1
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Traber MG, Vrolijk M, Bercovici CM, de Sesmaisons Lecarré A, Fabiani L, Karavasiloglou N, Mendes V, Valtueña Martínez S, Naska A. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin E. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8953. [PMID: 39099617 PMCID: PMC11294871 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin E. As α-tocopherol is recognised as the only essential form of vitamin E, the Panel restricted its evaluation to α-tocopherol. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess evidence on priority adverse health effects of excess intake of vitamin E, namely risk of impaired coagulation and bleeding, cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer. The effect on blood clotting and associated increased risk of bleeding is considered as the critical effect to establish an UL for vitamin E. No new evidence has been published that could improve the characterisation of a dose-response. The ULs for vitamin E from all dietary sources, which were previously established by the Scientific Committee on Food, are retained for all population groups, i.e. 300 mg/day for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, 100 mg/day for children aged 1-3 years, 120 mg/day for 4-6 years, 160 mg/day for 7-10 years, 220 mg/day for 11-14 years and 260 mg/day for 15-17 years. A UL of 50 mg/day is established for infants aged 4-6 months and a UL of 60 mg/day for infants aged 7-11 months. ULs apply to all stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol. ULs do not apply to individuals receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications (e.g. aspirin), to patients on secondary prevention for CVD or to patients with vitamin K malabsorption syndromes. It is unlikely that the ULs for vitamin E are exceeded in European populations, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin E.
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2
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Wang H, Ma Y. The Potential of Vitamin K as a Regulatory Factor of Bone Metabolism-A Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4935. [PMID: 38068793 PMCID: PMC10708186 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK), a fat-soluble vitamin, is essential for the clotting of blood because of its role in the production of clotting factors in the liver. Moreover, researchers continue to explore the role of VK as an emerging novel bioactive molecule with the potential function of improving bone health. This review focuses on the effects of VK on bone health and related mechanisms, covering VK research history, homologous analogs, dietary sources, bioavailability, recommended intake, and deficiency. The information summarized here could contribute to the basic and clinical research on VK as a natural dietary additive and drug candidate for bone health. Future research is needed to extend the dietary VK database and explore the pharmacological safety of VK and factors affecting VK bioavailability to provide more support for the bone health benefits of VK through more clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huakai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nongkenan Road No. 40, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yongxi Ma
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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3
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Wianowska D, Bryshten I. New Insights into Vitamin K-From Its Natural Sources through Biological Properties and Chemical Methods of Quantitative Determination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:1502-1524. [PMID: 36083712 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2121599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is one of the many health-promoting substances whose impact on the human body has been underestimated until recently. However, recently published research results have changed this situation, prompting some researchers to consider it a new panacea for diseases of old age. The result is a significant increase in interest in the accurate analysis of vitamin K in various types of samples, ranging from food, through dietary supplements, to biological matrices and clinical trials, both observational and interventional. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the proven and speculated biological activity of vitamin K and its importance for the world's aging societies, including the methods used for its isolation and analysis in various matrices types. Of all the analytical methods, the currently preferred methods of choice for the direct analysis of vitamin K are chromatographic methods, in particular liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This technique, despite its sensitivity and selectivity, requires an appropriate stage of sample preparation. As there is still room for improvement in the efficiency of these methods, especially at the sample preparation stage, this review shows the directions that need to be taken to make these methods faster, more efficient and more environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wianowska
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iryna Bryshten
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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4
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Lai Y, Masatoshi H, Ma Y, Guo Y, Zhang B. Role of Vitamin K in Intestinal Health. Front Immunol 2022; 12:791565. [PMID: 35069573 PMCID: PMC8769504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) generally characterized by clinical symptoms, including malabsorption, intestinal dysfunction, injury, and microbiome imbalance, as well as certain secondary intestinal disease complications, continue to be serious public health problems worldwide. The role of vitamin K (VK) on intestinal health has drawn growing interest in recent years. In addition to its role in blood coagulation and bone health, several investigations continue to explore the role of VK as an emerging novel biological compound with the potential function of improving intestinal health. This study aims to present a thorough review on the bacterial sources, intestinal absorption, uptake of VK, and VK deficiency in patients with intestinal diseases, with emphasis on the effect of VK supplementation on immunity, anti-inflammation, intestinal microbes and its metabolites, antioxidation, and coagulation, and promoting epithelial development. Besides, VK-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are another crucial mechanism for VK to exert a gastroprotection role for their functions of anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, and anti-tumorigenesis. In summary, published studies preliminarily show that VK presents a beneficial effect on intestinal health and may be used as a therapeutic drug to prevent/treat intestinal diseases, but the specific mechanism of VK in intestinal health has yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hori Masatoshi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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5
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Mladěnka P, Macáková K, Kujovská Krčmová L, Javorská L, Mrštná K, Carazo A, Protti M, Remião F, Nováková L. Vitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:677-698. [PMID: 34472618 PMCID: PMC8907489 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is traditionally connected with blood coagulation, since it is needed for the posttranslational modification of 7 proteins involved in this cascade. However, it is also involved in the maturation of another 11 or 12 proteins that play different roles, encompassing in particular the modulation of the calcification of connective tissues. Since this process is physiologically needed in bones, but is pathological in arteries, a great deal of research has been devoted to finding a possible link between vitamin K and the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, the current knowledge does not allow us to make a decisive conclusion about such a link. One possible explanation for this is the diversity of the biological activity of vitamin K, which is not a single compound but a general term covering natural plant and animal forms of vitamin K (K1 and K2) as well as their synthetic congeners (K3 and K4). Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is found in several vegetables. Menaquinones (MK4–MK13, a series of compounds known as vitamin K2) are mostly of a bacterial origin and are introduced into the human diet mainly through fermented cheeses. Current knowledge about the kinetics of different forms of vitamin K, their detection, and their toxicity are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. K. Macáková is with the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republicv
