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Emamalipour M, Shamdani S, Mansoori B, Uzan G, Naserian S. The implications of the TNFα-TNFR2 immune checkpoint signaling pathway in cancer treatment: From immunoregulation to angiogenesis. Int J Cancer 2024. [PMID: 39140321 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.35130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous advances that have been made in biomedical research, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Several therapeutic approaches have been suggested and applied to treat cancer with impressive results. Immunotherapy based on targeting immune checkpoint signaling pathways proved to be one of the most efficient. In this review article, we will focus on the recently discovered TNFα-TNFR2 signaling pathway, which controls the immunological and pro-angiogenic properties of many immunoregulatory and pro-angiogenic cells such as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Due to their biological properties, these cells can play a major role in cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an anti-TNFR2 treatment that could carry two faces under one hood. It interrupts the immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic behaviors of the above-mentioned cells and interferes with tumor growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Shamdani
- CellMedEx, Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Georges Uzan
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Sina Naserian
- CellMedEx, Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
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2
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Costa B, Becker J, Krammer T, Mulenge F, Durán V, Pavlou A, Gern OL, Chu X, Li Y, Čičin-Šain L, Eiz-Vesper B, Messerle M, Dölken L, Saliba AE, Erhard F, Kalinke U. Human cytomegalovirus exploits STING signaling and counteracts IFN/ISG induction to facilitate infection of dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1745. [PMID: 38409141 PMCID: PMC10897438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that in immunocompromised hosts can cause life-threatening disease. Studying HCMV-exposed monocyte-derived dendritic cells by single-cell RNA sequencing, we observe that most cells are entered by the virus, whereas less than 30% of them initiate viral gene expression. Increased viral gene expression is associated with activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) that usually induces anti-viral interferon responses, and with the induction of several pro- (RHOB, HSP1A1, DNAJB1) and anti-viral (RNF213, TNFSF10, IFI16) genes. Upon progression of infection, interferon-beta but not interferon-lambda transcription is inhibited. Similarly, interferon-stimulated gene expression is initially induced and then shut off, thus further promoting productive infection. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells are composed of 3 subsets, with one being especially susceptible to HCMV. In conclusion, HCMV permissiveness of monocyte-derived dendritic cells depends on complex interactions between virus sensing, regulation of the interferon response, and viral gene expression.
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Grants
- 158989968 - SFB 900-B2 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- 398367752 - FOR 2830 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- EXC 2155 "RESIST" - Project ID 39087428 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- DO 1275/7-1 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- ER 927/2-1 - FOR2830 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- COALITION Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony)
- Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Innovative Training Network (VIROINF: 955974) European Commission (EC)
- Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Innovative Training Network (VIROINF: 955974) European Commission (EC)
- 0703/68674/5/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/89374/3/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/68674/5/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/89374/3/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/68674/5/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/89374/3/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Costa
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Becker
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Krammer
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verónica Durán
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) & TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) & TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Institute for Immune Aging and Chronic Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
- University of Würzburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Faculty for Informatics and Data Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Najafi S, Mortezaee K. Advances in dendritic cell vaccination therapy of cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114954. [PMID: 37257227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, vaccines have helped eradication of several infectious diseases and also saved millions of lives in the human history. Those prophylactic vaccines have acted through inducing immune responses against a live attenuated, killed organism or antigenic subunits to protect the recipient against a real infection caused by the pathogenic microorganism. Nevertheless, development of anticancer vaccines as valuable targets in human health has faced challenges and requires further optimizations. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) that play essential roles in tumor immunotherapies through induction of CD8+ T cell immunity. Accordingly, various strategies have been tested to employ DCs as therapeutic vaccines for exploiting their activity against tumor cells. Application of whole tumor cells or purified/recombinant antigen peptides are the most common approaches for pulsing DCs, which then are injected back into the patients. Although some hopeful results are reported for a number of DC vaccines tested in animal and clinical trials of cancer patients, such approaches are still inefficient and require optimization. Failure of DC vaccination is postulated due to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), overexpression of checkpoint proteins, suboptimal avidity of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific T lymphocytes, and lack of appropriate adjuvants. In this review, we have an overview of the current experiments and trials evaluated the anticancer efficacy of DC vaccination as well as focusing on strategies to improve their potential including combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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4
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Activated T cell therapy targeting glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:196. [PMID: 36604465 PMCID: PMC9814949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naïve T cells become effector T cells following stimulation by antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) and sequential cytokine activation. We aimed to develop procedures to efficiently activate T cells with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells. To remove antigen presentation outside of the immunosuppressive tumor milieu, three different glioma stem cell (GSC) specific antigen sources to load DCs were compared in their ability to stimulate lymphocytes. An activated T cell (ATC) protocol including cytokine activation and expansion in culture to target GSCs was generated and optimized for a planned phase I clinical trial. We compared three different antigen-loading methods on DCs to effectively activate T cells, which were GBM patient-derived GSC-lysate, acid-eluate of GSCs and synthetic peptides derived from proteins expressed in GSCs. DCs derived from HLA-A2 positive blood sample were loaded with TAAs. Autologous T cells were activated by co-culturing with loaded DCs. Efficiency and cytotoxicity of ATCs were evaluated by targeting TAA-pulsed DCs or T2 cells, GSCs, or autologous PHA-blasts. Characteristics of ATCs were evaluated by Flow Cytometry and ELISpot assay, which showed increased number of ATCs secreting IFN-γ targeting GSCs as compared with non-activated T cells and unloaded target cells. Neither GSC-lysate nor acid-eluate loading showed enhancement in response of ATCs but the synthetic peptide pool showed significantly increased IFN-γ secretion and increased cytotoxicity towards target cells. These results demonstrate that ATCs activated using a TAA synthetic peptide pool efficiently enhance cytotoxicity specifically to target cells including GSC.
