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Qian C, Wang Q, Qiao Y, Xu Z, Zhang L, Xiao H, Lin Z, Wu M, Xia W, Yang H, Bai J, Geng D. Arachidonic acid in aging: New roles for old players. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00180-2. [PMID: 38710468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic acid (AA), one of the most ubiquitous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), provides fluidity to mammalian cell membranes. It is derived from linoleic acid (LA) and can be transformed into various bioactive metabolites, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), lipoxins (LXs), hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), leukotrienes (LTs), and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), by different pathways. All these processes are involved in AA metabolism. Currently, in the context of an increasingly visible aging world population, several scholars have revealed the essential role of AA metabolism in osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and many other aging diseases. AIM OF REVIEW Although there are some reviews describing the role of AA in some specific diseases, there seems to be no or little information on the role of AA metabolism in aging tissues or organs. This review scrutinizes and highlights the role of AA metabolism in aging and provides a new idea for strategies for treating aging-related diseases. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW As a member of lipid metabolism, AA metabolism regulates the important lipids that interfere with the aging in several ways. We present a comprehensivereviewofthe role ofAA metabolism in aging, with the aim of relieving the extreme suffering of families and the heavy economic burden on society caused by age-related diseases. We also collected and summarized data on anti-aging therapies associated with AA metabolism, with the expectation of identifying a novel and efficient way to protect against aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Yusen Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Ze Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Haixiang Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Mingzhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Wenyu Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
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Ghooray DT, Xu M, Shi H, McClain CJ, Song M. Hepatocyte-Specific Fads1 Overexpression Attenuates Western Diet-Induced Metabolic Phenotypes in a Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4836. [PMID: 38732052 PMCID: PMC11084797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) synthesis. Reduced activity of FADS1 was observed in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The aim of this study was to determine whether adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) mediated hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Fads1 (AAV8-Fads1) attenuates western diet-induced metabolic phenotypes in a rat model. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a chow diet, or low-fat high-fructose (LFHFr) or high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHFr) ad libitum for 8 weeks. Metabolic phenotypes were evaluated at the endpoint. AAV8-Fads1 injection restored hepatic FADS1 protein levels in both LFHFr and HFHFr-fed rats. While AAV8-Fads1 injection led to improved glucose tolerance and insulin signaling in LFHFr-fed rats, it significantly reduced plasma triglyceride (by ~50%) and hepatic cholesterol levels (by ~25%) in HFHFr-fed rats. Hepatic lipidomics analysis showed that FADS1 activity was rescued by AAV8-FADS1 in HFHFr-fed rats, as shown by the restored arachidonic acid (AA)/dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) ratio, and that was associated with reduced monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Our data suggest that the beneficial role of AAV8-Fads1 is likely mediated by the inhibition of fatty acid re-esterification. FADS1 is a promising therapeutic target for MASLD in a diet-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushan T. Ghooray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.T.G.); (M.X.); (C.J.M.)
| | - Manman Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.T.G.); (M.X.); (C.J.M.)
| | - Hongxue Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.T.G.); (M.X.); (C.J.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Ming Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.T.G.); (M.X.); (C.J.M.)
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Šarac I, Debeljak-Martačić J, Takić M, Stevanović V, Milešević J, Zeković M, Popović T, Jovanović J, Vidović NK. Associations of fatty acids composition and estimated desaturase activities in erythrocyte phospholipids with biochemical and clinical indicators of cardiometabolic risk in non-diabetic Serbian women: the role of level of adiposity. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1065578. [PMID: 37545582 PMCID: PMC10397414 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1065578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fatty acids (FAs) composition and desaturase activities can be altered in different metabolic conditions, but the adiposity-independent associations with clinical and biochemical indicators of cardiometabolic risk are still unclear. This study aimed to analyze the associations of FAs composition and estimated desaturase activities with anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical cardiometabolic risk indicators in non-diabetic Serbian women, and to investigate if these associations were independent of the level of adiposity and other confounders. Methods In 76 non-diabetic, otherwise healthy Serbian women, aged 24-68 years, with or without metabolic syndrome or obesity (BMI=23.6±5.6 kg/m2), FA composition in erythrocyte phospholipids was measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Desaturase activities were estimated from product/precursor FAs ratios (D9D:16:1n-7/16:0; D6D:20:3n-6/18:2n-6; D5D:20:4n-6/20:3n-6). Correlations were made with anthropometric, biochemical (serum glucose, triacylglycerols, LDL-C, HDL-C, ALT, AST, and their ratios) and clinical (blood pressure) indicators of cardiometabolic risk. Linear regression models were performed to test the independence of these associations. Results Estimated desaturase activities and certain FAs were associated with anthropometric, clinical and biochemical indicators of cardiometabolic risk: D9D, D6D, 16:1n-7 and 20:3n-6 were directly associated, while D5D and 18:0 were inversely associated. However, the associations with clinical and biochemical indicators were not independent of the associations with the level of adiposity, since they were lost after controlling for anthropometric indices. After controlling for multiple confounders (age, postmenopausal status, education, smoking, physical activity, dietary macronutrient intakes, use of supplements, alcohol consumption), the level of adiposity was the most significant predictor of desaturase activities and aforementioned FAs levels, and mediated their association with biochemical/clinical indicators. Vice versa, desaturase activities predicted the level of adiposity, but not other components of cardiometabolic risk (if the level of adiposity was accounted). While the associations of anthropometric indices with 16:1n-7, 20:3n-6, 18:0 and D9D and D6D activities were linear, the associations with D5D activity were the inverse U-shaped. The only adiposity-independent association of FAs profiles with the indicators of cardiometabolic risk was a positive association of 20:5n-3 with ALT/AST ratio, which requires further exploration. Discussion Additional studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Šarac
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Debeljak-Martačić
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Takić
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk Stevanović
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milešević
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeković
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Popović
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovica Jovanović
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Nevena Kardum Vidović
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Yamamoto H, Lee-Okada HC, Ikeda M, Nakamura T, Saito T, Takata A, Yokomizo T, Iwata N, Kato T, Kasahara T. GWAS-identified bipolar disorder risk allele in the FADS1/2 gene region links mood episodes and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in mutant mice. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2848-2856. [PMID: 36806390 PMCID: PMC10615742 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on bipolar disorder (BD) have implicated the involvement of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) locus. These enzymes (FADS1 and FADS2) are involved in the metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are thought to potentially benefit patients with mood disorders. To model reductions in the activity of FADS1/2 affected by the susceptibility alleles, we generated mutant mice heterozygously lacking both Fads1/2 genes. We measured wheel-running activity over six months and observed bipolar swings in activity, including hyperactivity and hypoactivity. The hyperactivity episodes, in which activity was far above the norm, usually lasted half a day; mice manifested significantly shorter immobility times on the behavioral despair test performed during these episodes. The hypoactivity episodes, which lasted for several weeks, were accompanied by abnormal circadian rhythms and a marked decrease in wheel running, a spontaneous behavior associated with motivation and reward systems. We comprehensively examined lipid composition in the brain and found that levels of certain lipids were significantly altered between wild-type and the heterozygous mutant mice, but no changes were consistent with both sexes and either DHA or EPA was not altered. However, supplementation with DHA or a mixture of DHA and EPA prevented these episodic behavioral changes. Here we propose that heterozygous Fads1/2 knockout mice are a model of BD with robust constitutive, face, and predictive validity, as administration of the mood stabilizer lithium was also effective. This GWAS-based model helps to clarify how lipids and their metabolisms are involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirona Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakamura
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takata
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Research Institute for Disease of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takaoki Kasahara
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.
