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Yang L, Zhou L, Li F, Chen X, Li T, Zou Z, Zhi Y, He Z. Diagnostic and prognostic value of autophagy-related key genes in sepsis and potential correlation with immune cell signatures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1218379. [PMID: 37701780 PMCID: PMC10493283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1218379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy is involved in the pathophysiological process of sepsis. This study was designed to identify autophagy-related key genes in sepsis, analyze their correlation with immune cell signatures, and search for new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Methods: Whole blood RNA datasets GSE65682, GSE134347, and GSE134358 were downloaded and processed. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to identify autophagy-related key genes in sepsis. Then, key genes were analyzed by functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI), transcription factor (TF)-gene and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis. Subsequently, key genes with diagnostic efficiency and prognostic value were identified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and survival analysis respectively. The signatures of immune cells were estimated using CIBERSORT algorithm. The correlation between significantly different immune cell signatures and key genes was assessed by correlation analysis. Finally, key genes with both diagnostic and prognostic value were verified by RT-qPCR. Results: 14 autophagy-related key genes were identified and their TF-gene and ceRNA regulatory networks were constructed. Among the key genes, 11 genes (ATIC, BCL2, EEF2, EIF2AK3, HSPA8, IKBKB, NLRC4, PARP1, PRKCQ, SH3GLB1, and WIPI1) had diagnostic efficiency (AUC > 0.90) and 5 genes (CAPN2, IKBKB, PRKCQ, SH3GLB1 and WIPI1) were associated with survival prognosis (p-value < 0.05). IKBKB, PRKCQ, SH3GLB1 and WIPI1 had both diagnostic and prognostic value, and their expression were verified by RT-qPCR. Analysis of immune cell signatures showed that the abundance of neutrophil, monocyte, M0 macrophage, gamma delta T cell, activated mast cell and M1 macrophage subtypes increased in the sepsis group, while the abundance of resting NK cell, resting memory CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, naive B cell and resting dendritic cell subtypes decreased. Most of the key genes correlated with the predicted frequencies of CD8+ T cells, resting memory CD4+ T cells, M1 macrophages and naive B cells. Conclusion: We identified autophagy-related key genes with diagnostic and prognostic value in sepsis and discovered associations between key genes and immune cell signatures. This work may provide new directions for the discovery of promising biomarkers for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangyi Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- Department of Health Management Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijun Zou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaowei Zhi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijie He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Córdova-Dávalos LE, Pérez-Rodríguez MJ, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Salinas E. Responses of Mast Cells to Pathogens: Beneficial and Detrimental Roles. Front Immunol 2021; 12:685865. [PMID: 34211473 PMCID: PMC8240065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located in tissues close to the external environment, being one of the first immune cells to interact with invading pathogens. They are long living effector cells equipped with different receptors that allow microbial recognition. Once activated, MCs release numerous biologically active mediators in the site of pathogen contact, which induce vascular endothelium modification, inflammation development and extracellular matrix remodeling. Efficient and direct antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs involve phagocytosis with oxidative and non-oxidative microbial destruction, extracellular trap formation, and the release of antimicrobial substances. MCs also contribute to host defense through the attraction and activation of phagocytic and inflammatory cells, shaping the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as part of their response to pathogens and under an impaired, sustained, or systemic activation, MCs may contribute to tissue damage. This review will focus on the current knowledge about direct and indirect contribution of MCs to pathogen clearance. Antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs are addressed with special attention to signaling pathways involved and molecular weapons implicated. The role of MCs in a dysregulated host response that can increase morbidity and mortality is also reviewed and discussed, highlighting the complexity of MCs biology in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.,Cátedras CONACYT, National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura E Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Marian Jesabel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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3
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Gusev EY, Zotova NV. Cellular Stress and General Pathological Processes. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:251-297. [PMID: 31198111 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190319114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
From the viewpoint of the general pathology, most of the human diseases are associated with a limited number of pathogenic processes such as inflammation, tumor growth, thrombosis, necrosis, fibrosis, atrophy, pathological hypertrophy, dysplasia and metaplasia. The phenomenon of chronic low-grade inflammation could be attributed to non-classical forms of inflammation, which include many neurodegenerative processes, pathological variants of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and other manifestations of the endothelial dysfunction. Individual and universal manifestations of cellular stress could be considered as a basic element of all these pathologies, which has both physiological and pathophysiological significance. The review examines the causes, main phenomena, developmental directions and outcomes of cellular stress using a phylogenetically conservative set of genes and their activation pathways, as well as tissue stress and its role in inflammatory and para-inflammatory processes. The main ways towards the realization of cellular stress and its functional blocks were outlined. The main stages of tissue stress and the classification of its typical manifestations, as well as its participation in the development of the classical and non-classical variants of the inflammatory process, were also described. The mechanisms of cellular and tissue stress are structured into the complex systems, which include networks that enable the exchange of information with multidirectional signaling pathways which together make these systems internally contradictory, and the result of their effects is often unpredictable. However, the possible solutions require new theoretical and methodological approaches, one of which includes the transition to integral criteria, which plausibly reflect the holistic image of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeny Yu Gusev
