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Simón-Fuentes M, Herrero C, Acero-Riaguas L, Nieto C, Lasala F, Labiod N, Luczkowiak J, Alonso B, Delgado R, Colmenares M, Corbí ÁL, Domínguez-Soto Á. TLR7 Activation in M-CSF-Dependent Monocyte-Derived Human Macrophages Potentiates Inflammatory Responses and Prompts Neutrophil Recruitment. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:517-530. [PMID: 37040733 PMCID: PMC10315069 DOI: 10.1159/000530249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an endosomal pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor that senses single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and whose engagement results in the production of type I IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokines upon viral exposure. Recent genetic studies have established that a dysfunctional TLR7-initiated signaling is directly linked to the development of inflammatory responses. We present evidence that TLR7 is preferentially expressed by monocyte-derived macrophages generated in the presence of M-CSF (M-MØ). We now show that TLR7 activation in M-MØ triggers a weak MAPK, NFκB, and STAT1 activation and results in low production of type I IFN. Of note, TLR7 engagement reprograms MAFB+ M-MØ towards a pro-inflammatory transcriptional profile characterized by the expression of neutrophil-attracting chemokines (CXCL1-3, CXCL5, CXCL8), whose expression is dependent on the transcription factors MAFB and AhR. Moreover, TLR7-activated M-MØ display enhanced pro-inflammatory responses and a stronger production of neutrophil-attracting chemokines upon secondary stimulation. As aberrant TLR7 signaling and enhanced pulmonary neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio associate with impaired resolution of virus-induced inflammatory responses, these results suggest that targeting macrophage TLR7 might be a therapeutic strategy for viral infections where monocyte-derived macrophages exhibit a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Simón-Fuentes
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Herrero
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Acero-Riaguas
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concha Nieto
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Lasala
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Labiod
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joanna Luczkowiak
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Colmenares
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Corbí
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Wu YL, Pan LH, Yi ZJ, Zhang WF, Gong JP. c-Myb Dominates TBK1-Mediated Endotoxin Tolerance in Kupffer Cells by Negatively Regulating DTX4. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:5990156. [PMID: 37032653 PMCID: PMC10081914 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5990156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a protective mechanism regulating excessive inflammation, endotoxin tolerance plays a vital role in regulating endotoxin shock. Kupffer cells are players in mediating endotoxin tolerance. Nonetheless, the regulatory mechanism regulating endotoxin tolerance is barely known. A nonclassical IKK kinase called TRAF-associated NF-κB activator (TANK)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) can regulate inflammation. Here, we found that TBK1 is required for endotoxin tolerance in Kupffer cells. TBK1 plays a dominant role in regulating endotoxin tolerance by negatively regulating the induction of p100 processing. Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 4 (DTX4), a negative regulator of TBK1, can promote TBK1 K48-mediated ubiquitination and indirectly regulate endotoxin tolerance in Kupffer cells. We demonstrate that the c-Myb transcription factor could negatively regulate DTX4. Overexpression of c-Myb can be used to reduce the ubiquitination of TBK1 by reducing DTX4 transcription and to boost the anti-inflammatory effect of endotoxin tolerance. Thus, this study reveals a novel theory of TBK1-mediated endotoxin tolerance in Kupffer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Le-Han Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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3
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Brittney W, Kozar R, Wei C. EMERGING ROLE OF EXTRACELLULAR RNA IN INNATE IMMUNITY, SEPSIS, AND TRAUMA. Shock 2023; 59:190-199. [PMID: 36730864 PMCID: PMC9957828 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis and trauma remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis in the development of multiple organ dysfunction in sepsis and trauma has evolved as more focus is on secondary injury from innate immunity, inflammation, and the potential role of endogenous danger molecules. Studies of the past several decades have generated evidence for extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) as biologically active mediators in health and disease. Here, we review studies on plasma exRNA profiling in mice and humans with sepsis and trauma, the role and mode of action by exRNAs, such as ex-micro(mi)RNAs, in host innate immune response, and their potential implications in various organ injury during sepsis and trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Brittney
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology, and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rosemary Kozar
- Shock Trauma Center and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chao Wei
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology, and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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4
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Wang S, Yang Y, Suen A, Zhu J, Williams B, Hu J, Chen F, Kozar R, Shen S, Li Z, Jeyaram A, Jay SM, Zou L, Chao W. Role of extracellular microRNA-146a-5p in host innate immunity and bacterial sepsis. iScience 2021; 24:103441. [PMID: 34877498 PMCID: PMC8633977 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular miRNAs (ex-miRNAs) mediate intercellular communication and play a role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Using small RNA sequencing, we identify that miRNAs are the most abundant RNA species in the plasma and differentially expressed in murine and human sepsis, such as miR-146a-5p. Exogenous miR-146a-5p, but not its duplex precursor, induces a strong immunostimulatory response through a newly identified UU-containing motif and TLR7 activation, and an immunotolerance by rapid IRAK-1 protein degradation via TLR7→MyD88 signaling and proteasome activation, whereas its duplex precursor acts by targeting 3' UTR of Irak-1 gene via Ago2 binding. miR-146a knockout in mice offers protection against sepsis with attenuated interleukin-6 (IL-6) storm and organ injury, improved cardiac function, and better survival. In septic patients, the plasma miR-146a-5p concentrations are closely associated with the two sepsis outcome predictors, blood lactate and coagulopathy. These data demonstrate the importance of extracellular miR-146a-5p in innate immune regulation and sepsis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Andrew Suen