- Career Development Program, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaboration Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
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Alshaikh BN, Reyes Loredo A, Yusuf K, Maarouf A, Fenton TR, Momin S. Enteral long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and necrotizing enterocolitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:918-929. [PMID: 37137615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants are at risk of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) deficiency. Recent studies on high-dose DHA; n-3 LCPUFA in preterm infants suggested potential positive effects on cognitive outcomes but raised concerns about some increased neonatal morbidities. These studies and recent recommendations for DHA supplementation generated controversy owing to the lack of balance between DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA; n-6 LCPUFA). OBJECTIVES To identify the effect of enteral supplementation of DHA, with and without ARA, on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm infants. METHODS A systematic review of randomized and controlled trials compared enteral LCPUFAs with placebo or no supplementation in very preterm infants. We searched PubMed, Ovid-MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINHAL databases from inception to July 2022. Data were extracted in duplicate using a structured proforma. A meta-analysis and metaregression with random-effects models were used. The interventions evaluated were DHA alone vs. that combined with ARA, source of DHA, dose, and supplement delivery methods. Methodological qualities and risk of bias were assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS Fifteen randomized clinical trials (RCTs) included 3963 very preterm infants with 217 cases of NEC. Supplementation with DHA alone increased NEC (2620 infants; RR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.39) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.46). Multiple metaregression revealed significant reduction in NEC when ARA was supplemented with DHA (aRR 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.88). The source of DHA, dose, and feeding type revealed no associations with NEC. Two RCTs supplemented high-dose DHA to lactating mothers. There was a significant increase in risk of NEC with this approach (1148 infants; RR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.61) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0, P = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with DHA alone may increase risk of NEC. Concurrent supplementation with ARA needs to be considered when adding DHA to preterm infants' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal N Alshaikh
- Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada.
| | - Adriana Reyes Loredo
- Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
| | - Kamran Yusuf
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
| | - Ahmed Maarouf
- Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
| | - Tanis R Fenton
- Community Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada; Nutrition Services, Alberta Health Services, Calgary AB, Canada
| | - Sarfaraz Momin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
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Danielli M, Perne L, Jarc Jovičić E, Petan T. Lipid droplets and polyunsaturated fatty acid trafficking: Balancing life and death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1104725. [PMID: 36776554 PMCID: PMC9911892 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1104725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are fat storage organelles ubiquitously distributed across the eukaryotic kingdom. They have a central role in regulating lipid metabolism and undergo a dynamic turnover of biogenesis and breakdown to meet cellular requirements for fatty acids, including polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids esterified in membrane phospholipids define membrane fluidity and can be released by the activity of phospholipases A2 to act as ligands for nuclear receptors or to be metabolized into a wide spectrum of lipid signaling mediators. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids are also highly susceptible to lipid peroxidation, which if left uncontrolled leads to ferroptotic cell death. On the one hand, lipid droplets act as antioxidant organelles that control polyunsaturated fatty acid storage in triglycerides in order to reduce membrane lipid peroxidation, preserve organelle function and prevent cell death, including ferroptosis. On the other hand, lipid droplet breakdown fine-tunes the delivery of polyunsaturated fatty acids into metabolic and signaling pathways, but unrestricted lipid droplet breakdown may also lead to the release of lethal levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Precise regulation of lipid droplet turnover is thus essential for polyunsaturated fatty acid distribution and cellular homeostasis. In this review, we focus on emerging aspects of lipid droplet-mediated regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid trafficking, including the management of membrane lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis and lipid mediator signaling.
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Ri K, Lee-Okada HC, Yokomizo T. Omega-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids in Leydig cells facilitate male sex hormone production. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1001. [PMID: 36131086 PMCID: PMC9492697 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are fatty acids with more than three double bonds in the molecule. Mammalian testes contain very high levels of omega-6 HUFAs compared with other tissues. However, the metabolic and biological significance of these HUFAs in the mammalian testis is poorly understood. Here we show that Leydig cells vigorously synthesize omega-6 HUFAs to facilitate male sex hormone production. In the testis, FADS2 (Fatty acid desaturase 2), the rate-limiting enzyme for HUFA biosynthesis, is highly expressed in Leydig cells. In this study, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of FADS2 drastically reduces the production of omega-6 HUFAs and male steroid hormones in Leydig cells; this reduction is significantly rescued by supplementation with omega-6 HUFAs. Mechanistically, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL; also called LIPE), a lipase that supplies free cholesterol for steroid hormone production, preferentially hydrolyzes HUFA-containing cholesteryl esters as substrates. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Leydig cells highly express FADS2 to facilitate male steroid hormone production by accumulating omega-6 HUFA-containing cholesteryl esters, which serve as preferred substrates for HSL. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized importance of omega-6 HUFAs in the mammalian male reproductive system. Leydig cells highly express FADS2 to facilitate male steroid hormone production by accumulating omega-6 HUFA-containing cholesteryl esters, which serve as preferred substrates for hormone-sensitive lipase
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiken Ri
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Lee-Okada
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Xiao Y, Jiao S, He M, Lin D, Zuo H, Han J, Sun Y, Cao G, Chen Z, Liu H. Chromatin conformation of human oral epithelium can identify orofacial cleft missing functional variants. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:43. [PMID: 36008388 PMCID: PMC9411193 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are the most widely used method to identify genetic risk loci associated with orofacial clefts (OFC). However, despite the increasing size of cohort, GWASs are still insufficient to detect all the heritability, suggesting there are more associations under the current stringent statistical threshold. In this study, we obtained an integrated epigenomic dataset based on the chromatin conformation of a human oral epithelial cell line (HIOEC) using RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, H3K27ac ChIP-seq, and DLO Hi-C. Presumably, this epigenomic dataset could reveal the missing functional variants located in the oral epithelial cell active enhancers/promoters along with their risk target genes, despite relatively less-stringent statistical association with OFC. Taken a non-syndromic cleft palate only (NSCPO) GWAS data of the Chinese Han population as an example, 3664 SNPs that cannot reach the strict significance threshold were subjected to this functional identification pipeline. In total, 254 potential risk SNPs residing in active cis-regulatory elements interacting with 1 718 promoters of oral epithelium-expressed genes were screened. Gapped k-mer machine learning based on enhancers interacting with epithelium-expressed genes along with in vivo and in vitro reporter assays were employed as functional validation. Among all the potential SNPs, we chose and confirmed that the risk alleles of rs560789 and rs174570 reduced the epithelial-specific enhancer activity by preventing the binding of transcription factors related to epithelial development. In summary, we established chromatin conformation datasets of human oral epithelial cells and provided a framework for testing and understanding how regulatory variants impart risk for clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China.,Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengbo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanyan Zuo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahao Han
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China.
| | - Huan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China. .,Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Huang J, Shao Y, Zong X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Shi H. FADS1 overexpression promotes fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol accumulation via inhibiting the AMPK/SREBP1 pathway in goat mammary epithelial cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:5870-5882. [PMID: 35548952 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D), encoded by the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene, is a rate-limiting enzyme in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis that influences the PUFA levels in milk fat. However, the function and molecular mechanism of FADS1 in milk fat metabolism remain largely unknown. The FADS1 overexpression increased the triglyceride content, lipid droplet size, and expression of genes related to fatty acid de novo synthesis (SREBP1 and ACC), intracellular fatty acid transporters (FABP3 and FABP4) and triacylglycerol synthesis gene (DGAT2). It also significantly promoted the SREBP1 nuclear translocation by inhibiting the AMPK activation. In addition, FADS1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle at the G1 phase. These findings reveal a novel FADS1-AMPK-SREBP1 pathway regulating milk fat production in the goat mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Yuexin Shao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Xueyang Zong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Huawen Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Huaiping Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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10
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Jouffe C, Weger BD, Martin E, Atger F, Weger M, Gobet C, Ramnath D, Charpagne A, Morin-Rivron D, Powell EE, Sweet MJ, Masoodi M, Uhlenhaut NH, Gachon F. Disruption of the circadian clock component BMAL1 elicits an endocrine adaption impacting on insulin sensitivity and liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200083119. [PMID: 35238641 PMCID: PMC8916004 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200083119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceWhile increasing evidence associates the disruption of circadian rhythms with pathologic conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), the involved mechanisms are still poorly described. Here, we show that, in both humans and mice, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is associated with the disruption of the circadian clock combined with perturbations of the growth hormone and sex hormone pathways. However, while this condition protects mice from the development of fibrosis and insulin resistance, it correlates with increased fibrosis in humans. This suggests that the perturbation of the circadian clock and its associated disruption of the growth hormone and sex hormone pathways are critical for the pathogenesis of metabolic and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Jouffe
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, DE-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin D. Weger
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eva Martin
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Atger
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Meltem Weger
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cédric Gobet
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Divya Ramnath
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aline Charpagne
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Elizabeth E. Powell