- Laboratory of the Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Zotova
- Laboratory of the Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Ural Federal University named after B.N.Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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4
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Kolpakov MA, Sikder K, Sarkar A, Chaki S, Shukla SK, Guo X, Qi Z, Barbery C, Sabri A, Rafiq K. Inflammatory Serine Proteases Play a Critical Role in the Early Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:982-998. [PMID: 31829530 PMCID: PMC6956403 DOI: 10.33594/000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by structural and functional alterations that can lead to heart failure. Several mechanisms are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of DCM, however, the molecular mechanism that links inflammation to DCM is incompletely understood. To learn about this mechanism, we investigated the role of inflammatory serine proteases (ISPs) during the development of DCM. Methods: Eight weeks old mice with deletion of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), an enzyme involved in the maturation of major ISPs, and wild type (WT) mice controls were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg for 5 days intraperitoneally) and studied after 4, 8, 16, and 20 week after induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Induction of diabetes was followed by echocardiographic measurements, glycemic and hemoglobulin A1c profiling, immunoblot, qPCR, enzyme activity assays, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of DPPI, ISPs, and inflammatory markers. Fibrosis was determined from left ventricular heart by Serius Red staining and qPCR. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay and immunoblot analysis. Results: In the diabetic WT mice, DPPI expression increased along with ISP activation, and DPPI accumulated abundantly in the left ventricle mainly from infiltrating neutrophils. In diabetic DPPI-knockout (DPPI-KO) mice, significantly decreased activation of ISPs, myocyte apoptosis, fibrosis, and cardiac function was improved compared to diabetic WT mice. In addition, DPPI-KO mice showed a decrease in overall inflammatory status mediated by diabetes induction which was manifested by decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Conclusion: This study elucidates a novel role of ISPs in potentiating the immunological responses that lead to the pathogenesis of DCM in T1DM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that DPPI expression and activation promotes the inflammation that enhances myocyte apoptosis and contributes to the adverse cardiac remodeling that subsequently leads to DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Kolpakov
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kunal Sikder
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaswati Chaki
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanket K Shukla
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinji Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhao Qi
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlos Barbery
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abdelkarim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
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5
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Piliponsky AM, Acharya M, Shubin NJ. Mast Cells in Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Infection Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122851. [PMID: 31212724 PMCID: PMC6627964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are granule-rich immune cells that are distributed throughout the body in areas where microorganisms typically reside, such as mucosal tissues and the skin, as well as connective tissues. It is well known that mast cells have significant roles in IgE-mediated conditions, such as anaphylaxis, but, because of their location, it is also thought that mast cells act as innate immune cells against pathogens and initiate defensive immune responses. In this review, we discuss recent studies focused on mast cell interactions with flaviviruses and Candida albicans, and mast cell function in the cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis. We selected these studies because they are clear examples of how mast cells can either promote host resistance to infection, as previously proposed, or contribute to a dysregulated host response that can increase host morbidity and mortality. Importantly, we can distill from these studies that the contribution of mast cells to infection outcomes depends in part on the infection model, including the genetic approach used to assess the influence of mast cells on host immunity, the species in which mast cells are studied, and the differential contribution of mast cell subtypes to immunity. Accordingly, we think that this review highlights the complexity of mast cell biology in the context of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Piliponsky
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Manasa Acharya
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Shubin
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Caslin HL, Abebayehu D, Abdul Qayum A, Haque TT, Taruselli MT, Paez PA, Pondicherry N, Barnstein BO, Hoeferlin LA, Chalfant CE, Ryan JJ. Lactic Acid Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mast Cell Function by Limiting Glycolysis and ATP Availability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:453-464. [PMID: 31160535 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis has a well-studied inflammatory phase, with a less-understood secondary immunosuppressive phase. Elevated blood lactate and slow lactate clearance are associated with mortality; however, regulatory roles are unknown. We hypothesized that lactic acid (LA) contributes to the late phase and is not solely a consequence of bacterial infection. No studies have examined LA effects in sepsis models in vivo or a mechanism by which it suppresses LPS-induced activation in vitro. Because mast cells can be activated systemically and contribute to sepsis, we examined LA effects on the mast cell response to LPS. LA significantly suppressed LPS-induced cytokine production and NF-κB transcriptional activity in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells and cytokine production in peritoneal mast cells. Suppression was MCT-1 dependent and reproducible with sodium lactate or formic acid. Further, LA significantly suppressed cytokine induction following LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice. Because glycolysis is linked to inflammation and LA is a byproduct of this process, we examined changes in glucose metabolism. LA treatment reduced glucose uptake and lactate export during LPS stimulation. LA effects were mimicked by glycolytic inhibitors and reversed by increasing ATP availability. These results indicate that glycolytic suppression and ATP production are necessary and sufficient for LA effects. Our work suggests that enhancing glycolysis and ATP production could improve immune function, counteracting LA suppressive effects in the immunosuppressive phase of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Caslin