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jing Zhu
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Brittney Williams
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Fengqian Chen
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rosemary Kozar
- Program in Trauma & Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shiqian Shen
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anjana Jeyaram
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Steven M. Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lin Zou
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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5
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Peña OA, Lubin A, Hockings C, Rowell J, Jung Y, Hoade Y, Dace P, Valdivia LE, Tuschl K, Böiers C, Virgilio MC, Richardson S, Payne EM. TLR7 ligation augments hematopoiesis in Rps14 (uS11) deficiency via paradoxical suppression of inflammatory signaling. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4112-4124. [PMID: 34432872 PMCID: PMC8945628 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a hematological malignancy characterized by blood cytopenias and predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Therapies for MDS are lacking, particularly those that have an impact in the early stages of disease. We developed a model of MDS in zebrafish with knockout of Rps14, the primary mediator of the anemia associated with del(5q) MDS. These mutant animals display dose- and age-dependent abnormalities in hematopoiesis, culminating in bone marrow failure with dysplastic features. We used Rps14 knockdown to undertake an in vivo small-molecule screening, to identify compounds that ameliorate the MDS phenotype, and we identified imiquimod, an agonist of Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) and TLR8. Imiquimod alleviates anemia by promoting hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell expansion and erythroid differentiation, the mechanism of which is dependent on TLR7 ligation and Myd88. TLR7 activation in this setting paradoxically promoted an anti-inflammatory gene signature, indicating cross talk via TLR7 between proinflammatory pathways endogenous to Rps14 loss and the NF-κB pathway. Finally, in highly purified human bone marrow samples from anemic patients, imiquimod led to an increase in erythroid output from myeloerythroid progenitors and common myeloid progenitors. Our findings have both specific implications for the development of targeted therapeutics for del(5q) MDS and wider significance identifying a potential role for TLR7 ligation in modifying anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Peña
- Research Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute
| | | | | | | | | | - Yvette Hoade
- Research Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute
| | - Phoebe Dace
- Research Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute
| | - Leonardo E. Valdivia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karin Tuschl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health
| | - Charlotta Böiers
- Research Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Simon Richardson
- Research Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elspeth M. Payne
- Research Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute
- Clinical Research Facility, National Institute for Health Research/University College London Hospitals (NIHR/UCLH), National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Chamseddine AN, Assi T, Mir O, Chouaib S. Modulating tumor-associated macrophages to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A TAM-pting approach. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107986. [PMID: 34481812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) plasticity and diversity are both essential hallmarks of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and the tumor-derived inflammation. TAM exemplify the perfect adaptable cell with dynamic phenotypic modifications that reflect changes in their functional polarization status. Under several tumor microenvironment (TME)-related cues, TAM shift their polarization, hence promoting or halting cancer progression. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) displayed unprecedented clinical responses in various refractory cancers; but only approximately a third of patients experienced durable responses. It is, therefore, crucial to enhance the response rate of immunotherapy. Several mechanisms of resistance to ICI have been elucidated including TAM role with its essential immunosuppressive functions that reduce both anti-tumor immunity and the subsequent ICI efficacy. In the past few years, thorough research has led to a better understanding of TAM biology and innovative approaches can now be adapted through targeting macrophages' recruitment axis as well as TAM activation and polarization status within the TME. Some of these therapeutic strategies are currently being evaluated in several clinical trials in association with ICI agents. This combination between TAM modulation and ICI allows targeting TAM intrinsic immunosuppressive functions and tumor-promoting factors as well as overcoming ICI resistance. Hence, such strategies, with a better understanding of the mechanisms driving TAM modulation, may have the potential to optimize ICI efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali N Chamseddine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, CESP INSERM U1018, OncoStat, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Tarek Assi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Pharmacology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Ambulatory Care, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
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7
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Abak A, Shoorei H, Talebi SF, Mohaqiq M, Sarabi P, Taheri M, Mokhtari M. Interaction between non-coding RNAs and Toll-like receptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111784. [PMID: 34087695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large group of pattern recognition receptors which are involved in the regulation of innate immune responses. Based on the interplay between TLRs and adapter molecules, two distinctive signaling cascades, namely the MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways have been recognized. TLRs are involved in the development of a wide variety of diseases including cancer and autoimmune disorders. A large body of evidence has shown interaction between two classes of non-coding RNAs, namely microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). These interactions have prominent roles in the pathogenesis of several disorders including infectious disorders, autoimmune conditions and neoplastic disorders. This review aims at description of the interaction between these non-coding RNAs and TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefe Abak