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Liver Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bern University Hospital, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - N. Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, DE-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Metabolic Programming, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, DE-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Frédéric Gachon
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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A mouse model of gestational diabetes shows dysregulated lipid metabolism post-weaning, after return to euglycaemia. Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:8. [PMID: 35169132 PMCID: PMC8847647 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease for the mother in the decade after delivery. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive these effects are unknown. Recent studies in humans have shown that lipid metabolism is dysregulated before diagnosis of and during gestational diabetes and we have shown previously that lipid metabolism is also altered in obese female mice before, during and after pregnancy. These observations led us to the hypothesis that this persistent dysregulation reflects an altered control of lipid distribution throughout the organism. METHODS We tested this in post-weaning (PW) dams using our established mouse model of obese GDM (high fat, high sugar, obesogenic diet) and an updated purpose-built computational tool for plotting the distribution of lipid variables throughout the maternal system (Lipid Traffic Analysis v2.3). RESULTS This network analysis showed that unlike hyperglycaemia, lipid distribution and traffic do not return to normal after pregnancy in obese mouse dams. A greater range of phosphatidylcholines was found throughout the lean compared to obese post-weaning dams. A range of triglycerides that were found in the hearts of lean post-weaning dams were only found in the livers of obese post-weaning dams and the abundance of odd-chain FA-containing lipids differed locally in the two groups. We have therefore shown that the control of lipid distribution changed for several metabolic pathways, with evidence for changes to the regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis and FA distribution, in a number of tissues. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the control of lipid metabolism is altered following an obese pregnancy. These results support the hypothesis that obese dams that developed GDM maintain dysregulated lipid metabolism after pregnancy even when glycaemia returned to normal, and that these alterations could contribute to the increased risk of later type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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12
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Athinarayanan S, Fan YY, Wang X, Callaway E, Cai D, Chalasani N, Chapkin RS, Liu W. Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 Influences Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis by Modulating the PPARα-FGF21 Axis. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:461-477. [PMID: 33681679 PMCID: PMC7917273 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), also known as delta-5 desaturase (D5D), is one of the rate-limiting enzymes involved in the desaturation and elongation cascade of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to generate long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs). Reduced function of D5D and decreased hepatic FADS1 expression, as well as low levels of LC-PUFAs, were associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the causal role of D5D in hepatic lipid homeostasis remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that down-regulation of FADS1 increases susceptibility to hepatic lipid accumulation. We used in vitro and in vivo models to test this hypothesis and to delineate the molecular mechanisms mediating the effect of reduced FADS1 function. Our study demonstrated that FADS1 knockdown significantly reduced cellular levels of LC-PUFAs and increased lipid accumulation and lipid droplet formation in HepG2 cells. The lipid accumulation was associated with significant alterations in multiple pathways involved in lipid homeostasis, especially fatty acid oxidation. These effects were demonstrated to be mediated by the reduced function of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) axis, which can be reversed by treatment with docosahexaenoic acid, PPARα agonist, or FGF21. In vivo, FADS1-knockout mice fed with high-fat diet developed increased hepatic steatosis as compared with their wild-type littermates. Molecular analyses of the mouse liver tissue largely corroborated the observations in vitro, especially along with reduced protein expression of PPARα and FGF21. Conclusion: Collectively, these results suggest that dysregulation in FADS1 alters liver lipid homeostasis in the liver by down-regulating the PPARα-FGF21 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaminie Athinarayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex DiseasesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
| | - Evelyn Callaway
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex DiseasesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Defeng Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex DiseasesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA.,Texas A&M Center for Environmental Health ResearchTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA.,Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA.,Department of PharmacologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
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13
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Sarparast M, Dattmore D, Alan J, Lee KSS. Cytochrome P450 Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3523. [PMID: 33207662 PMCID: PMC7696575 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the aging population in the world, neurodegenerative diseases have become a serious public health issue that greatly impacts patients' quality of life and adds a huge economic burden. Even after decades of research, there is no effective curative treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have become an emerging dietary medical intervention for health maintenance and treatment of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Recent research demonstrated that the oxidized metabolites, particularly the cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolites, of PUFAs are beneficial to several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease; however, their mechanism(s) remains unclear. The endogenous levels of CYP metabolites are greatly affected by our diet, endogenous synthesis, and the downstream metabolism. While the activity of omega-3 (ω-3) CYP PUFA metabolites and omega-6 (ω-6) CYP PUFA metabolites largely overlap, the ω-3 CYP PUFA metabolites are more active in general. In this review, we will briefly summarize recent findings regarding the biosynthesis and metabolism of CYP PUFA metabolites. We will also discuss the potential mechanism(s) of CYP PUFA metabolites in neurodegeneration, which will ultimately improve our understanding of how PUFAs affect neurodegeneration and may identify potential drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Sarparast
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Devon Dattmore
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Jamie Alan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Kin Sing Stephen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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14
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Schindler M, Dannenberger D, Nuernberg G, Pendzialek M, Grybel K, Seeling T, Navarrete Santos A. Embryonic fatty acid metabolism in diabetic pregnancy: the difference between embryoblasts and trophoblasts. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:837-849. [PMID: 32979266 PMCID: PMC7751147 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first days of development the preimplantation embryo is supplied with nutrients from the surrounding milieu. Maternal diabetes mellitus affects the uterine microenvironment, leading to a metabolic adaptation processes in the embryo. We analysed embryonic fatty acid (FA) profiles and expression of processing genes in rabbit blastocysts, separately in embryoblasts (EBs) and trophoblasts (TBs), to determine the potential consequences of maternal diabetes mellitus on intracellular FA metabolism. Insulin-dependent diabetes was induced by alloxan in female rabbits. On Day 6 post coitum, FA profiles in blastocysts (EB, TB and blastocoel fluid) and maternal blood were analysed by gas chromatography. The expression levels of molecules involved in FA elongation (fatty acid elongases, ELOVLs) and desaturation (fatty acid desaturases, FADSs) were measured in EB and TB. Maternal diabetes mellitus influenced the FA profile in maternal plasma and blastocysts. Independent from metabolic changes, rabbit blastocysts contained a higher level of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and a lower level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) compared to the FA profile of the maternal plasma. Furthermore, the FA profile was altered in the EB and TB, differently. While SFAs (palmitic and stearic acid) were elevated in EB of diabetic rabbits, PUFAs, such as docosahexaenoic acid, were decreased. In contrast, in the TB, lower levels of SFAs and higher levels of oleic acid were observed. EB and TB specific alterations in gene expression were found for ELOVLs and FADSs, key enzymes for FA elongation and desaturation. In conclusion, maternal diabetes mellitus alters embryonic FA metabolism differently in EB and TB, indicating a lineage-specific metabolic adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University, Faculty of Medicine, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Lipid Metabolism and Muscular Adaptation Workgroup, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth and Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Nuernberg
- Lipid Metabolism and Muscular Adaptation Workgroup, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth and Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Mareike Pendzialek
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University, Faculty of Medicine, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katarzyna Grybel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University, Faculty of Medicine, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tom Seeling
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University, Faculty of Medicine, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anne Navarrete Santos
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University, Faculty of Medicine, Halle (Saale), Germany
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15
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Harayama T, Shimizu T. Roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids, from mediators to membranes. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1150-1160. [PMID: 32487545 PMCID: PMC7397749 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r120000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PUFAs, such as AA and DHA, are recognized as important biomolecules, but understanding their precise roles and modes of action remains challenging. PUFAs are precursors for a plethora of signaling lipids, for which knowledge about synthetic pathways and receptors has accumulated. However, due to their extreme diversity and the ambiguity concerning the identity of their cognate receptors, the roles of PUFA-derived signaling lipids require more investigation. In addition, PUFA functions cannot be explained just as lipid mediator precursors because they are also critical for the regulation of membrane biophysical properties. The presence of PUFAs in membrane lipids also affects the functions of transmembrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins. Although the roles of PUFAs as membrane lipid building blocks were difficult to analyze, the discovery of lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs), which are critical for their incorporation, advanced our understanding. Recent studies unveiled how LPLATs affect PUFA levels in membrane lipids, and their genetic manipulation became an excellent strategy to study the roles of PUFA-containing lipids. In this review, we will provide an overview of metabolic pathways regulating PUFAs as lipid mediator precursors and membrane components and update recent progress about their functions. Some issues to be solved for future research will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Harayama
- Department of Biochemistry and National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan and Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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16