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Javorská
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Mrštná
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. K. Macáková is with the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republicv
| | - Michele Protti
- M. Protti is with the Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fernando Remião
- F. Remião is with the UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, The Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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6
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Bjørklund G, Svanberg E, Dadar M, Card DJ, Chirumbolo S, Harrington DJ, Aaseth J. The Role of Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) in Vascular Calcification. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1647-1660. [PMID: 30009696 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180716104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent protein, which is synthesized in bone and many other mesenchymal cells, which is also highly expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and chondrocytes. Numerous studies have confirmed that MGP acts as a calcification-inhibitor although the mechanism of action is still not fully understood. The modulation of tissue calcification by MGP is potentially regulated in several ways including direct inhibition of calcium-phosphate precipitation, the formation of matrix vesicles (MVs), the formation of apoptotic bodies (ABs), and trans-differentiation of VSMCs. MGP occurs as four species, i.e. fully carboxylated (cMGP), under-carboxylated, i.e. poorly carboxylated (ucMGP), phosphorylated (pMGP), and non-phosphorylated (desphospho, dpMGP). ELISA methods are currently available that can detect the different species of MGP. The expression of the MGP gene can be regulated via various mechanisms that have the potential to become genomic biomarkers for the prediction of vascular calcification (VC) progression. VC is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is particularly prevalent in those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The specific action of MGP is not yet clearly understood but could be involved with the functional inhibition of BMP-2 and BMP-4, by blocking calcium crystal deposition and shielding the nidus from calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Erik Svanberg
- Department of Medicine, Solleftea Hospital, Solleftea, Sweden
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - David J Card
- Human Nutristasis Unit, Viapath, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Dominic J Harrington
- Human Nutristasis Unit, Viapath, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
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7
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Card DJ, Gorska R, Harrington DJ. Laboratory assessment of vitamin K status. J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:70-75. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is required for the ɣ-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues within the Gla domain of the 17 vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs). The timely detection and correction of vitamin K deficiency can protect against bleeding. Vitamin K also plays a role in bone metabolism and vascular calcification. Patients at increased risk of vitamin K deficiency include those with a restricted diet or malnutrition, lipid malabsorption, cancer, renal disease, neonates and the elderly. Coagulation assays such as the prothrombin time have been used erroneously as indicators of vitamin K status, lacking sufficient sensitivity and specificity for this application. The measurement of phylloquinone (K1) in serum is the most commonly used marker of vitamin K status and reflects abundance of the vitamin. Concentrations <0.15 µg/L are indicative of deficiency. Disadvantages of this approach include exclusion of the other vitamin K homologues and interference from recent dietary intake. The cellular utilisation of vitamin K is determined through measurement of the prevalence of undercarboxylated VKDPs. Most commonly, undercarboxylated prothrombin (Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence/antagonism, PIVKA-II) is used (reference range 17.4–50.9 mAU/mL (Abbott Architect), providing a retrospective indicator of hepatic vitamin K status. Current clinical applications of PIVKA-II include supporting the diagnosis of vitamin K deficiency bleeding of the newborn, monitoring exposure to vitamin K antagonists, and when used in combination with α-fetoprotein, as a diagnostic marker of hepatocellular carcinoma. Using K1 and PIVKA-II in tandem is an approach that can be used successfully for many patient cohorts, providing insight into both abundance and utilisation of the vitamin.
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8
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Hatziparasides G, Loukou I, Moustaki M, Douros K. Vitamin K and cystic fibrosis: A gordian knot that deserves our attention. Respir Med 2019; 155:36-42. [PMID: 31295676 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited genetic disorder with multiorgan involvement. Gastrointestinal tract dysfunction leads to fat and fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) malabsorption and deficiency of these vitamins. Subclinical vitamin K (VK) deficiency seems to be a common problem in CF patients. However, despite the rest of fat-soluble vitamins being routinely supplemented, this is not a universal clinical practice for VK. Inefficient levels of VK may have significant effects on blood coagulation and bone formation. There are also some data indicating that VK may play a key role on regulation of inflammation. Supplementing CF patients with VK seems rational, but the appropriate dosing regimens are still a matter of debate. This review will try to delineate the problem and communicate the latest opinions on this controversial issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorios Hatziparasides
- Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, University General Hospital "Attikon", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Loukou
- Cystic Fibrosis Dept, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Moustaki
- Cystic Fibrosis Dept, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Douros
- Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, University General Hospital "Attikon", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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9
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McDonald MG, Yeung CK, Teitelbaum AM, Johnson AL, Fujii S, Kagechika H, Rettie AE. A new LC-MS assay for the quantitative analysis of vitamin K metabolites in human urine. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:892-899. [PMID: 30670472 PMCID: PMC6446701 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d087916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK), in both its phylloquinone and menaquinone forms, has been hypothesized to undergo ω- and β-oxidation on its hydrophobic side chain in order to generate the observed urinary metabolites, K acid I and K acid II, which are excreted primarily as glucuronide conjugates. Synthetic standards of K acid I, K acid II, and a putative intermediate metabolite, menaquinone (MK)1 ω-COOH, were used to develop and optimize a new atmospheric pressure negative chemical ionization LC-MS/MS assay for the quantitation of these compounds in urine from untreated individuals and subjects treated with a high dose VK supplement. VK catabolites were extracted from urine, deconjugated, and converted to their methyl ester derivatives using previously reported methodology. The assay showed a high degree of sensitivity, with limits of detection below 10-50 fmol of metabolite per milliliter of urine, as well as an inter-assay precision of 8-12%. Metabolite standards provided unambiguous evidence for MK1 ω-COOH as a new human urinary metabolite of VK. This assay provides a minimally invasive, highly sensitive, and specific alternative for monitoring VK status in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G McDonald
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610.
