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Lee H, Jung TY, Lim SH, Choi EJ, Lee J, Min DS. Phospholipase D2 is a positive regulator of sirtuin 1 and modulates p53-mediated apoptosis via sirtuin 1. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1287-1297. [PMID: 34471223 PMCID: PMC8492672 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent histone deacetylase that plays diverse physiological roles. However, little is known about the regulation of SIRT1 activity. Here, we show that phospholipase D2 (PLD2), but not PLD1, selectively interacts with SIRT1 and increases the deacetylase activity of SIRT1. PLD2 does not interact with the other isozymes of SIRT (SIRT2–7). Two leucine residues in the LXXLL motif (L173 and L174) in the phox domain of PLD2 interact with the region essential for SIRT1 activity. PLD2 stimulates the SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of p53 independent of its lipase activity. In our study, mutagenesis of the LXXLL motif suppressed the interaction of PLD2 with SIRT1 and inhibited SIRT1-mediated p53 deacetylation and p53-induced transactivation of proapoptotic genes. Ultimately, overexpression of wild-type PLD2 but not that of LXXLL-mutant PLD2 protected cells against etoposide-induced apoptosis. Moreover, PLD2 did not protect against apoptosis induced by SIRT1 depletion under genotoxic stress. Collectively, our results suggest that PLD2 is a positive regulator of SIRT1 and modulates p53-mediated apoptosis via SIRT1. New details about the regulatory mechanisms that prevent tumor cell death could be exploited to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The sirtuin (SIRT) protein family has been linked to both promotion and suppression of tumors in different cancers. The enzyme SIRT1 in particular deacetylates, and thereby deactivates, the key tumor-suppressing antigen p53, stopping p53 from inducing apoptosis (controlled cell death) in tumors. Do Sik Min at Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea, and co-workers revealed that this SIRT1 deacetylation of p53 is greatly enhanced by the activity of the enzyme phospholipase D2 (PLD2). A particular region on PLD2 is required to activate SIRT1, this activation leading to protection of tumor cells from apoptosis induced by the chemotherapy drug etoposide. Therapies that target that region on PLD2 might therefore suppress a tumor’s natural resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Taek-Yeol Jung
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Seong Hun Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.
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Peng L, Yuan X, Chen L, Chen S, Chen K. Identification and functional analysis of a novel phospholipase D2 gene mutation associated with familial systemic lupus erythematosus. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:234-239. [PMID: 33927069 PMCID: PMC10929931 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.190589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a kind of autoimmune inflammatory connective tissue disease which seriously endangers human health. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of SLE. This study aims to investigate a novel phospholipase D2 (PLD2) mutation associated with familial SLE, and further explore the underlying mechanism of the mutation in SLE. METHODS The blood samples from a SLE patient, the patient's parents, and 147 normal controls were collected and DNA was extracted. Whole genome high-throughput sequencing was performed in the patient and her parents and the results were further analyzed by various bioinformatics methods. The wild type (wt), mutant type (mu), and negative control PLD2 plasmids were further constructed and transfected into 293 cells. The expression level of HRAS protein in 293 cells was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS In this SLE family, the female SLE patient and her mother, 1 in generation II and 1 in generation III had typical clinical manifestations of SLE, and all of them had lupus nephritis at early stage. The genetic characteristics are consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. A novel PLD2 heterozygous mutation (c.2722C>T) was found in the patient and her mother, but not in her father and other normal controls. Compared with wtPLD2 plasmid and negative control PLD2 plasmid, the expression of HRAS in 293 cells transfected with muPLD2 plasmid was significantly up-regulated (both P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS PLD2 c.2722C>T mutation may be one of the pathogeny of SLE in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Peng
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005.