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5
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Sim HW, Wachsmuth L, Barnes EH, Yip S, Koh ES, Hall M, Jennens R, Ashley DM, Verhaak RG, Heimberger AB, Rosenthal MA, Hovey EJ, Ellingson BM, Tognela A, Gan HK, Wheeler H, Back M, McDonald KL, Long A, Cuff K, Begbie S, Gedye C, Mislang A, Le H, Johnson MO, Kong BY, Simes JR, Lwin Z, Khasraw M. NUTMEG: A randomized phase II study of nivolumab and temozolomide versus temozolomide alone in newly diagnosed older patients with glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdad124. [PMID: 37841696 PMCID: PMC10576515 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is an immunologic rationale to evaluate immunotherapy in the older glioblastoma population, who have been underrepresented in prior trials. The NUTMEG study evaluated the combination of nivolumab and temozolomide in patients with glioblastoma aged 65 years and older. Methods NUTMEG was a multicenter 2:1 randomized phase II trial for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma aged 65 years and older. The experimental arm consisted of hypofractionated chemoradiation with temozolomide, then adjuvant nivolumab and temozolomide. The standard arm consisted of hypofractionated chemoradiation with temozolomide, then adjuvant temozolomide. The primary objective was to improve overall survival (OS) in the experimental arm. Results A total of 103 participants were randomized, with 69 in the experimental arm and 34 in the standard arm. The median (range) age was 73 (65-88) years. After 37 months of follow-up, the median OS was 11.6 months (95% CI, 9.7-13.4) in the experimental arm and 11.8 months (95% CI, 8.3-14.8) in the standard arm. For the experimental arm relative to the standard arm, the OS hazard ratio was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.54-1.33). In the experimental arm, there were three grade 3 immune-related adverse events which resolved, with no unexpected serious adverse events. Conclusions Due to insufficient evidence of benefit with nivolumab, the decision was made not to transition to a phase III trial. No new safety signals were identified with nivolumab. This complements the existing series of immunotherapy trials. Research is needed to identify biomarkers and new strategies including combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wen Sim
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke Wachsmuth
- The Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Barnes
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Yip
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eng-Siew Koh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Merryn Hall
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross Jennens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth HealthCare Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Ashley
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roel G Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark A Rosenthal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Hovey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Annette Tognela
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui K Gan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Wheeler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Back
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrie L McDonald
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katharine Cuff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Begbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Port Macquarie Base Hospital, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig Gedye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna Mislang
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hien Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret O Johnson
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Kong
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John R Simes
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zarnie Lwin
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Human Peripheral Blood Dendritic Cell and T Cell Activation by Codium fragile Polysaccharide. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18110535. [PMID: 33120897 PMCID: PMC7692045 DOI: 10.3390/md18110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides exhibit an immunostimulatory effect with low toxicity in humans and animals. It has shown that polysaccharide extracted from Codium fragile (CFP) induces anti-cancer immunity by dendritic cell (DC) activation, while the effect of CFP has not examined in the human immune cells. In this study, we found that CFP promoted the upregulation of CD80, CD83 and CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). In addition, CFP induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in MDDCs. Moreover, CFP directly induced the activation of Blood Dendritic Cell Antigen (BDCA)1+ and BDCA3+ subsets of human peripheral blood DCs (PBDCs). The CFP-stimulated BDCA1+ PBDCs further promoted activation and proliferation of syngeneic CD4 T cells. The CFP-activated BDCA3+ PBDCs activated syngeneic CD8 T cells, which produced cytotoxic mediators, namely, cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These results suggest that CFP may be a candidate molecule for enhancing immune activation in humans.
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Kim YS, Park HJ, Park JH, Hong EJ, Jang GY, Jung ID, Han HD, Lee SH, Vo MC, Lee JJ, Yang A, Farmer E, Wu TC, Kang TH, Park YM. A novel function of API5 (apoptosis inhibitor 5), TLR4-dependent activation of antigen presenting cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1472187. [PMID: 30288341 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1472187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are recognized as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against cancer. Various adjuvants are often incorporated to enhance the modest immunogenicity of DC vaccines. More specifically, many of the commonly used adjuvants are derived from bacteria. In the current study, we evaluate the use of apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5), a damage-associated molecular pattern expressed by many human cancer cells, as a novel DC vaccine adjuvant. We showed that API5 can prompt activation and maturation of DCs and activate NFkB by stimulating the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. We also demonstrated that vaccination with API5-treated DCs pulsed with OVA, E7, or AH1-A5 peptides led to the generation of OVA, E7, or AH1-A5-specific CD8 + T cells and memory T cells, which is associated with long term tumor protection and antitumor effects in mice, against EG.7, TC-1, and CT26 tumors. Additionally, we determined that API5-mediated DC activation and immune stimulation are dependent on TLR4. Lastly, we showed that the API5 protein sequence fragment that is proximal to its leucine zipper motif is responsible for the adjuvant effects exerted by API5. Our data provide evidence that support the use of API5 as a promising adjuvant for DC-based therapies, which can be applied in combination with other cancer therapies. Most notably, our results further support the continued investigation of human-based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seob Kim
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Park
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Hong
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Gun-Young Jang
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Manh-Cuong Vo
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Korea
| | - Andrew Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Farmer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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8
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Kumar S, Saini RV, Mahindroo N. Recent advances in cancer immunology and immunology-based anticancer therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1491-1500. [PMID: 29198747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies offer promise for cure of cancer with specificity and minimal toxicity. Recent developments in cancer immunology have led to the better understanding of role of immune regulatory mechanisms in cancer. There is rapid progress in this field in the last few years. Several clinical studies report the efficacy of immunotherapies for treating cancer. The immunology-based anticancer therapies have shown better safety profiles in clinic as compared to other chemotherapeutic agents, thus increasing interest in this area. This review summarizes recent advances in cancer immunology and discusses tumor microenvironment and immunology-based anticancer therapies, including vaccines and therapies targeting immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Reena Vohra Saini
- School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Centre of Research on Himalayan Sustainability and Development, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Centre of Research on Himalayan Sustainability and Development, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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9
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Fliervoet LAL, Mastrobattista E. Drug delivery with living cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:63-72. [PMID: 27129442 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The field of drug delivery has grown tremendously in the past few decades by developing a wide range of advanced drug delivery systems. An interesting category is cell-based drug delivery, which includes encapsulation of drugs inside cells or attached to the surface and subsequent transportation through the body. Another approach involves genetic engineering of cells to secrete therapeutic molecules in a controlled way. The next-generation systems integrate expertise from synthetic biology to generate therapeutic gene networks for highly advanced sensory and output devices. These developments are very exciting for the drug delivery field and could radically change the way we administer biological medicines to chronically ill patients. This review is covering the use of living cells, either as transport system or production-unit, to deliver therapeutic molecules and bioactive proteins inside the body. It describes a wide range of approaches in cell-based drug delivery and highlights exceptional examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies A L Fliervoet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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10
