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Espíndola-Rodríguez NH, Muñoz-Cázares N, Serralta-Peraza LEDS, Díaz-Nuñez JL, Montoya-Reyes F, García-Contreras R, Díaz-Guerrero M, Rivera-Chávez JA, Gutiérrez J, Sotelo-Barrera M, Castillo-Juárez I. Antivirulence and antipathogenic activity of Mayan herbal remedies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118373. [PMID: 38782309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Yucatan Peninsula has a privileged wealth of vascular plants with which various Mayan herbal formulations have been developed. However, studies on their antipathogenic and antivirulence properties are scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY Identify antivirulence properties in Mayan herbal remedies and determine their antipathogenic capacity in burn wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethnobotanical study was conducted in Mayan communities in central and southern Quintana Roo, Mexico. Furthermore, the antipathogenic capacity of three Mayan herbal remedies was analyzed using an animal model of thermal damage and P. aeruginosa infection. Antivirulence properties were determined by inhibiting phenotypes regulated by quorum sensing (pyocyanin, biofilm, and swarming) and by the secretion of the ExoU toxin. The chemical composition of the most active herbal remedy was analyzed using molecular network analysis. RESULTS It was found that topical administration of the remedy called "herbal soap" (HS) for eleven days maintained 100% survival of the animals, reduced establishment of the bacteria in the burn and prevented its systemic dispersion. Although no curative effect was recorded on tissue damaged by HS treatment, its herbal composition strongly reduced swarming and ExoU secretion. Through analysis of Molecular Networks, it was possible to carry out a global study of its chemical components, and identify the family of oxindole monoterpenoid alkaloids and carboline and tetrahydropyrididole alkaloids. In addition, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and quinic acid derivatives were detected. CONCLUSIONS The antipathogenic and antivirulence capacity of ancient Mayan remedies makes them a potential resource for developing new antibacterial therapies to treat burns infected by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Heidi Espíndola-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Aplicación de Fitoquímicos Bioactivos, Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230, Mexico.
| | - Naybi Muñoz-Cázares
- Campo Experimental Chetumal, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Quintana Roo, 77963, Mexico; Investigadora Posdoctoral CONAHCYT Comisionada al Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Tabasco, Cárdenas, Tabasco, C. P. 86500, Mexico.
| | | | - José Luis Díaz-Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Aplicación de Fitoquímicos Bioactivos, Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Montoya-Reyes
- Campo Experimental Chetumal, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Quintana Roo, 77963, Mexico.
| | - Rodolfo García-Contreras
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Díaz-Guerrero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico.
| | - José Alberto Rivera-Chávez
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez
- Área de Biología, Departamento de Preparatoria Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, 56230, Mexico.
| | - Mireya Sotelo-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Aplicación de Fitoquímicos Bioactivos, Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230, Mexico.
| | - Israel Castillo-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Aplicación de Fitoquímicos Bioactivos, Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230, Mexico; Conahcyt-Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, 42184, Mexico.