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Mohaqiq
- School of Advancement, Centennial College, Ashtonbee Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Parisa Sarabi
- Deputy for Research & Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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MicroRNAs in shaping the resolution phase of inflammation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 124:48-62. [PMID: 33934990 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a host defense mechanism orchestrated through imperative factors - acute inflammatory responses mediated by cellular and molecular events leading to activation of defensive immune subsets - to marginalize detrimental injury, pathogenic agents and infected cells. These potent inflammatory events, if uncontrolled, may cause tissue damage by perturbing homeostasis towards immune dysregulation. A parallel host mechanism operates to contain inflammatory pathways and facilitate tissue regeneration. Thus, resolution of inflammation is an effective moratorium on the pro-inflammatory pathway to avoid the tissue damage inside the host and leads to reestablishment of tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of the resolution pathway can have a detrimental impact on tissue functionality and contribute to the diseased state. Multiple reports have suggested peculiar dynamics of miRNA expression during various pro- and anti-inflammatory events. The roles of miRNAs in the regulation of immune responses are well-established. However, understanding of miRNA regulation of the resolution phase of events in infection or wound healing models, which is sometimes misconstrued as anti-inflammatory signaling, remains limited. Due to the deterministic role of miRNAs in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways, in this review we have provided a broad perspective on the putative role of miRNAs in the resolution of inflammation and explored their imminent role in therapeutics.
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9
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Killy B, Bodendorfer B, Mages J, Ritter K, Schreiber J, Hölscher C, Pracht K, Ekici A, Jäck HM, Lang R. DGCR8 deficiency impairs macrophage growth and unleashes the interferon response to mycobacteria. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/6/e202000810. [PMID: 33771876 PMCID: PMC8008949 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid trehalose-6,6-dimycolate (TDM) activates macrophages through the C-type lectin receptor MINCLE. Regulation of innate immune cells relies on miRNAs, which may be exploited by mycobacteria to survive and replicate in macrophages. Here, we have used macrophages deficient in the microprocessor component DGCR8 to investigate the impact of miRNA on the response to TDM. Deletion of DGCR8 in bone marrow progenitors reduced macrophage yield, but did not block macrophage differentiation. DGCR8-deficient macrophages showed reduced constitutive and TDM-inducible miRNA expression. RNAseq analysis revealed that they accumulated primary miRNA transcripts and displayed a modest type I IFN signature at baseline. Stimulation with TDM in the absence of DGCR8 induced overshooting expression of IFNβ and IFN-induced genes, which was blocked by antibodies to type I IFN. In contrast, signaling and transcriptional responses to recombinant IFNβ were unaltered. Infection with live Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin replicated the enhanced IFN response. Together, our results reveal an essential role for DGCR8 in curbing IFNβ expression macrophage reprogramming by mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Killy
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Bodendorfer
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jonathan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Francian A, Widmer A, Olsson T, Ramirez M, Heald D, Rasic K, Adams L, Martinson H, Kullberg M. Delivery of toll-like receptor agonists by complement C3-targeted liposomes activates immune cells and reduces tumour growth. J Drug Target 2021; 29:754-760. [PMID: 33472457 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1878364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is necessary for immune recognition and elimination of cancer. Our lab has developed a liposome nanoparticle that binds to complement C3 proteins present in serum. These C3-liposomes are specifically internalised by APCs and other myeloid cells, which express complement C3-binding receptors. Known immune stimulating compounds, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, were encapsulated within the C3-liposomes, including monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), R848, and CpG 1826, specific for TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9 respectively. When recognised by their respective TLRs within the myeloid cells, these compounds trigger signal cascades that ultimately lead to increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and activation markers (CD80, CD83, CD86 and CD40). RT-PCR analysis of murine bone marrow cells treated with C3-liposomes revealed a significant increase in gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IRF7, and IP-10). Furthermore, treatment of 4T1 tumour-bearing mice with C3-liposomes containing TLR agonists resulted in reduced tumour growth, compared to PBS treated mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that C3-liposome delivery of TLR agonists activates APCs and induces tumour-specific adaptive immune responses, leading to reduced tumour growth in a breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Francian
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Ashley Widmer
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Troy Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Marisabel Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Darion Heald
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Keaton Rasic
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Luke Adams
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Holly Martinson
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Max Kullberg
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