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Departments of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610
| | - Aaron M Teitelbaum
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610
| | - Amanda L Johnson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610
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10
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Zhang Y, Bala V, Mao Z, Chhonker YS, Murry DJ. A concise review of quantification methods for determination of vitamin K in various biological matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 169:133-141. [PMID: 30861405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an essential nutrient in the body and involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological functions. Both the lack and surplus of vitamin K can put human health at risk. Therefore, it becomes necessary to monitor vitamin K concentrations in different biomatrices through establishing sensitive and specific analytical methods. This review collectively describes an updated overview of the sample pretreatment methodologies and methods for quantitative determination of vitamin K that have been used in last two decades. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is commonly utilized as a standard for separation of vitamin K in combination with different detection including spectroscopic, spectrometric, fluorometric and mass spectroscopy. Recent progress in sample pretreatment technologies and quantitation methodologies have enhanced the ability to identify and quantitate vitamin K in biomatrices to further advance our understanding of the role of this vitamin in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Zhihao Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, United States
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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11
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Carrillo-Linares JL, García-Fernández MI, Morillo MJ, Sánchez P, Rioja J, Barón FJ, Ariza MJ, Harrington DJ, Card D, Boraldi F, Quaglino D, Valdivielso P. The Effects of Parenteral K1 Administration in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Patients Versus Controls. A Pilot Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:86. [PMID: 29713628 PMCID: PMC5911498 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare disease caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. Vitamin K1 is involved in the posttranslational carboxylation of some proteins related to inhibition of the calcification process. Our aim was to investigate, in patients affected by PXE, baseline levels of vitamin K1-dependent proteins and -metabolites and whether parenteral administration of phytomenadione was effective in modulating their levels. Methods We included eight PXE patients with typical clinical symptoms (skin, retina, and vascular calcification) and two ABCC6 causative mutations; 13 clinically unaffected first-degree patients’ relatives (9 carrying one ABCC6 mutation and 4 non-carriers). We assessed urinary vitamin K1 metabolites and serum Glu- and Gla-OC, Gas6 and undercaboxylated prothrombin (PIVKA-II), at baseline and after 1 and 6 weeks after a single intramuscular injection of 10 mg vitamin K1. Results Comparison of PXE patients, heterozygous, and non-carriers revealed differences in baseline levels of serum MK-4 and of urinary vitamin K metabolites. The response to phytomenadione administration on vitamin K-dependent proteins was similar in all groups. Conclusion The physiological axis between vitamin K1 and vitamin K-dependent proteins is preserved; however, differences in the concentration of vitamin K metabolites and of MK-4 suggest that vitamin K1 metabolism/catabolism could be altered in PXE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María José Morillo
- Ophtalmology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Purificación Sánchez
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Rioja
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Barón
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Science History, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María José Ariza
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Dominic J Harrington
- The Nutristasis Unit, Viapath, King's Healthcare Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Card
- The Nutristasis Unit, Viapath, King's Healthcare Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pedro Valdivielso
- Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Dermatology and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
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12
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Schubert M, Kluge S, Schmölz L, Wallert M, Galli F, Birringer M, Lorkowski S. Long-Chain Metabolites of Vitamin E: Metabolic Activation as a General Concept for Lipid-Soluble Vitamins? Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7010010. [PMID: 29329238 PMCID: PMC5789320 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins E, A, D and K comprise the class of lipid-soluble vitamins. For vitamins A and D, a metabolic conversion of precursors to active metabolites has already been described. During the metabolism of vitamin E, the long-chain metabolites (LCMs) 13'-hydroxychromanol (13'-OH) and 13'-carboxychromanol (13'-COOH) are formed by oxidative modification of the side-chain. The occurrence of these metabolites in human serum indicates a physiological relevance. Indeed, effects of the LCMs on lipid metabolism, apoptosis, proliferation and inflammatory actions as well as tocopherol and xenobiotic metabolism have been shown. Interestingly, there are several parallels between the actions of the LCMs of vitamin E and the active metabolites of vitamin A and D. The recent findings that the LCMs exert effects different from that of their precursors support their putative role as regulatory metabolites. Hence, it could be proposed that the mode of action of the LCMs might be mediated by a mechanism similar to vitamin A and D metabolites. If the physiological relevance and this concept of action of the LCMs can be confirmed, a general concept of activation of lipid-soluble vitamins via their metabolites might be deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lisa Schmölz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Consumer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, 36037 Fulda, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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13
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Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Lamberg-Allardt C, Przyrembel H, Tetens I, Dumas C, Fabiani L, Ioannidou S, Neuhäuser-Berthold M. Dietary reference values for vitamin K. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04780. [PMID: 32625486 PMCID: PMC7010012 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derives dietary reference values (DRVs) for vitamin K. In this Opinion, the Panel considers vitamin K to comprise both phylloquinone and menaquinones. The Panel considers that none of the biomarkers of vitamin K intake or status is suitable by itself to derive DRVs for vitamin K. Several health outcomes possibly associated with vitamin K intake were also considered but data could not be used to establish DRVs. The Panel considers that average requirements and population reference intakes for vitamin K cannot be derived for adults, infants and children, and therefore sets adequate intakes (AIs). The Panel considers that available evidence on occurrence, absorption, function and content in the body or organs of menaquinones is insufficient, and, therefore, sets AIs for phylloquinone only. Having assessed additional evidence available since 1993 in particular related to biomarkers, intake data and the factorial approach, which all are associated with considerable uncertainties, the Panel maintains the reference value proposed by the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1993. An AI of 1 μg phylloquinone/kg body weight per day is set for all age and sex population groups. Considering the respective reference body weights, AIs for phylloquinone are set at 70 μg/day for all adults including pregnant and lactating women, at 10 μg/day for infants aged 7-11 months, and between 12 μg/day for children aged 1-3 years and 65 μg/day for children aged 15-17 years.
