensive structural, morphological, and surface characterization, and (iii) biocompatibility assessment of the synthesized powdered samples. The morphological characterization was performed on digitally processed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The complementary 3D image augmentation of SEM results also allowed the quantification of roughness parameters. The results revealed that both morphology and roughness were modulated through the induced variation of the synthesis parameters. Structural investigation of the samples was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Depending on the phosphorus amount from the chemical reaction, the structural studies revealed the formation of biphasic CaPs based on hydroxyapatite/brushite or brushite/monetite. The in vitro assessment of the powdered samples demonstrated their capacity to support MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast viability and proliferation at comparable levels to the negative cytotoxicity control and the reference material (commercial hydroxyapatite). Therefore, these samples hold great promise for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura-Cătălina Mocanu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Research, Development and Innovation, S.C. Nuclear NDT Research & Services S.R.L, 104 Berceni Str., Central Laboratory Building, District 4, 041919 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - George E Stan
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Structures, 405A Atomistilor Str., 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Andreea Maidaniuc
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
- Destructive and Nondestructive Testing Laboratory,S.C. Nuclear NDT Research & Services S.R.L, 104 Berceni Str., Central Laboratory Building, District 4, 041919 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marian Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Iulian Vasile Antoniac
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Robert-Cătălin Ciocoiu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ștefan Ioan Voicu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., Polizu campus, L 015 Building, District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Valentina Mitran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Anișoara Cîmpean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Florin Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
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Meininger M, Meininger S, Groll J, Gbureck U, Moseke C. Silver and copper addition enhances the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide coatings on titanium. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:61. [PMID: 29736777 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically assisted deposition of Ca(OH)2 (Portlandite) coatings on titanium surfaces has been proven as a promising method to provide the substrate with a most desirable combination of significant bacterial growth reduction on one hand and good biocompatibility on the other. Due to the rapid in vivo transformation of Ca(OH)2 to hydroxyapatite, the antimicrobial activity will be an ephemeral property of the coating when implanted into the human body. In this study, the ability to reduce bacterial growth of such portlandite coatings was significantly enhanced by an ionic modification with copper and silver ions. Antibacterial tests revealed a noticeably elevated reduction of bacterial growth, especially for copper and even at a relatively low copper content of about 0.3 wt.%. In addition, the cytocompatibility, a crucial prerequisite for potential in vivo biocompatibility, of the copper-modified coating was comparable to pure calcium hydroxide coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meininger
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Meininger
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Groll
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - U Gbureck
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - C Moseke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstraße 14, D-35390, Gießen, Germany
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The Mechanical Properties of Biocompatible Apatite Bone Cement Reinforced with Chemically Activated Carbon Fibers. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11020192. [PMID: 29373487 PMCID: PMC5848889 DOI: 10.3390/ma11020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a well-established bone replacement material in dentistry and orthopedics. CPC mimics the physicochemical properties of natural bone and therefore shows excellent in vivo behavior. However, due to their brittleness, the application of CPC implants is limited to non-load bearing areas. Generally, the fiber-reinforcement of ceramic materials enhances fracture resistance, but simultaneously reduces the strength of the composite. Combining strong C-fiber reinforcement with a hydroxyapatite to form a CPC with a chemical modification of the fiber surface allowed us to adjust the fiber-matrix interface and consequently the fracture behavior. Thus, we could demonstrate enhanced mechanical properties of CPC in terms of bending strength and work of fracture to a strain of 5% (WOF5). Hereby, the strength increased by a factor of four from 9.2 ± 1.7 to 38.4 ± 1.7 MPa. Simultaneously, the WOF5 increased from 0.02 ± 0.004 to 2.0 ± 0.6 kJ∙m-2, when utilizing an aqua regia/CaCl₂ pretreatment. The cell proliferation and activity of MG63 osteoblast-like cells as biocompatibility markers were not affected by fiber addition nor by fiber treatment. CPC reinforced with chemically activated C-fibers is a promising bone replacement material for load-bearing applications.
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Kunisch E, Maenz S, Knoblich M, Ploeger F, Jandt KD, Bossert J, Kinne RW, Alsalameh S. Short-time pre-washing of brushite-forming calcium phosphate cement improves its in vitro cytocompatibility. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:697-710. [PMID: 29102397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A pre-washing protocol was developed for resorbable, brushite-forming calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) to avoid harmful in vitro effects on cells. CPC discs (JectOS+, Kasios; self-developed CPC) were pre-washed with repeated changes of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 24h total). Unwashed or PBS-pre-washed discs were incubated in culture medium (5% fetal calf serum; up to 10days) and then tested for their influence on pH/calcium/phosphate levels in H2O extracts. Effects on pH/calcium/phosphate levels in culture supernatants, and morphology, adherence, number, and viability of ATDC5 cells and adipose-tissue derived stem cells were analyzed in co-culture. Pre-washing did not alter CPC surface morphology or Ca/P ratio (scanning electron microscopy; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). However, acidic pH of unwashed JectOS+ and self-developed CPC (5.82; 5.11), and high concentrations of Ca (2.17; 2.40mM) and PO4 (38.15; 49.28mM) in H2O extracts were significantly counteracted by PBS-pre-washing (pH: 7.92; 7.92; Ca: 0.64; 1.11mM; PO4: 5.39-5.97mM). Also, PBS-pre-washing led to physiological pH (approx. 7.5) and PO4 levels (max. 5mM), and sub-medium Ca levels (0.5-1mM) in supernatants and normalized cell morphology, adherence, number, and viability. This CPC pre-washing protocol improves in vitro co-culture conditions without influencing its structure or chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Kunisch
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Maenz
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Marie Knoblich
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Eisenberg, Germany
| | | | - Klaus D Jandt
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Joerg Bossert
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Raimund W Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Eisenberg, Germany.
| | - Saifeddin Alsalameh
- Department of Medicine 3 (Rheumatology and Immunology), University Hospital Erlangen (Academic and Teaching Association), Germany
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