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11
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Arroyo AB, Águila S, Fernández-Pérez MP, Reyes-García AMDL, Reguilón-Gallego L, Zapata-Martínez L, Vicente V, Martínez C, González-Conejero R. miR-146a in Cardiovascular Diseases and Sepsis: An Additional Burden in the Inflammatory Balance? Thromb Haemost 2020; 121:1138-1150. [PMID: 33352593 DOI: 10.1055/a-1342-3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The new concept of thrombosis associated with an inflammatory process is called thromboinflammation. Indeed, both thrombosis and inflammation interplay one with the other in a feed forward manner amplifying the whole process. This pathological reaction in response to a wide variety of sterile or non-sterile stimuli eventually causes acute organ damage. In this context, neutrophils, mainly involved in eliminating pathogens as an early barrier to infection, form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are antimicrobial structures responsible of deleterious side effects such as thrombotic complications. Although NETosis mechanisms are being unraveled, there are still many regulatory elements that have to be discovered. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are important modulators of gene expression implicated in human pathophysiology almost two decades ago. Among the different miRNAs implicated in inflammation, miR-146a is of special interest because: (1) it regulates among others, Toll-like receptors/nuclear factor-κB axis which is of paramount importance in inflammatory processes, (2) it regulates the formation of NETs by modifying their aging phenotype, and (3) it has expression levels that may decrease among individuals up to 50%, controlled in part by the presence of several polymorphisms. In this article, we will review the main characteristics of miR-146a biology. In addition, we will detail how miR-146a is implicated in the development of two paradigmatic diseases in which thrombosis and inflammation interact, cardiovascular diseases and sepsis, and their association with the presence of miR-146a polymorphisms and the use of miR-146a as a marker of cardiovascular diseases and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Arroyo
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sonia Águila
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - María P Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ascensión M de Los Reyes-García
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Reguilón-Gallego
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Zapata-Martínez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Constantino Martínez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío González-Conejero
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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12
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Pawar K, Shigematsu M, Sharbati S, Kirino Y. Infection-induced 5'-half molecules of tRNAHisGUG activate Toll-like receptor 7. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000982. [PMID: 33332353 PMCID: PMC7745994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune response. Although endosomal TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNAs, their endogenous RNA ligands have not been fully explored. Here, we report 5'-tRNA half molecules as abundant activators of TLR7. Mycobacterial infection and accompanying surface TLR activation up-regulate the expression of 5'-tRNA half molecules in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs). The abundant accumulation of 5'-tRNA halves also occur in HMDM-secreted extracellular vehicles (EVs); the abundance of EV-5'-tRNAHisGUG half molecules is >200-fold higher than that of the most abundant EV-microRNA (miRNA). Sequence identification of the 5'-tRNA halves using cP-RNA-seq revealed abundant and selective packaging of specific 5'-tRNA half species into EVs. The EV-5'-tRNAHisGUG half was experimentally demonstrated to be delivered into endosomes in recipient cells and to activate endosomal TLR7. Up-regulation of the 5'-tRNA half molecules was also observed in the plasma of patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These results unveil a novel tRNA-engaged pathway in the innate immune response and assign the role of "immune activators" to 5'-tRNA half molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Pawar
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megumi Shigematsu
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yohei Kirino
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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13
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易 青, 柳 久, 艾热夏提 库, 李 竞, 罗 宏, 孙 吉. [Over-expression of miR-144 inhibits invasion of liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells in vitro by suppressing TLR/MyD88 pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:765-771. [PMID: 32897198 PMCID: PMC7277303 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.05.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of over-expression of miR-144 on invasion of SMMC-7721 cells and Toll-like receptor (TLR)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. METHODS The expressions of miR-144 was examined in normal human hepatocyte line HL-7702 and hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 using realtime quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). SMMC-7721 cells were divided into blank group, miR-144 NC group and miR-144 mimics group, and the expressions of miR-144 in each group were detected with qRT-PCR. Cell count kit-8 (CCK8) was used to assess the survival of SMMC-7721 cells, and the cell invasion was evaluated using Transwell assay. The expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and TLR/MyD88 pathway-related proteins in the cells were detected with Western blotting; the effect of 40 μ mol/L MyD88 inhibitor on TLR/MyD88 pathway-related proteins was examined in SMMC-7721 cells. RESULTS Compared with normal human hepatocytes, SMMC-7721 cells expressed a significantly lower level of miR-144 (P < 0.05). CCK-8 assay showed that test showed that miR-144 over-expression significantly decreased the cell survival rate (P < 0.05), lowered the number of invasive cells, and decreased the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in SMMC-7721 cells (P < 0.05). The expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MyD88, phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (pNF-κB) and NF-κB protein decreased significantly in miR-144 mimics group and TJ-M2010-2 group (P < 0.05) and were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of miR-144 decreases SMMC-7721 cell survival and invasion by inhibiting TLR/MyD88 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- 青松 易