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Shea MK, Booth SL. Concepts and Controversies in Evaluating Vitamin K Status in Population-Based Studies. Nutrients 2016; 8:E8. [PMID: 26729160 PMCID: PMC4728622 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of vitamin K's role in health and disease requires the assessment of vitamin K nutritional status in population and clinical studies. This is primarily accomplished using dietary questionnaires and/or biomarkers. Because food composition databases in the US are most complete for phylloquinone (vitamin K1, the primary form in Western diets), emphasis has been on phylloquinone intakes and associations with chronic diseases. There is growing interest in menaquinone (vitamin K2) intakes for which the food composition databases need to be expanded. Phylloquinone is commonly measured in circulation, has robust quality control schemes and changes in response to phylloquinone intake. Conversely, menaquinones are generally not detected in circulation unless large quantities are consumed. The undercarboxylated fractions of three vitamin K-dependent proteins are measurable in circulation, change in response to vitamin K supplementation and are modestly correlated. Since different vitamin K dependent proteins are implicated in different diseases the appropriate vitamin K-dependent protein biomarker depends on the outcome under study. In contrast to other nutrients, there is no single biomarker that is considered a gold-standard measure of vitamin K status. Most studies have limited volume of specimens. Strategic decisions, guided by the research question, need to be made when deciding on choice of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyla Shea
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sarah L Booth
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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15
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Teitelbaum AM, Scian M, Nelson WL, Rettie AE. Efficient Syntheses of Vitamin K Chain-Shortened Acid Metabolites. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2015; 47:944-948. [PMID: 27003951 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1380002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K sequentially undergoes ω-oxidation followed by successive rounds of β-oxidation to ultimately produce two chain-shortened carboxylic acid metabolites, vitamin K acid 1 and vitamin K acid 2. Two facile syntheses of these acid metabolites are described, each starting from commercially available menadione-cyclopentadiene adduct 3. Vitamin K acid 1 was synthesized in five steps via alkylation with a geranyl halide followed by subsequent oxidation reactions, while fully retaining the trans configuration of the side chain 2',3'-double bond. Vitamin K acid 2 was synthesized in 5 steps from 3via alkylation with dimethylallyl chloride and subsequent oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Teitelbaum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Michele Scian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Wendel L Nelson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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16
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Soper RJ, Oguz C, Emery R, Pitsillides AA, Hodges SJ. Vitamin K catabolite inhibition of ovariectomy-induced bone loss: structure-activity relationship considerations. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1658-66. [PMID: 25044634 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The potential benefit of vitamin K as a therapeutic in osteoporosis is controversial and the vitamin K regimen being used clinically (45 mg/day) employs doses that are many times higher than required to ensure maximal gamma-carboxylation of the vitamin K-dependent bone proteins. We therefore tested the hypothesis that vitamin K catabolites, 5-carbon (CAN5C) and 7-carbon carboxylic acid (CAN7C) aliphatic side-chain derivatives of the naphthoquinone moiety exert an osteotrophic role consistent with the treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Osteoblast-like MG63 cell cultures were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and the levels of interleukin-6, an osteoclastogenic cytokine, measured with and without catabolites; low concentrations of CAN7C significantly inhibited interleukin-6 release, but CAN5C did not. In models of bone loss induced by ovariectomy or sciatic neurectomy in C57BL/6 mice, we found that the rarer CAN7C catabolite markedly restricted ovariectomy-induced bone loss and possibly limited sciatic neurectomy-induced bone loss. CAN7C activity depends on a free carboxylic acid and its particular side-chain structure. CONCLUSION These in vivo data indicate for the first time that the clinical utility of vitamin K for osteoporosis may reside in an unusual catabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Soper
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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17
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Shearer MJ, Newman P. Recent trends in the metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K with special reference to vitamin K cycling and MK-4 biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:345-62. [PMID: 24489112 PMCID: PMC3934721 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r045559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to other fat-soluble vitamins, dietary vitamin K is rapidly lost to the body resulting in comparatively low tissue stores. Deficiency is kept at bay by the ubiquity of vitamin K in the diet, synthesis by gut microflora in some species, and relatively low vitamin K cofactor requirements for γ-glutamyl carboxylation. However, as shown by fatal neonatal bleeding in mice that lack vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), the low requirements are dependent on the ability of animals to regenerate vitamin K from its epoxide metabolite via the vitamin K cycle. The identification of the genes encoding VKOR and its paralog VKOR-like 1 (VKORL1) has accelerated understanding of the enzymology of this salvage pathway. In parallel, a novel human enzyme that participates in the cellular conversion of phylloquinone to menaquinone (MK)-4 was identified as UbiA prenyltransferase-containing domain 1 (UBIAD1). Recent studies suggest that side-chain cleavage of oral phylloquinone occurs in the intestine, and that menadione is a circulating precursor of tissue MK-4. The mechanisms and functions of vitamin K recycling and MK-4 synthesis have dominated advances made in vitamin K biochemistry over the last five years and, after a brief overview of general metabolism, are the main focuses of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Shearer
- Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Guy's and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; and
| | - Paul Newman
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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18
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Card DJ, Gorska R, Cutler J, Harrington DJ. Vitamin K metabolism: current knowledge and future research. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:1590-600. [PMID: 24376012 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an essential fat-soluble micronutrient that is required for the post-translational γ-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in hepatic and extra-hepatic proteins involved in blood coagulation and preventing cartilage and vasculature calcification. In humans, sources of vitamin K are derived from plants as phylloquinone and bacteria as the menaquinones. Menadione is a synthetic product used as a pharmaceutical but also represents an intermediate in the tissue-specific conversion of vitamin K to menaquinone-4, which preferentially resides in tissues such as brain. Research into vitamin K metabolism is essential for the understanding of vitamin K biology in health and disease. Progress in this area, driven by knowledge of vitamin K and the availability of markers of vitamin K status, has already proved beneficial in many areas of medicine and further opportunities present themselves. Areas of interest discussed in this review include prophylactic administration of vitamin K1 in term and preterm neonates, interactions between vitamins K and E, the industrial conversion of vitamin K to dihydro-vitamin K in foods, tissue-specific conversion of vitamin K to menaquinone-4, the biological activity of the five and seven carbon metabolites of vitamin K and circadian variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Card
- Nutristasis Unit (GSTS Pathology), St. Thomas' Hospital (Part of King's Healthcare Partners), London, UK
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19
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Traber MG. Mechanisms for the prevention of vitamin E excess. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2295-306. [PMID: 23505319 PMCID: PMC3735929 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r032946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is at the nexus of the regulation of lipoprotein uptake, synthesis, and secretion, and it is the site of xenobiotic detoxification by cytochrome P450 oxidation systems (phase I), conjugation systems (phase II), and transporters (phase III). These two major liver systems control vitamin E status. The mechanisms for the preference for α-tocopherol relative to the eight naturally occurring vitamin E forms largely depend upon the liver and include both a preferential secretion of α-tocopherol from the liver into the plasma for its transport in circulating lipoproteins for subsequent uptake by tissues, as well as the preferential hepatic metabolism of non-α-tocopherol forms. These mechanisms are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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20
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Farley SM, Leonard SW, Taylor AW, Birringer M, Edson KZ, Rettie AE, Traber MG. ω-Hydroxylation of phylloquinone by CYP4F2 is not increased by α-tocopherol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1785-93. [PMID: 23650179 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The objective of this study was to investigate the initial catabolic step of vitamin E and K metabolism, the ω-hydroxylation by human cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2). METHODS AND RESULTS Tocopherol (T) metabolism was compared using rat liver slices incubated with deuterated (d₆)-RRR-α-T (d₆-α-T), racemic 2S-α-T (2S, 4'RS, 8'RS α-T, 2S-α-T), or d₂-γ-T (d₂-γ-T). Following comparable uptake of each T by liver slices, twice as much 13'-OH-T was produced from 2S-α-T or d₂-γ-T (39 ± 15 or 42 ± 5 pmol/g liver, respectively) as from d₆-α-T (17 ± 2, p < 0.01). Kinetic studies were conducted using insect microsomes expressing human CYP4F2 incubated with d₄-phylloquinone (d₄-PK), d₆-RRR-α-T, d₃-SRR-α-T, or d₂-γ-T. CYP4F2 demonstrated similar apparent maximal velocities (Vmax) when either of the α-Ts were used as substrates, which were less than the apparent d₄-PK Vmax (p < 0.0002), while the CYP4F2 catalytic efficiency toward d₄-PK (15.8 Vmax/Km) was five times greater than for α-Ts. Vitamin K had no effect on vitamin E catabolism, while vitamin E slightly decreased the d₄-PK Vmax. CONCLUSION CYP4F2 discriminates between Ts and PK in vitro, but α-T does not apparently increase PK ω-hydroxylation by this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry M Farley
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Nutrition Graduate Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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21
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Abstract
Recent reports have attributed the potential health benefits of vitamin K beyond its function to activate hepatic coagulation factors. Moreover, several studies have suggested that menaquinones, also known as vitamin K2, may be more effective in activating extra-hepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins than phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K1. Nevertheless, present dietary reference values (DRV) for vitamin K are exclusively based on phylloquinone, and its function in coagulation. The present review describes the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the following criteria for setting DRV: optimal dietary intake; nutrient amount required to prevent deficiency, maintain optimal body stores and/or prevent chronic disease; factors influencing requirements such as absorption, metabolism, age and sex. Dietary intake of menaquinones accounts for up to 25% of total vitamin K intake and contributes to the biological functions of vitamin K. However, menaquinones are different from phylloquinone with respect to their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics, which affects bioavailability, metabolism and perhaps impact on health outcomes. There are significant gaps in the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the criteria for setting DRV. Therefore, we conclude that further investigations are needed to establish how differences among the vitamin K forms may influence tissue specificities and their role in human health. However, there is merit for considering both menaquinones and phylloquinone when developing future recommendations for vitamin K intake.
