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Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Sadaow L, Boonroumkaew P, Intapan PM, Maleewong W, Yingklang M, Janwan P, Vaisusuk K, Chatan W, Piratae S, Thanchomnang T. Molecular identification and genetic diversity of zoonotic hookworm infections in domestic dogs from northeastern, Thailand. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:115. [PMID: 38285129 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Hookworm infections remain a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions, including Thailand. This study investigated the species and genetic diversity of hookworm infections in domestic dogs from northeastern Thailand. The molecular analysis focused on amplifying and sequencing specific regions of ribosomal RNA genes (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene in hookworm larvae recovered from 21 domestic dog stool samples. Among 21 larvae (one larva per infected dog) analyzed, 14 had sequences identical to Ancylostoma caninum, and 7 showed sequences almost identical to Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 sequences placed A. caninum and A. ceylanicum in separate clades. The median-joining network of A. caninum cox1 sequences from Thailand showed high haplotype diversity and belonged to the same cluster as sequences from Australia while forming separate clusters from those of A. caninum samples from the USA. The available published A. ceylanicum cox1 sequences (n = 33), in combination with seven sequences in the present study, represented 15 haplotypes distributed among three clusters. Interestingly, A. ceylanicum sequences from dogs and humans shared the same haplotypes. These findings are crucial for recognizing the potential for zoonotic transmission, highlighting the necessity for targeted control measures, and increasing awareness among pet owners and healthcare professionals to mitigate the risk of hookworm transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Penchom Janwan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Kotchaphon Vaisusuk
- Department of Veterinary Technology and Veterinary Nursing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Wasupon Chatan
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
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McClure CR, Patel R, Hallem EA. Invade or die: behaviours and biochemical mechanisms that drive skin penetration in Strongyloides and other skin-penetrating nematodes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220434. [PMID: 38008119 PMCID: PMC10676818 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin-penetrating nematodes, including the human threadworm Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms in the genera Necator and Ancylostoma, are gastrointestinal parasites that are a major cause of neglected tropical disease in low-resource settings worldwide. These parasites infect hosts as soil-dwelling infective larvae that navigate towards hosts using host-emitted sensory cues such as odorants and body heat. Upon host contact, they invade the host by penetrating through the skin. The process of skin penetration is critical for successful parasitism but remains poorly understood and understudied. Here, we review current knowledge of skin-penetration behaviour and its underlying mechanisms in the human parasite S. stercoralis, the closely related rat parasite Strongyloides ratti, and other skin-penetrating nematodes such as hookworms. We also highlight important directions for future investigations into this underexplored process and discuss how recent advances in molecular genetic and genomic tools for Strongyloides species will enable mechanistic investigations of skin penetration and other essential parasitic behaviours in future studies. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R. McClure
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ruhi Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elissa A. Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Heo CC, Rafiz AR, Ngui R. A Case of Zoonotic Ancylostoma ceylanicum Infection in a Suburban Area of Selangor, Malaysia. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:564-568. [PMID: 34617193 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The animal hookworm, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, is a dominant hookworm species of dogs and cats. However, it has increasingly been found infecting humans in Southeast Asia. PURPOSE We report an autochthonous case of A. ceylanicum in a suburban area of Selangor, Malaysia. A 66-year-old Indian lady who is an avid gardener presented with chronic diarrhea of 4 months' duration. METHODS The patient was examined clinically and colonoscopy was performed. Adult parasites obtained via colonoscopy were subjected to microscopy and molecular investigations. RESULTS Clinical examinations were unremarkable, and blood investigation revealed normochromic normocytic anemia. Stool occult blood was positive but negative for ova, cyst and adult parasites. Colonoscopy performed showed multiple diverticulae and worm infestation from the terminal ileum to sigmoid colon. Morphological examination on the adult worms showed the specific characteristics of Ancylostoma species. Molecular investigations further confirmed the nematode as Ancylostoma ceylanicum. She was treated with albendazole 400 mg daily for 3 days with symptomatic improvements sustained 3 months later. It is suspected that the patient had ingested or contacted soil contaminated with filariform larvae while gardening. CONCLUSION Information on the A. ceylanicum infection in humans, especially in urban and suburban areas, is limited, necessitating further epidemiological and clinical studies.