- />中南大学湘雅三医院肝胆外科,湖南 长沙 410006Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - 久久 柳
- />中南大学湘雅三医院肝胆外科,湖南 长沙 410006Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - 库尔班 艾热夏提
- />中南大学湘雅三医院肝胆外科,湖南 长沙 410006Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - 竞 李
- />中南大学湘雅三医院肝胆外科,湖南 长沙 410006Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - 宏武 罗
- />中南大学湘雅三医院肝胆外科,湖南 长沙 410006Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - 吉春 孙
- />中南大学湘雅三医院肝胆外科,湖南 长沙 410006Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
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14
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Wasko NJ, Nichols F, Clark RB. Multiple sclerosis, the microbiome, TLR2, and the hygiene hypothesis. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Chen S, Yang J, Wei Y, Wei X. Epigenetic regulation of macrophages: from homeostasis maintenance to host defense. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:36-49. [PMID: 31664225 PMCID: PMC6952359 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial members of the innate immune response and important regulators. The differentiation and activation of macrophages require the timely regulation of gene expression, which depends on the interaction of a variety of factors, including transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic changes also give macrophages the ability to switch rapidly between cellular programs, indicating the ability of epigenetic mechanisms to affect phenotype plasticity. In this review, we focus on key epigenetic events associated with macrophage fate, highlighting events related to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, responses to different stimuli and the formation of innate immune memory. Further understanding of the epigenetic regulation of macrophages will be helpful for maintaining tissue integrity, preventing chronic inflammatory diseases and developing therapies to enhance host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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16
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Shomali N, Baradaran B, Deljavanghodrati M, Akbari M, Hemmatzadeh M, Mohammadi H, Jang Y, Xu H, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S. A new insight into thymosin β4, a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3270-3279. [PMID: 31612500 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a G-actin-sequestering secreted peptide, improves neurovascular remodeling and central nervous system plasticity, which leads to neurological recovery in many neurological diseases. Inflammatory response adjustment and tissue inflammation consequences from neurological injury are vital for neurological recovery. The innate or nonspecific immune system is made of different components. The Toll-like receptor pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, which is one of these components, regulates tissue injury. The main component of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor signaling pathway, which is known as IRAK1, can be regulated by miR-146a and regulates NF-κB expression. Due to the significant role of Tβ4 in oligodendrocytes, neurons, and microglial cells in neurological recovery, it is suggested that Tβ4 regulates the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pro-inflammatory signaling pathway by upregulating miR-146a in neurological disorders. However, further investigations on the role of Tβ4 in regulating the expression of miR146a and TLR signaling pathway in the immune response adjustment in neurological disorders provides an insight into mechanisms of action and the possibility of Tβ4 therapeutic effect enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yue Jang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Siamak Sandoghchian Shotorbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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17
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Wasko NJ, Kulak MH, Paul D, Nicaise AM, Yeung ST, Nichols FC, Khanna KM, Crocker S, Pachter JS, Clark RB. Systemic TLR2 tolerance enhances central nervous system remyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:158. [PMID: 31351476 PMCID: PMC6660683 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease characterized by both inflammatory demyelination and impaired remyelination. Studies indicate that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling contributes to both the inflammatory component and the defective remyelination in MS. While most MS therapeutics target adaptive immunity, we recently reported that reducing TLR2 signaling in innate immune cells by inducing TLR2 tolerance attenuates adoptively transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Given that previous reports suggest TLR2 signaling also inhibits myelin repair, the objective of this study was to assess how reducing TLR2 signaling through TLR2 tolerance induction affects CNS myelin repair. Methods Chow containing 0.2% cuprizone was fed to male and female wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice or TLR2-deficient (TLR2−/−) mice for 5 weeks to induce demyelination. During a 2-week remyelination period following discontinuation of cuprizone, WT mice received either low dose TLR2 ligands to induce systemic TLR2 tolerance or vehicle control (VC). Remyelination was evaluated via electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis of microglia and oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum. Statistical tests included 2-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U analyses. Results Inducing TLR2 tolerance in WT mice during remyelination significantly enhanced myelin recovery, restoring unmyelinated axon frequency and myelin thickness to baseline levels compared to VC-treated mice. Mechanistically, enhanced remyelination in TLR2 tolerized mice was associated with a shift in corpus callosum microglia from a pro-inflammatory iNOS+ phenotype to a non-inflammatory/pro-repair Arg1+ phenotype. This result was confirmed in vitro by inducing TLR2 tolerance in WT microglia cultures. TLR2−/− mice, without TLR2 tolerance induction, also significantly enhanced myelin recovery compared to WT mice, adding confirmation that reduced TLR2 signaling is associated with enhanced remyelination. Discussion Our results suggest that reducing TLR2 signaling in vivo by inducing TLR2 tolerance significantly enhances myelin repair. Furthermore, the enhanced remyelination resulting from TLR2 tolerance induction is associated with a shift in corpus callosum microglia from a pro-inflammatory iNOS+ phenotype to a non-inflammatory/pro-repair Arg1+ phenotype. While deletion of TLR2 would be an impractical approach in vivo, reducing innate immune signaling through TLR2 tolerance induction may represent a novel, two-pronged approach for treating both inflammatory and myelin repair components of MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1540-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Wasko