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22
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Ohno I, Araki T, Kawano M, Nakamura T, Yamamoto K. SENSITIVE AND SIMPLE DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN K1 IN HUMAN PLASMA BY ULTRA-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH A FLUORESCENCE DETECTOR. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.685908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ohno
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine , Maebashi , Japan
- b Department of Pharmacy , Gunma University Hospital , Maebashi , Japan
| | - Takuya Araki
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine , Maebashi , Japan
| | - Masashi Kawano
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine , Maebashi , Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine , Maebashi , Japan
- b Department of Pharmacy , Gunma University Hospital , Maebashi , Japan
| | - Koujirou Yamamoto
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine , Maebashi , Japan
- b Department of Pharmacy , Gunma University Hospital , Maebashi , Japan
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Farley SM, Leonard SW, Labut EM, Raines HF, Card DJ, Harrington DJ, Mustacich DJ, Traber MG. Vitamin E decreases extra-hepatic menaquinone-4 concentrations in rats fed menadione or phylloquinone. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:912-22. [PMID: 22707266 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The mechanism for increased bleeding and decreased vitamin K status accompanying vitamin E supplementation is unknown. We hypothesized that elevated hepatic α-tocopherol (α-T) concentrations may stimulate vitamin K metabolism and excretion. Furthermore, α-T may interfere with the side chain removal of phylloquinone (PK) to form menadione (MN) as an intermediate for synthesis of tissue-specific menaquinone-4 (MK-4). METHODS AND RESULTS In order to investigate these hypotheses, rats were fed phylloquinone (PK) or menadione (MN) containing diets (2 μmol/kg) for 2.5 weeks. From day 10, rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of either α-T (100 mg/kg) or vehicle and were sacrificed 24 h after the seventh injection. Irrespective of diet, α-T injections decreased MK-4 concentrations in brain, lung, kidney, and heart; and PK in lung. These decreases were not accompanied by increased excretion of urinary 5C- or 7C-aglycone vitamin K metabolites, however, the urinary α-T metabolite (α-CEHC) increased ≥ 100-fold. Moreover, α-T increases were accompanied by downregulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 expression and modified expression of tissue ATP-binding cassette transporters. CONCLUSION Thus, in rats, high tissue α-T depleted tissue MK-4 without significantly increasing urinary vitamin K metabolite excretion. Changes in tissue MK-4 and PK levels may be a result of altered regulation of transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry M Farley
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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24
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Huang B, Zheng F, Fu S, Yao J, Tao B, Ren Y. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS for determining trans- and cis-vitamin K1 in infant formulas: method and applications. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) have been the mainstay of oral anticoagulant therapy for over 60years. In this review we critically assess the evidence for the importance of vitamin K nutrition during VKA therapy; the methodologies for measuring dietary intakes; the vitamin K intake data in patients on VKA and healthy people; and the experimental evidence for the influence of vitamin K intakes and biochemical measures of vitamin K status on VKA response. Several studies show that dietary intakes of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) are associated to the sensitivity and stability of anticoagulation during initiation and maintenance dosing with low habitual intakes associated with greater instability of the INR and risk of sub-therapeutic anticoagulation. Preliminary evidence suggests that the stability of anticoagulation therapy may be improved by daily vitamin K supplementation, but further studies are needed to find out whether this, or other dietary interventions, can improve anticoagulant control in routine clinical practice.
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26
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Traber MG, Stevens JF. Vitamins C and E: beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1000-13. [PMID: 21664268 PMCID: PMC3156342 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic properties of two dietary antioxidants that are required by humans, vitamins C and E, are discussed relative to their biological effects. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential cofactor for α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Examples are prolyl hydroxylases, which play a role in the biosynthesis of collagen and in down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, a transcription factor that regulates many genes responsible for tumor growth, energy metabolism, and neutrophil function and apoptosis. Vitamin C-dependent inhibition of the HIF pathway may provide alternative or additional approaches for controlling tumor progression, infections, and inflammation. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) functions as an essential lipid-soluble antioxidant, scavenging hydroperoxyl radicals in a lipid milieu. Human symptoms of vitamin E deficiency suggest that its antioxidant properties play a major role in protecting erythrocyte membranes and nervous tissues. As an antioxidant, vitamin C provides protection against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage by scavenging of reactive oxygen species, by vitamin E-dependent neutralization of lipid hydroperoxyl radicals, and by protecting proteins from alkylation by electrophilic lipid peroxidation products. These bioactivities bear relevance to inflammatory disorders. Vitamin C also plays a role in the function of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by recycling the eNOS cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, which is relevant to arterial elasticity and blood pressure regulation. Evidence from plants supports a role for vitamin C in the formation of covalent adducts with electrophilic secondary metabolites. Mechanism-based effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on