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Batool M, Anwar MA, Choi S. Toll-like receptors targeting technology for the treatment of lymphoma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1047-1059. [PMID: 27602749 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1233964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The crucial role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) in innate and adaptive immune systems is well discussed in the literature. In cancer, TLRs act as a double-edged sword that can promote or suppress tumor growth. Areas covered: In this article, the authors uncover the potential role of TLRs in lymphomas, which are cancers related to the lymphatic system and blood cells. TLRs are de facto inflammation-inducing receptors that can either worsen disease or ameliorate lymphoma treatment. From this perspective, the usage of TLRs to modulate the immune system toward lymphoma regression is desirable. Various strategies have been used so far, and novel ways are being sought out to cure lymphoma. Expert opinion: TLR ligands have successfully been used to improve patient health; however, these receptors must be finely tuned to further optimize therapy. For a better outcome, novel specific ligands, improved pharmacodynamics, and unique targets should be discerned. Ligands with conjugated molecules, nanoparticles, and targeted drug delivery can highly optimize the therapy for lymphoma with various etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Batool
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
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11
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Kang TH, Kim YS, Kim S, Yang B, Lee JJ, Lee HJ, Lee J, Jung ID, Han HD, Lee SH, Koh SS, Wu TC, Park YM. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor serves as adjuvant by activating dendritic cells through stimulation of TLR4. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27751-62. [PMID: 26336989 PMCID: PMC4695023 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) based cancer vaccines represent a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against cancer. To enhance the modest immunogenicity of DC vaccines, various adjuvants are often incorporated. Particularly, most of the common adjuvants are derived from bacteria. In the current study, we evaluate the use of a human pancreatic cancer derived protein, pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor (PAUF), as a novel DC vaccine adjuvant. We show that PAUF can induce activation and maturation of DCs and activate NFkB by stimulating the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, vaccination with PAUF treated DCs pulsed with E7 or OVA peptides leads to generation of E7 or OVA-specific CD8+ T cells and memory T cells, which correlate with long term tumor protection and antitumor effects against TC-1 and EG.7 tumors in mice. Finally, we demonstrated that PAUF mediated DC activation and immune stimulation are dependent on TLR4. Our data provides evidence supporting PAUF as a promising adjuvant for DC based therapies, which can be applied in conjunction with other cancer therapies. Most importantly, our results serve as a reference for future investigation of human based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Young Seob Kim
- Department of Immunology, KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Seokho Kim
- Aging Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Benjamin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Aging Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Department of Immunology, KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Sang Seok Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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Banday AH, Jeelani S, Hruby VJ. Cancer vaccine adjuvants--recent clinical progress and future perspectives. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 37:1-11. [PMID: 25318595 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.971963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent breakthroughs in the prognosis, prevention and treatment, cancer still remains the leading cause of death and affects millions of people worldwide. With the US FDA approval of various preventive cancer vaccines such as Gardasil (Merck), Cervarix (Glaxosmithkline) and the therapeutic vaccine Sipulencel-T (Provenge), cancer vaccine development is gaining huge ground. Approval of these vaccines has encouraged the concept of cancer treatment through cellular immunotherapy. The FDA approval of the above vaccines has provided support for renewed interest and attention which the development of new therapeutic cancer vaccines deserves. However, most of the new generation vaccines including that for cancer are poorly immunogenic sub-unit vaccines and thus essentially need adjuvants in their formulations to compensate for the immune suppression. Adjuvants are the essential components of a potent vaccine which increases the efficacy by enhancing the antigen-specific immune response. However, the design of a successful adjuvant is not easy because of the complexity and the difficulty in designing adjuvants that are safe, potent and economically viable. The present communication takes a short review of the advancements in adjuvant technology, current clinical scenario of new adjuvants and application of their molecularly defined formulations to new generation cancer vaccines which are currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid H Banday
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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13
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Frequent expression of zinc-finger protein ZNF165 in human urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Immunobiology 2014; 220:68-73. [PMID: 25214475 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to evaluate mRNA/protein expression of zinc finger protein 165 (ZNF165) in transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of urinary bladder and correlate its expression with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients. In this study, the methods of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were utilized to evaluate mRNA/protein expression of ZNF165 in TCC. Independent Student's t test, ANOVA and Chi-square (χ(2)) were used to analyze the data statistically. We observed overexpression of ZNF165 mRNA in testis and majority (59.2%) of TCC patients. ZNF165 mRNA expression was also detected in adjacent noncancerous tissues (ANCTs) and some other normal tissues. Relative mean fold expression of ZNF165 mRNA was found to be significantly (p<0.01) higher in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) as compared to non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. (12.11±9.57 vs. 5.72±2.61, p=0.009). ZNF165 protein expression was demonstrated on archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) bladder tissues using IHC and nuclear staining pattern was detected. No significant difference was observed in protein expression of ZNF165 between the two groups (NMIBC and MIBC patients) (61.1% vs. 55.2%, p=0.629). No significant protein expression of ZNF165 was observed among ANCTs and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) used as control. Our study results suggest that ZNF165 mRNA/protein expression was observed in TCC of human urinary bladder and might be used as a novel diagnostic biomarker and as well a vaccine target in development of urinary bladder cancer specific immunotherapy.
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Bapsy PP, Sharan B, Kumar C, Das RP, Rangarajan B, Jain M, Suresh Attili VS, Subramanian S, Aggarwal S, Srivastava M, Vaid A. Open-label, multi-center, non-randomized, single-arm study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of dendritic cell immunotherapy in patients with refractory solid malignancies, on supportive care. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:234-44. [PMID: 24438902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS A phase II clinical trial of an autologous dendritic cell (DC) formulation for the management of refractory solid malignant tumors was conducted across six sites in India with an objective to study safety and efficacy. METHODS A total of 51 patients with refractory cancer (either sex) with life expectancy ≥3 months, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score ≤2, available tumor tissue and adequate organ and bone marrow function were recruited. Monocytes obtained by leukapheresis, differentiated into DCs by cytokines and primed with autologous tumor lysate (fresh tissue biopsy or paraffin block). On the 8th day, mature DCs were analyzed for expression of CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, DC205 and DC209. The treatment regime consisted of six doses (intravenous) over 14 weeks with 2 post-treatment follow-up visits, 6 weeks apart. Safety was assessed at all visits and responses were evaluated on days 58, 100 and 184 or at end of the study. RESULTS A total of 38 patients were evaluated for safety and efficacy. One adverse event classified as possibly related was an episode of rigors or chills with mild pyrexia during one infusion. Objective response rate by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors was 28.9% (11/38) and immune-related response criteria was 42.1% (16/38); 90% confidence interval for objective response rate was (17.2, 43.3) and (28.5, 56.7) by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors and immune-related response criteria, respectively. The median time to treatment progression was >9 weeks. Median overall survival was 397 days. An increase in the expression of interferon-γ was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Therapy was safe. The responses, time to treatment progression and survival are encouraging for patients with aggressive refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shyam Aggarwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ashok Vaid
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Medanta-the Medicity, Gurgaon, India
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15