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2
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Osuka A, Shigeno A, Matsuura H, Onishi S, Yoneda K. Systemic immune response of burns from the acute to chronic phase. Acute Med Surg 2024; 11:e976. [PMID: 38894736 PMCID: PMC11184575 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses that occur following burn injury comprise a series of reactions that are activated in response to damaged autologous tissues, followed by removal of damaged tissues and foreign pathogens such as invading bacteria, and tissue repair. These immune responses are considered to be programmed in living organisms. Developments of modern medicine have led to the saving of burned patients who could not be cured previously; however, the programmed response is no longer able to keep up, and various problems have arisen. This paper describes the mechanism of immune response specific to burn injury and the emerging concept of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Osuka
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Ayami Shigeno
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuura
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
- Osaka Prefectural Nakakawachi Emergency and Critical Care CenterOsakaJapan
| | - Shinya Onishi
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoneda
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
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3
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Zhang Z, He Y, Lin R, Lan J, Fan Y, Wang P, Jia C. Identification of Important Modules and Biomarkers That Are Related to Immune Infiltration Cells in Severe Burns Based on Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:908510. [PMID: 35754830 PMCID: PMC9218676 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.908510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunosuppression is an important trigger for infection and a significant cause of death in patients with severe burns. Nevertheless, the prognostic value of immune-related genes remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the biomarkers related to immunosuppression in severe burns. Methods: The gene expression profile and clinical data of 185 burn and 75 healthy samples were obtained from the GEO database. Immune infiltration analysis and gene set variation analysis were utilized to identify the disorder of circulating immune cells. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was carried out to select immune-related gene modules. Enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were performed to select hub genes. Next, LASSO and logistic regression were utilized to construct the hazard regression model with a survival state. Finally, we investigated the correlation between high- and low-risk patients in total burn surface area (TBSA), age, and inhalation injury. Results: Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and immune infiltration analysis showed that neutrophils increased and T cells decreased in severe burns. In WGCNA, four modular differently expressed in burns and controls were related to immune cells. Based on PPI and enrichment analysis, 210 immune-related genes were identified, mainly involved in T-cell inhibition and neutrophil activation. In LASSO and logistic regression, we screened out key genes, including LCK, SKAP1 and GZMB, and LY9. In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) of key genes was 0.945, indicating that the key genes had excellent diagnostic value. Finally, we discovered that the key genes were related to T cells, and the regression model performed well when accompanied by TBSA and age. Conclusion: We identified LCK, SKAP1, GZMB, and LY9 as good prognostic biomarkers that may play a role in post-burn immunosuppression against T-cell dysfunction and as potential immunotherapeutic targets for transformed T-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongjie Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junhong Lan
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yueying Fan
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Burns and Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chiyu Jia
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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4
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Wang P, Zhang Z, Yin B, Li J, Xialin C, Lian W, Su Y, Jia C. Identifying changes in immune cells and constructing prognostic models using immune-related genes in post-burn immunosuppression. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12680. [PMID: 35070500 PMCID: PMC8761370 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn patients are prone to infection as well as immunosuppression, which is a significant cause of death. Currently, there is a lack of prognostic biomarkers for immunosuppression in burn patients. This study was conducted to identify immune-related genes that are prognosis biomarkers in post-burn immunosuppression and potential targets for immunotherapy. METHODS We downloaded the gene expression profiles and clinical data of 213 burn patients and 79 healthy samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Immune infiltration analysis was used to identify the proportion of circulating immune cells. Functional enrichment analyses were carried out to identify immune-related genes that were used to build miRNA-mRNA networks to screen key genes. Next, we carried out correlation analysis between immune cells and key genes that were then used to construct logistic regression models in GSE77791 and were validated in GSE19743. Finally, we determined the expression of key genes in burn patients using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS A total of 745 differently expressed genes were screened out: 299 were up-regulated and 446 were down-regulated. The number of