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Monedeiro F, Ehall B, Tiffner K, Eberl A, Svehlikova E, Prietl B, Pfeifer V, Senekowitsch J, Remm A, Rebane A, Magnes C, Pieber T, Sinner F, Birngruber T. Characterization of Inflammatory Mediators and Metabolome in Interstitial Fluid Collected with Dermal Open Flow Microperfusion before and at the End of Dupilumab Treatment in Atopic Dermatitis. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3496-3514. [PMID: 38986055 PMCID: PMC11304394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD); however, its effects on molecular, cellular, and immunological levels remain to be elucidated. In this study, blood and dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) from nonlesional (NL) and lesional (L) skin were collected from eight patients with moderate to severe AD, before (visit 2-v2) and at the end of a 16-week treatment with dupilumab (visit 10-v10). Clinical treatment effect was demonstrated by significantly decreased AD severity scores at the end of treatment. At v10 versus v2, the percentages of CD4+ interleukin-producing cells showed a decreasing trend in ISF L and NL, unbound IL-4 levels in plasma were increased, IL-5 levels in ISF L reduced, and levels of factors involved in anti-inflammatory pathways and re-epithelization increased. At v2, ISF L showed that AD lesions might have altered amino acid pathways and lipid signaling compared to ISF NL. At v10, ISF L exhibited raised levels of long- and very-long-chain fatty acids and lipids compared to v2. Furthermore, dupilumab administration caused reduced expression of miR-155-5p and miR-378a-3p in ISF L. In conclusion, results from the present study provided novel knowledge by linking local immune and metabolic alterations to AD pathogenesis and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Monedeiro
- HEALTH
− Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Barbara Ehall
- Division
of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical
University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria
- BioTechMed, Mozartgasse
12, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Katrin Tiffner
- HEALTH
− Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Anita Eberl
- HEALTH
− Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Eva Svehlikova
- Division
of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical
University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Barbara Prietl
- Division
of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical
University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed) GmbH, Stiftingtalstrasse 5, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Verena Pfeifer
- Division
of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical
University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed) GmbH, Stiftingtalstrasse 5, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Julia Senekowitsch
- Division
of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical
University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Anu Remm
- Institute
of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Biomeedikum, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute
of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Biomeedikum, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Christoph Magnes
- HEALTH
− Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Thomas Pieber
- HEALTH
− Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, Graz 8010, Austria
- Division
of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical
University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed) GmbH, Stiftingtalstrasse 5, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Frank Sinner
- HEALTH
− Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, Graz 8010, Austria
- Division
of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical
University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- HEALTH
− Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, Graz 8010, Austria
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2
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Choudhary V, Choudhary M, Bollag WB. Exploring Skin Wound Healing Models and the Impact of Natural Lipids on the Healing Process. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3790. [PMID: 38612601 PMCID: PMC11011291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex biological process involving a series of well-coordinated events aimed at restoring skin integrity and function. Various experimental models have been developed to study the mechanisms underlying skin wound repair and to evaluate potential therapeutic interventions. This review explores the diverse array of skin wound healing models utilized in research, ranging from rodent excisional wounds to advanced tissue engineering constructs and microfluidic platforms. More importantly, the influence of lipids on the wound healing process is examined, emphasizing their role in enhancing barrier function restoration, modulating inflammation, promoting cell proliferation, and promoting remodeling. Lipids, such as phospholipids, sphingolipids, and ceramides, play crucial roles in membrane structure, cell signaling, and tissue repair. Understanding the interplay between lipids and the wound microenvironment provides valuable insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for promoting efficient wound healing and tissue regeneration. This review highlights the significance of investigating skin wound healing models and elucidating the intricate involvement of lipids in the healing process, offering potential avenues for improving clinical outcomes in wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Mrunal Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.C.)