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Bauzon M, Hermiston T. Armed therapeutic viruses - a disruptive therapy on the horizon of cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:74. [PMID: 24605114 PMCID: PMC3932422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past 150 years cancer immunotherapy has been largely a theoretical hope that recently has begun to show potential as a highly impactful treatment for various cancers. In particular, the identification and targeting of immune checkpoints have given rise to exciting data suggesting that this strategy has the potential to activate sustained antitumor immunity. It is likely that this approach, like other anti-cancer strategies before it, will benefit from co-administration with an additional therapeutic and that it is this combination therapy that may generate the greatest clinical outcome for the patient. In this regard, oncolytic viruses are a therapeutic moiety that is well suited to deliver and augment these immune-modulating therapies in a highly targeted and economically advantageous way over current treatment. In this review, we discuss the blockade of immune checkpoints, how oncolytic viruses complement and extend these therapies, and speculate on how this combination will uniquely impact the future of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Bauzon
- Bayer HealthCare, US Innovation Center, Biologics Research , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Terry Hermiston
- Bayer HealthCare, US Innovation Center, Biologics Research , San Francisco, CA , USA
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16
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Hira SK, Verma D, Manna PP. Tumor antigen-/cytokine-pulsed dendritic cells in therapy against lymphoma. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1139:45-56. [PMID: 24619670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0345-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy using dendritic cells (DCs) is a strategy to deliver tumor antigens in cancer immunotherapy. Co-delivery of antigens to DC with essential components like genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and other molecules or stimulation with recombinant cytokines is a potential method for designing an effective tumor vaccine protocol. Here, we describe the stimulation of purified splenic- or bone marrow-derived DC with recombinant interleukin-15 (IL-15) in the presence of intact soluble antigen from metastatic lymphoma tumor cells in an experimental animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Hira
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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17
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Hunyadi J, András C, Szabó I, Szántó J, Szluha K, Sipka S, Kovács P, Kiss A, Szegedi G, Altorjay I, Sápy P, Antal-Szalmás P, Tóth L, Fazekas G, Rajnavölgyi É. Autologous dendritic cell based adoptive immunotherapy of patients with colorectal cancer-A phase I-II study. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:357-65. [PMID: 24163303 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-based active immunotherapies of cancer patients are aimed to provoke the proliferation and differentiation of tumor-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes towards protective effector cells. Isolation and in vitro differentiation of circulating blood monocytes has been established a reasonable platform for adoptively transferred DC-based immunotherapies. In the present study the safety and tolerability of vaccination by autologous tumor cell lysates (oncolysate)- or carcinoembriogenic antigen (CEA)-loaded DCs in patients with colorectal cancer was investigated in a phase I-II trial. The study included 12 patients with histologically confirmed colorectal cancer (Dukes B2-C stages). Six of the patients received oncolysate-pulsed, whereas the other six received recombinant CEA-loaded autologous DCs. The potential of the tumor antigen-loaded DCs to provoke the patient's immune system was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The clinical outcome of the therapy evaluated after 7 years revealed that none of the six patients treated with oncolysate-loaded DCs showed relapse of colorectal cancer, whereas three out of the six patients treated with CEA-loaded DCs died because of tumor relapse. Immunization with both the oncolysate- and the CEA-loaded autologous DCs induced measurable immune responses, which could be detected in vivo by cutaneous reactions and in vitro by lymphocyte proliferation assay. Our results show that vaccination by autologous DCs loaded with autologous oncolysates containing various tumor antigens represents a well tolerated therapeutic modality in patients with colorectal cancer without any detectable adverse effects. Demonstration of the efficacy of such therapy needs further studies with increased number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Hunyadi
- Clinical Centre for Cell Therapy, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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18
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Graves A, Hessamodini H, Wong G, Lim WH. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma: update on epidemiology, genetics, and therapeutic modalities. Immunotargets Ther 2013; 2:73-90. [PMID: 27471690 PMCID: PMC4928369 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s31426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a major therapeutic challenge for clinicians. Despite advances in the understanding of the immunobiology of RCC and the availability of several novel targeted agents, there has been little improvement in the survival of patients with metastatic RCC. This review will focus on the recent understanding of risk factors and treatment options and outcomes of metastatic RCC, in particular, targeted therapeutic agents that inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Prospective studies are required to determine whether sequential targeted therapy will further improve progression-free survival in RCC. Ongoing research to develop novel agents with better tolerability and enhanced efficacy in the treatment of metastatic RCC is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Graves
- Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hannah Hessamodini
- Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Germaine Wong
- Centre for Kidney Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wai H Lim
- Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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19
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Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Moroni G, Sorrentino R, Zonfrillo M, Pierimarchi P, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P. Thymosin α1 and cancer: action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1269:26-33. [PMID: 23045967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since it was first identified, thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) has been characterized to have pleiotropic effects on several pathological conditions, in particular as a modulator of immune response and inflammation. Several properties exerted by Tα1 may be attributable to a direct action on lymphoid cells. Tα1 has been shown to exert an immune modulatory activity on both T cell and natural killer cell maturation and to have an effect on functions of mature lymphocytes, including stimulating cytokine production and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic responses. In previous studies we have shown that Tα1 increases the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I surface molecules in murine and human tumor cell lines and in primary cultures of human macrophages. In the present paper, we describe preliminary data indicating that Tα1 is also capable of increasing the expression of tumor antigens in both experimental and human tumor cell lines. This effect, which is exerted at the level of the target tumor cells, represents an additional factor increasing the antitumor activity of Tα1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Garaci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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20
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy attempts to harness the power and specificity of the immune system to treat tumours. The molecular identification of human cancer-specific antigens has allowed the development of antigen-specific immunotherapy. In one approach, autologous antigen-specific T cells are expanded ex vivo and then re-infused into patients. Another approach is through vaccination; that is, the provision of an antigen together with an adjuvant to elicit therapeutic T cells in vivo. Owing to their properties, dendritic cells (DCs) are often called 'nature's adjuvants' and thus have become the natural agents for antigen delivery. After four decades of research, it is now clear that DCs are at the centre of the immune system owing to their ability to control both immune tolerance and immunity. Thus, DCs are an essential target in efforts to generate therapeutic immunity against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75204, USA.
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Measles virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors are highly superior to vesicular stomatitis virus G pseudotypes for genetic modification of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Virol 2012; 86:5192-203. [PMID: 22345444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06283-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells capable of promoting or regulating innate and adaptive immune responses against non-self antigens. To better understand the DC biology or to use them for immune intervention, a tremendous effort has been made to improve gene transfer in these cells. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have conferred a huge advantage in that they can transduce nondividing cells such as human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) but required high amounts of viral particles and/or accessory proteins such as Vpx or Vpr to achieve sufficient transduction rates. As a consequence, these LVs have been shown to cause dramatic functional modifications, such as the activation or maturation of transduced MDDCs. Taking advantage of new pseudotyped LVs, i.e., with envelope glycoproteins from the measles virus (MV), we demonstrate that MDDCs are transduced very efficiently with these new LVs compared to the classically used vesicular stomatitis virus G-pseudotyped LVs and thus allowed to achieve high transduction rates at relatively low multiplicities of infection. Moreover, in this experimental setting, no activation or maturation markers were upregulated, while MV-LV-transduced cells remained able to mature after an appropriate Toll-like receptor stimulation. We then demonstrate that our MV-pseudotyped LVs use DC-SIGN, CD46, and CD150/SLAM as receptors to transduce MDDCs. Altogether, our results show that MV-pseudotyped LVs provide the most accurate and simple viral method for efficiently transferring genes into MDDCs without affecting their activation and/or maturation status.