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | | | - Debayon Paul
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Frank C Nichols
- Department of Periodontology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Stephen Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA. .,Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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18
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Rohani MG, Dimitrova E, Beppu A, Wang Y, Jefferies CA, Parks WC. Macrophage MMP10 Regulates TLR7-Mediated Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2817. [PMID: 30564235 PMCID: PMC6288447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an in vivo model of tolerance to TLR7-induced skin inflammation, we found a critical role for macrophage-derived MMP10 in mediating immune hypo-responsiveness. Cutaneous exposure to Imiquimod (IMQ), a TLR7 agonist, induced acute expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL1β, IL6, CXCL1) and neutrophil influx equally in both wildtype and Mmp10 -/- mice. However, whereas subsequent exposure (11 and 12 days later) to IMQ led to marked abrogation of pro-inflammatory factor expression in wildtype mice, Mmp10 -/- mice responded similarly as they did to the first application. In addition, the second exposure led to increased expression of negative regulators of TLR signaling (TNFAIP3, IRAK3) and immunosuppressive cytokines (IL10, TGFβ1) in wildtype mice but not in Mmp10 -/- mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that prior exposure of IMQ to bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) made wildtype cells refractory to subsequent stimulation but did not for Mmp10 -/- macrophages. These findings expand the critical roles MMP10 plays in controlling macrophage activation to indicate that the development of immune tolerance to TLR7 ligand is dependent on this macrophage-derived proteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam G Rohani
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Dimitrova
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Beppu
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Caroline A Jefferies
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William C Parks
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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19
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Wang MX, Zhao JX, Meng YJ, Di TT, Xu XL, Xie XJ, Lin Y, Zhang L, Wang N, Li P, Wang Y. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid inhibits the secretion of cytokines by dendritic cells via the TLR7/8 pathway in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model and in vitro. Life Sci 2018; 207:90-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Momen-Heravi F, Bala S. miRNA regulation of innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1205-1217. [PMID: 29656417 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir1117-459r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA and are pivotal posttranscriptional regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity. They act by regulating the expression of multiple immune genes, thus, are the important elements to the complex immune regulatory network. Deregulated expression of specific miRNAs can lead to potential autoimmunity, immune tolerance, hyper-inflammatory phenotype, and cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss the contributory pathways and mechanisms by which several miRNAs influence the development of innate immunity and fine-tune immune response. Moreover, we discuss the consequence of deregulated miRNAs and their pathogenic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Momen-Heravi
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shashi Bala
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Chartrand K, Lebel MÈ, Tarrab E, Savard P, Leclerc D, Lamarre A. Efficacy of a Virus-Like Nanoparticle As Treatment for a Chronic Viral Infection Is Hindered by IRAK1 Regulation and Antibody Interference. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1885. [PMID: 29354118 PMCID: PMC5758502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination has been an effective way of preventing infections ever since the eighteenth century, the generation of therapeutic vaccines and immunotherapies is still a work in progress. A number of challenges impede the development of these therapeutic approaches such as safety issues related to the administration of whole pathogens whether attenuated or inactivated. One safe alternative to classical vaccination methods gaining recognition is the use of nanoparticles, whether synthetic or naturally derived. We have recently demonstrated that the papaya mosaic virus (PapMV)-like nanoparticle can be used as a prophylactic vaccine against various viral and bacterial infections through the induction of protective humoral and cellular immune responses. Moreover, PapMV is also very efficient when used as an immune adjuvant in an immunotherapeutic setting at slowing down the growth of aggressive mouse melanoma tumors in a type I interferon (IFN-I)-dependent manner. In the present study, we were interested in exploiting the capacity of PapMV of inducing robust IFN-I production as treatment for the chronic viral infection model lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (Cl13). Treatment of LCMV Cl13-infected mice with two systemic administrations of PapMV was ineffective, as shown by the lack of changes in viral titers and immune response to LCMV following treatment. Moreover, IFN-α production following PapMV administration was almost completely abolished in LCMV-infected mice. To better isolate the mechanisms at play, we determined the influence of a pretreatment with PapMV on secondary PapMV administration, therefore eliminating potential variables emanating from the infection. Pretreatment with PapMV led to the same outcome as an LCMV infection in that IFN-α production following secondary PapMV immunization was abrogated for up to 50 days while immune activation was also dramatically impaired. We showed that two distinct and overlapping mechanisms were responsible for this outcome. While short-term inhibition was partially the result of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 degradation, a crucial component of the toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway, long-term inhibition was mainly due to interference by PapMV-specific antibodies. Thus, we identified a possible pitfall in the use of virus-like particles for the systemic treatment of chronic viral infections and discuss mitigating alternatives to circumvent these potential problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Chartrand