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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3
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Luo Y, Vivaldi Marrero E, Choudhary V, Bollag WB. Phosphatidylglycerol to Treat Chronic Skin Wounds in Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1497. [PMID: 37242739 PMCID: PMC10222993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review proposes the use of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) to enhance diabetic wound healing. Initially, the characteristics of diabetic wounds are examined, focusing on the epidermis. Hyperglycemia accompanying diabetes results in enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress in part through the generation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), in which glucose is conjugated to macromolecules. These AGEs activate inflammatory pathways; oxidative stress results from increased reactive oxygen species generation by mitochondria rendered dysfunctional by hyperglycemia. These factors work together to reduce the ability of keratinocytes to restore epidermal integrity, contributing to chronic diabetic wounds. DOPG has a pro-proliferative action on keratinocytes (through an unclear mechanism) and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on keratinocytes and the innate immune system by inhibiting the activation of Toll-like receptors. DOPG has also been found to enhance macrophage mitochondrial function. Since these DOPG effects would be expected to counteract the increased oxidative stress (attributable in part to mitochondrial dysfunction), decreased keratinocyte proliferation, and enhanced inflammation that characterize chronic diabetic wounds, DOPG may be useful in stimulating wound healing. To date, efficacious therapies to promote the healing of chronic diabetic wounds are largely lacking; thus, DOPG may be added to the armamentarium of drugs to enhance diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Luo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Edymarie Vivaldi Marrero
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vivek Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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4
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Embracing lipidomics at single-cell resolution: Promises and pitfalls. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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5
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Langenmayer MC, Jung S, Fux R, Wittlinger C, Tschoner T, Majzoub-Altweck M, Knubben-Schweizer G, Fries R, Hermanns W, Trefz FM. Macrophages in dermal disease progression of phospholipase D4-deficient Fleckvieh calves. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:319-327. [PMID: 34856834 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211062629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new gene defect in Fleckvieh calves leads to a syndrome with partial phenotype overlap with bovine hereditary zinc deficiency. A mutation in a gene encoding phospholipase D4 (PLD4), an endosomal exonuclease, causes the disorder. In mice, PLD4 activity indirectly regulates the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) pathway via degradation of microbial DNA. PLD4 absence thus results in visceral macrophage activation comparable to human macrophage activation syndrome. In this study, disease progression and the role of macrophages in affected calves were monitored clinically, clinicopathologically, and histologically over time. Breeding data identified 73 risk matings of heterozygous carriers resulting in 54 potentially PLD4-deficient calves born on farms. PLD4 status was examined via 5'-exonuclease assay, detecting 6 calves carrying the defect. These were purchased and monitored daily until final necropsy. The calves developed progressive skin lesions starting with small scaling areas terminating in severe crusting dermatitis, especially in areas with mechanical exposure. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that macrophages with cytoplasmic vacuolation increased considerably in skin sections obtained weekly during the disease course. Macrophage increase correlated with increased dermal lesion severity. Macrophage activation was confirmed by prominent phagocytic activity in the superficial dermis using electron microscopy. Dermal mRNA abundance of CCL2 and CCL3 measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction verified macrophage activation. Further increase in mRNA of downstream molecule MyD88 and cytokine IL12b connected bovine PLD4 deficiency to increased TLR9 pathway activation. In contrast to human macrophage activation syndrome, the main feature of bovine PLD4 deficiency was local disease in organs with contact to microbial DNA (skin, intestine, lungs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Langenmayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Specialty Practice for Veterinary Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Jung
- Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Bayern-Genetik GmbH, Grub, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruedi Fries
- Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Florian M Trefz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Hagan ML, Balayan V, McGee-Lawrence ME. Plasma membrane disruption (PMD) formation and repair in mechanosensitive tissues. Bone 2021; 149:115970. [PMID: 33892174 PMCID: PMC8217198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells employ an array of biological mechanisms to detect and respond to mechanical loading in their environment. One such mechanism is the formation of plasma membrane disruptions (PMD), which foster a molecular flux across cell membranes that promotes tissue adaptation. Repair of PMD through an orchestrated activity of molecular machinery is critical for cell survival, and the rate of PMD repair can affect downstream cellular signaling. PMD have been observed to influence the mechanical behavior of skin, alveolar, and gut epithelial cells, aortic endothelial cells, corneal keratocytes and epithelial cells, cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes, neurons, and most recently, bone cells including osteoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, and osteocytes. PMD are therefore positioned to affect the physiological behavior of a wide range of vertebrate organ systems including skeletal and cardiac muscle, skin, eyes, the gastrointestinal tract, the vasculature, the respiratory system, and the skeleton. The purpose of this review is to describe the processes of PMD formation and repair across these mechanosensitive tissues, with a particular emphasis on comparing and contrasting repair mechanisms and downstream signaling to better understand the role of PMD in skeletal mechanobiology. The implications of PMD-related mechanisms for disease and potential therapeutic applications are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Hagan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Vanshika Balayan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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7