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Heimburg-Molinaro J, Lum M, Vijay G, Jain M, Almogren A, Rittenhouse-Olson K. Cancer vaccines and carbohydrate epitopes. Vaccine 2011; 29:8802-26. [PMID: 21964054 PMCID: PMC3208265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) result from the aberrant glycosylation that is seen with transformation to a tumor cell. The carbohydrate antigens that have been found to be tumor-associated include the mucin related Tn, Sialyl Tn, and Thomsen-Friedenreich antigens, the blood group Lewis related Lewis(Y), Sialyl Lewis(X) and Sialyl Lewis(A), and Lewis(X) (also known as stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, SSEA-1), the glycosphingolipids Globo H and stage-specific embryonic antigen-3 (SSEA-3), the sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, the gangliosides GD2, GD3, GM2, fucosyl GM1, and Neu5GcGM3, and polysialic acid. Recent developments have furthered our understanding of the T-independent type II response that is seen in response to carbohydrate antigens. The selection of a vaccine target antigen is based on not only the presence of the antigen in a variety of tumor tissues but also on the role this antigen plays in tumor growth and metastasis. These roles for TACAs are being elucidated. Newly acquired knowledge in understanding the T-independent immune response and in understanding the key roles that carbohydrates play in metastasis are being applied in attempts to develop an effective vaccine response to TACAs. The role of each of the above mentioned carbohydrate antigens in cancer growth and metastasis and vaccine attempts using these antigens will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Lum
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Geraldine Vijay
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Miten Jain
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Adel Almogren
- Department Of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kate Rittenhouse-Olson
- Department Of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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Dissanayake D, Gronski MA, Lin A, Elford AR, Ohashi PS. Immunological perspective of self versus tumor antigens: insights from the RIP-gp model. Immunol Rev 2011; 241:164-79. [PMID: 21488897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-reactive T cells in the body are controlled by mechanisms of peripheral tolerance that limit their activation and induction of immune pathology. Our understanding of these mechanisms has been advanced by the use of tissue-specific promoters to express neo-self-antigens. Here, we present findings using the RIP-gp (rat insulin promoter-glycoprotein) transgenic mouse, which expresses the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (LCMV-gp) specifically in the pancreatic β islet cells. T cells responsive to this antigen remain ignorant of the LCMV-gp expressed by the islets, and breaking tolerance is dependent upon the maturation status of antigen-presenting cells, the avidity of the T-cell receptor ligation, and the level of major histocompatibility complex expression in the pancreas. Furthermore, decreased activity of Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b, a negative regulator of T-cell receptor signaling, can allow recognition and destruction of the pancreatic islets. This review discusses the roles of these factors in the context of anti-tissue responses, both in the setting of autoimmunity and in anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Dissanayake
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Interleukin-4 enhances trafficking and functional activities of GM-CSF-stimulated mouse myeloid-derived dendritic cells at late differentiation stage. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2210-21. [PMID: 21741972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) are being employed as an important model for translational research into the development of DC-based therapeutics. For such use, the localization and specialized mobility of injected BMDCs within specific immune tissues are known to define their immunity and usefulness in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-4, a key driving factor for in vitro propagation and differentiation of BMDCs, when added during a late culture stage can enhance the in vivo trafficking activity of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-induced BMDCs. It suggests that the temporal control of IL-4 stimulation during the in vitro generation of DCs drastically affects the DC trafficking efficiency in vivo. With this modification of IL-4 stimulation, we also show that much less cytokine was needed to generate BMDCs with high purity and yield that secrete a high level of cytokines and possess a good capacity to induce proliferation of allogeneic CD4+ T cells, as compared to the conventional method that uses a continuous supplement of GM-CSF and IL-4 throughout cultivation. These results provide us with an important know-how for differentiation of BMDCs from myeloid stem cells, and for use of other immune cells in related medical or stem cell applications.
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26
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Park YS, Bae JH, Son CH, Lee KS, Kim W, Jung MH, Yang K, Kim SH, Kang CD. Cyclophosphamide potentiates the antitumor effect of immunization with injection of immature dendritic cells into irradiated tumor. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:383-99. [PMID: 21314288 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.552141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth of a tumor on the left flank was suppressed by direct injection of immature DCs (iDCs) into the irradiated tumor on the right thigh (IR/DC). This antitumor immune effect of IR/DC was enhanced by pretreatment with CTX (CTX+IR/DC) and this effect was related with increased number of tumor-specific IFN-γ secreting T cells and decreased ratio of CD4(+)CD25(+)/CD4(+) T cells. The treatment with CTX+IR/DC increased or decreased the levels of IL-2 or IL-10, respectively. These results demonstrated that antitumor effect of IR/DC could be augmented by pretreatment with low-dose CTX, suggesting a new antitumor therapeutic modality of chemoradioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Soo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
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Jorritsma A, Schumacher TNM, Haanen JBAG. Immunotherapeutic strategies: the melanoma example. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:679-90. [PMID: 20635992 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-based immunotherapy can be induced by nonspecific activation, by antigen-specific immunization, or by adoptive immunotherapy. In this review, progress in these areas is discussed as based on data from clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Nonspecific immunotherapy has been shown to result in low, but in some cases significant, levels of objective tumor responses, and is often associated with autoimmune reactions. Antigen-specific targeting of tumors via vaccination has only resulted in low to very low levels of objective responses, and these strategies seem to have most value when the T-cell repertoire is not affected by tolerance. Finally, adoptive immunotherapy can be applied by in vitro expansion of autologous lymphocytes that have escaped tolerance or by genetic transfer of allogeneic T-cell receptors (TCRs). Autologous adoptive T-cell transfer has resulted in a very high frequency of clinical responses when combined with chemotherapy and IL-2 administration in single-center studies. Although TCR gene transfer has, until now, only resulted in a low frequency of clinical responses, it does have a broader application potential, and optimization of this strategy is likely to improve its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Jorritsma
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Murphy R, Green S, Ritter G, Cohen L, Ryan D, Woods W, Rubira M, Cebon J, Davis ID, Sjolander A, Kypridis A, Kalnins H, McNamara M, Moloney MB, Ackland J, Cartwright G, Rood J, Dumsday G, Healey K, Maher D, Maraskovsky E, Chen YT, Hoffman EW, Old LJ, Scott AM. Recombinant NY‐ESO‐1 Cancer Antigen: Production and Purification under cGMP Conditions. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 35:119-34. [PMID: 15881594 DOI: 10.1081/pb-200054732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cancer-testis antigen, NY-ESO-1, has been engineered into a bacterial expression plasmid which incorporates a His6-tag. The plasmid was transfected into E. coli strain BL21 and Master and Working cell banks generated from this expression system. Three 15-litre fermentations were performed under cGMP (code of Good Manufacturing Practice) conditions and the crude NY-ESO-1 tagged protein isolated as solubilised inclusion bodies. A three-step cGMP chromatography process (immobilised metal affinity, anion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction) was utilised to purify the protein. The purified NY-ESO-1 is being used in early stage human cancer vaccine trials in Australia and the U.S.A.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Murphy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia.