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Garcia-Villatoro EL, DeLuca JAA, Callaway ES, Allred KF, Davidson LA, Hensel ME, Menon R, Ivanov I, Safe SH, Jayaraman A, Chapkin RS, Allred CD. Effects of high-fat diet and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor deletion on colon carcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G451-G463. [PMID: 31905023 PMCID: PMC7137094 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00268.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat diet has been associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the effects of the interaction between dietary fat content and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) on colorectal carcinogenesis remain unclear. Mainly known for its role in xenobiotic metabolism, AhR has been identified as an important regulator for maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Although previous research using whole body AhR knockout mice has revealed an increased incidence of colon and cecal tumors, the unique role of AhR activity in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and modifying effects of fat content in the diet at different stages of sporadic CRC development are yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we have examined the effects of a high-fat diet on IEC-specific AhR knockout mice in a model of sporadic CRC. Although loss of AhR activity in IECs significantly induced the development of premalignant lesions, in a separate experiment, no significant changes in colon mass incidence were observed. Moreover, consumption of a high-fat diet promoted cell proliferation in crypts at the premalignant colon cancer lesion stage and colon mass multiplicity as well as β-catenin expression and nuclear localization in actively proliferating cells in colon masses. Our data demonstrate the modifying effects of high-fat diet and AhR deletion in IECs on tumor initiation and progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Through the use of an intestinal-specific aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) knockout mouse model, this study demonstrates that the expression of AhR in intestinal epithelial cells is required to reduce the formation of premalignant colon cancer lesions. Furthermore, consumption of a high-fat diet and the loss of AhR in intestinal epithelial cells influences the development of colorectal cancer at various stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A. A. DeLuca
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Evelyn S. Callaway
- 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Kimberly F. Allred
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Laurie A. Davidson
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas,3Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Martha E. Hensel
- 4Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Rani Menon
- 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- 5Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Stephen H. Safe
- 5Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas,3Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Clinton D. Allred
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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17
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Pan G, Cavalli M, Carlsson B, Skrtic S, Kumar C, Wadelius C. rs953413 Regulates Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism by Modulating ELOVL2 Expression. iScience 2020; 23:100808. [PMID: 31928966 PMCID: PMC7033636 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) influence human health in several areas, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cancer. ELOVL2 encodes one of the key enzymes in the in vivo synthesis of LC-PUFAs from their precursors. Variants near ELOVL2 have repeatedly been associated with levels of LC-PUFA-derived metabolites in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but the mechanisms behind these observations remain poorly defined. In this study, we found that rs953413, located in the first intron of ELOVL2, lies within a functional FOXA and HNF4α cooperative binding site. The G allele of rs953413 increases binding of FOXA1/FOXA2 and HNF4α to an evolutionarily conserved enhancer element, conferring allele-specific upregulation of the rs953413-associated gene ELOVL2. The expression of ELOVL2 was significantly downregulated by both FOXA1 and HNF4α knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated direct mutation to the enhancer element. Our results suggest that rs953413 regulates LC-PUFAs metabolism by altering ELOVL2 expression through FOXA1/FOXA2 and HNF4α cooperation. rs953413 resides in an evolutionarily conserved enhancer region rs953413 mediates the cooperative binding of FOXA and HNF4α to the enhancer region The rs953413 locus plays a key role in regulating ELOVL2 expression rs953413 is implicated in PUFA metabolism by regulating ELOVL2 expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marco Cavalli
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Carlsson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca AB, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chanchal Kumar
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (KI/AZ ICMC), Department of Medicine, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Claes Wadelius
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Desterke C, Chiappini F. Lipid Related Genes Altered in NASH Connect Inflammation in Liver Pathogenesis Progression to HCC: A Canonical Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225594. [PMID: 31717414 PMCID: PMC6888337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming a public health problem worldwide. While the number of research studies on NASH progression rises every year, sometime their findings are controversial. To identify the most important and commonly described findings related to NASH progression, we used an original bioinformatics, integrative, text-mining approach that combines PubMed database querying and available gene expression omnibus dataset. We have identified a signature of 25 genes that are commonly found to be dysregulated during steatosis progression to NASH and cancer. These genes are implicated in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cancer. They are functionally connected, forming the basis necessary for steatosis progression to NASH and further progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We also show that five of the identified genes have genome alterations present in HCC patients. The patients with these genes associated to genome alteration are associated with a poor prognosis. In conclusion, using an integrative literature- and data-mining approach, we have identified and described a canonical pathway underlying progression of NASH. Other parameters (e.g., polymorphisms) can be added to this pathway that also contribute to the progression of the disease to cancer. This work improved our understanding of the molecular basis of NASH progression and will help to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Chiappini
- Laboratoire Croissance, Régénération, Réparation et Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET)/ EAC CNRS 7149, Univ Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), F-94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-45177080; Fax: +33-(0)1-45171816
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19
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Ménégaut L, Jalil A, Thomas C, Masson D. Macrophage fatty acid metabolism and atherosclerosis: The rise of PUFAs. Atherosclerosis 2019; 291:52-61. [PMID: 31693943 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Among the pathways involved in the regulation of macrophage functions, the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids is central. Indeed, unsaturated fatty acids act as precursors of bioactive molecules such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, resolvins and related compounds. As components of phospholipids, they have a pivotal role in cell biology by regulating membrane fluidity and membrane-associated cellular processes. Finally, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are also endowed with ligand properties for numerous membrane or nuclear receptors. Although myeloid cells are dependent on the metabolic context for the uptake of essential FAs, recent studies showed that these cells autonomously handle the synthesis of n-3 and n-6 long chain PUFAs such as arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Moreover, targeting PUFA metabolism in macrophages influences pathological processes, including atherosclerosis, by modulating macrophage functions. Omics evidence also supports a role for macrophage PUFA metabolism in the development of cardiometabolic diseases in humans. Currently, there is a renewed interest in the role of n-3/n-6 PUFAs and their oxygenated derivatives in the onset of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. Purified n-3 FA supplementation appears as a potential strategy in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the ability of immune cells to handle and to synthesize very long chain PUFA must absolutely be integrated and better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ménégaut
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, F-21000, Dijon, France; FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Antoine Jalil
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, F-21000, Dijon, France; FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Charles Thomas
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, F-21000, Dijon, France; FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - David Masson
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, F-21000, Dijon, France; FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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20
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Takagahara S, Shinohara H, Itokawa S, Satomi Y, Ando A, Yamamoto T, Suzuki H, Fujimoto T, Kubo K, Ikeda S. A Novel Orally Available Delta-5 Desaturase Inhibitor Prevents Atherosclerotic Lesions Accompanied by Changes in Fatty Acid Composition and Eicosanoid Production in ApoE Knockout Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:290-298. [PMID: 31488602 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D), encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (Fads1), is the rate-limiting enzyme for the conversion from dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid (AA) in the ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid pathway. Several AA-derived eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes) and DGLA-derived eicosanoids are reported to promote and/or prevent atherosclerosis progression through, at least in part, its proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects. To elucidate the effects of D5D inhibition by a D5D inhibitor on atherosclerosis, we generated a potent, orally available and selective D5D inhibitor, 2-(2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropoxy)-3-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) phenyl]-5,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4,6-dione, compound-326, and examined its effects on Western-diet fed ApoE knockout (KO) mice. Oral administration of compound-326 (3-10 mg/kg per day for 15 weeks) significantly inhibited the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta without affecting plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Compound-326 significantly decreased AA levels, while it increased DGLA levels in the liver and the blood accompanied by decreases in AA-derived eicosanoid production and increases in DGLA-derived eicosanoid production from the blood cells. We conclude that compound-326 prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Western-diet fed ApoE KO mice by modulating a profile of eicosanoid production, suggesting that D5D inhibitors can be a novel remedy for preventing atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular events. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study shows a D5D-specific and orally available potent inhibitor provided the first evidence to support the concept that D5D inhibitors will be a novel remedy for preventing the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Takagahara
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shinohara
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Itokawa
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Satomi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ando
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujimoto
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kubo
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shota Ikeda
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit (S.T., H.Sh, S.I., T.Y., H.Su, T.F., K.K., S.I.) and Integrated Technology Research Laboratories (Y.S., A.A.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Synergistic Effects of DHA and Sucrose on Body Weight Gain in PUFA-Deficient Elovl2 -/- Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040852. [PMID: 30991731 PMCID: PMC6520711 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is implicated in the regulation of both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Thus, we questioned whether dietary DHA and low or high content of sucrose impact on metabolism in mice deficient for elongation of very long-chain fatty acids 2 (ELOVL2), an enzyme involved in the endogenous DHA synthesis. We found that Elovl2 -/- mice fed a high-sucrose DHA-enriched diet followed by the high sucrose, high fat challenge significantly increased body weight. This diet affected the triglyceride rich lipoprotein fraction of plasma lipoproteins and changed the expression of several genes involved in lipid metabolism in a white adipose tissue. Our findings suggest that lipogenesis in mammals is synergistically influenced by DHA dietary and sucrose content.