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Ammendolia DA, Bement WM, Brumell JH. Plasma membrane integrity: implications for health and disease. BMC Biol 2021; 19:71. [PMID: 33849525 PMCID: PMC8042475 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane integrity is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vivo, cells experience plasma membrane damage from a multitude of stressors in the extra- and intra-cellular environment. To avoid lethal consequences, cells are equipped with repair pathways to restore membrane integrity. Here, we assess plasma membrane damage and repair from a whole-body perspective. We highlight the role of tissue-specific stressors in health and disease and examine membrane repair pathways across diverse cell types. Furthermore, we outline the impact of genetic and environmental factors on plasma membrane integrity and how these contribute to disease pathogenesis in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Ammendolia
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - William M Bement
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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9
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Szlasa W, Zendran I, Zalesińska A, Tarek M, Kulbacka J. Lipid composition of the cancer cell membrane. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:321-342. [PMID: 32715369 PMCID: PMC7520422 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-020-09846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell possesses numerous adaptations to resist the immune system response and chemotherapy. One of the most significant properties of the neoplastic cells is the altered lipid metabolism, and consequently, the abnormal cell membrane composition. Like in the case of phosphatidylcholine, these changes result in the modulation of certain enzymes and accumulation of energetic material, which could be used for a higher proliferation rate. The changes are so prominent, that some lipids, such as phosphatidylserines, could even be considered as the cancer biomarkers. Additionally, some changes of biophysical properties of cell membranes lead to the higher resistance to chemotherapy, and finally to the disturbances in signalling pathways. Namely, the increased levels of certain lipids, like for instance phosphatidylserine, lead to the attenuation of the immune system response. Also, changes in lipid saturation prevent the cells from demanding conditions of the microenvironment. Particularly interesting is the significance of cell membrane cholesterol content in the modulation of metastasis. This review paper discusses the roles of each lipid type in cancer physiology. The review combined theoretical data with clinical studies to show novel therapeutic options concerning the modulation of cell membranes in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Szlasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iga Zendran
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Mounir Tarek
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
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10
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Bollag WB, Olala LO, Xie D, Lu X, Qin H, Choudhary V, Patel R, Bogorad D, Estes A, Watsky M. Dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol Accelerates Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:29. [PMID: 32186673 PMCID: PMC7401755 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In contact with the external environment, the cornea can easily be injured. Although corneal wounds generally heal rapidly, the pain and increased risk of infection associated with a damaged cornea, as well as the impaired healing observed in some individuals, emphasize the need for novel treatments to accelerate corneal healing. We previously demonstrated in epidermal keratinocytes that the glycerol channel aquaporin-3 (AQP3) interacts with phospholipase D2 (PLD2) to produce the signaling phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which has been shown to accelerate skin wound healing in vivo. We hypothesized that the same signaling pathway might be operational in corneal epithelial cells. Methods We used co-immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, scratch wound healing assays in vitro, and corneal epithelial wound healing assays in vivo to determine the role of the AQP3/PLD2/PG signaling pathway in corneal epithelium. Results AQP3 was present in human corneas in situ, and AQP3 and PLD2 were co-immunoprecipitated from corneal epithelial cell lysates. The two proteins could also be co-immunoprecipitated from insect cells simultaneously infected with AQP3- and PLD2-expressing baculoviruses, suggesting a likely direct interaction. A particular PG, dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), enhanced scratch wound healing of a corneal epithelial monolayer in vitro. DOPG also accelerated corneal epithelial wound healing in vivo, both in wild-type mice and in a mouse model exhibiting impaired corneal wound healing (AQP3 knockout mice). Conclusions These results indicate the importance of the AQP3/PLD2/PG signaling pathway in corneal epithelial cells and suggest the possibility of developing DOPG as a pharmacologic therapy to enhance corneal wound healing in patients.
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11
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Chen Z, Lu X, McGee-Lawrence ME, Watsky MA. Transient Cell Membrane Disruptions induce Calcium Waves in Corneal Keratocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2840. [PMID: 32071321 PMCID: PMC7029045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if transient cell membrane disruptions (TPMDs) in single keratocytes can trigger signaling events in neighboring keratocytes. Stromal cells were cultured from human corneas (HCSC) and mouse corneas (MCSC). TPMDs were produced using a multiphoton microscope in Cal-520-AM loaded cells. TPMD-induced calcium increases (Ca++i) were measured in Ca++-containing and Ca++-free solutions containing thapsigargin, ryanodine, BAPTA-AM, 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α-GA), apyrase, BCTC, AMG 9810, or AMTB. Fluorescence intensity was recorded as the number of cells responding and the area under the fluorescence versus time curve. The maximum distance of responding neighboring cells in ex vivo human corneas was measured. Connexin 43 protein in HCSC and MCSC was examined using immunofluorescence staining, and corneal rubbing was applied to confirm whether TPMDs occur following mechanical manipulation. Our results demonstrate that single cell TPMDs result in Ca++ waves in neighboring keratocytes both in culture and within ex vivo corneas. The source of Ca++ is both intra-and extra-cellular, and the signal can be mediated by ATP and/or gap junctions, and is species dependent. Stromal rubbing confirmed that TPMDs do occur following mechanical manipulation. Keratocyte TPMDs and their associated signaling events are likely common occurrences following minor or major corneal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaowen Lu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mitchell A Watsky
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA. .,The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, Georgia.