Th-cells (CD4+) decreased while neutrophils increased in burn patients. The enrichment analysis showed that down-regulated genes were enriched in the T-cell activation pathway, while up-regulated genes were enriched in neutrophil activation response in burn patients. We screened out key genes (NFATC2, RORA, and CAMK4) that could be regulated by miRNA. The expression of key genes was related to the proportion of Th-cells (CD4+) and survival, and was an excellent predictor of prognosis in burns with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.945. Finally, we determined that NFATC2, RORA, and CAMK4 were down-regulated in burn patients. CONCLUSION We found that NFATC2, RORA, and CAMK4 were likely prognostic biomarkers in post-burn immunosuppression and potential immunotherapeutic targets to convert Th-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic & Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zexin Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic & Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bin Yin
- Department of Burns and Plastic & Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Department of Anesthesia Operation, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Cheng Xialin
- Department of Burns and Plastic & Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenqin Lian
- Department of Burns and Plastic & Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingjun Su
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Xi’an International Medical Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chiyu Jia
- Department of Burns and Plastic & Wound Repair Surgery, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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5
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Burn injuries are a common form of traumatic injury that leads to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Burn injuries are characterized by inflammatory processes and alterations in numerous organ systems and functions. Recently, it has become apparent that the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiome is a key component of regulating the immune response and recovery from burn and can also contribute to significant detrimental sequelae after injury, such as sepsis and multiple organ failure. Microbial dysbiosis has been linked to multiple disease states; however, its role in exacerbating acute traumatic injuries, such as burn, is poorly understood. In this article, we review studies that document changes in the intestinal microbiome after burn injury, assess the implications in post-burn pathogenesis, and the potential for further discovery and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E. Luck
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Caroline J. Herrnreiter
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Mashkoor A. Choudhry
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Surgery, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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6
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Corcione S, Lupia T, De Rosa FG. Microbiome in the setting of burn patients: implications for infections and clinical outcomes. BURNS & TRAUMA 2020; 8:tkaa033. [PMID: 32821744 PMCID: PMC7428410 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Burn damage can lead to a state of immune dysregulation that facilitates the development of infections in patients. The most deleterious impact of this dysfunction is the loss of the skin’s natural protective barrier. Furthermore, the risk of infection is exacerbated by protracted hospitalization, urinary catheters, endotracheal intubation, inhalation injury, arterial lines and central venous access, among other mainstays of burn care. Currently, infections comprise the leading cause of mortality after major burn injuries, which highlights the improvements observed over the last 50 years in the care provided to burn victims. The need to implement the empirical selection of antibiotic therapy to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria may concomitantly lead to an overall pervasiveness of difficult-to-treat pathogens in burn centres, as well as the propagation of antimicrobial resistance and the ultimate dysregulation of a healthy microbiome. While preliminary studies are examining the variability and evolution of human and mice microbiota, both during the early and late phase burn injury, one must consider that abnormal microbiome conditions could influence the systemic inflammatory response. A better understanding of the changes in the post-burn microbiome might be useful to interpret the provenance and subsequent development of infections, as well as to come up with inferences on the prognosis of burn patients. This review aims to summarise the current findings describing the microbiological changes in different organs and systems of burn patients and how these alterations affect the risks of infections, complications, and, ultimately, healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corcione
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lupia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco G De Rosa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Italy
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7