- Virginia Commonwealth University Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Amina Abdul Qayum
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Tamara T Haque
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | | | - Patrick A Paez
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Neha Pondicherry
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Brian O Barnstein
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - L Alexis Hoeferlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298.,Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620.,Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612; and.,Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284;
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7
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Yang J, Wang J, Zhang X, Qiu Y, Yan J, Sun S, He Y, Yin Y, Xu W. Mast cell degranulation impairs pneumococcus clearance in mice via IL-6 dependent and TNF-α independent mechanisms. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100028. [PMID: 31044024 PMCID: PMC6479162 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells participate in immune responses by releasing potent immune system modifiers via degranulation. Due to currently reported controversial roles of mast cells in Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, this study aimed to determine the role and mechanism of mast cells in clearing S. pneumoniae in mice. Methods In vivo mouse model of mast cell degranulation established by administration of C48/80 was evaluated for the influences of mast cell degranulation on bacterial colonization and inflammation. In vitro model was established to observe the influences of mast cell degranulation on phagocytic and bactericidal functions of neutrophils and macrophages. IL-6 null and TNF-α null mice on the C57BL/6 background were used to investigate the effects of inflammatory factors released by mast cell degranulation on bacterial clearance. Results Mast cell degranulation increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels and immune cell numbers in nasal lavage fluid, and inhibited the bactericidal function of macrophages and neutrophils in vitro. It decreased the number of neutrophils and macrophages recruited to respiratory tract after S. pneumoniae challenge and inhibited the clearance of S. pneumoniae in mice. After pretreatment with C48/80, S. pneumoniae loads were significantly lower in IL-6 null mice than in wild type mice, while no differences were observed between TNF-α null and wild type mice. Conclusions Mast cell degranulation can cause inflammation and impair immune cell recruitment to respiratory tract after S. pneumoniae challenge. Products of mast cell degranulation including IL-6 decreased the bactericidal function of neutrophils and macrophages. Through these mechanisms, mast cell degranulation inhibited clearance of S. pneumoniae in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jichao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Hospital for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jurong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujuan He
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Mast cells are hematopoietic progenitor-derived, granule-containing immune cells that are widely distributed in tissues that interact with the external environment, such as the skin and mucosal tissues. It is well-known that mast cells are significantly involved in IgE-mediated allergic reactions, but because of their location, it has also been long hypothesized that mast cells can act as sentinel cells that sense pathogens and initiate protective immune responses. Using mast cell or mast cell protease-deficient murine models, recent studies by our groups and others indicate that mast cells have pleiotropic regulatory roles in immunological responses against pathogens. In this review, we discuss studies that demonstrate that mast cells can either promote host resistance to infections caused by bacteria and fungi or contribute to dysregulated immune responses that can increase host morbidity and mortality. Overall, these studies indicate that mast cells can influence innate immune responses against bacterial and fungal infections via multiple mechanisms. Importantly, the contribution of mast cells to infection outcomes depends in part on the infection model, including the genetic approach used to assess the influence of mast cells on host immunity, hence highlighting the complexity of mast cell biology in the context of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Piliponsky
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luigina Romani
- Pathology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Center of functional genomics (C.U.R.Ge.F.), Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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9
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Arthur G, Bradding P. New Developments in Mast Cell Biology: Clinical Implications. Chest 2016; 150:680-93. [PMID: 27316557 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are present in connective tissue and at mucosal surfaces in all classes of vertebrates. In health, they contribute to tissue homeostasis, host defense, and tissue repair via multiple receptors regulating the release of a vast stockpile of proinflammatory mediators, proteases, and cytokines. However, these potentially protective cells are a double-edged sword. When there is a repeated or long-term stimulus, MC activation leads to tissue damage and dysfunction. Accordingly, MCs are implicated in the pathophysiologic aspects of numerous diseases covering all organs. Understanding the biology of MCs, their heterogeneity, mechanisms of activation, and signaling cascades may lead to the development of novel therapies for many diseases for which current treatments are lacking or are of poor efficacy. This review will focus on updates and developments in MC biology and their clinical implications, with a particular focus on their role in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, England
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, England.
