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Krumm CS, Landzberg RS, Ramos-Espiritu L, Adura C, Liu X, Acuna M, Xie Y, Xu X, Tillman MC, Li Y, Glickman JF, Ortlund EA, Ginn JD, Cohen DE. High-throughput screening identifies small molecule inhibitors of thioesterase superfamily member 1: Implications for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101832. [PMID: 38403978 PMCID: PMC10663673 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thioesterase superfamily member 1 (Them1) is a long chain acyl-CoA thioesterase comprising two N-terminal HotDog fold enzymatic domains linked to a C-terminal lipid-sensing steroidogenic acute regulatory transfer-related (START) domain, which allosterically modulates enzymatic activity. Them1 is highly expressed in thermogenic adipose tissue, where it functions to suppress energy expenditure by limiting rates of fatty acid oxidation, and is induced markedly in liver in response to high fat feeding, where it suppresses fatty acid oxidation and promotes glucose production. Them1-/- mice are protected against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), suggesting Them1 as a therapeutic target. METHODS A high-throughput small molecule screen was performed to identify promising inhibitors targeting the fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase activity of purified recombinant Them1.Counter screening was used to determine specificity for Them1 relative to other acyl-CoA thioesterase isoforms. Inhibitor binding and enzyme inhibition were quantified by biophysical and biochemical approaches, respectively. Following structure-based optimization, lead compounds were tested in cell culture. RESULTS Two lead allosteric inhibitors were identified that selectively inhibited Them1 by binding the START domain. In mouse brown adipocytes, these inhibitors promoted fatty acid oxidation, as evidenced by increased oxygen consumption rates. In mouse hepatocytes, they promoted fatty acid oxidation, but also reduced glucose production. CONCLUSION Them1 inhibitors could prove attractive for the pharmacologic management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Krumm
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sanders Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Renée S Landzberg
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Carolina Adura
- Fisher Drug Discovery Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariana Acuna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xu Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew C Tillman
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yingxia Li
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - J Fraser Glickman
- Fisher Drug Discovery Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D Ginn
- Sanders Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Liu J, Mandlaa, Wang J, Sun Z, Chen Z. A strategy to enhance and modify fatty acid synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli: overexpression of acyl-CoA thioesterases. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:191. [PMID: 37735384 PMCID: PMC10512533 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid (FA) is an important platform compound for the further synthesis of high-value biofuels and oleochemicals, but chemical synthesis of FA has many limitations. One way to meet the future demand for FA could be to use microbial cell factories for FA biosynthesis. RESULTS Thioesterase (TE; TesA, TesB, and TE9) of Corynebacterium glutamicum (CG) can potentially improve FA biosynthesis, and tesA, tesB, and te9 were overexpressed in C. glutamicum and Escherichia coli (EC), respectively, in this study. The results showed that the total fatty acid (TFA) production of CGtesB and ECtesB significantly increased to 180.52 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) and 123.52 mg/g DCW, respectively (P < 0.05). Overexpression strains CG and EC could increase the production of C16:0, C18:1(t), C18:2, C20:1, C16:1, C18:0, and C18:1(c) (P < 0.05), respectively, and the changes of long-chain FA resulted in the enhancement of TFA production. The enzymatic properties of TesA, TesB, and TE9 in vitro were determined: they were specific for long-, broad and short-chain substrates, respectively; the optimal temperature was 30.0 °C and the optimal acid-base (pH) were 8.0, 8.0, and 9.0, respectively; they were inhibited by Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and K+. CONCLUSION Overexpression TE enhances and modifies FA biosynthesis with multiple productive applications, and the enzyme properties provided useful clues for optimizing FA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Food Science and Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowood Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Mandlaa