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Guo T, Zou L, Ni J, Zhou Y, Ye L, Yang X, Zhu Z. Regulatory T Cells: An Emerging Player in Radiation-Induced Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1769. [PMID: 32849634 PMCID: PMC7417370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which have long been recognized as essential regulators of both inflammation and autoimmunity, also impede effective antitumor immune response due to their immunosuppressive properties. Combined radiotherapy and immunotherapeutic interventions focusing on the removal of Tregs have recently garnered interest as a promising strategy to reverse immunosuppression. Meanwhile, Tregs are emerging as a key player in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), a frequent and potentially life-threatening complication of thoracic radiotherapy. Recognition of the critical role of Tregs in RILI raises the important question of whether radiotherapy combined with Treg-targeting immunotherapy offers any beneficial effects in the protection of normal lung tissue. This present review focuses on the contributions of Tregs to RILI, with particular emphasis on the suspected differential role of Tregs in the pneumonitic phase and fibrotic phase of RILI. We also introduce recent progress on the potential mechanisms by which Tregs modulate RILI and the crosstalk among Tregs, other infiltrating T cells, fibrocytes, and resident epithelial cells driving disease pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss whether Tregs also hold promise as a potential target for immunotherapeutic interventions for RILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqing Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjiao Ni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luxi Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengfei Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Blears E, Sommerhalder C, Toliver-Kinsky T, Finnerty CC, Herndon DN. Current problems in burn immunology. Curr Probl Surg 2020; 57:100779. [PMID: 32507131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2020.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Blears
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | - Tracy Toliver-Kinsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
| | - Celeste C Finnerty
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX
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9
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Beckmann N, Pugh AM, Caldwell CC. Burn injury alters the intestinal microbiome's taxonomic composition and functional gene expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205307. [PMID: 30289947 PMCID: PMC6173435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn patients have a high risk of sepsis-related mortality even after surviving the initial injury. Immunosuppression increases the risk of sepsis after burn injury, as does the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, which allows the translocation of bacteria and bacterial products into the circulation. The integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier is largely maintained by the intestinal microbiota. Burn injury has been reported to result in significant changes in the intestinal microbiome composition. In this mouse study, we confirm these taxonomic differences in a full-thickness scald injury model using CF-1 mice. For the first time, we also address alterations in functional gene expression of the intestinal microbiota after burn injury to assess the microbiome's physiological capabilities for overgrowth and pathogenic invasion: 38 pathways were differentially abundant between the sham and burn injury mice, including bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and gap- and adherens junction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Beckmann
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amanda M. Pugh
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Caldwell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is a community of commensal organisms that are known to play a role in nutrient production as well as gut homeostasis. The composition of the gut flora can be affected by many factors; however, the impact of burn injury on the microbiome is not fully known. Here, we hypothesized that burn-induced changes to the microbiome would impact overall colon health. After scald-burn injury, cecal samples were analyzed for aerobic and anaerobic colony forming units, bacterial community, and butyrate levels. In addition, colon and total intestinal permeabilities were determined. These parameters were further determined in a germ-reduced murine model. Following both burn injury and germ reduction, we observed decreases in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, increased colon permeability and no change to small intestinal permeability. After burn injury, we further observed a significant decrease in the butyrate producing bacteria R. Gnavus, C. Eutactus, and Roseburia species as well as decreases in colonic butyrate. Finally, in mice that underwent burn followed by fecal microbiota transplant, bacteria levels and mucosal integrity were restored. Altogether our data demonstrate that burn injury can alter the microbiome leading to decreased butyrate levels and increased colon permeability. Of interest, fecal microbiota transplant treatment was able to ameliorate the burn-induced changes in colon permeability. Thus, fecal transplantation may represent a novel therapy in restoring colon health after burn injury.
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11