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10
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Huang W, Morales JL, Gazivoda VP, August A. Nonreceptor tyrosine kinases ITK and BTK negatively regulate mast cell proinflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1197-1205. [PMID: 26581914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are indispensable for LPS-induced septic hypothermia, in which TNF-α plays an essential role to initiate septic responses. ITK and BTK regulate mast cell responses to allergens, but their roles in mast cell responses in LPS-induced sepsis are unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the roles of ITK and BTK in mast cell responses during LPS-induced septic inflammation. METHODS Mice (genetically modified or bone marrow-derived mast cell-reconstituted Sash) were given LPS to induce septic hypothermia in the presence or absence of indicated inhibitors. Flow cytometry was used to determine LPS-induced cell influx and TNF-α production in peritoneal cells. Microarray was used for genomewide gene expression analysis on bone marrow-derived mast cells. Quantitative PCR and multiplex were used to determine transcribed and secreted proinflammatory cytokines. Microscopy and Western blotting were used to determine activation of signal transduction pathways. RESULTS The absence of ITK and BTK leads to exacerbation of LPS-induced septic hypothermia and neutrophil influx. Itk(-/-)Btk(-/-) mast cells exhibit hyperactive preformed and LPS-induced TNF-α production, and lead to more severe LPS-induced septic hypothermia when reconstituted into mast cell-deficient Sash mice. LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B, Akt, and p38 activation is enhanced in Itk(-/-)Btk(-/-) mast cells, and blockage of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, Akt, or p38 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 activation significantly suppresses TNF-α hyperproduction and attenuates septic hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS ITK and BTK regulate thermal homeostasis during septic response through mast cell function in mice. They share regulatory function downstream of Toll-like receptor 4/LPS in mast cells, through regulating the activation of canonical nuclear factor kappa B, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/Akt, and p38 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - J Luis Morales
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa
| | - Victor P Gazivoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
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11
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Chiba N, Shimada K, Chen S, Jones HD, Alsabeh R, Slepenkin AV, Peterson E, Crother TR, Arditi M. Mast cells play an important role in chlamydia pneumoniae lung infection by facilitating immune cell recruitment into the airway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3840-51. [PMID: 25754739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are known as central players in allergy and anaphylaxis, and they play a pivotal role in host defense against certain pathogens. Chlamydia pneumoniae is an important human pathogen, but it is unclear what role mast cells play during C. pneumoniae infection. We infected C57BL/6 (wild-type [WT]) and mast cell-deficient mice (Kit(W-sh/W-sh) [Wsh]) with C. pneumoniae. Wsh mice showed improved survival compared with WT mice, with fewer cells in Wsh bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), despite similar levels of cytokines and chemokines. We also found a more rapid clearance of bacteria from the lungs of Wsh mice compared with WT mice. Cromolyn, a mast cell stabilizer, reduced BALF cells and bacterial burden similar to the levels seen in Wsh mice; conversely, Compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulator, increased the number of BALF cells and bacterial burden. Histology showed that WT lungs had diffuse inflammation, whereas Wsh mice had patchy accumulations of neutrophils and perivascular accumulations of lymphocytes. Infected Wsh mice had reduced amounts of matrix metalloprotease-9 in BALF and were resistant to epithelial integral membrane protein degradation, suggesting that barrier integrity remains intact in Wsh mice. Mast cell reconstitution in Wsh mice led to enhanced bacterial growth and normal epithelial integral membrane protein degradation, highlighting the specific role of mast cells in this model. These data suggest that mast cells play a detrimental role during C. pneumoniae infection by facilitating immune cell infiltration into the airspace and providing a more favorable replicative environment for C. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norika Chiba
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Shuang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Heather D Jones
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Randa Alsabeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | | | - Ellena Peterson
- Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Timothy R Crother
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048;
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12