biomarkers and on clinical outcomes from randomized, placebo-controlled trials are emphasized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Váradi A, Szabó Z, Pomozi V, de Boussac H, Fülöp K, Arányi T. ABCC6 as a target in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 12:671-82. [PMID: 21039331 PMCID: PMC3324121 DOI: 10.2174/138945011795378612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ABCC6 gene encodes an organic anion transporter protein, ABCC6/MRP6. Mutations in the gene cause a rare, recessive genetic disease, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, while the loss of one ABCC6 allele is a genetic risk factor in coronary artery disease. We review here the information available on gene structure, evolution as well as the present knowledge on its transcriptional regulation. We give a detailed description of the characteristics of the protein, and analyze the relationship between the distributions of missense disease-causing mutations in the predicted three-dimensional structure of the transporter, which suggests functional importance of the domain-domain interactions. Though neither the physiological function of the protein nor its role in the pathobiology of the diseases are known, a current hypothesis that ABCC6 may be involved in the efflux of one form of Vitamin K from the liver is discussed. Finally, we analyze potential strategies how the gene can be targeted on the transcriptional level to increase protein expression in order to compensate for reduced activity. In addition, pharmacologic correction of trafficking-defect mutants or suppression of stop codon mutations as potential future therapeutic interventions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Váradi
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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28
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Harrington DJ, Clarke P, Card DJ, Mitchell SJ, Shearer MJ. Urinary excretion of vitamin K metabolites in term and preterm infants: relationship to vitamin K status and prophylaxis. Pediatr Res 2010; 68:508-12. [PMID: 20814348 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181f981c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the metabolic turnover and excretion of vitamin K in healthy newborn infants and the metabolic consequences of prophylactic regimens designed to protect against vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB). We measured the excretion of two urinary metabolites (≤ 24 h) of vitamin K (5C- and 7C-aglycones) in term infants before (n = 11) and after (n = 5) a 1000 μg i.m. dose of vitamin K1 (K1) and in preterm infants after 200 μg i.m. (n = 4), 500 μg i.m. (n = 4), or 200 μg i.v. (n = 5). In preterm infants, we also measured serum K1, vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide, and PIVKA-II at 5 d postpartum. Before prophylaxis, the rate of 5C- and 7C-aglycone excretion was 25 times lower than adults, reflecting low vitamin K stores at birth. After prophylaxis, the excretion rate correlated to K1 dose (r = 0.6) but was two orders of magnitude lower than that in adults, probably reflecting the immaturity of neonatal catabolism. All term and 10 of 13 preterm infants mainly excreted 5C-aglycone. We present evidence that increased excretion of the 7C-aglycone was associated with metabolic overload because of the exposure to high-tissue K1 concentrations. Measurement of the 5C- and 7C-aglycones may facilitate longitudinal studies of vitamin K status in neonates and aid the development of improved prophylactic regimens.
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Ko J, Kwak BM, Ahn JH, Jeong SH, Shim SL, Kim KS, Yoon T, Dong-gil L, Jeong J. LC-UV Column-Switching for Quantitation of Vitamin K1 in Infant Formula. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Traber MG. Regulation of xenobiotic metabolism, the only signaling function of α-tocopherol? Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:661-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Wu YC, Lin LF, Yeh CS, Lin YL, Chang HJ, Lin SR, Chang MY, Hsiao CP, Lee SC. Burdock Essence Promotes Gastrointestinal Mucosal Repair in Ulcer Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-8607(10)60010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Changes in vitamin biomarkers during a 2-year intervention trial involving increased fruit and vegetable consumption by free-living volunteers. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:1477-86. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trials in free-living populations involving increased consumption of fruit and vegetables are difficult to monitor. We evaluated biomarkers for assessing fruit and vegetable intake and compliance in a 2-year trial. Postmenopausal women were randomised to 300 g additional fruit and vegetables per d (n 66), placebo (n 70) or potassium citrate (n 140). They completed dietary checklists (3-monthly) and food diaries or FFQ (yearly). We measured whole-blood folate, plasma vitamin C and homocysteine (yearly), serum vitamin E and carotenoids (at 12 months) and urinary vitamin K metabolites (yearly). Plasma vitamin C was associated with fruit and vegetable intake at baseline (r +0·31; P < 0·01), remaining significant only for the non-fruit and vegetable group at 12 months (r +0·43; P < 0·01). For the fruit and vegetable group, vitamin C increased by 5·9 μmol/l (P = 0·07) but was not significantly associated with fruit and vegetable intake; vitamin E, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were higher compared with the non-fruit and vegetable group (P < 0·05); and whole-blood folate and the urinary 5C-aglycone metabolite of vitamin K were associated with vegetable intake. For all participants plasma vitamin C increased with increasing fruit and vegetable intakes, reaching a plateau of 90–95 μmol/l at intakes>500 g/d, whereas whole-blood folate, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin continued to increase. Concentrations of vitamin C, folate and β-cryptoxanthin were lower and the 7C-aglycone metabolite of vitamin K higher, in smokers compared with non-smokers. Suitable markers for monitoring fruit and vegetable compliance include β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. Plasma vitamin C and whole-blood folate may be suitable for monitoring intakes in populations but for monitoring compliance the former may be restricted to low intakes of fruit and vegetables and the latter to vegetable intake.