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22
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Bae SH, Jo A, Park JH, Lim CW, Choi Y, Oh J, Park JM, Kong T, Weissleder R, Lee H, Moon J. Bioassay for monitoring the anti-aging effect of cord blood treatment. Theranostics 2019; 9:1-10. [PMID: 30662549 PMCID: PMC6332798 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Treating aged animals with plasma of an early developmental stage (e.g, umbilical cord plasma) showed an impressive potential to slow age-associated degradation of neuronal and cognitive functions. Translating such findings to clinical realities, however, requires effective ways for assessing treatment efficacy; ideal methods should be minimally invasive, amenable for serial assays, cost-effective, and quantitative. Methods: We developed a new biosensor approach to monitor anti-aging therapy. We advanced two key sensor components: i) a blood-borne metabolite was identified as a surrogate aging-marker; and ii) a compact and cost-effective assay system was developed for on-site applications. We treated aged mice either with human umbilical cord plasma or saline; unbiased metabolite profiling on mouse plasma revealed arachidonic acid (AA) as a potent indicator associated with anti-aging effect. We next implemented a competitive magneto-electrochemical sensor (cMES) optimized for AA detection directly from plasma. The developed platform could detect AA directly from small volumes of plasma (0.5 µL) within 1.5 hour. Results: cMES assays confirmed a strong correlation between AA levels and anti-aging effect: AA levels, while decreasing with aging, increased in the plasma-treated aged mice which also showed improved learning and memory performance. Conclusions: The cMES platform will empower both pre- and clinical anti-aging research by enabling minimally invasive, longitudinal treatment surveillance; these capacities will accelerate the development of anti-aging therapies, improving the quality of individual lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ala Jo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jae Hyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Oh
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ji-Min Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - TaeHo Kong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jisook Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
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23
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Rioux V, Legrand P. Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 (FADS3) Is a Specific ∆13-Desaturase of Ruminant trans-Vaccenic Acid. Lifestyle Genom 2019; 12:18-24. [PMID: 32911476 DOI: 10.1159/000502356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian species, the Fatty Acid Desaturase (FADS) gene cluster includes FADS1 (∆5-desaturase), FADS2 (∆6-desaturase), and a third gene member, named FADS3. According to its high degree of nucleotide sequence homology with both FADS1and FADS2, FADS3 was promptly suspected by researchers in the field to code for a new mammalian membrane-bound fatty acid desaturase. However, no catalytic activity was attributed to the FADS3 protein for a decade, until the rat FADS3 protein was shown in vitro to be able to catalyze the unexpected ∆13-desaturation of trans-vaccenic acid, producing the trans11,cis13-conjugated linoleic acid isomer. This review summarizes the recent investigations establishing the FADS3 enzyme as a reliable mammalian trans-vaccenate ∆13-desaturase in vivo and tries to identify further unresolved issues that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rioux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France,
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
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24
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Genetic determinants of co-accessible chromatin regions in activated T cells across humans. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1140-1150. [PMID: 29988122 PMCID: PMC6097927 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over 90% of genetic variants associated with complex human traits map to non-coding regions, but little is understood about how they modulate gene regulation in health and disease. One possible mechanism is that genetic variants affect the activity of one or more cis-regulatory elements leading to gene expression variation in specific cell types. To identify such cases, we analyzed ATAC-seq and RNA-seq profiles from stimulated primary CD4+ T cells in up to 105 healthy donors. We found that regions of accessible chromatin (ATAC-peaks) are co-accessible at kilobase and megabase resolution, consistent with the three-dimensional chromatin organization measured by in situ Hi-C in T cells. Fifteen percent of genetic variants located within ATAC-peaks affected the accessibility of the corresponding peak (local-ATAC-QTLs). Local-ATAC-QTLs have the largest effects on co-accessible peaks, are associated with gene expression and are enriched for autoimmune disease variants. Our results provide insights into how natural genetic variants modulate cis-regulatory elements, in isolation or in concert, to influence gene expression.
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25
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Das UN. Ageing: Is there a role for arachidonic acid and other bioactive lipids? A review. J Adv Res 2018; 11:67-79. [PMID: 30034877 PMCID: PMC6052661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is inevitable. Recent studies suggest that it could be delayed. Low-grade systemic inflammation is seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction that are common with increasing age. In all these conditions, an alteration in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is seen in the form of increased formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and decreased production of anti-inflammatory lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins and decreased activity of desaturases. Calorie restriction, exercise and parabiosis delay age-related changes that could be related to enhanced proliferation of stem cells, decrease in inflammation and transfer of GDF-11 (growth differentiation factor-11) and other related molecules from the young to the old, increase in the formation of lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins and maresins, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO); inhibition of ageing-related hypothalamic or brain IKK-β and NF-kB activation, decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release resulting in increased neurogenesis and consequent decelerated ageing. This suggests that hypothalamus participates in ageing process. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and lipid-derived signalling molecules can be tuned favorably under dietary restriction to extend lifespan and/or prevent advanced age associated diseases in an mTOR dependent pathway manner. Sulfur amino acid (SAA) restriction increased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production and protected tissues from hypoxia and tissue damage. Anti-inflammatory metabolites formed from AA such as LXA4, resolvins, protectins and maresins enhance production of NO, CO, H2S; suppress NF-kB expression and alter mTOR expression and thus, may aid in delaying ageing process. Dietary restriction and exercise enhance AA metabolism to form LXA4, resolvins, protectins and maresins that have anti-inflammatory actions. AA and their metabolites also influence stem cell biology, enhance neurogenesis to improve memory and augment autophagy to prolong life span. Thus, AA and other PUFAs and their anti-inflammatory metabolites inhibit inflammation, augment stem cell proliferation, restore to normal lipid-derived signaling molecules and NO and H2S production, enhance autophagy and prolong life span.
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26
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Gromovsky AD, Schugar RC, Brown AL, Helsley RN, Burrows AC, Ferguson D, Zhang R, Sansbury BE, Lee RG, Morton RE, Allende DS, Parks JS, Spite M, Brown JM. Δ-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase FADS1 Impacts Metabolic Disease by Balancing Proinflammatory and Proresolving Lipid Mediators. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:218-231. [PMID: 29074585 PMCID: PMC5746431 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human genetic variants near the FADS (fatty acid desaturase) gene cluster (FADS1-2-3) are strongly associated with cardiometabolic traits including dyslipidemia, fatty liver, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. However, mechanisms underlying these genetic associations are unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we specifically investigated the physiological role of the Δ-5 desaturase FADS1 in regulating diet-induced cardiometabolic phenotypes by treating hyperlipidemic LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor)-null mice with antisense oligonucleotides targeting the selective knockdown of Fads1. Fads1 knockdown resulted in striking reorganization of both ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and their associated proinflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators in a highly diet-specific manner. Loss of Fads1 activity promoted hepatic inflammation and atherosclerosis, yet was associated with suppression of hepatic lipogenesis. Fads1 knockdown in isolated macrophages promoted classic M1 activation, whereas suppressing alternative M2 activation programs, and also altered systemic and tissue inflammatory responses in vivo. Finally, the ability of Fads1 to reciprocally regulate lipogenesis and inflammation may rely in part on its role as an effector of liver X receptor signaling. CONCLUSIONS These results position Fads1 as an underappreciated regulator of inflammation initiation and resolution, and suggest that endogenously synthesized arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are key determinates of inflammatory disease progression and liver X receptor signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/enzymology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Arachidonic Acid/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dyslipidemias/enzymology
- Dyslipidemias/genetics
- Dyslipidemias/pathology
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism
- Fatty Acid Desaturases/genetics
- Fatty Acid Desaturases/metabolism
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lipogenesis
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver X Receptors/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Gromovsky
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Amanda L Brown
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Robert N Helsley
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Amy C Burrows
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Renliang Zhang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Brian E Sansbury
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Richard G Lee
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Richard E Morton
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Daniela S Allende
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - John S Parks
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - Matthew Spite
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.)
| | - J Mark Brown
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (A.D.G., R.C.S., A.L.B., R.N.H., A.C.B., D.F., R.Z., R.E.M., J.M.B.) and Department of Anatomical Pathology (D.S.A.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M.S.); Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (R.G.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.S.P.).
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Morrow NM, Huff MW. Knockdown of Δ-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase Is More Than Just a Fad. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:6-8. [PMID: 29282245 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadya M Morrow
- From the Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Murray W Huff
- From the Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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Abstract
Cell membrane fatty acids influence fundamental properties of the plasma membrane, including membrane fluidity, protein functionality, and lipid raft signalling. Evidence suggests that dietary n-3 PUFA may target the plasma membrane of immune cells by altering plasma membrane lipid dynamics, thereby regulating the attenuation of immune cell activation and suppression of inflammation. As lipid-based immunotherapy might be a promising new clinical strategy for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to examine the effects of n-3 PUFA on CD4+ T cell membrane order, mitochondrial bioenergetics and lymphoproliferation. n-3 PUFA were incorporated into human primary CD4+ T cells phospholipids in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in a reduction in whole cell membrane order, oxidative phosphorylation and proliferation. At higher doses, n-3 PUFA induced unique phase separation in T cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles. Similarly, in a short-term human pilot study, supplementation of fish oil (4 g n-3 PUFA/d) for 6 weeks in healthy subjects significantly elevated EPA (20 : 5n-3) levels in CD4+ T cell membrane phospholipids, and reduced membrane lipid order. These results demonstrate that the dynamic reshaping of human CD4+ T cell plasma membrane organisation by n-3 PUFA may modulate down-stream clonal expansion.