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12
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Bestard-Escalas J, Maimó-Barceló A, Pérez-Romero K, Lopez DH, Barceló-Coblijn G. Ins and Outs of Interpreting Lipidomic Results. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:5039-5062. [PMID: 31422112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipids are essential for life; however, research on how cells regulate cell lipid composition has been falling behind for quite some time. One reason was the difficulty in establishing analytical methods able to cope with the cell lipid repertoire. Development of a diversity of mass spectrometry-based technologies, including imaging mass spectrometry, has helped to demonstrate beyond doubt that the cell lipidome is not only greatly cell type dependent but also highly sensitive to any pathophysiological alteration such as differentiation or tumorigenesis. Interestingly, the current popularization of metabolomic studies among numerous disciplines has led many researchers to rediscover lipids. Hence, it is important to underscore the peculiarities of these metabolites and their metabolism, which are both radically different from protein and nucleic acid metabolism. Once differences in lipid composition have been established, researchers face a rather complex scenario, to investigate the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms accounting for their results. Thus, a detail often overlooked, but of crucial relevance, is the complex networks of enzymes involved in controlling the level of each one of the lipid species present in the cell. In most cases, these enzymes are redundant and promiscuous, complicating any study on lipid metabolism, since the modification of one particular lipid enzyme impacts simultaneously on many species. Altogether, this review aims to describe the difficulties in delving into the regulatory mechanisms tailoring the lipidome at the activity, genetic, and epigenetic level, while conveying the numerous, stimulating, and sometimes unexpected research opportunities afforded by this type of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Bestard-Escalas
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Albert Maimó-Barceló
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Karim Pérez-Romero
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Daniel H Lopez
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Gwendolyn Barceló-Coblijn
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
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13
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Horn A, Jaiswal JK. Structural and signaling role of lipids in plasma membrane repair. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 84:67-98. [PMID: 31610866 PMCID: PMC7182362 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane forms the physical barrier between the cytoplasm and extracellular space, allowing for biochemical reactions necessary for life to occur. Plasma membrane damage needs to be rapidly repaired to avoid cell death. This relies upon the coordinated action of the machinery that polarizes the repair response to the site of injury, resulting in resealing of the damaged membrane and subsequent remodeling to return the injured plasma membrane to its pre-injury state. As lipids comprise the bulk of the plasma membrane, the acts of injury, resealing, and remodeling all directly impinge upon the plasma membrane lipids. In addition to their structural role in shaping the physical properties of the plasma membrane, lipids also play an important signaling role in maintaining plasma membrane integrity. While much attention has been paid to the involvement of proteins in the membrane repair pathway, the role of lipids in facilitating plasma membrane repair remains poorly studied. Here we will discuss the current knowledge of how lipids facilitate plasma membrane repair by regulating membrane structure and signaling to coordinate the repair response, and will briefly note how lipid involvement extends beyond plasma membrane repair to the tissue repair response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Horn
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
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14
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Cooper F, Overmiller AM, Loder A, Brennan-Crispi DM, McGuinn KP, Marous MR, Freeman TA, Riobo-Del Galdo NA, Siracusa LD, Wahl JK, Mahoney MG. Enhancement of Cutaneous Wound Healing by Dsg2 Augmentation of uPAR Secretion. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2470-2479. [PMID: 29753032 PMCID: PMC6200597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to playing a role in adhesion, desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) is an important regulator of growth and survival signaling pathways, cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and oncogenesis. Although low-level Dsg2 expression is observed in basal keratinocytes and is downregulated in nonhealing venous ulcers, overexpression has been observed in both melanomas and nonmelanoma malignancies. Here, we show that transgenic mice overexpressing Dsg2 in basal keratinocytes primed the activation of mitogenic pathways, but did not induce dramatic epidermal changes or susceptibility to chemical-induced tumor development. Interestingly, acceleration of full-thickness wound closure and increased wound-adjacent keratinocyte proliferation was observed in these mice. As epidermal cytokines and their receptors play critical roles in wound healing, Dsg2-induced secretome alterations were assessed with an antibody profiler array and revealed increased release and proteolytic processing of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor. Dsg2 induced urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression in the skin of transgenic compared with wild-type mice. Wounding further enhanced urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in both epidermis and dermis with a concomitant increase in the prohealing laminin-332, a major component of the basement membrane zone, in transgenic mice. This study demonstrates that Dsg2 induces epidermal activation of various signaling cascades and accelerates cutaneous wound healing, in part, through urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-related signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Cooper