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Simioni PU, Fernandes LG, Tamashiro WM. Downregulation of L-arginine metabolism in dendritic cells induces tolerance to exogenous antigen. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 30:44-57. [PMID: 27903843 PMCID: PMC5806782 DOI: 10.1177/0394632016678873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potential tools for therapeutic applications and several strategies to generate tolerogenic DCs are under investigation. When activated by cytokines and microbial products, DCs express mediators that modulate immune responses. In this regard, the metabolites generated by the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase in DCs seem to play important roles. Here, we evaluated the effects of adoptive transfer of DCs generated in vitro from bone marrow precursors (BMDC) modulated with L-NAME (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) and NOHA (NG-Hydroxy-L-arginine), inhibitors of iNOS and arginase, respectively, upon the immune response of the wild type (BALB/c) and OVA-TCR transgenic (DO11.10) mice. The modulation with L-NAME increased CD86 expression in BMDC, whereas treatment with NOHA increased both CD80 and CD86 expression. Adoptive transfer of either L-NAME- or NOHA-modulated BMDCs to BALB/c mice reduced the plasma levels of ovalbumin-specific antibody as well as proliferation and cytokine secretion in cultures of spleen cells in comparison adoptive transfer of non-modulated DCs. Conversely, transfer of both modulated and non-modulated BMDCs had no effect on immune response of DO11.10 mice. Together, these results show that the treatment with iNOS and Arg inhibitors leads to increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules in DCs, and provides evidences that L-arginine metabolism may be an important therapeutic target for modulating immune responses in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia U Simioni
- 1 Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,2 Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Americana, FAM, Americana, SP, Brazil.,3 Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Gr Fernandes
- 2 Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Americana, FAM, Americana, SP, Brazil.,4 Medical School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wirla Msc Tamashiro
- 1 Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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12
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The Effects of Alcohol Intoxication and Burn Injury on the Expression of Claudins and Mucins in the Small and Large Intestines. Shock 2016; 45:73-81. [PMID: 26368926 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol intoxication at the time of burn injury exacerbates postburn pathogenesis. Recent findings suggest gut barrier integrity is compromised after combined alcohol and burn insult, which could contribute to these complications. Tight junction proteins and mucins play critical roles in keeping the gut barrier intact. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the effects of alcohol and burn injury on claudin and mucin expression in the intestines. We also evaluated if the combined insult differentially influences their expression in the small and large intestines. Male C57BL/6 mice were given a single dose of 2.9 g/kg ethanol before an approximately 12.5% body area burn. One and three days after injury, we profiled expression of several tight junction proteins, mucin, and bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the small and large intestines, using qPCR. We observed >50% decrease in claudin-4 and claudin-8 genes in both ileal and colonic epithelial cells 1 day after injury. Claudin-2 was significantly upregulated, and occludin was downregulated in the small intestine 1 day after injury. Mucin-3 expression was substantially elevated (>50%) in the small intestine, whereas mucin-2 and mucin-4 were considerably diminished in the colon (>50%) 1 day after injury. Most of the parameters were normalized to sham levels on day 3, except for mucin-3 and claudin-8, which remained decreased in the large intestine. Neither alcohol nor burn alone resulted in changes in junction or mucin gene expression compared to shams. This was accompanied with increases in the family of Gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, in both the small and the large intestines 1 day after injury. These findings suggest that alcohol and burn injury disrupts the normal gut microbiota and alters tight junction and mucin expression in the small and large intestines.
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Abstract
Traumatic injury remains one of the most prevalent reasons for patients to be hospitalized. Burn injury accounts for 40,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually, resulting in a large burden on both the health and economic system and costing millions of dollars every year. The complications associated with postburn care can quickly cause life-threatening conditions including sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction and failure. In addition, alcohol intoxication at the time of burn injury has been shown to exacerbate these problems. One of the biggest reasons for the onset of these complications is the global suppression of the host immune system and increased susceptibility to infection. It has been hypothesized that infections after burn and other traumatic injury may stem from pathogenic bacteria from within the host's gastrointestinal tract. The intestine is the major reservoir of bacteria within the host, and many studies have demonstrated perturbations of the intestinal barrier after burn injury. This article reviews the findings of these studies as they pertain to changes in the intestinal immune system after alcohol and burn injury.