| | - Xinke Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005
| | - Lixiao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005
| | - Sijia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Kim MK, Hwang WC, Min DS. Pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase D2 is a negative regulator of focal adhesion kinase. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 32843133 PMCID: PMC7907743 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D2 (PLD2) has been implicated in the tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling pathways, but the regulation events are yet to be identified. Herein, we demonstrate that pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of PLD2 (PLD2-PH) exerts an antitumorigenic effect via the suppression of PLD2 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The kinase domain of FAK interacts with PLD2-PH and induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of PLD2. Furthermore, PLD2 increased tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK. However, ectopic expression of the PLD2-PH competes for binding to FAK and reduces the interaction between PLD2 and FAK, thereby suppressing FAK-induced PLD activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK. The PLD2-PH suppressed the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells, as well as tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model. This study uncovers a novel role of PLD2-PH as a negative regulator of PLD2 and FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyoung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Won Chan Hwang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
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Egea-Jimenez AL, Zimmermann P. Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the biogenesis and cargo loading of extracellular vesicles. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1554-1560. [PMID: 29853529 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles released by viable cells (exosomes and microvesicles) have emerged as important organelles supporting cell-cell communication. Because of their potential therapeutic significance, important efforts are being made toward characterizing the contents of these vesicles and the mechanisms that govern their biogenesis. It has been recently demonstrated that the lipid modifying enzyme, phospholipase D (PLD)2, is involved in exosome production and acts downstream of the small GTPase, ARF6. This review aims to recapitulate our current knowledge of the role of PLD2 and its product, phosphatidic acid, in the biogenesis of exosomes and to propose hypotheses for further investigation of a possible central role of these molecules in the biology of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Luis Egea-Jimenez
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe labellisée LIGUE 2018, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille F-13284, France and Inserm U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, and CNRS UMR7258, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe labellisée LIGUE 2018, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille F-13284, France and Inserm U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, and CNRS UMR7258, Marseille F-13009, France; Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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A data-driven network model of primary myelofibrosis: transcriptional and post-transcriptional alterations in CD34+ cells. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e439. [PMID: 27341078 PMCID: PMC5141361 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are relevant in the pathogenesis of primary myelofibrosis (PMF) but our understanding is limited to specific target genes and the overall systemic scenario islacking. By both knowledge-based and ab initio approaches for comparative analysis of CD34+ cells of PMF patients and healthy controls, we identified the deregulated pathways involving miRNAs and genes and new transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory circuits in PMF cells. These converge in a unique and integrated cellular process, in which the role of specific miRNAs is to wire, co-regulate and allow a fine crosstalk between the involved processes. The PMF pathway includes Akt signaling, linked to Rho GTPases, CDC42, PLD2, PTEN crosstalk with the hypoxia response and Calcium-linked cellular processes connected to cyclic AMP signaling. Nested on the depicted transcriptional scenario, predicted circuits are reported, opening new hypotheses. Links between miRNAs (miR-106a-5p, miR-20b-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-19b-3p and let-7d-5p) and key transcription factors (MYCN, ATF, CEBPA, REL, IRF and FOXJ2) and their common target genes tantalizingly suggest new path to approach the disease. The study provides a global overview of transcriptional and post-transcriptional deregulations in PMF, and, unifying consolidated and predicted data, could be helpful to identify new combinatorial therapeutic strategy. Interactive PMF network model: http://compgen.bio.unipd.it/pmf-net/.
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Park MH, Bae SS, Choi KY, Min DS. Phospholipase D2 promotes degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α independent of lipase activity. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e196. [PMID: 26611735 PMCID: PMC4673472 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a key transcriptional mediator that coordinates the expression of various genes involved in tumorigenesis in response to changes in oxygen tension. The stability of HIF-1α protein is determined by oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylation, which is required for binding of the von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL), the recognition component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets HIF-1α for ubiquitination and degradation. Here, we demonstrate that PLD2 protein itself interacts with HIF-1α, prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) and VHL to promote degradation of HIF-1α via the proteasomal pathway independent of lipase activity. PLD2 increases PHD2-mediated hydroxylation of HIF-1α by increasing the interaction of HIF-1α with PHD2. Moreover, PLD2 promotes VHL-dependent HIF-1α degradation by accelerating the association between VHL and HIF-1α. The interaction of the pleckstrin homology domain of PLD2 with HIF-1α also promoted degradation of HIF-1α and decreased expression of its target genes. These results indicate that PLD2 negatively regulates the stability of HIF-1α through the dynamic assembly of HIF-1α, PHD2 and VHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sik Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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7