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lebel
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Esther Tarrab
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Savard
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Leclerc
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Bedini A, Baiula M, Vincelli G, Formaggio F, Lombardi S, Caprini M, Spampinato S. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ antagonizes lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proliferation, migration and inflammatory signaling in human glioblastoma U87 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 140:89-104. [PMID: 28583844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is among the most aggressive brain tumors and has an exceedingly poor prognosis. Recently, the importance of the tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma cell growth and progression has been emphasized. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endogenous ligands originating from dying cells or the extracellular matrix involved in host defense and in inflammation. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have gained interest in anti-tumor drug discovery due to the role that they directly or indirectly play by transactivating other receptors, causing cell migration and proliferation. A proteomic analysis showed that the nociceptin receptor (NOPr) is among the GPCRs significantly expressed in glioblastoma cells, including U87 cells. We describe a novel role of the peptide nociceptin (N/OFQ), the endogenous ligand of the NOPr that counteracts cell migration, proliferation and increase in IL-1β mRNA elicited by LPS via TLR4 in U87 glioblastoma cells. Signaling pathways through which N/OFQ inhibits LPS-mediated cell migration and elevation of [Ca2+]i require β-arrestin 2 and are sensitive to TNFR-associated factor 6, c-Src and protein kinase C (PKC). LPS-induced cell proliferation and increase in IL-1β mRNA are counteracted by N/OFQ via β-arrestin 2, PKC and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; furthermore, the contributions of the transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1 were investigated. Independent of LPS, N/OFQ induces a significant increase in cell apoptosis. Contrary to what was observed in other cell models, a prolonged exposure to this endotoxin did not promote any tolerance of the cellular effects above described, including NOPr down-regulation while N/OFQ loses its inhibitory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bedini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Baiula
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Vincelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Formaggio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Lombardi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Caprini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Santi Spampinato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Petes C, Odoardi N, Gee K. The Toll for Trafficking: Toll-Like Receptor 7 Delivery to the Endosome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1075. [PMID: 28928743 PMCID: PMC5591332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 is an endosomal innate immune sensor capable of detecting single-stranded ribonucleic acid. TLR7-mediated induction of type I interferon and other inflammatory cytokine production is important in antiviral immune responses. Furthermore, altered TLR7 expression levels are implicated in various autoimmune disorders, indicating a key role for this receptor in modulating inflammation. This review is focused on the regulation of TLR7 expression and localization compared to that of the other endosomal TLRs: TLR3, 8, and 9. Endosomal TLR localization is a tightly controlled and intricate process with some shared components among various TLRs. However, TLR-specific mechanisms must also be in place in order to regulate the induction of pathogen- and cell-specific responses. It is known that TLR7 is shuttled from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endosome via vesicles from the Golgi. Several chaperone proteins are required for this process, most notably uncoordinated 93 homolog B1 (Caenorhabditis elegans), recently identified to also be involved in the localization of the other endosomal TLRs. Acidification of the endosome and proteolytic cleavage of TLR7 are essential for TLR7 signaling in response to ligand binding. Cleavage of TLR7 has been demonstrated to be accomplished by furin peptidases in addition to cathepsins and asparagine endopeptidases. Moreover, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells like 4, a protein associated with antigen presentation and apoptosis in immune cells, has been implicated in the amplification of TLR7 signaling. Understanding these and other molecular mechanisms controlling TLR7 expression and trafficking will give insight into the specific control of TLR7 activity compared to the other endosomal TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene Petes
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Natalya Odoardi
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Gender-specific differential expression of exosomal miRNA in synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2029. [PMID: 28515465 PMCID: PMC5435729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) is poorly understood, and therapeutic approaches are limited to preventing progression of the disease. Recent studies have shown that exosomes play a vital role in cell-to-cell communication, and pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. Molecular profiling of synovial fluid derived exosomal miRNAs may increase our understanding of OA progression and may lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this article we report the first characterization of exosomes miRNAs from human synovial fluid. The synovial fluid exosomes share similar characteristics (size, surface marker, miRNA content) with previously described exosomes in other body fluids. MiRNA microarray analysis showed OA specific exosomal miRNA of male and female OA. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis identified gender-specific target genes/signaling pathways. These pathway analyses showed that female OA specific miRNAs are estrogen responsive and target TLR (toll-like receptor) signaling pathways. Furthermore, articular chondrocytes treated with OA derived extracellular vesicles had decreased expression of anabolic genes and elevated expression of catabolic and inflammatory genes. In conclusion, synovial fluid exosomal miRNA content is altered in patients with OA and these changes are gender specific.