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Clements ACA, Addis Alene K. Global distribution of human hookworm species and differences in their morbidity effects: a systematic review. THE LANCET MICROBE 2022; 3:e72-e79. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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España-Cueto S, Salvador F, Oliveira I, Goterris L, Treviño B, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Serre-Delcor N, Sulleiro E, Rodríguez V, Aznar ML, Bosch-Nicolau P, Espinosa-Pereiro J, Pou D, Molina I. Epidemiological and clinical profile of adult patients with diarrhoea after international travel attended in an International Health referral center. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 45:102216. [PMID: 34839009 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of patients with diarrhoea after their return from a trip to tropical and subtropical areas. METHODS Retrospective study of patients with travel-related diarrhoea attended International Health referral center. Travel diarrhoea was defined as the presence of three or more liquid stools per day, or liquid stools more often than is normal for the individual, during travel or within two weeks after returning. Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological variables were collected. RESULTS 669 patients were included, 393 (58.7%) were female, with a mean age of 33 (SD 10.7) years. Abdominal pain was present in 59.6% (n = 399), and fever in 44.7% (n = 299). In 43% (n = 280) cases the etiological agent was found. Giardia duodenalis, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were the most frequent identified causative agents. Parasitic cause of the diarrhoea was associated to a longer duration of the travel, longer duration of symptoms, and having received pre-travel counseling. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, that represents a group of travellers presenting prolonged symptoms after travel, the most frequent causes of diarrhoea were parasitic infections being the most prevalent Giardia duodenalis. This information could be relevant in order to improve travel-related diarrhoea management protocols in this type of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio España-Cueto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Inés Oliveira
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Goterris
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Treviño
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Serre-Delcor
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sulleiro
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luisa Aznar
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Bosch-Nicolau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Espinosa-Pereiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Pou
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Israel Molina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Kladkempetch D, Tangtrongsup S, Tiwananthagorn S. Ancylostoma ceylanicum: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian Countries. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112154. [PMID: 33228101 PMCID: PMC7699415 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic helminth that is commonly found in domestic dogs and cats throughout Asia but is largely neglected in many countries. This study aimed to confirm the species of hookworm in dogs and soil environments and investigate the evolutionary analyses of A. ceylanicum among Thai and Asian populations. In a total of 299 dog fecal samples and 212 soil samples from 53 temples, the prevalence rates of hookworm infection by microscopic examination were 26.4% (79/299) and 10.4% (22/212) in dog and soil samples, respectively. A PCR-RFLP targeting the ITS region was then utilized to identify the hookworm species. In dogs, A. ceylanicum was the main hookworm species, and the rates of A. ceylanicum and A. caninum infections were 96.6% and 3.5%, respectively. The genetic characterization and diversity indices of the A. ceylanicumcox1 gene among Thai and Asian populations were evaluated. Nine haplotypes were identified from Thai A. ceylanicum, in which the haplotype diversity and the nucleotide diversity were 0.4436 and 0.0036, respectively. The highest nucleotide diversity of Chinese A. ceylanicum populations suggested that it could be the ancestor of the populations. Pairwise fixation indices indicated that Thai A. ceylanicum was closely related to the Malaysian population, suggesting a gene flow between these populations. The temples with hookworm-positive dogs were associated with the presence of hookworm-contaminated soil, as these levels showed an approximately four-fold increase compared with those in temples with hookworm-negative dogs (OR = 4.38, 95% CI: 1.55-12.37). Interestingly, the genotypes of A. ceylanicum in the contaminating soil and infecting dogs were identical. Therefore, increased awareness and concern from the wider public communities with regard to the responsibility of temples and municipal offices to provide proper deworming programs to community dogs should be strongly endorsed to reduce the risk of the transmission of this zoonotic disease. In addition, parasitic examination and treatment should be strongly implemented before dogs are imported and exported worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doolyawat Kladkempetch