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29
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Monk JM, Lepp D, Wu W, Graf D, McGillis LH, Hussain A, Carey C, Robinson LE, Liu R, Tsao R, Brummer Y, Tosh SM, Power KA. Chickpea-supplemented diet alters the gut microbiome and enhances gut barrier integrity in C57Bl/6 male mice. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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30
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Fujimoto J, Okamoto R, Noguchi N, Hara R, Masada S, Kawamoto T, Nagase H, Tamura YO, Imanishi M, Takagahara S, Kubo K, Tohyama K, Iida K, Andou T, Miyahisa I, Matsui J, Hayashi R, Maekawa T, Matsunaga N. Discovery of 3,5-Diphenyl-4-methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones as Novel, Potent, and Orally Available Δ-5 Desaturase (D5D) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8963-8981. [PMID: 29023121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and optimization of Δ-5 desaturase (D5D) inhibitors are described. Investigation of the 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one scaffold was inspired by a pharmacophore model constructed from the common features of several hit compounds, resulting in the identification of 3,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one 5h as a novel lead showing potent in vitro activity. Subsequent optimization focused on the modification of two metabolic sites, which provided (4S,5S)-5i, a derivative with improved metabolic stability. Moreover, adding a substituent into the upper phenyl moiety further enhanced the intrinsic activity, which led to the discovery of 5-[(4S,5S)-5-(4fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile (4S,5S)-5n, endowed with excellent D5D binding affinity, cellular activity, and high oral bioavailability in a mouse. It exhibited robust in vivo hepatic arachidonic acid/dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ratio reduction (a target engagement marker) in an atherosclerosis mouse model. Finally, an asymmetric synthetic procedure for this compound was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fujimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Masada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yumiko Okano Tamura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Imanishi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Takagahara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kubo
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Iida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Andou
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Miyahisa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Junji Matsui
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryouta Hayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matsunaga
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Zhang JY, Qin X, Liang A, Kim E, Lawrence P, Park WJ, Kothapalli KSD, Brenna JT. Fads3 modulates docosahexaenoic acid in liver and brain. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 123:25-32. [PMID: 28838557 PMCID: PMC5609706 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase 3 (FADS3) is the third member of the FADS gene cluster. FADS1 and FADS2 code for enzymes required for highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) biosynthesis, but FADS3 function remains elusive. We generated the first Fads3 knockout (KO) mouse with an aim to characterize its metabolic phenotype and clues to in vivo function. All mice (wild type (WT) and KO) were fed facility rodent chow devoid of HUFA. No differences in overt phenotypes (survival, fertility, growth rate) were observed. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) levels in the brain of postnatal day 1 (P1) KO mice were lower than the WT (P < 0.05). The ratio of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) to DHA in P1 KO liver was higher than in WT suggesting lower desaturase activity. Concomitantly, 20:4n-6 was lower but its elongation product 22:4n-6 was greater in the liver of P1 KO mice. P1 KO liver Fads1 and Fads2 mRNA levels were significantly downregulated whereas expression levels of elongation of very long chain 2 (Elovl2) and Elovl5 genes were upregulated compared to age-matched WT. No Δ13-desaturation of vaccenic acid was observed in liver or heart in WT mice expressing FADS3 as was reported in vitro. Taken together, the fatty acid compositional results suggest that Fads3 enhances liver-mediated 22:6n-3 synthesis to support brain 22:6n-3 accretion before and during the brain growth spurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yao Zhang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xia Qin
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Allison Liang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ellen Kim
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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32
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Chénard T, Guénard F, Vohl MC, Carpentier A, Tchernof A, Najmanovich RJ. Remodeling adipose tissue through in silico modulation of fat storage for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:60. [PMID: 28606124 PMCID: PMC5468946 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is one of the leading non-infectious diseases worldwide and closely relates to excess adipose tissue accumulation as seen in obesity. Specifically, hypertrophic expansion of adipose tissues is related to increased cardiometabolic risk leading to type 2 diabetes. Studying mechanisms underlying adipocyte hypertrophy could lead to the identification of potential targets for the treatment of these conditions. RESULTS We present iTC1390adip, a highly curated metabolic network of the human adipocyte presenting various improvements over the previously published iAdipocytes1809. iTC1390adip contains 1390 genes, 4519 reactions and 3664 metabolites. We validated the network obtaining 92.6% accuracy by comparing experimental gene essentiality in various cell lines to our predictions of biomass production. Using flux balance analysis under various test conditions, we predict the effect of gene deletion on both lipid droplet and biomass production, resulting in the identification of 27 genes that could reduce adipocyte hypertrophy. We also used expression data from visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues to compare the effect of single gene deletions between adipocytes from each compartment. CONCLUSIONS We generated a highly curated metabolic network of the human adipose tissue and used it to identify potential targets for adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction leading to the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Chénard
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Frédéric Guénard
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.,School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - André Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Rafael J Najmanovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Gertsch J. Cannabimimetic phytochemicals in the diet - an evolutionary link to food selection and metabolic stress adaptation? Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1464-1483. [PMID: 27891602 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a major lipid signalling network that plays important pro-homeostatic (allostatic) roles not only in the nervous system but also in peripheral organs. There is increasing evidence that there is a dietary component in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors in hominids co-evolved with diet, and the ECS constitutes a feedback loop for food selection and energy metabolism. Here, it is postulated that the mismatch of ancient lipid genes of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists with the high-carbohydrate diet introduced by agriculture could be compensated for via dietary modulation of the ECS. In addition to the fatty acid precursors of endocannabinoids, the potential role of dietary cannabimimetic phytochemicals in agriculturist nutrition is discussed. Dietary secondary metabolites from vegetables and spices able to enhance the activity of cannabinoid-type 2 (CB2 ) receptors may provide adaptive metabolic advantages and counteract inflammation. In contrast, chronic CB1 receptor activation in hedonic obese individuals may enhance pathophysiological processes related to hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hepatorenal inflammation and cardiometabolic risk. Food able to modulate the CB1 /CB2 receptor activation ratio may thus play a role in the nutrition transition of Western high-calorie diets. In this review, the interplay between diet and the ECS is highlighted from an evolutionary perspective. The emerging potential of cannabimimetic food as a nutraceutical strategy is critically discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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34
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Miyahisa I, Suzuki H, Mizukami A, Tanaka Y, Ono M, Hixon MS, Matsui J. T-3364366 Targets the Desaturase Domain of Delta-5 Desaturase with Nanomolar Potency and a Multihour Residence Time. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:868-72. [PMID: 27660693 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) catalyzes the conversion from dihomo-gamma linoleic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid (AA). DGLA and AA are common precursors of anti- and pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, respectively, making D5D an attractive drug target for inflammatory-related diseases. Despite several reports on D5D inhibitors, their biochemical mechanisms of action (MOAs) remain poorly understood, primarily due to the difficulty in performing quantitative enzymatic analysis. Herein, we report a radioligand binding assay to overcome this challenge and characterized T-3364366, a thienopyrimidinone D5D inhibitor, by use of the assay. T-3364366 is a reversible, slow-binding inhibitor with a dissociation half-life in excess of 2.0 h. The long residence time was confirmed in cellular washout assays. Domain swapping experiments between D5D and D6D support [(3)H]T-3364366 binding to the desaturase domain of D5D. The present study is the first to demonstrate biochemical MOA of desaturase inhibitors, providing important insight into drug discovery of desaturase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Miyahisa
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizukami
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiya Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Midori Ono
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mark S. Hixon
- Takeda California Inc., 10410
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Junji Matsui
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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35
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Fan YY, Callaway E, M Monk J, S Goldsby J, Yang P, Vincent L, S Chapkin R. A New Model to Study the Role of Arachidonic Acid in Colon Cancer Pathophysiology. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:750-7. [PMID: 27339171 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant increase in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) gene expression has been shown to promote cylcooxygenase-dependent colon cancer development. Controversy associated with the role of COX2 inhibitors indicates that additional work is needed to elucidate the effects of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived (cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase) eicosanoids in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. We have recently developed a novel Fads1 knockout mouse model that allows for the investigation of AA-dependent eicosanoid deficiency without the complication of essential fatty acid deficiency. Interestingly, the survival rate of Fads1-null mice is severely compromised after 2 months on a semi-purified AA-free diet, which precludes long-term chemoprevention studies. Therefore, in this study, dietary AA levels were titrated to determine the minimal level required for survival, while maintaining a distinct AA-deficient phenotype. Null mice supplemented with AA (0.1%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 2.0%, w/w) in the diet exhibited a dose-dependent increase (P < 0.05) in AA, PGE2, 6-keto PGF1α, TXB2, and EdU-positive proliferative cells in the colon. In subsequent experiments, null mice supplemented with 0.6% AA diet were injected with a colon-specific carcinogen (azoxymethane) in order to assess cancer susceptibility. Null mice exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) reduced levels/multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as compared with wild-type sibling littermate control mice. These data indicate that (i) basal/minimal dietary AA supplementation (0.6%) expands the utility of the Fads1-null mouse model for long-term cancer prevention studies and (ii) that AA content in the colonic epithelium modulates colon cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res; 9(9); 750-7. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Evelyn Callaway
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jennifer M Monk
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jennifer S Goldsby
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Logan Vincent
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, College Station, Texas.