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Chuammitri P, Srikok S, Saipinta D, Boonyayatra S. The effects of quercetin on microRNA and inflammatory gene expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bovine neutrophils. Vet World 2017; 10:403-410. [PMID: 28507412 PMCID: PMC5422244 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.403-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate gene expression of microRNA (miRNA) milieus (MIRLET7E, MIR17, MIR24-2, MIR146A, and MIR181C), inflammatory cytokine genes (interleukin 1β [IL1B], IL6, CXCL8, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]), and the pathogen receptor toll-like receptor (TLR4) in bovine neutrophils under quercetin supplementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolated bovine neutrophils were incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide under quercetin treatment or left untreated. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression of the miRNAs and messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts in neutrophils. RESULTS Quercetin-treated neutrophils exhibited a remarkable suppression in MIR24-2, MIR146A, and MIR181C expression. Similarly, mRNA expression of IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, TLR4, and TNF genes noticeably declined in the quercetin group. Many proinflammatory genes (IL1B, IL6, and CXCL8) and the pathogen receptor TLR4 had a negative correlation with MIR146A and MIR181C as revealed by Pearson correlation. CONCLUSIONS Interaction between cognate mRNAs and miRNAs under quercetin supplementation can be summarized as a positive or negative correlation. This finding may help understand the effects of quercetin either on miRNA or gene expression during inflammation, especially as a potentially applicable indicator in bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Suphakit Srikok
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Duanghathai Saipinta
- Dairy Cow Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Mae On, Chiang Mai 50130, Thailand
| | - Sukolrat Boonyayatra
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Meng Y, Wang M, Xie X, Di T, Zhao J, Lin Y, Xu X, Li N, Zhai Y, Wang Y, Li P. Paeonol ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice by inhibiting the maturation and activation of dendritic cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1101-1110. [PMID: 28339016 PMCID: PMC5403289 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeonol, an active component derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Cortex Moutan, possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and anti-allergic properties. Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory dermatosis accompanied by excessive activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in dendritic cells (DCs), which are primarily responsible for initiating an immune response. We investigated the effect of paeonol on inflammation in an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mouse model and murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) stimulated by R848. Mice were intragastrically administered 100 mg/kg (high), 50 mg/kg (medium) and 25 mg/kg (low) paeonol, respectively. We evaluated inflammation of psoriasis-like lesions based on histological changes, protein levels of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TLR8 in skin lesions by western blotting, and levels of CD11c+ DCs in skin by immunoassay and in spleens by flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-23, IL-12 and IL-1β] in skin lesions and BMDCs were also assessed by RT-PCR and ELISA. Application of paeonol decreased IMQ-induced keratinocyte proliferation, and infiltration of CD3+ cells, while the treatment ameliorated CD11c+ cells in the spleen and skin, and reduced MyD88 and TLR8 proteins in skin lesions. Paeonol inhibited IMQ-induced mRNA expression of IL-23, but not IL-12 and IL-1β in BMDCs, along with significantly lower levels of DCs expressing MHCII, CD80 and CD86 in vitro. These results indicate that paeonol suppresses the maturation and activation of DCs by decreasing MyD88 and TLR8 proteins in the TLR7/8 signaling pathway which finally alleviates psoriasis-like skin lesions. The TLR7/8 signaling pathway in DCs provides an important insight into the mechanism of psoriasis, and paeonol may be a potent therapeutic drug for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Meng
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjiang Xie
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Di
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Jingxia Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Ningfei Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Yating Zhai
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with TCM on Psoriasis, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
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