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Abstract
The mechanisms by which vitamin E interferes with vitamin K activity, especially blood clotting, are not known, but hypothetically this interference may involve metabolic pathways. Phylloquinone (K(1)) must be converted to menaquinone (MK-4, the most potent extrahepatic tissue vitamin K) by truncation of the K(1) side chain and replacement with geranylgeranyl. Possible mechanisms for the vitamin E and K interaction include: 1) vitamin E competes for the yet undiscovered enzyme that truncates the K(1) side chain; 2) vitamin E competes with K(1) for the hypothetical cytochrome P450 enzyme that omega-hydroxylates the K(1) side chain, thereby preventing its beta-oxidation and its removal for MK-4 formation; or 3) vitamin E increases xenobiotic pathways that increase hepatic metabolism and excretion of all vitamin K forms. Currently, the pathway for K(1) conversion to MK-4 is unknown, the process for regulating vitamin K metabolism to urinary excretion products is unknown, and why vitamin E supplements have such a dramatic effect, causing bleeding in some individuals and not in others, remains a mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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Paroni R, Faioni EM, Razzari C, Fontana G, Cattaneo M. Determination of vitamin K1 in plasma by solid phase extraction and HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:351-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vitamin E benefits in human health and chronic disease prevention are evaluated with respect to established alpha-tocopherol functions during vitamin E deficiency, adequacy, and excess. RECENT FINDINGS Baseline vitamin E status of the 29 092 Finnish men participating in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention study showed that the men in the highest compared with the lowest quintile of serum alpha-tocopherol had significantly lower incidences of total and cause-specific mortality. New findings from the Women's Health Study support a role for vitamin E supplements in decreasing the risk for sudden death from cardiovascular disease and from thromboembolism. We speculate that a potential mechanism may involve vitamin E interference in vitamin K activation. SUMMARY alpha-Tocopherol acts as a peroxyl and alkoxyl radical scavenger in lipid environments, and thus it prevents lipid peroxidation in lipoproteins and membranes, especially nervous tissues. Decreased chronic disease incidence is associated with lifelong generous dietary vitamin E intakes, but more than 90% of Americans do not consume the recommended dietary amounts (15 mg/day). Vitamin E supplements can have beneficial effects on health beyond those from dietary amounts, perhaps because pharmacologic levels also upregulate hepatic xenobiotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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Harrington DJ, Booth SL, Card DJ, Shearer MJ. Excretion of the urinary 5C- and 7C-aglycone metabolites of vitamin K by young adults responds to changes in dietary phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone intakes. J Nutr 2007; 137:1763-8. [PMID: 17585028 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.7.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological function and putative health roles of vitamin K-dependent proteins now extend beyond their classical role in hemostasis and include bone mineralization, arterial calcification, apoptosis, phagocytosis, growth control, chemotaxis, and signal transduction. Current assessments of vitamin K status do not reflect the variety of molecular forms of vitamin K. We assessed whether urinary excretion of 2-methyl-3-(5'-carboxy-3'-methyl-2'-pentenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (7C-aglycone) and 2-methyl-3-(3'-3'-carboxymethylpropyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (5C-aglycone), vitamin K metabolites common to both phylloquinone and the menaquinone series, reflect dietary vitamin K intake. In a randomized crossover study, 9 adults resided in a metabolic unit for two 30-d periods separated by a free-living period of > or = 4 wk. During each residency, subjects consumed 3 sequential diets: a control diet (93 microg phylloquinone/d) for 5 d, a phylloquinone-restricted diet (11 microg/d) for 15 d, followed by a randomly assigned repletion diet for 10 d with either phylloquinone (206 microg/d) or dihydrophylloquinone (240 microg/d). During the second residency, the alternative repletion diet was assigned. Urinary excretion of the 5C- and 7C-aglycones was measured in sequential 24-h collections. The 5C-aglycone accounted for approximately 75% of total excretion and declined in response to phylloquinone restriction (P = 0.001) to approximately 30% of that during the control diet period. Repletion with phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone doubled the excretion rate of the major 5C-aglycone by 24 h (P < 0.001), and tripled excretion by 4 d. There was a linear relationship between the logarithm of total urinary excretion and dietary vitamin K intake (r = 0.699, P < 0.001). We conclude that the urinary excretion of vitamin K metabolites reflects dietary phylloquinone intake and offers the first candidate marker of global vitamin K status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Harrington
- The Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Thijssen HHW, Vervoort LMT, Schurgers LJ, Shearer MJ. Menadione is a metabolite of oral vitamin K. Br J Nutr 2006; 95:260-6. [PMID: 16469140 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phylloquinone is converted into menaquinone-4 and accumulates in extrahepatic tissues. Neither the route nor the function of the conversion is known. One possible metabolic route might be the release of menadione from phylloquinone by catabolic activity. In the present study we explored the presence of menadione in urine and the effect of vitamin K intake on its excretion. Menadione in urine was analysed by HPLC assay with fluorescence detection. Urine from healthy male volunteers was collected before and after administration of a single dose of K vitamins. Basal menadione excretion in non-supplemented subjects (n 6) was 5.4 (sd 3.2) microg/d. Urinary menadione excretion increased greatly after oral intake of the K vitamins, phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 and -7. This effect was apparent within 1-2 h and peaked at about 3 h after intake. Amounts of menadione excreted in 24 h after vitamin K intake ranged, on a molar basis, from 1 to 5 % of the administered dose, indicating that about 5-25 % of the ingested K vitamins had been catabolized to menadione. Menadione excretion was not enhanced by phylloquinone administered subcutaneously or by 2',3'-dihydrophylloquinone administered orally. In archived samples from a depletion/repletion study (Booth et al. (2001) Am J Clin Nutr 74, 783-790), urinary menadione excretion mirrored dietary phylloquinone intake. The present study shows that menadione is a catabolic product of K vitamins formed after oral intake. The rapid appearance in urine after oral but not subcutaneous administration suggests that catabolism occurs during intestinal absorption. The observations make it likely that part of the menaquinone-4 in tissues results from uptake and prenylation of circulating menadione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk H W Thijssen
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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