- Food Science and Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowood Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Food Science and Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowood Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ziyu Sun
- Food Science and Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowood Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Zhongjun Chen
- Food Science and Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowood Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
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3
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Janoschek R, Handwerk M, Hucklenbruch-Rother E, Schmitz L, Bae-Gartz I, Kasper P, Lackmann JW, Kretschmer T, Vohlen C, Mesaros A, Purrio M, Quaas A, Dötsch J, Appel S. Heterogeneous effects of individual high-fat diet compositions on phenotype, metabolic outcome, and hepatic proteome signature in BL/6 male mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:8. [PMID: 36755289 PMCID: PMC9909936 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The multitude of obesogenic diets used in rodent studies can hardly be overviewed. Since standardization is missing and assuming that individual compositions provoke individual effects, the choice of quality, quantity and combination of diet ingredients seems to be crucial for the outcome and interpretation of obesity studies. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the individual effects of three commonly used obesogenic diets, mainly differing in sugar and fat content. Besides basic phenotypic and metabolic characterization, one main aspect was a comparative liver proteome analysis. As expected, the obtained results picture differentiated consequences mainly depending on fat source and/or fat- and sugar quantity. By confirming the general presumption that the choice of nutritional composition is a pivotal factor, the present findings demonstrate that a conscious selection is indispensable for obtaining reliable and sound results in obesity research. In conclusion, we strongly recommend a careful selection of the appropriate diet in advance of a new experiment, taking into account the specific research question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Janoschek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marion Handwerk
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Hucklenbruch-Rother
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmitz
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Inga Bae-Gartz
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Kasper
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Wilm Lackmann
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Kretschmer
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Vohlen
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Mesaros
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Phenotyping Core Facility, Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Purrio
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Phenotyping Core Facility, Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Appel
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Transcriptome Profiles of the Liver in Two Cold-Exposed Sheep Breeds Revealed Different Mechanisms and Candidate Genes for Thermogenesis. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:5510297. [PMID: 36017327 PMCID: PMC9364924 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5510297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-induced thermogenesis plays an important role in the survival of lambs exposed to
low air temperatures. The liver produces and mediates heat production in mammals; however,
to date, little is known about the role of liver genes in cold-induced thermogenesis in
lambs. In this study, the difference in the liver transcriptome between Altay and Hu ewe
lambs was compared. Because of different backgrounds of the two breeds, we hypothesized
that the transcriptome profiles of the liver would differ between breeds when exposed to
cold. Cold-exposed Altay lambs activated 8 candidate genes (ACTA1,
MYH1, MYH2, MYL1,
MYL2, TNNC1, TNNC2, and
TNNT3) involved in muscle shivering thermogenesis; 3 candidate genes
(ATP2A1, SLN, and CKM) involved in
muscle nonshivering thermogenesis related to the Ca2+ signal and creatine
cycle; and 6 candidate genes (PFKM, ALDOC,
PGAM2, ENO2, ENO3, and
ENO4) involved in enhancing liver metabolism. In contrast, the liver
may not act as the main tissue for thermogenesis in cold-exposed Hu lambs. We concluded
that Altay lambs rely on liver-mediated shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis by muscle
tissue to a greater extent than Hu lambs. Results from this study could provide a
theoretical foundation for the breeding and production of cold-resistant lambs.