- Master’s Degree Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Excellent Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-948-046 or +66-95-446-5955
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Stracke K, Jex AR, Traub RJ. Zoonotic Ancylostomiasis: An Update of a Continually Neglected Zoonosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:64-68. [PMID: 32342850 PMCID: PMC7356431 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworm infections are classified as the most impactful of the human soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, causing a disease burden of ∼4 million disability-adjusted life years, with a global prevalence of 406-480 million infections. Until a decade ago, epidemiological surveys largely assumed Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale as the relevant human hookworm species implicated as contributing to iron-deficiency anemia. This assumption was based on the indistinguishable morphology of the Ancylostoma spp. eggs in stool and the absence of awareness of a third zoonotic hookworm species, Ancylostoma ceylanicum. The expanded use of molecular diagnostic assays for differentiating hookworm species infections during STH surveys has now implicated A. ceylanicum, a predominant hookworm of dogs in Asia, as the second most common hookworm species infecting humans in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Despite this, with the exception of sporadic case reports, there is a paucity of data available on the impact of this emerging zoonosis on human health at a population level. This situation also challenges the current paradigm, necessitating a One Health approach to hookworm control in populations in which this zoonosis is endemic. Here, we have summarized the available research studies and case reports on human A. ceylanicum infections in Southeast Asia and the Pacific after 2013 using a systematic review approach. We summarized eight research articles and five clinical case studies, highlighting the importance of future in-depth investigation of zoonotic A. ceylanicum infections using sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stracke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- The Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty for Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecca J. Traub
- Faculty for Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Leung AK, Leung AA, Wong AH, Hon KL. Travelers' Diarrhea: A Clinical Review. RECENT PATENTS ON INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2019; 13:38-48. [PMID: 31084597 PMCID: PMC6751351 DOI: 10.2174/1872213x13666190514105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Travelers' diarrhea is the most common travel-related malady. It affects millions of international travelers to developing countries annually and can significantly disrupt travel plans. OBJECTIVE To provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of traveler's diarrhea. METHODS A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key term "traveler's diarrhea". The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature. Patents were searched using the key term "traveler's diarrhea" from www.freepatentsonline.com. RESULTS Between 10% and 40% of travelers develop diarrhea. The attack rate is highest for travelers from a developed country who visit a developing country. Children are at particular risk. Travelers' diarrhea is usually acquired through ingestion of food and water contaminated by feces. Most cases are due to a bacterial pathogen, commonly, Escherichia coli, and occur within the first few days after arrival in a foreign country. Dehydration is the most common complication. Pretravel education on hygiene and on the safe selection of food items is important in minimizing episodes. For mild travelers' diarrhea, the use of antibiotic is not recommended. The use of bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide may be considered. For moderate travelers' diarrhea, antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and rifaximin may be used. Loperamide may be considered as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. For severe travelers' diarrhea, antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, and rifaximin should be used. Azithromycin can be used even for the treatment of dysentery whereas fluoroquinolones and rifaximin cannot be used for such purpose. Recent patents related to the management of travelers' diarrhea are discussed. CONCLUSION Although travelers' diarrhea is usually self-limited, many travelers prefer expedient relief of diarrhea, especially when they are traveling for extended periods by air or ground. Judicious use of an antimotility agent and antimicrobial therapy reduces the duration and severity of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K.C. Leung
- Address correspondence to this author at the University of Calgary, Alberta Children’s Hospital, #200, 233 - 16th Avenue NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2M 0H5; Tel: (403) 230 3300; Fax: (403) 230 3322; E-mail:
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