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew M Overmiller
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony Loder
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donna M Brennan-Crispi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen P McGuinn
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Molly R Marous
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Theresa A Freeman
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Linda D Siracusa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James K Wahl
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mỹ G Mahoney
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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15
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Horn A, Jaiswal JK. Cellular mechanisms and signals that coordinate plasma membrane repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3751-3770. [PMID: 30051163 PMCID: PMC6541445 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane forms the barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment. Cells constantly and selectively transport molecules across their plasma membrane without disrupting it. Any disruption in the plasma membrane compromises its selective permeability and is lethal, if not rapidly repaired. There is a growing understanding of the organelles, proteins, lipids, and small molecules that help cells signal and efficiently coordinate plasma membrane repair. This review aims to summarize how these subcellular responses are coordinated and how cellular signals generated due to plasma membrane injury interact with each other to spatially and temporally coordinate repair. With the involvement of calcium and redox signaling in single cell and tissue repair, we will discuss how these and other related signals extend from single cell repair to tissue level repair. These signals link repair processes that are activated immediately after plasma membrane injury with longer term processes regulating repair and regeneration of the damaged tissue. We propose that investigating cell and tissue repair as part of a continuum of wound repair mechanisms would be of value in treating degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Horn
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA.
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
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16
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Bravo FV, Da Silva J, Chan RB, Di Paolo G, Teixeira-Castro A, Oliveira TG. Phospholipase D functional ablation has a protective effect in an Alzheimer's disease Caenorhabditis elegans model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3540. [PMID: 29476137 PMCID: PMC5824944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is a key player in the modulation of multiple aspects of cell physiology and has been proposed as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we characterize a PLD mutant, pld-1, using the Caenorhabditis elegans animal model. We show that pld-1 animals present decreased phosphatidic acid levels, that PLD is the only source of total PLD activity and that pld-1 animals are more sensitive to the acute effects of ethanol. We further show that PLD is not essential for survival or for the normal performance in a battery of behavioral tests. Interestingly, pld-1 animals present both increased size and lipid stores levels. While ablation of PLD has no important effect in worm behavior, its ablation in an AD-like model that overexpresses amyloid-beta (Aβ), markedly improves various phenotypes such as motor tasks, prevents susceptibility to a proconvulsivant drug, has a protective effect upon serotonin treatment and reverts the biometric changes in the Aβ animals, leading to the normalization of the worm body size. Overall, this work proposes the C. elegans model as a relevant tool to study the functions of PLD and further supports the notion that PLD has a significant role in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Vaz Bravo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Da Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Robin Barry Chan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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17
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Langenmayer MC, Jung S, Majzoub-Altweck M, Trefz FM, Seifert C, Knubben-Schweizer G, Fries R, Hermanns W, Gollnick NS. Zinc Deficiency-Like Syndrome in Fleckvieh Calves: Clinical and Pathological Findings and Differentiation from Bovine Hereditary Zinc Deficiency. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:853-859. [PMID: 29424482 PMCID: PMC5866964 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc deficiency‐like (ZDL) syndrome is an inherited defect of Fleckvieh calves, with striking similarity to bovine hereditary zinc deficiency (BHZD). However, the causative mutation in a phospholipase D4 encoding gene (PLD4) shows no connection to zinc metabolism. Objectives To describe clinical signs, laboratory variables, and pathological findings of ZDL syndrome and their utility to differentiate ZDL from BHZD and infectious diseases with similar phenotype. Animals Nine hospitalized calves with crusting dermatitis and confirmed mutation in PLD4 and medical records from 25 calves with crusting dermatitis or suspected zinc deficiency. Methods Prospective and retrospective case series. Results The 9 calves (age: 5–53 weeks) displayed a moderate to severe crusting dermatitis mainly on the head, ventrum, and joints. Respiratory and digestive tract inflammations were frequently observed. Zinc supplementation did not lead to remission of clinical signs in 4 calves. Laboratory variables revealed slight anemia in 8 calves, hypoalbuminemia in 6 calves, but reduced serum zinc concentrations in only 3 calves. Mucosal erosions/ulcerations were present in 7 calves and thymus atrophy or reduced thymic weights in 8 calves. Histologically, skin lesions were indistinguishable from BHZD. Retrospective analysis of medical records revealed the presence of this phenotype since 1988 and pedigree analysis revealed a common ancestor of several affected calves. Conclusions and Clinical Importance ZDL syndrome should be suspected in Fleckvieh calves with crusting dermatitis together with diarrhea or respiratory tract inflammations without response to oral zinc supplementation. Definite diagnosis requires molecular genetic confirmation of the PLD4 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Langenmayer