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Henao-Tamayo MI, Obregón-Henao A, Arnett K, Shanley CA, Podell B, Orme IM, Ordway DJ. Effect of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination on CD4+Foxp3+ T cells during acquired immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:605-17. [PMID: 26590147 PMCID: PMC4787291 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0614-308rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing information has shown that many newly emerging strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including the highly prevalent and troublesome Beijing family of strains, can potently induce the emergence of Foxp3(+)CD4 Tregs Although the significance of this is still not fully understood, we have previously provided evidence that the emergence of this population can significantly ablate the protective effect of BCG vaccination, causing progressive fatal disease in the mouse model. However, whether the purpose of this response is to control inflammation or to directly dampen the acquired immune response is still unclear. In the present study, we have shown, using both cell depletion and adoptive transfer strategies, that Tregs can have either properties. Cell depletion resulted in a rapid, but transient, decrease in the lung bacterial load, suggesting release or temporary re-expansion of effector immunity. Transfer of Tregs into Rag2(-/-)or marked congenic mice worsened the disease course and depressed cellular influx of effector T cells into the lungs. Tregs from infected donors seemed to preferentially depress the inflammatory response and granulocytic influx. In contrast, those from BCG-vaccinated and then challenged donors seemed more focused on depression of acquired immunity. These qualitative differences might be related to increasing knowledge reflecting the plasticity of the Treg response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela I Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | - Andres Obregón-Henao
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Arnett
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | - Crystal A Shanley
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | - Brendan Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | - Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | - Diane J Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
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The Immune Response to Skin Trauma Is Dependent on the Etiology of Injury in a Mouse Model of Burn and Excision. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2119-2128. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kuethe JW, Mintz-Cole R, Johnson BL, Midura EF, Caldwell CC, Schneider BSP. Assessing the immune status of critically ill trauma patients by flow cytometry. Nurs Res 2014; 63:426-34. [PMID: 25350542 PMCID: PMC4212210 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unintentional injury or trauma remains the leading cause of death among young adults. About one fifth of these trauma patients require care in an intensive care unit (ICU) because of severity of injuries and comorbidities. Patients hospitalized in an ICU are at increased risk for nosocomial infections, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bacteremia, and wound infections. Many of these patients will develop sepsis or septic shock, and some will progress to multiple organ failure and death. The balance between the proinflammatory and counterinflammatory immune response appears to be a driving factor in this progression. At present, there is no proposed method for the timely detection of the immune status in trauma patients, making rational decisions to use immune-altering therapies difficult. OBJECTIVE We demonstrate that flow cytometry, with its capabilities to characterize and/or enumerate (a) leukocyte subtypes, (b) leukocyte activation markers, (c) leukocyte-derived cytokines and microvesicles, and (d) leukocyte function is well suited to monitor the immune status of critically ill trauma patients. METHODS Information for the review was obtained from the extant literature. DISCUSSION We suggest that flow cytometry is a research method that might aid nurse scientists in investigating the immune status of critically ill patients, the recovery status of conditions such as hemorrhagic shock and tissue injury and the relationship between cancer disease progression and symptoms. Therefore, flow cytometry has the potential to broaden nursing research priority areas so that a comprehensive approach to understanding the cellular response is attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Kuethe
- Joshua W. Kuethe, MD, is General Surgery Resident; Rachael Mintz-Cole, PhD, is MD Candidate; Bobby L. Johnson III, MD, is General Surgery Resident; and Emily F. Midura, MD, is General Surgery Resident, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio. Charles C. Caldwell, PhD, is Associate Professor, College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Research, University of Cincinnati, Ohio. Barbara St. Pierre Schneider, DNSc, RN, is Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
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Wirsdörfer F, Cappuccini F, Niazman M, de Leve S, Westendorf AM, Lüdemann L, Stuschke M, Jendrossek V. Thorax irradiation triggers a local and systemic accumulation of immunosuppressive CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:98. [PMID: 24766907 PMCID: PMC4011772 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte infiltration is a common feature of radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis, but their contribution to the pathogenic processes is still unclear. Here, we addressed the impact of thorax irradiation on the T cell compartment with a focus on immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg). METHODS C57BL/6 wild type mice (WT) received anesthesia only (sham controls, 0 Gy) or were exposed to a single dose of whole thorax irradiation (15 Gy). Immune cells from lung tissue, spleen, and cervical lymph nodes were collected 10 to 84 days post-irradiation and phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry. RESULTS Whole thorax irradiation provoked an increased influx of CD3+ T cells at 42 and 84 days post-irradiation. In contrast, local irradiation caused a sustained reduction in CD3+ T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Interestingly, we observed a significant local and systemic increase in the fraction of CD4+ T cells expressing the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), the phenotypic marker for murine Treg, at day 21 post-irradiation. The accumulation of Treg was associated with increased levels of T cells expressing surface proteins characteristic for recruitment and immunosuppressive activity, e.g. CD103, CTLA-4 and CD73. Importantly, Treg isolated at this time point were able to suppress CD4+ effector T cells to a similar extent as Treg isolated from control mice. CONCLUSIONS The response of the adaptive immune system to whole thorax irradiation is characterized by local immunoactivation and systemic immunosuppression. The transient accumulation of immunosuppressive CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg may be required to protect the lung against excessive inflammation-induced tissue damage. Further investigations shall define the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of Treg and their role for the pathogenesis of radiation-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Verena Jendrossek