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Park MH, Choi KY, Jung Y, Min DS. Phospholipase D1 protein coordinates dynamic assembly of HIF-1α-PHD-VHL to regulate HIF-1α stability. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11857-72. [PMID: 25361009 PMCID: PMC4323006 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a master transcriptional regulator of cellular response to hypoxia. In normoxia, HIF-1α is degraded through the prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) ubiquitination pathway. However, it is unknown whether PHD and VHL exert their enzymatic activities on HIF-1α separately or as a multiprotein complex. Here, we show that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) protein itself acts as a molecular platform, interacting directly with HIF-1α, PHD, and VHL, thereby dynamically assembling a multiprotein complex that mediates efficient degradation of HIF-1α in an O2-dependent manner. PLD1 depletion prevents degradation of HIF-1α; however, overall, PLD1 activity is predominantly involved in the upregulation of HIF-1α through increased translation, despite negative regulation of HIF-1α stability by PLD1 protein itself, suggesting dual roles of PLD1 in the regulation of HIF-1α. Disruption of the interactions of PLD1 with the proteins might be involved in hypoxic stabilization of HIF-1α. Interestingly, the pleckstrin homology domain interacting with these proteins promoted degradation of HIF-1α independent of oxygen concentration and suppressed tumor progression. These observations define a novel function of PLD1 as a previously unrecognized HIF-1α regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea. Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Chen Z, Li D, Cheng Q, Ma Z, Jiang B, Peng R, Chen R, Cao Y, Wan X. MicroRNA-203 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of U251 glioblastoma cells by directly targeting PLD2. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:503-8. [PMID: 24270883 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to be important in the development and progression of various types of cancer. However, the exact roles of certain anti‑oncogenic miRNAs in human malignant gliomas remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed to reveal the expression of microRNA‑203 (miR-203) in normal brain tissues and gliomas, and to investigate the role of miR-203 in cell proliferation and migration in human glioblastoma U251 cells. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the expression of miR-203 in high WHO grade glioma tissues was significantly decreased compared with low WHO grade glioma tissues and normal brain tissues, and its expression demonstrated a decreasing tendency with ascending WHO grades. The transfection of the miR-203 mimic into U251 cells markedly downregulated the expression of phospholipase D2 (PLD2), which was identified as a direct target of miR-203. Furthermore, miR-203 overexpression significantly suppressed the proliferation and invasion of U251 cells, while the overexpression of PLD2 abrogated these effects induced by the miR-203 mimic. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the clinical significance of miR-203 in gliomas and suggested that miR-203 was able to inhibit the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells, partially at least via suppressing the protein expression of PLD2. Thus, miR-203 may be a novel candidate for the development of therapeutic strategies for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Dazhi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Renjun Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Speranza FJ, Mahankali M, Gomez-Cambronero J. Macrophage migration arrest due to a winning balance of Rac2/Sp1 repression over β-catenin-induced PLD expression. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:953-62. [PMID: 23898047 PMCID: PMC3800072 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and neutrophils infiltrate into tissues during inflammation and stay for extended periods of time until the initial insult is resolved or sometimes remain even longer in the case of chronic inflammation. The mechanism as to why phagocytes become immobilized after the initial cell migration event is not understood completely. Here, we show that overexpression or hyperactivation of Rac2 decreases sustained chemotactic responses of macrophages to MCP-1/CCL2. The resulting leukocyte arrest is not caused by a diminished availability of the cytokine receptor CCR2 that remains intact during MCP-1 stimulation. We show a novel mechanism that links the Rac2-dependent arrest of chemotaxis to decreased expression of PLD2 through the transcription regulator Sp1. Prolonged Rac2 activity leads to nuclear overactivation of Sp1, which acts as a repressor for PLD2. Also, another signaling component plays a regulatory role: β-catenin. Although early times of stimulation (≈ 20 min) with MCP-1/CCL2 resulted in activation of β-catenin with a positive effect on PLD2, after ≈ 3 h of stimulation, the levels of β-catenin were reduced and not able to prevent the negative effect of Rac2 on PLD2 activity. This is a novel molecular mechanism underlying immobilization of monocyte/macrophage migration that is important for the physiological maintenance of leukocytes at the site of inflammation. If this immobilization is prolonged enough, it could lead to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Speranza
- 1.Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Phospholipase D (PLD) drives cell invasion, tumor growth and metastasis in a human breast cancer xenograph model. Oncogene 2013; 32:5551-62. [PMID: 23752189 PMCID: PMC3966651 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in human females in the world. One protein that has elevated enzymatic lipase activity in breast cancers in vitro is phospholipase D (PLD), which is also involved in cell migration. We demonstrate that the PLD2 isoform, which was analyzed directly in the tumors, is crucial for cell invasion that contributes critically to the growth and development of breast tumors and lung metastases in vivo. We used three complementary strategies in a SCID mouse model and also addressed the underlying molecular mechanism. First, the PLD2 gene was silenced in highly metastatic, aggressive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) with lentivirus-based shRNA, which were xenotransplanted in SCID mice. The resulting mouse primary mammary tumors were reduced in size (65%, p<0.05) and their onset delayed when compared to control tumors. Second, we stably overexpressed PLD2 in low-invasive breast cancer cells (MCF-7) with a biscistronic MIEG retroviral vector and observed that these cells were converted into a highly aggressive phenotype, as primary tumors that formed following xenotransplantation were larger, grew faster and developed lung metastases more readily. Third, we implanted osmotic pumps into SCID xenotransplanted mice that delivered two different small-molecule inhibitors of PLD activity (FIPI and NOPT). These inhibitors led to significant (>70%, p<0.05) inhibition of primary tumor growth, metastatic axillary tumors and lung metastases. In order to define the underlying mechanism, we determined that the machinery of PLD-induced cell invasion is mediated by phosphatidic acid (PA), WASp, Grb2 and Rac2 signaling events that ultimately affect actin polymerization and cell invasion. In summary, this study shows that PLD has a central role in the development, metastasis and level of aggressiveness of breast cancer, raising the possibility that PLD2 could be used as a new therapeutic target.
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