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Jung
- Chair of Animal Breeding, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - M Majzoub-Altweck
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F M Trefz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - C Seifert
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - G Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - R Fries
- Chair of Animal Breeding, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - W Hermanns
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - N S Gollnick
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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18
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Helwa I, Choudhary V, Chen X, Kaddour-Djebbar I, Bollag WB. Anti-Psoriatic Drug Monomethylfumarate Increases Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Levels and Induces Aquaporin-3 mRNA and Protein Expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:243-253. [PMID: 28515158 PMCID: PMC5502379 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.239715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis. Monomethylfumarate (MMF) is an antipsoriatic agent with a poorly understood mechanism of action. In other cell types MMF increases the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that regulates cellular antioxidant responses, to reduce oxidative stress like that observed in inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis. We tested the hypothesis that MMF enhances Nrf2 activity in keratinocytes, thereby improving their capacity to counteract environmental stresses. We used Western analysis, immunofluorescence, and real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to examine the effect of MMF on the expression of Nrf2 and its targets. We also measured intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels following MMF treatment. Our data show that MMF increased total and nuclear Nrf2 levels in primary mouse keratinocytes and enhanced mRNA expression of several Nrf2-downstream effectors, including heme oxygenase-1 and peroxiredoxin-6. Moreover, MMF treatment attenuated the generation of ROS following hydrogen peroxide treatment. On the other hand, the expression and membranous localization of aquaporin-3 (AQP3), a glycerol channel implicated in keratinocyte differentiation, was stimulated by MMF, which also enhanced keratinocyte glycerol uptake. The Nrf2 activator sulforaphane also increased AQP3 levels, suggesting that AQP3 expression may be regulated by Nrf2. We show for the first time that MMF stimulates Nrf2 and AQP3 expression and function/activity in keratinocytes. This effect may account, in part, for the previously observed ability of MMF to inhibit proliferation and inflammatory mediator production and promote differentiation in keratinocytes and to treat psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas Helwa
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), Augusta, Georgia; Department of Oral Biology (I.H., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), and Department of Medicine (Dermatology) (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Vivek Choudhary
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), Augusta, Georgia; Department of Oral Biology (I.H., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), and Department of Medicine (Dermatology) (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xunsheng Chen
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), Augusta, Georgia; Department of Oral Biology (I.H., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), and Department of Medicine (Dermatology) (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ismail Kaddour-Djebbar
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), Augusta, Georgia; Department of Oral Biology (I.H., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), and Department of Medicine (Dermatology) (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), Augusta, Georgia; Department of Oral Biology (I.H., W.B.B.), Department of Physiology (V.C., X.C., I.K.-D., W.B.B.), and Department of Medicine (Dermatology) (W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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19
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Henkels KM, Muppani NR, Gomez-Cambronero J. PLD-Specific Small-Molecule Inhibitors Decrease Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Neutrophils Infiltration in Breast Tumors and Lung and Liver Metastases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166553. [PMID: 27851813 PMCID: PMC5112812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D-2 (PLD2) has a key role in breast cancer formation and metastasis formation with PLD small inhibitors reducing primary tumor growth. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of targeting PLD on the tumor microenvironment. We provide evidence about the beneficial effect of PLD inhibitors [FIPI (dual PLD1/PLD2) or VU0155072-2 (PLD2 inhibitor)] on avoiding infiltration of tumor-helping macrophages and neutrophils. Tumor growth and metastasis within the primary tumors had low (<20% over controls) PLD enzyme activity. Unexpectedly, we found that the inhibitors also affected PLD2 gene expression and protein albeit at a lesser extent. The later could indicate that targeting both the actual PLD enzyme and its activity could be beneficial for potential cancer treatments in vivo. F4/80 and Ly6G staining of macrophages and neutrophils, respectively, and Arg1 staining data were consistent with M2 and N2 polarization. NOS2 staining increased in xenotransplants upon treatment with PLD2 inhibitors suggesting the novel observation that an increased recruitment of M1 macrophages occurred in primary tumors. PLD inhibitor-treated primary tumors had large, fragile, necrotic areas that were Arg1+ for M2 macrophages. The xenotransplants also caused the formation of large F4/80+ and Ly6G+ (>100 μm) clusters in lungs. However, PLD inhibitors, particularly FIPI, were able to diminish leukocyte presence. Ex vivo chemotaxis and PLD activity of peripheral blood neutrophils (PMN) and peritoneal macrophages was also determined. Whereas PMN had impaired functionality, macrophages did not. This significantly increased ("emboldened") macrophage function was due to PLD inhibition. Since tumor-associated leukocytes in primary tumors and metastases were targeted via PLD inhibition, we posit that these inhibitors have a key role in cancer regression, while still affording an appropriate inflammatory response at least from off-site innate immunity macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Henkels