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29
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Abstract
Abstract The discovery that the immune system can distinguish molecular targets on cancer cells has led to efforts to develop cancer immunotherapeutics that can improve the recognition and effective elimination of tumor cells. Several types of tumor antigens are recognized by T lymphocytes, which are classified according to patterns of gene expression or protein distribution. Of particular interest is the group of molecules known as cancer-germline or cancer-testis antigens. As the relationship between the immune system and cancer has become clearer, so too have the challenges in designing effective cancer immunotherapeutics: (i) antigens need to be specifically selected based on ideal characteristics, such as tissue distribution that is restricted to tumors; (ii) selected antigens need to be combined with adjuvant agents that enhance their immunogenicity and yield robust responses; (iii) vaccination should be timed to pre-empt the development of regulatory suppressive immune mechanisms; and (iv) if suppressive regulatory mechanisms do arise, specific antagonists may be needed to enhance pro-immune outcomes. These challenges are shaping current and future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cebon
- Austin Ludwig Oncology Unit, Ludwig Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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30
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Phillips B, Giannoukakis N, Trucco M. Dendritic cell-based therapy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:325-39. [PMID: 20477010 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy is a clinical reality. Despite two decades of considerable data demonstrating the feasibility of using DCs to prolong transplant allograft survival and to prevent autoimmunity, only now are these cells entering clinical trials in humans. Type 1 diabetes is the first autoimmune disorder to be targeted for treatment in humans using autologous-engineered DCs. This review will highlight the role of DCs in autoimmunity and the manner in which they have been engineered to treat these disorders in rodent models, either via the induction of immune hyporesponsiveness, which may be cell- and/or antigen-specific, or indirectly by upregulation of other immune cell networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Phillips
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunogenetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, 530 45th Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA.
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31
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Vanderlocht J, Van Elssen CHMJ, Senden-Gijsbers BLMG, Meek B, Cloosen S, Libon C, Bos GMJ, Germeraad WTV. Increased tumor-specific CD8+ T cell induction by dendritic cells matured with a clinical grade TLR-agonist in combination with IFN-gamma. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:35-50. [PMID: 20377993 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited response rate of cancer patients treated with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines indicates that vast improvements remain necessary. In many murine tumour models it has been demonstrated that the use of innate triggers (e.g. TLR triggers) in the maturation of DC results in higher efficacy. However, as few of these innate triggers are generated clinical grade, there remains a great necessity to fill the gap between fundamental mouse studies and a clinical trial in humans. In the present study we used a TLR2/4-agonist (FMKp which is available clinical grade) in combination with IFN-gamma (FIcocktail) in the maturation of elutriated monocyte-derived DC and compared it with the most used DC in current clinical trials (TNF-alpha/PGE-2, i.e. TP-cocktail). In addition to the assessment of CD4+ T cell polarizing capacity, we compared the quantity and intrinsic quality of induced CD8+ T cells of 2 different DC maturation protocols with all cells from the same donor. Besides differences in the cytokine profile, which could be coupled to increased Th1 and Th17 polarization, we demonstrate in this study that FMKp/IFN-gamma matured DC are twice as effective in inducing cytotoxic T cells against known tumor antigens. Both DCs induced phenotypically equivalent effector memory CD8+ T cells that did not show a significant difference in their intrinsic capacity to kill tumor cells. These findings point to the therapeutic applicability of FI-DC as superior inducers of functional antigen-specific T cells. Their increased chemokine secretion is suggestive of a mechanism by which these DC may compensate for the limited migration observed for all ex vivo cultured DC when applied in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vanderlocht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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32
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Yan X, Su Z, Zhang J, Wu Z, Ye S, Lu X, Wu J, Zeng Y, Zheng W. Killing effect of interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2) sensitized DC–CTL cells on human glioblastoma U251 cells. Cell Immunol 2010; 263:172-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Bracarda S, Eggermont AM, Samuelsson J. Redefining the role of interferon in the treatment of malignant diseases. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:284-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer has currently overtaken heart disease as the major cause of mortality in the United States. The Human Genome Project, advances in informatics, miniaturization of sample collection, and increased knowledge of cell signaling pathways has revolutionized the study of disease. Genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are currently being used to develop molecular signatures for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic efficacy. Tumor-associated antigens discovered by these methods are being used to develop passive (humoral) as well as active immunotherapy strategies to stimulate the immune system. Development and validation of biomarkers on a parallel track with therapeutics can speed development times by accurate screening of patient populations and substituting surrogate markers that correlate well with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel M Malyankar
- Biomarkers, Division of Translational Medicine, MannKind Corporation, Valencia, California 91355, USA.
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35
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Decker WK, Safdar A. Bioimmunoadjuvants for the treatment of neoplastic and infectious disease: Coley's legacy revisited. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:271-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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36
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Fujii SI, Takayama T, Asakura M, Aki K, Fujimoto K, Shimizu K. Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:189-98. [PMID: 19479202 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of their unique role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems, dendritic cells (DCs) have been a logical focus for novel immunotherapies. However, strategies employing active immunization with ex vivo generated and antigen-pulsed DCs have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials. These past approaches did not take into account the complex interactions between cells of the innate immune system and DCs during DC maturation, antigen processing, and presentation to naïve T cells. By better understanding the natural sequence of events occurring in vivo during an effective immune response, we can tailor antitumor immunotherapeutic strategies to augment aspects of this response from the activation of innate immune cells to antigen uptake and DC maturation to priming of naïve T cells and, ultimately, to the establishment of antitumor immunity. Current DC vaccination strategies utilize a number of methods to recapitulate the cascade of events that culminate in a protective antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Fujii
- Research Unit for Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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37
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Dubsky P, Ueno H, Piqueras B, Connolly J, Banchereau J, Palucka AK. Human dendritic cell subsets for vaccination. J Clin Immunol 2009; 25:551-72. [PMID: 16380819 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-005-8216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity results from the interplay of antigen (Ag)-nonspecific innate immunity and Ag-specific adaptive immunity. The cells and molecules of the innate system employ non-clonal recognition pathways such as lectins and TLRs. B and T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system employ clonal receptors recognizing Ag or peptides in a highly specific manner. An essential link between innate and adaptive immunity is provided by dendritic cells (DCs). As a component of the innate immune system, DC organize and transfer information from the outside world to the cells of the adaptive immune system. DC can induce such contrasting states as active immune responsiveness or immunological tolerance. Recent years have brought a wealth of information regarding DC biology and pathophysiology that shows the complexity of this cell system. Thus, presentation of antigen by immature (non-activated) DCs leads to tolerance, whereas mature, antigen-loaded DCs are geared towards the launching of antigen-specific immunity. Furthermore, DCs are composed of multiple subsets with distinct functions at the interface of the innate and adaptive immunity. Our increased understanding of DC pathophysiology will permit their rational manipulation for therapy such as vaccination to improve immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dubsky
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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38
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Physiological role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and their potential use in cancer immunity. Clin Dev Immunol 2009; 2008:106321. [PMID: 19190769 PMCID: PMC2630490 DOI: 10.1155/2008/106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the control of innate and adaptive immune responses. They are a heterogeneous cell population, where plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subset capable of secreting high levels of type I IFNs. It has been demonstrated that pDCs can coordinate events during the course of viral infection, atopy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Therefore, pDC, as a main source of type I IFN, is an attractive target for therapeutic manipulations of the immune system to elicit a powerful immune response against tumor antigens in combination with other therapies. The therapeutic vaccination with antigen-pulsed DCs has shown a limited efficacy to generate an effective long-lasting immune response against tumor cells. A rational manipulation and design of vaccines which could include DC subsets outside “Langerhans cell paradigm” might allow us to improve the therapeutic approaches for cancer patients.