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36
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Monk JM, Liddle DM, Cohen DJ, Tsang DH, Hillyer LM, Abdelmagid SA, Nakamura MT, Power KA, Ma DW, Robinson LE. The delta 6 desaturase knock out mouse reveals that immunomodulatory effects of essential n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are both independent of and dependent upon conversion. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 32:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hadley KB, Ryan AS, Forsyth S, Gautier S, Salem N. The Essentiality of Arachidonic Acid in Infant Development. Nutrients 2016; 8:216. [PMID: 27077882 PMCID: PMC4848685 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) is an n-6 polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid formed by the biosynthesis from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6). This review considers the essential role that ARA plays in infant development. ARA is always present in human milk at a relatively fixed level and is accumulated in tissues throughout the body where it serves several important functions. Without the provision of preformed ARA in human milk or infant formula the growing infant cannot maintain ARA levels from synthetic pathways alone that are sufficient to meet metabolic demand. During late infancy and early childhood the amount of dietary ARA provided by solid foods is low. ARA serves as a precursor to leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes, collectively known as eicosanoids which are important for immunity and immune response. There is strong evidence based on animal and human studies that ARA is critical for infant growth, brain development, and health. These studies also demonstrate the importance of balancing the amounts of ARA and DHA as too much DHA may suppress the benefits provided by ARA. Both ARA and DHA have been added to infant formulas and follow-on formulas for more than two decades. The amounts and ratios of ARA and DHA needed in infant formula are discussed based on an in depth review of the available scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Hadley
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Alan S Ryan
- Clinical Research Consulting, 9809 Halston Manor, Boynton Beach, FL 33473, USA.
| | - Stewart Forsyth
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
| | - Sheila Gautier
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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38
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Mechanistically linked serum miRNAs distinguish between drug induced and fatty liver disease of different grades. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23709. [PMID: 27045805 PMCID: PMC4820692 DOI: 10.1038/srep23709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is characterised by excessive triglyceride accumulation in the form of lipid droplets (LD); however, mechanisms differ in drug induced (DIS) and/or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we hypothesized distinct molecular circuits of microRNA/LD-associated target genes and searched for mechanistically linked serum and tissue biomarkers that would distinguish between DIS and human NAFLD of different grades. We analysed >800 rat hepatic whole genome data for 17 steatotic drugs and identified 157 distinct miRNAs targeting 77 DIS regulated genes. Subsequently, genomic data of N = 105 cases of human NAFLD and N = 32 healthy controls were compared to serum miRNA profiles of N = 167 NAFLD patients. This revealed N = 195 tissue-specific miRNAs being mechanistically linked to LD-coding genes and 24 and 9 miRNAs were commonly regulated in serum and tissue of advanced and mild NAFLD, respectively. The NASH serum regulated miRNAs informed on hepatic inflammation, adipocytokine and insulin signalling, ER-and caveolae associated activities and altered glycerolipid metabolism. Conversely, serum miRNAs associated with blunt steatosis specifically highlighted activity of FOXO1&HNF4α on CPT2, the lipid droplet and ER-lipid-raft associated PLIN3 and Erlin1. Altogether, serum miRNAs informed on the molecular pathophysiology of NAFLD and permitted differentiation between DIS and NAFLD of different grades.
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Zhang JY, Kothapalli KS, Brenna JT. Desaturase and elongase-limiting endogenous long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:103-10. [PMID: 26828581 PMCID: PMC4768719 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endogenous synthesis of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) is mediated by the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster (11q12-13.1) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids 2 (ELOVL2) (6p24.2) and ELOVL5 (6p12.1). Although older biochemical work identified the product of one gene, FADS2, rate limiting for LCPUFA synthesis, recent studies suggest that polymorphisms in any of these genes can limit accumulation of product LCPUFA. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of Greenland Inuit shows strong adaptation signals within FADS gene cluster, attributed to high omega-3 fatty acid intake, while GWAS found ELOVL2 associated with sleep duration, age and DNA methylation. ELOVL5 coding mutations cause spinocerebellar ataxia 38, and epigenetic marks were associated with depression and suicide risk. Two sterol response element binding sites were found on ELOVL5, a SREBP-1c target gene. Minor allele carriers of a 3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotype in ELOVL2 have decreased 22 : 6n-3 levels. Unequivocal molecular evidence shows mammalian FADS2 catalyzes direct Δ4-desaturation to yield 22 : 6n-3 and 22 : 5n-6. An SNP near FADS1 influences the levels of 5-lipoxygenase products and epigenetic alteration. SUMMARY Genetic polymorphisms within FADS and ELOVL can limit LCPUFA product accumulation at any step of the biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Corresponding author: J. Thomas Brenna, voice (607) 255-9182, fax (607) 255-1033,
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Akagi S, Kono N, Ariyama H, Shindou H, Shimizu T, Arai H. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 protects against cytotoxicity induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids. FASEB J 2016; 30:2027-39. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Akagi
- Department of Health ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Ariyama
- Department of Health ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid SignalingResearch InstituteNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development‐Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (AMED‐CREST)TokyoJapan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid SignalingResearch InstituteNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of LipidomicsGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development‐Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (AMED‐CREST)TokyoJapan
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Quantitative analysis of arachidonic acid, endocannabinoids, N- acylethanolamines and steroids in biological samples by LCMS/MS: Fit to purpose. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lee JM, Lee H, Kang S, Park WJ. Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010023. [PMID: 26742061 PMCID: PMC4728637 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be critical nutrients to regulate human health and development, and numerous fatty acid desaturases play key roles in synthesizing PUFAs. Given the lack of delta-12 and -15 desaturases and the low levels of conversion to PUFAs, humans must consume some omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in their diet. Many studies on fatty acid desaturases as well as PUFAs have shown that fatty acid desaturase genes are closely related to different human physiological conditions. Since the first front-end desaturases from cyanobacteria were cloned, numerous desaturase genes have been identified and animals and plants have been genetically engineered to produce PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Recently, a biotechnological approach has been used to develop clinical treatments for human physiological conditions, including cancers and neurogenetic disorders. Thus, understanding the functions and regulation of PUFAs associated with human health and development by using biotechnology may facilitate the engineering of more advanced PUFA production and provide new insights into the complexity of fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Hyungjae Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea.
| | - SeokBeom Kang
- Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Seogwipo 63607, Korea.
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea.
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Powell DR, Gay JP, Smith M, Wilganowski N, Harris A, Holland A, Reyes M, Kirkham L, Kirkpatrick LL, Zambrowicz B, Hansen G, Platt KA, van Sligtenhorst I, Ding ZM, Desai U. Fatty acid desaturase 1 knockout mice are lean with improved glycemic control and decreased development of atheromatous plaque. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2016; 9:185-99. [PMID: 27382320 PMCID: PMC4922822 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s106653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and delta-6 desaturase (D6D), encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and FADS2 genes, respectively, are enzymes in the synthetic pathways for ω3, ω6, and ω9 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Although PUFAs appear to be involved in mammalian metabolic pathways, the physiologic effect of isolated D5D deficiency on these pathways is unclear. After generating >4,650 knockouts (KOs) of independent mouse genes and analyzing them in our high-throughput phenotypic screen, we found that Fads1 KO mice were among the leanest of 3,651 chow-fed KO lines analyzed for body composition and were among the most glucose tolerant of 2,489 high-fat-diet-fed KO lines analyzed by oral glucose tolerance test. In confirmatory studies, chow- or high-fat-diet-fed Fads1 KO mice were leaner than wild-type (WT) littermates; when data from multiple cohorts of adult mice were combined, body fat was 38% and 31% lower in Fads1 male and female KO mice, respectively. Fads1 KO mice also had lower glucose and insulin excursions during oral glucose tolerance tests along with lower fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels. In additional studies using a vascular injury model, Fads1 KO mice had significantly decreased femoral artery intima/media ratios consistent with a decreased inflammatory response in their arterial wall. Based on this result, we bred Fads1 KO and WT mice onto an ApoE KO background and fed them a Western diet for 14 weeks; in this atherogenic environment, aortic trees of Fads1 KO mice had 40% less atheromatous plaque compared to WT littermates. Importantly, PUFA levels measured in brain and liver phospholipid fractions of Fads1 KO mice were consistent with decreased D5D activity and normal D6D activity. The beneficial metabolic phenotype demonstrated in Fads1 KO mice suggests that selective D5D inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of human obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Correspondence: David R Powell, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA, Tel +1 281 863 3060, Fax +1 281 863 8115, Email
| | - Jason P Gay
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Melinda Smith
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Angela Harris
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Autumn Holland
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Maricela Reyes
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Laura Kirkham
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Gwenn Hansen
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth A Platt
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Urvi Desai