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States of America
| | - Naveen Reddy Muppani
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States of America
| | - Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Nyegaard S, Christensen B, Rasmussen JT. An optimized method for accurate quantification of cell migration using human small intestine cells. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:76-83. [PMID: 29468115 PMCID: PMC5779728 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the ability of a compound to modulate cell migration rate is a crucial part of many studies including those on chemotaxis, wound healing and cancer metastasis. Existing migration assays all have their strengths and weaknesses. The "scratch" assay is the most widely used because it seems appealingly simple and inexpensive. However, the scratch assay has some important limitations, as the tool introducing the "wound" might injure/stress the boundary cells and/or harm underlying matrix coatings, which in both cases will affect cell migration. This described method is a Cell Exclusion Zone Assay, in which cell-free areas are created by growing cells around removable silicone stoppers. Upon appropriate staining with fluorescent dyes and microscopically visualizing the monolayers, the migration rate is then quantified by counting the cells (nuclei) intruding the void area left by the silicone insert. In the current study human small intestine epithelial cells were seeded on a physiological substrate matrix to produce collectively migrating monolayers. Different substrates were tested to determine the optimal surface for enterocyte adherence and migration and morphological changes monitored. Recombinant human epidermal growth factor and osteopontin purified from urine were tested to see if the established migration assay produces accurate and reliable migration data with human small intestine cells. The obtained data accurately confirmed that the two bioactive proteins modulate cellular migration in a dose-dependent manner. The presented assay can likely be converted for use with other adherent cell lines or substrate matrices and allows for high throughput, while cost is kept low and versatility high. Co-staining can be applied in order to assay for cell death, different cell types, cell stress and others allowing intricate analysis of migration rate of mixed populations and correction for cell viability.
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Key Words
- (BME), Basal membrane extract
- (Caco-2), human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
- (DMEM), Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- (ECM), Extracellular matrix
- (EGF), Recombinant human epidermal growth factor
- (FBS), fetal bovine serum
- (FHs-74 int), non-malignant human fetal small intestine cells
- (FRET), Förster resonance energy transfer
- (OPN), osteopontin
- (ROI), region of interest
- Bioactive
- Collective migration
- Epithelium
- Migration assay
- Small intestine cells
- Wound healing
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Plasma membrane and cytoskeleton dynamics during single-cell wound healing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Nelson RK, Frohman MA. Physiological and pathophysiological roles for phospholipase D. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2229-37. [PMID: 25926691 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r059220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual members of the mammalian phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily undertake roles that extend from generating the second messenger signaling lipid, phosphatidic acid, through hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, to functioning as an endonuclease to generate small RNAs and facilitating membrane vesicle trafficking through seemingly nonenzymatic mechanisms. With recent advances in genome-wide association studies, RNA interference screens, next-generation sequencing approaches, and phenotypic analyses of knockout mice, roles for PLD family members are being uncovered in autoimmune, infectious neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disease, as well as in cancer. Some of these disease settings pose opportunities for small molecule inhibitory therapeutics, which are currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle K Nelson
- Graduate Program in Physiology and Biophysics Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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Aquaporin-3 re-expression induces differentiation in a phospholipase D2-dependent manner in aquaporin-3-knockout mouse keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:499-507. [PMID: 25233074 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is a water and glycerol channel expressed in epidermal keratinocytes. Despite many studies, controversy remains about the role of AQP3 in keratinocyte differentiation. Previously, our laboratory has shown co-localization of AQP3 and phospholipase D2 (PLD2) in caveolin-rich membrane microdomains. We hypothesized that AQP3 transports glycerol and "funnels" this primary alcohol to PLD2 to form a pro-differentiative signal, such that the action of AQP3 to induce differentiation should require PLD2. To test this idea, we re-expressed AQP3 in mouse keratinocytes derived from AQP3-knockout mice. The re-expression of AQP3, which increased [3H]glycerol uptake, also induced mRNA and protein expression of epidermal differentiation markers such as keratin 1, keratin 10, and loricrin, with or without the induction of differentiation by an elevated extracellular calcium concentration. Re-expression of AQP3 had no effect on the expression of the proliferation markers keratin 5 and cyclin D1. Furthermore, a selective inhibitor of PLD2, CAY10594, and a lipase-dead (LD) PLD2 mutant, but not a LD PLD1 mutant, significantly inhibited AQP3 re-expression-induced differentiation marker expression with calcium elevation, suggesting a role for PLD2 in this process. Thus, our results indicate that AQP3 has a pro-differentiative role in epidermal keratinocytes and that PLD2 activity is necessary for this effect.