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van den Boogaard FE, Brands X, Roelofs JJTH, de Beer R, de Boer OJ, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Mast cells impair host defense during murine Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1376-84. [PMID: 24823624 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causative pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia. Mast cells (MCs) are located mainly at the host-environment interface where they function as sentinels. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to study the role of MCs during pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae. METHODS Lung tissue of patients who had died from pneumococcal pneumonia or a nonpulmonary cause was stained for MCs and tryptase. Wild-type (WT) and MC-deficient (Kit(W-sh/W-sh)) mice were observed or sacrificed after induction of pneumonia by intranasal inoculation of S. pneumoniae. In separate experiments, WT mice were treated with doxantrazole or cromoglycate, which are MC stabilizing agents. RESULTS The constitutive presence of tryptase-positive MCs was reduced in affected lungs from pneumonia patients. Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice showed a prolonged survival during the first few days after median lethal dose (LD)100 and LD50 infection, while overall mortality did not differ from that in WT mice. Relative to WT mice, Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice showed reduced bacterial counts with less bacterial dissemination to distant organs and less inflammation. Neither doxantrazole nor cromoglycate influenced antibacterial defense or inflammatory responses after airway infection with S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS MCs exhibit an unfavorable role in host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia by a mechanism independent of degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xanthe Brands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
| | | | - Regina de Beer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
| | | | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bartels K, Karhausen J, Clambey ET, Grenz A, Eltzschig HK. Perioperative organ injury. Anesthesiology 2014; 119:1474-89. [PMID: 24126264 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that a surgical procedure may have been performed for the appropriate indication and in a technically perfect manner, patients are threatened by perioperative organ injury. For example, stroke, myocardial infarction, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury, or acute gut injury are among the most common causes for morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. In the current review, the authors discuss the pathogenesis of perioperative organ injury, and provide select examples for novel treatment concepts that have emerged over the past decade. Indeed, the authors are of the opinion that research to provide mechanistic insight into acute organ injury and identification of novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention or treatment of perioperative organ injury represent the most important opportunity to improve outcomes of anesthesia and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Bartels
- * Fellow in Critical Care Medicine and Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, † Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. ‡ Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, § Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, ‖ Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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14
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Intestinal mast cells mediate gut injury and systemic inflammation in a rat model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:e200-10. [PMID: 23478660 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31827cac7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac surgery, especially when employing cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, is associated with systemic inflammatory responses that significantly affect morbidity and mortality. Intestinal perfusion abnormalities have been implicated in such responses, but the mechanisms linking local injury and systemic inflammation remain unclear. Intestinal mast cells are specialized immune cells that secrete various preformed effectors in response to cellular stress. We hypothesized that mast cells are activated in a microenvironment shaped by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, and investigated local and systemic consequences. DESIGN Rat model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Twelve- to 14-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were anesthetized and cooled to 16°C to 18°C on cardiopulmonary bypass before instituting deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for 45 minutes. Specimens were harvested following rewarming and 2 hours of recovery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Significant intestinal barrier disruption was found, together with macro- and microscopic evidence of ischemia/reperfusion injury in ileum and colon, but not in the lungs or kidneys. Immunofluorescence and toluidine blue staining revealed increased numbers of mast cells and their activation in the gut. In animals pretreated with the mast cell stabilizer, cromolyn sodium, mast cell degranulation was blocked, and intestinal morphology and barrier function were preserved following deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Furthermore, cromolyn sodium treatment was associated with reduced intestinal neutrophil influx and blunted systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Our data provide primary evidence that intestinal ischemia/reperfusion is a leading pathophysiologic process in a rat model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, and that intestinal injury, and local and systemic inflammatory responses are critically dependent on mast cell activation. This identifies intestinal mast cells as central players in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest-associated responses, and opens novel therapeutic possibilities for patients undergoing this procedure.