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Du Y, Yan SM, Gu WY, He F, Huang LY, Li M, Yuan Y, Chen RH, Zhong Q, Li MZ, Li Y, Zeng MS. Decreased Expression of FADS1 Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:5089-94. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.12.5089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Hashidate-Yoshida T, Harayama T, Hishikawa D, Morimoto R, Hamano F, Tokuoka SM, Eto M, Tamura-Nakano M, Yanobu-Takanashi R, Mukumoto Y, Kiyonari H, Okamura T, Kita Y, Shindou H, Shimizu T. Fatty acid remodeling by LPCAT3 enriches arachidonate in phospholipid membranes and regulates triglyceride transport. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25898003 PMCID: PMC4436788 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in phospholipids affect the physical properties of membranes, but it is unclear which biological processes are influenced by their regulation. For example, the functions of membrane arachidonate that are independent of a precursor role for eicosanoid synthesis remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the lack of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3) leads to drastic reductions in membrane arachidonate levels, and that LPCAT3-deficient mice are neonatally lethal due to an extensive triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation and dysfunction in enterocytes. We found that high levels of PUFAs in membranes enable TGs to locally cluster in high density, and that this clustering promotes efficient TG transfer. We propose a model of local arachidonate enrichment by LPCAT3 to generate a distinct pool of TG in membranes, which is required for normal directionality of TG transfer and lipoprotein assembly in the liver and enterocytes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06328.001 Membranes made of molecules called lipids surround every living cell and also form compartments inside the cell. There are hundreds of different lipid molecules that can be found in membranes. The amount of each type within the membrane can vary, which affects the flexibility and other physical properties of the membrane. One type of lipid found in membranes is called arachidonic acid. It is involved in cell communication and other processes, and is required for young animals to grow and develop properly. An enzyme called LPCAT3 is thought to incorporate arachidonic acid into membranes, but this has not yet been proven to occur in living animals. Here, Hashidate-Yoshida, Harayama et al. studied the role of LPCAT3 in newborn mice. The experiments show that this enzyme is found at high levels in the intestine and liver. Mice that lacked LPCAT3 had much lower levels of arachidonic acid compared with normal mice. These mice also showed signs of severe intestinal damage due to the build up of lipids from their mother's milk, and died within a few days of being born. The mice that lacked LPCAT3 had different amounts of another type of lipid—called triacylglycerols—in their intestine and liver. Normally, these lipids would be assembled into larger molecules called lipoproteins that are released into the blood stream and used in the muscles and other parts of the body. However, Hashidate-Yoshida, Harayama et al. found that in the mice missing LPCAT3, the triacylglycerols did not get assembled into lipoproteins and so they accumulated inside the intestine and liver cells. The experiments also show that high levels of arachidonic acid and other similar lipids in the membrane enable triacylglycerol molecules to cluster together, which increases the production of lipoproteins. Hashidate-Yoshida, Harayama et al.'s findings suggest that LPCAT3 incorporates arachidonic acid into the membrane of intestine and liver cells, which enables triacylglycerols to be assembled into lipoproteins. The next challenge will be to find out if LPCAT3 is also important for the production of lipoproteins in humans. If it is, then developing new therapies that alter the activity of this enzyme might be beneficial for patients with abnormal levels of lipids in the blood (known as dyslipidemia). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06328.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Harayama
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hishikawa
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Hamano
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Eto
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwa Tamura-Nakano
- Communal Laboratory, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Yanobu-Takanashi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mukumoto
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Antagonizing arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids reduces inflammatory Th17 and Th1 cell-mediated inflammation and colitis severity. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:917149. [PMID: 25136149 PMCID: PMC4127240 DOI: 10.1155/2014/917149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During colitis, activation of two inflammatory T cell subsets, Th17 and Th1 cells, promotes ongoing intestinal inflammatory responses. n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid- (PUFA-) derived eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), promote Th17 cell-mediated inflammation, while n-3 PUFA antagonize both Th17 and Th1 cells and suppress PGE2 levels. We utilized two genetic mouse models, which differentially antagonize PGE2 levels, to examine the effect on Th17 cells and disease outcomes in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- (TNBS-) induced colitis. Fat-1 mice contain the ω3 desaturase gene from C. elegans and synthesize n-3 PUFA de novo, thereby reducing the biosynthesis of n-6 PUFA-derived eicosanoids. In contrast, Fads1 Null mice contain a disrupted Δ5 desaturase gene and produce lower levels of n-6 PUFA-derived eicosanoids. Compared to Wt littermates, Fat-1 and Fads1 Null mice exhibited a similar colitic phenotype characterized by reduced colonic mucosal inflammatory eicosanoid levels and mRNA expression of Th17 cell markers (IL-17A, RORγτ, and IL-23), decreased percentages of Th17 cells and, improved colon injury scores (P ≤ 0.05). Thus, during colitis, similar outcomes were obtained in two genetically distinct models, both of which antagonize PGE2 levels via different mechanisms. Our data highlight the critical impact of n-6 PUFA-derived eicosanoids in the promotion of Th17 cell-mediated colonic inflammation.
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Abstract
With the increasing concern for health and nutrition, dietary fat has attracted considerable attention. The composition of fatty acids in a diet is important since they are associated with major diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) requires the expression of dietary fat-associated genes, such as SCD, FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3, which encode a variety of desaturases, to catalyze the addition of a double bond in a fatty acid chain. Recent studies using new molecular techniques and genomics, as well as clinical trials have shown that these genes and UFA are closely related to physiological conditions and chronic diseases; it was found that the existence of alternative transcripts of the desaturase genes and desaturase isoforms might affect human health and lipid metabolism in different ways. In this review, we provide an overview of UFA and desaturases associated with human health and nutrition. Moreover, recent findings of UFA, desaturases, and their associated genes in human systems are discussed. Consequently, this review may help elucidate the complicated physiology of UFA in human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjae Lee
- 1 Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University , Cheonan, Korea
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48
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Tosi F, Sartori F, Guarini P, Olivieri O, Martinelli N. Delta-5 and Delta-6 Desaturases: Crucial Enzymes in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Related Pathways with Pleiotropic Influences in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:61-81. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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49
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Fan YY, Davidson LA, Callaway ES, Goldsby JS, Chapkin RS. Differential effects of 2- and 3-series E-prostaglandins on in vitro expansion of Lgr5+ colonic stem cells. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:606-12. [PMID: 24336194 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (20:4(Δ5,8,11,14), AA)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes colon cancer development. In contrast, chemoprotective n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplant AA, thereby decreasing PGE2 biosynthesis in colonocytes, with eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(Δ5,8,11,14,17), EPA) in particular being metabolized to a novel 3-series E-prostaglandin (PGE3), a putative anti-tumorigenic-cyclooxygenase metabolite. Because transformation of adult stem cells is an extremely important route toward initiating intestinal cancer, we utilized the leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)-enhanced green fluorescent protein-internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-creER(T2) knock-in mouse model to isolate and culture colonic organoids, in order to document ex vivo responses to exogenous PGE2 and PGE3. Colonic crypts were isolated from transgenic mice and cultured in a Matrigel-based three-dimensional platform. Organoids were treated with exogenous PGE2, PGE3 or dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle control) for 5 days and the number of viable organoids was recorded daily. Subsequently, samples were processed for immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and real-time PCR analyses. PGE2 promoted optimal organoid growth and induced significantly higher levels of cell proliferation (P < 0.05) compared with PGE3 and control. In contrast, the Lgr5-green fluorescent protein-positive stem cell number was uniquely elevated by >2-fold in PGE2-treated cultures compared with PGE3 and control. This coincided with the upregulation of stem-cell-related Sox9, Axin2 and Cd44 messenger RNAs. Our results demonstrate that relative to AA-derived PGE2, a known promoter of colon tumorigenesis, EPA-derived PGE3 has diminished ability to support colonic stem cell expansion in mouse colonic organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases
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O’Neil D, Mendez-Figueroa H, Mistretta TA, Su C, Lane RH, Aagaard KM. Dysregulation of Npas2 leads to altered metabolic pathways in a murine knockout model. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110:378-87. [PMID: 24067359 PMCID: PMC3874417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In our primate model of maternal high fat diet exposure, we have described that fetal epigenomic modifications to the peripheral circadian Npas2 are associated with persistent alterations in fetal hepatic metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver. As the interaction of circadian response with metabolism is not well understood, we employed a murine knockout model to characterize the molecular mechanisms with which Npas2 reprograms the fetal hepatic metabolic response. cDNA was generated from Npas2-/- and +/+ (wild type) livers at day 2 (newborn) and at 25 weeks (adult) of life. Newborn samples were analyzed by exon array (n = 3/cohort). Independent pathway analysis software determined that the primary dysregulated pathway(s) in the Npas2-/- animals uniformly converged on lipid metabolism. Of particular interest, Ppargc1a, which integrates circadian and metabolism pathways, was significantly (p < .01) over expressed in newborn (1.7 fold) and adult (1.8 fold) Npas2-/- animals. These findings are consistent with an essential role for Npas2 in programming the peripheral circadian response and hepatic metabolism, which has not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek O’Neil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030; USA
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030; USA
| | - Hector Mendez-Figueroa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030; USA
| | - Toni-Ann Mistretta
- Department of Pathology; Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030; USA
| | - Chunliu Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030; USA
| | - Robert H. Lane
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT, 84112; USA
| | - Kjersti M. Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030; USA
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030; USA
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