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24
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Jung S, Pausch H, Langenmayer MC, Schwarzenbacher H, Majzoub-Altweck M, Gollnick NS, Fries R. A nonsense mutation in PLD4 is associated with a zinc deficiency-like syndrome in Fleckvieh cattle. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:623. [PMID: 25052073 PMCID: PMC4117962 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine hereditary zinc deficiency (BHZD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of cattle, first described in Holstein-Friesian animals. Affected calves suffer from severe skin lesions and show a poor general health status. Recently, eight calves with the phenotypic appearance of BHZD have been reported in the Fleckvieh cattle population. RESULTS In spite of the similar disease phenotypes, SLC39A4, the gene responsible for BHZD in Holstein-Friesian was excluded as underlying gene for the disorder in the affected Fleckvieh calves. In order to identify the disease-associated region, genotypes of eight affected calves obtained with the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip comprising 777,962 SNPs were contrasted with the genotypes of 1,339 unaffected animals. A strong association signal was observed on chromosome 21 (P = 5.87 × 10(-89)). Autozygosity mapping in the eight affected animals revealed a common segment of extended homozygosity encompassing 1,023 kb (BTA 21: 70,550,045 - 71,573,501). This region contains 17 genes/transcripts, among them two genes encoding gastro-intestinal zinc transporters (CRIP1, CRIP2). However, no mutation that was compatible with recessive inheritance could be detected in these candidate genes. One of the affected calves was re-sequenced together with 42 unaffected Fleckvieh animals. Analysis of the sequencing data revealed a nonsense mutation (p.W215X) in a phospholipase encoding gene (PLD4) as candidate causal polymorphism. To confirm the causality, genotypes of the p.W215X-mutation were obtained from 3,650 animals representing three different breeds. None of the unaffected animals was homozygous for the defect allele, while all eight affected calves were homozygous. The deleterious effect of the mutation is manifested in a significantly lower survival rate of descendants from risk matings when compared with the survival rate of descendants from non-risk matings. The deleterious allele has an estimated frequency of 1.1% in the Fleckvieh population. CONCLUSION Our results provide strong evidence that a newly identified recessive disorder in the Fleckvieh population is caused by a nonsense mutation in PLD4, most likely resulting in an impaired function of the encoded protein. Although the phenotype of affected calves strongly resembles BHZD, a zinc deficiency resulting from malabsorption is unlikely to be responsible for the diseased Fleckvieh calves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruedi Fries
- Chair of Animal Breeding, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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25
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Zhang Y, Frohman MA. Cellular and physiological roles for phospholipase D1 in cancer. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22567-22574. [PMID: 24990946 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.576876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D enzymes have long been proposed to play multiple cell biological roles in cancer. With the generation of phospholipase D1 (PLD1)-deficient mice and the development of small molecule PLD-specific inhibitors, in vivo roles for PLD1 in cancer are now being defined, both in the tumor cells and in the tumor environment. We review here tools now used to explore in vivo roles for PLD1 in cancer and summarize recent findings regarding functions in angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794.
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Sergeant S, McPhail LC. Measurement of phospholipid metabolism in intact neutrophils. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1124:89-105. [PMID: 24504948 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-845-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes are important participants in neutrophil signal transduction pathways. The methods discussed herein describe assays for assessing the activities of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase D (PLD), and phosphoinositide 3-OH-kinase in intact neutrophils. PLA2 activity is measured as the release of radiolabeled arachidonic acid. PLC activity is measured as the accumulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), a water-soluble product, using a commercially available radioreceptor assay kit. PLD activity is measured as the appearance of its radiolabeled products, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanol. PI3-K activity is measured as the appearance of its radiolabeled product, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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