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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Rendon JL, Li X, Brubaker AL, Kovacs EJ, Gamelli RL, Choudhry MA. The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in interleukin-23-dependent restoration of interleukin-22 following ethanol exposure and burn injury. Ann Surg 2014; 259:582-90. [PMID: 23989051 PMCID: PMC3925750 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3182a626f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T-helper (Th)-17 lymphocytes play a crucial role in maintenance and regulation of gut immunity. Our laboratory has demonstrated that acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure before burn injury results in intestinal T cell suppression and enhanced bacterial translocation. BACKGROUND To extend these studies, we examined the effects of EtOH exposure and burn injury on Th17 responses within intestinal lymphoid Peyer's patches (PP). We further investigated whether restitution of interleukin (IL)-23 enhances PP cell IL-17 and IL-22 after EtOH and burn injury. METHODS Male mice, approximately 25 g, were gavaged with EtOH (2.9 mg/kg) before receiving an approximately 12.5% total body surface area full thickness burn. One day postinjury, PP mixed cells were cultured in the presence of plate-bound anti-CD3/soluble anti-CD28 in the presence or absence of IL-23 for 48 hours. Supernatants were harvested for IL-17 and IL-22 levels. RESULTS When combined with EtOH intoxication, burn injury significantly decreased IL-17 and IL-22, as compared with sham injury. IL-23 treatment successfully increased levels of IL-22 but not IL-17. This restoration was prevented when PP cells were treated with CH-223191, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor. To further delineate the mechanism of differential IL-17 and IL-22 suppression, PP cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, which signal via protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium flux. Treatment with PMA and ionomycin significantly prevented the decrease in IL-17 but not IL-22 after EtOH exposure and burn injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IL-23-mediated restoration of IL-22 is aryl hydrocarbon receptor dependent, whereas IL-17 requires activation of protein kinase C and intracellular calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Rendon
- From the Alcohol Research Program, Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL
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Osuka A, Ogura H, Ueyama M, Shimazu T, Lederer JA. Immune response to traumatic injury: harmony and discordance of immune system homeostasis. Acute Med Surg 2014; 1:63-69. [PMID: 29930824 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Traumatic injury disrupts immune system homeostasis and may predispose patients to opportunistic infections and inflammatory complications. Prevention of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome due to septic complications following severe trauma is a challenging problem. Following severe injury, the immune system usually tends toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype and then changes to a counter-inflammatory phenotype. This immune system homeostasis is believed to be a protective response based on the balance between the innate and adaptive immune systems. We reported that injury activates inflammasomes and primes Toll-like receptors. The primed innate immune system is prepared for a rapid and strong antimicrobial immune defense. However, trauma can also develop the "two-hit" response phenotype. We also reported that injury augments regulatory T cell activity, which can control the "two-hit" response phenotype in trauma. We discuss the current idea that traumatic injury induces a unique type of innate and adaptive immune response that may be triggered by damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, which are a combination of endogenous danger signal molecules that include alarmins and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Osuka
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Center Social Insurance Chukyo Hospital Nagoya Japan.,Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan.,Department of Surgery (Immunology) Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Hiroshi Ogura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Masashi Ueyama
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Center Social Insurance Chukyo Hospital Nagoya Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimazu
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - James A Lederer
- Department of Surgery (Immunology) Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