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39
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40
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy seeks to mobilize a patient's immune system for therapeutic benefit. It can be passive, that is, transfer of immune effector cells (T cells) or proteins (antibodies), or active, that is, vaccination. Early clinical trials testing vaccination with ex vivo generated dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor antigens provide a proof-of-principle that therapeutic immunity can be elicited. Yet, the clinical benefit measured by regression of established tumors in patients with stage IV cancer has been observed in a fraction of patients only. The next generation of DC vaccines is expected to generate large numbers of high avidity effector CD8 T cells and to overcome regulatory T cells and suppressive environment established by tumors, a major obstacle in metastatic disease. Therapeutic vaccination protocols will combine improved DC vaccines with chemotherapy to exploit immunogenic chemotherapy regimens. We foresee adjuvant vaccination in patients with resected tumors but at high risk of relapse to be based on in vivo targeting of DCs with fusion proteins containing anti-DCs antibodies, antigens from tumor stem/propagating cells, and DC activators.
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41
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Santegoets SJAM, van den Eertwegh AJM, van de Loosdrecht AA, Scheper RJ, de Gruijl TD. Human dendritic cell line models for DC differentiation and clinical DC vaccination studies. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1364-73. [PMID: 18664532 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are increasingly applied in the immunotherapy of cancer. As the development of a standardized DC vaccine product is often hampered by the limited availability of DC precursors and inter- and intra-donor variability, and the preparation of individual vaccines is labor-intensive, it would be preferable to use DC from a readily available and unlimited source, such as cell lines can provide. It has been described that leukemia-derived cell lines are able to differentiate into functional DC, creating possibilities for the development of highly reproducible DC vaccines and providing in vitro model systems for in-depth studies about DC physiology. This review discusses the different human DC cell line differentiation models described so far. Based on the available data, characteristics that determine the ability of leukemia cells to differentiate along the different precursor stages into functional DC will be formulated. In addition, evidence will be provided that the human CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia cell line MUTZ-3 provides DC that exhibit the functional properties that are crucial for the in vivo generation of CTL-mediated immunity and thus, currently, represents the most valuable, sustainable model system for myeloid DC differentiation and clinical DC vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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de Gruijl TD, van den Eertwegh AJM, Pinedo HM, Scheper RJ. Whole-cell cancer vaccination: from autologous to allogeneic tumor- and dendritic cell-based vaccines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1569-77. [PMID: 18523771 PMCID: PMC2491427 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of tumor vaccination is currently undergoing a shift in focus, from individualized tailor-made vaccines to more generally applicable vaccine formulations. Although primarily predicated by financial and logistic considerations, stemming from a growing awareness that clinical development for wide-scale application can only be achieved through backing from major pharmaceutical companies, these new approaches are also supported by a growing knowledge of the intricacies and minutiae of antigen presentation and effector T-cell activation. Here, the development of whole-cell tumor and dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines from an individualized autologous set-up to a more widely applicable allogeneic approach will be discussed as reflected by translational studies carried out over the past two decades at our laboratories and clinics in the vrije universiteit medical center (VUmc) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vrije Universiteit medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Santegoets SJAM, Bontkes HJ, Stam AGM, Bhoelan F, Ruizendaal JJ, van den Eertwegh AJM, Hooijberg E, Scheper RJ, de Gruijl TD. Inducing Antitumor T Cell Immunity: Comparative Functional Analysis of Interstitial Versus Langerhans Dendritic Cells in a Human Cell Line Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4540-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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44
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Abstract
Substantial evidence shows that inflammation promotes oncogenesis and, occasionally, participates in cancer rejection. This paradox can be accounted for by a dynamic switch from chronic smouldering inflammation promoting cancer-cell survival to florid, tissue-disruptive inflammatory reactions that trigger cancer-cell destruction. Clinical and experimental observations suggest that the mechanism of this switch recapitulates the events associated with pathogen infection, which stimulate immune cells to recognise danger signals and activate immune effector functions. Generally, cancers do not have danger signals and, therefore, they cannot elicit strong immune reactions. Synthetic molecules have been developed that mimic pathogen invasion at the tumour site. These compounds activate dendritic cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines, which in turn trigger cytotoxic mechanisms leading to cancer death. Simultaneously, dendritic cells capture antigen shed by dying cancer cells, undergo activation, and stimulate antigen-specific T and B cells. This process results in massive amplification of the antineoplastic inflammatory process. Thus, although anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent onset of some malignant diseases, induction of T cells specific for tumour antigen by active immunisation, combined with powerful activation signals within the cancer microenvironment, might yield the best strategy for treatment of established cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas and Institute of Pathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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45
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Levy A, Pitcovski J, Frankenburg S, Elias O, Altuvia Y, Margalit H, Peretz T, Golenser J, Lotem M. A melanoma multiepitope polypeptide induces specific CD8+ T-cell response. Cell Immunol 2008; 250:24-30. [PMID: 18275944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strategies using epitope-based vaccination are being considered for melanoma immunotherapy, in an attempt to overcome failure of other modalities. In the present study, we designed and produced a multiepitope polypeptide for melanoma (MEP-mel), which contains three repeats of four antigenic epitopes (gp100: 209-217 (210M); gp100: 280-288 (288V); Mart1: 26-35 (27L); tyrosinase: 368-376 (370D). The peptides were attached to each other by linkers containing sequences recognized by the proteasome, to improve protein cleavage and antigen presentation. The results show that peptide-specific T cells produced IFN-gamma when stimulated with MEP-mel-transfected dendritic cells. The presentation of peptides by MEP-mel-transfected dendritic cells was proteasome-dependent and was more long-lasting than the presentation of exogenously delivered native peptides. When dendritic cells were loaded with MEP-mel protein, weak cross presentation was induced. The production of multiepitope molecules based on several peptides linked by sequences sensitive to proteasomal cleavage represents a promising new tool for the improvement of cancer immunotherapy.