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Carlos D, Spiller F, Souto FO, Trevelin SC, Borges VF, de Freitas A, Alves-Filho JC, Silva JS, Ryffel B, Cunha FQ. Histamine h2 receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of sepsis: studies in a murine diabetes model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1373-82. [PMID: 23817413 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes enhances susceptibility to infection and favors the sepsis development. In addition, diabetic mice produced higher levels of histamine in several tissues and in the blood after LPS stimulation than nondiabetic mice. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of mast cells (MCs) and histamine in neutrophil migration and, consequently, infection control in diabetic mice with mild sepsis (MS) induced by cecum ligation and puncture. We used female BALB/c, MC-sufficient (WB/B6), MC-deficient (W/W(v)), and NOD mice. Diabetic mice given MS displayed 100% mortality within 24 h, whereas all nondiabetic mice survived for at least 5 d. The mortality rate of diabetic mice was reduced to 57% after the depletion of MC granules with compound 48/80. Moreover, this pretreatment increased neutrophil migration to the focus of infection, which reduced systemic inflammatory response and bacteremia. The downregulation of CXCR2 and upregulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in neutrophils was prevented by pretreatment of diabetic mice given MS with compound 48/80. In addition, blocking the histamine H2 receptor restored neutrophil migration, enhanced CXCR2 expression, decreased bacteremia, and improved sepsis survival in alloxan-induced diabetic and spontaneous NOD mice. Finally, diabetic W/W(v) mice had neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity, increased CXCR2 expression, and reduced bacteremia compared with diabetic WB/B6 mice. These results demonstrate that histamine released by MCs reduces diabetic host resistance to septic peritonitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carlos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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St John AL, Abraham SN. Innate immunity and its regulation by mast cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:4458-63. [PMID: 23606723 PMCID: PMC3645001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), which are granulated tissue-resident cells of hematopoietic lineage, constitute a major sensory arm of the innate immune system. In this review we discuss the evidence supporting the dual role of MCs, both as sentinels for invading pathogens and as regulatory cells throughout the course of acute inflammation, from its initiation to resolution. This versatility is dependent on the ability of MCs to detect pathogens and danger signals and release a unique panel of mediators to promote pathogen-specific clearance mechanisms, such as through cellular recruitment or vascular permeability. It is increasingly understood that MCs also contribute to the regulated contraction of immune activation that occurs within tissues as inflammation resolves. This overarching regulatory control over innate immune processes has made MCs successful targets to purposefully enhance or, alternatively, suppress MC responses in multiple therapeutic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L St John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Seeley EJ, Matthay MA, Wolters PJ. Inflection points in sepsis biology: from local defense to systemic organ injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L355-63. [PMID: 22707617 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00069.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock lead to considerable morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. Despite advances in understanding the innate immune events that lead to septic shock, molecular therapies based on these advances have failed to improve sepsis mortality. The clinical failure of laboratory-derived therapies may be, in part, due to the pleiotropic consequences of the acute inflammatory response, which is the focus of this review. A brisk response to infecting organism is essential for pathogen containment and eradication. However, systemic spread of inflammation beyond a single focus leads to organ injury and higher mortality. The primary goal of this article is to discuss recent animal- and human-based scientific advances in understanding the host response to infection and to highlight how these defense mechanisms can be locally beneficial but systemically detrimental. There are other factors that determine the severity of sepsis that are beyond the scope of this review, including the virulence of the pathogen and regulation by Toll-like receptors. Specifically, this review focuses on how the effector mechanisms of platelets, mast cells, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and the endothelium participate in combating local infections yet can induce organ injury during systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Seeley
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Univ. of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0111, USA.
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Romo-Lozano Y, Hernández-Hernández F, Salinas E. Mast Cell Activation by Conidia of Sporothrix schenckii: Role in the Severity of Infection. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:11-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Urb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald C. Sheppard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Chan CY, St John AL, Abraham SN. Plasticity in mast cell responses during bacterial infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 15:78-84. [PMID: 22055570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have been implicated in orchestrating the host's early innate immune and adaptive immune responses in several models of acute bacterial infections. Most of this activity results in early clearance of the bacteria and timely resolution of infection. However, during chronic infections because of the prolonged nature of MC-bacterial interactions, the role of the MC in determining the fate of infection is markedly more complex. Depending on the nature of the pathogen, severity of infection, and its association with a preexisting inflammatory disease, MCs may promote rather than contain chronic infections and exacerbate their pathological sequellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Y Chan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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