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Gardner JC, Noel JG, Nikolaidis NM, Karns R, Aronow BJ, Ogle CK, McCormack FX. G-CSF drives a posttraumatic immune program that protects the host from infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2405-17. [PMID: 24470495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury is generally considered to have a suppressive effect on the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection. Paradoxically, we found that thermal injury to the skin induced a robust time-dependent protection of mice from a lethal Klebsiella pneumoniae pulmonary challenge. The protective response was neutrophil dependent and temporally associated with a systemic increase in neutrophils resulting from a reprioritization of hematopoiesis toward myeloid lineages. A prominent and specific activation of STAT3 in the bone marrow preceded the myeloid shift in that compartment, in association with durable increases in STAT3 activating serum cytokines G-CSF and IL-6. Neutralization of the postburn increase in serum G-CSF largely blocked STAT3 activation in marrow cells, reversing the hematopoietic changes and systemic neutrophilia. Daily administration of rG-CSF was sufficient to recapitulate the changes induced by injury including hematopoietic reprioritization and protection from pulmonary challenge with K. pneumoniae. Analysis of posttraumatic gene expression patterns in humans reveals that they are also consistent with a role for G-CSF as a switch that activates innate immune responses and suppresses adaptive immune responses. Our findings suggest that the G-CSF STAT3 axis constitutes a key protective mechanism induced by injury to reduce the risk for posttraumatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Gardner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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Tajima G, Delisle AJ, Hoang K, O'Leary FM, Ikeda K, Hanschen M, Stoecklein VM, Lederer JA. Immune system phenotyping of radiation and radiation combined injury in outbred mice. Radiat Res 2012; 179:101-12. [PMID: 23216446 DOI: 10.1667/rr3120.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of a radionuclear event would be immense due to varying levels of radiation exposures and injuries caused by blast-associated trauma. With this scenario in mind, we developed a mouse model to mimic as closely as possible the potential consequences of radiation injury and radiation combined injury (RCI) on survival, immune system phenotype, and immune function. Using a mouse burn injury model and a (137)CsCl source irradiator to induce injuries, we report that the immunological response to radiation combined injury differs significantly from radiation or burn injury alone. Mice that underwent radiation combined injury showed lower injury survival and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced polymicrobial sepsis survival rates than mice with single injuries. As anticipated, radiation exposure caused dose-dependent losses of immune cell subsets. We found B and T cells to be more radiation sensitive, while macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells were relatively more resistant. However, radiation and radiation combined injury did induce significant increases in the percentages of CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and a subset of macrophages that express cell-surface GR-1 (GR-1(+) macrophages). Immune system phenotyping analysis indicated that spleen cells from radiation combined injury mice produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines than cells from mice with radiation or burn injury alone, especially at lower dose radiation exposure levels. Interestingly, this enhanced proinflammatory phenotype induced by radiation combined injury persisted for at least 28 days after injury. In total, our data provide baseline information on differences in immune phenotype and function between radiation injury and radiation combined injury in mice. The establishment of this animal model will aid in future testing for therapeutic strategies to mitigate the immune and pathophysiological consequences of radionuclear events.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tajima
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Rezayati MT, Ebrahimi M, Hassan ZM. Cimetidine enhances delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and serum interleukin (IL)-2, -10, -12, and IL-17 levels after burn injury in an animal model. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:201-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.708365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Disease Outcomes Are Influenced by the Yang (M1) or Yin (M2) of Macrophage Function. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e318255d58a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stoecklein VM, Osuka A, Lederer JA. Trauma equals danger--damage control by the immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:539-51. [PMID: 22654121 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries induce a complex host response that disrupts immune system homeostasis and predisposes patients to opportunistic infections and inflammatory complications. The response to injuries varies considerably by type and severity, as well as by individual variables, such as age, sex, and genetics. These variables make studying the impact of trauma on the immune system challenging. Nevertheless, advances have been made in understanding how injuries influence immune system function as well as the immune cells and pathways involved in regulating the response to injuries. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about how traumatic injuries affect immune system phenotype and function. We discuss the current ideas that traumatic injuries induce a unique type of a response that may be triggered by a combination of endogenous danger signals, including alarmins, DAMPs, self-antigens, and cytokines. Additionally, we review and propose strategies for redirecting injury responses to help restore immune system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit M Stoecklein
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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