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46
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Presicce P, Taddeo A, Conti A, Villa ML, Della Bella S. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin induces the activation and maturation of human dendritic cells through the involvement of mannose receptor. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:1136-45. [PMID: 17765973 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is a xenoantigen largely used in vitro as an immunogen to study primary antigen-specific T cell responses and in vivo as a vaccine component with optimal carrier qualities. So far, the mechanisms by which KLH exerts its immunostimulatory properties are still largely unknown. In particular, although dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the initiation and activation of immune responses, the effects of KLH on these cells have been poorly explored. In the present study we investigated the effects of KLH on DCs differentiated in vitro from human monocytes. We observed that KLH promotes the activation and maturation of DCs, as assessed by up-regulation of the surface expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, HLA-DR and CD83. Moreover, even if KLH stimulated the production of IL-12 and IL-10 by DCs, the final balance was clearly in favour of IL-12. According to these stimulatory effects, KLH significantly increased the allostimulatory activity of DCs. To verify whether these effects of KLH may be related to the binding of this highly glycosilated molecule to mannose receptor (MR), we performed inhibition experiments with anti-MR antibody. Results showed that the stimulatory activity of KLH is indeed partially mediated by its interaction with MR. Taken together, our results seem to indicate that KLH does promote the maturation of DCs endowed with the ability to stimulate cell-mediated immune responses. We suggest that this property of KLH may represent a novel further mechanism by which this molecule may exert its efficacy when co-administered with others antigens in immunotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Presicce
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Cattedra di Immunologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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47
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Aarnoudse CA, Bax M, Sánchez-Hernández M, García-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Glycan modification of the tumor antigen gp100 targets DC-SIGN to enhance dendritic cell induced antigen presentation to T cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:839-46. [PMID: 17957800 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have gained much interest in the field of anticancer vaccine development because of their central function in immune regulation. However, the clinical application of ex vivo cultured DC has significant disadvantages. A vaccine that targets dendritic cells in vivo and enhances antigen presentation would be of great benefit. Because of its DC-restricted expression pattern, and its function as an antigen uptake receptor, DC-SIGN is an interesting candidate target structure for human immature DC. Here, we studied whether modification of the melanoma differentiation antigen gp100 with DC-SIGN-interacting glycans enhances targeting to human DC. A high-mannose form of gp100, as protein or as tumor lysate, not only interacted specifically with DC through DC-SIGN but also resulted in an enhanced antigen presentation to gp100-specific CD4(+) T cells. Our results indicate that glycan modification of tumor antigens to target C-type lectin receptors, such as DC-SIGN, is a new way to develop in vivo targeting DC strategies that simultaneously enhance the induction of tumor-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corlien A Aarnoudse
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Jacobs JFM, Hoogerbrugge PM, de Rakt MWMMV, Aarntzen EHJG, Figdor CG, Adema GJ, de Vries IJM. Phenotypic and functional characterization of mature dendritic cells from pediatric cancer patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 49:924-7. [PMID: 17486645 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. Clinical trials have demonstrated that mature DCs loaded with tumor-associated antigens can induce tumor-specific immune responses. Theoretically, pediatric patients are excellent candidates for immunotherapy since their immune system is more potent compared to adults. We studied whether sufficient amounts of mature monocyte-derived DCs can be cultured from peripheral blood of pediatric cancer patients. PROCEDURE DCs from 15 pediatric patients with an untreated primary tumor were cultured from monocytes and matured with clinical grade cytokines. Phenotype and function were tested with flow cytometry, mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and an in vitro migration assay. DCs of children with a solid tumor were compared with monocyte-derived DCs from age-related non-malignant controls. RESULTS Ex vivo-generated monocyte-derived DCs from pediatric patients can be generated in numbers sufficient for DC vaccination trials. Upon cytokine stimulation the DCs highly upregulate the expression of the maturation markers CD80, CD83, and CD86. The mature DCs are six times more potent in inducing T cell proliferation compared to immature DCs. Furthermore, mature DCs, but not immature DCs, express the chemokine receptor CCR7 and have the capacity to migrate in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that mature DCs can be generated ex vivo to further optimize DC-vaccination trials in pediatric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannes F M Jacobs
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Nijmegen Centre of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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49
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Cao T, Ueno H, Glaser C, Fay JW, Palucka AK, Banchereau J. Both Langerhans cells and interstitial DC cross-present melanoma antigens and efficiently activate antigen-specific CTL. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2657-67. [PMID: 17683111 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have a unique capacity to present external antigens to CD8(+) T cells, i.e. cross-presentation. However, it is not fully established whether the ability to cross-presentation is restricted to a unique subset of DC in humans. Here, we show that two major myeloid DC subsets, i.e. Langerhans cells (LC) and interstitial DC (Int-DC), have the ability to cross-present antigens to CD8(+) T cells in vitro. LC and Int-DC were obtained from DC generated by culturing human CD34(+)-hematopoietic progenitor cells with GM-CSF, FLT3-L, and TNF-alpha (CD34-DC). Both DC subsets were able to capture necrotic/apoptotic allogeneic melanoma cells and present antigens to CD8(+) T cells, resulting in efficient priming of naive CD8(+) T cells into CTL capable of killing melanoma cells. Strikingly, a single stimulation with either subset (LC or Int-DC) or total CD34-DC loaded with necrotic/apoptotic melanoma cells was sufficient to activate melanoma-specific memory CD8(+) T cells obtained from patients with metastatic melanoma to become effective CTL. Thus, this study provides the rationale to use CD34-DC loaded with necrotic/apoptotic allogeneic melanoma cells in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghua Cao
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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Dubsky P, Saito H, Leogier M, Dantin C, Connolly JE, Banchereau J, Palucka AK. IL-15-induced human DC efficiently prime melanoma-specific naive CD8+ T cells to differentiate into CTL. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1678-90. [PMID: 17492620 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells (DC) in response to GM-CSF combined with other cytokines including IL-4 and IL-15. Here, we show that IL15-DC are efficient in priming naive CD8+ T cells to differentiate into melanoma antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). While both melanoma peptide-pulsed IL15-DC and IL4-DC expand high-precursor frequency MART-1-specific CD8+ T cells after two stimulations in vitro, IL15-DC require much lower peptide concentration for priming. IL15-DC are more efficient in expanding gp100-specific CD8+ T cells and can expand CD8+ T cells specific for Tyrosinase and MAGE-3. CTL primed by IL15-DC are superior in their function as demonstrated by (i) higher IFN-gamma secretion, (ii) higher expression of Granzyme B and Perforin, and (iii) higher killing of allogeneic melanoma cell lines, most particularly the HLA-A*0201+ Sk-Mel-24 melanoma cells that are resistant to killing by CD8+ T cells primed with IL4-DC. Supernatants of the sonicated cells demonstrate unique expression of IL-1, IL-8 and IL-15. Therefore, membrane-bound IL-15 might contribute to enhanced priming by IL15-DC. Thus, IL-15 induces myeloid DC that are efficient in priming and maturation of melanoma antigen-specific CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dubsky
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor NIAID Cooperative Center for Translational Research on Human Immunology and Biodefense, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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