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Mohr AE, Reiss RA, Beaudet M, Sena J, Naik JS, Walker BR, Sweazea KL. Short-term high fat diet alters genes associated with metabolic and vascular dysfunction during adolescence in rats: a pilot study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11714. [PMID: 34285833 PMCID: PMC8274493 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diet-induced metabolic dysfunction precedes multiple disease states including diabetes, heart disease, and vascular dysfunction. The critical role of the vasculature in disease progression is established, yet the details of how gene expression changes in early cardiovascular disease remain an enigma. The objective of the current pilot project was to evaluate whether a quantitative assessment of gene expression within the aorta of six-week old healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats compared to those exhibiting symptoms of metabolic dysfunction could reveal potential mediators of vascular dysfunction. Methods RNA was extracted from the aorta of eight rats from a larger experiment; four animals fed a high-fat diet (HFD) known to induce symptoms of metabolic dysfunction (hypertension, increased adiposity, fasting hyperglycemia) and four age-matched healthy animals fed a standard chow diet (CHOW). The bioinformatic workflow included Gene Ontology (GO) biological process enrichment and network analyses. Results The resulting network contained genes relevant to physiological processes including fat and protein metabolism, oxygen transport, hormone regulation, vascular regulation, thermoregulation, and circadian rhythm. The majority of differentially regulated genes were downregulated, including several associated with circadian clock function. In contrast, leptin and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2) were notably upregulated. Leptin is involved in several major energy balance signaling pathways and Hmgcs2 is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of ketogenesis. Conclusion Together, these data describe changes in gene expression within the aortic wall of HFD rats with early metabolic dysfunction and highlight potential pathways and signaling intermediates that may impact the development of early vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Rebecca A Reiss
- Biology Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, United States
| | - Monique Beaudet
- Biology Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, United States
| | - Johnny Sena
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Jay S Naik
- The Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Benjimen R Walker
- The Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Karen L Sweazea
- College of Health Solutions & School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Thioesterase superfamily member 1 undergoes stimulus-coupled conformational reorganization to regulate metabolism in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3493. [PMID: 34108467 PMCID: PMC8190112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis is suppressed by thioesterase superfamily member 1 (Them1), a long chain fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase. Them1 is highly upregulated by cold ambient temperature, where it reduces fatty acid availability and limits thermogenesis. Here, we show that Them1 regulates metabolism by undergoing conformational changes in response to β-adrenergic stimulation that alter Them1 intracellular distribution. Them1 forms metabolically active puncta near lipid droplets and mitochondria. Upon stimulation, Them1 is phosphorylated at the N-terminus, inhibiting puncta formation and activity and resulting in a diffuse intracellular localization. We show by correlative light and electron microscopy that Them1 puncta are biomolecular condensates that are inhibited by phosphorylation. Thus, Them1 forms intracellular biomolecular condensates that limit fatty acid oxidation and suppress thermogenesis. During a period of energy demand, the condensates are disrupted by phosphorylation to allow for maximal thermogenesis. The stimulus-coupled reorganization of Them1 provides fine-tuning of thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
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Tan Y, Gan M, Shen L, Li L, Fan Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Niu L, Zhao Y, Jiang A, Jiang D, Zhang S, Zhu L. Profiling and Functional Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs and mRNAs during Porcine Skeletal Muscle Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020503. [PMID: 33419093 PMCID: PMC7825455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transcripts or mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed during porcine skeletal muscle development. However, only a few studies have been conducted on skeletal muscle transcriptome in pigs based on timepoints according to the growth curve for porcine. Here, we investigated gene expression in Qingyu pigs at three different growth stages: the inflection point with the maximum growth rate (MGI), the inflection point of the gradually increasing stage to the rapidly increasing stage (GRI), and the inflection point of the rapidly increasing stage to the slowly increasing stage (RSI). Subsequently, we explored gene expression profiles during muscle development at the MGI, GRI and RSI stages by Ribo-Zero RNA sequencing. Qingyu pigs reached the MGI, GRI and RSI stages at 156.40, 23.82 and 288.97 days of age with 51.73, 3.14 and 107.03 kg body weight, respectively. A total of 14,530 mRNAs and 11,970 lncRNAs were identified at the three stages, and 645, 323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 696, 760 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were identified in the GRI vs. MGI, and RSI vs. MGI, comparisons. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in immune system development and energy metabolism (mainly relate to amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid) were enriched at the GRI and MGI stages, respectively, whereas genes involved in lipid metabolism were enriched at the RSI stage. We further characterized G1430, an abundant lncRNA. The full-length sequence (316 nt) of lncRNA G1430 was determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Subcellular distribution analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that G1430 is a cytoplasmic lncRNA. Binding site prediction and dual luciferase assay showed that lncRNA G1430 directly binds to microRNA 133a (miR-133a). Our findings provide the basis for further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms and molecular genetics of muscle development in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Linyuan Shen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Ying Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Lei Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Lili Niu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Ye Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Anan Jiang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Dongmei Jiang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-28-8629-1133 (S.Z. & L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (M.G.); (L.S.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (L.C.); (L.N.); (Y.Z.); (A.J.); (D.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-28-8629-1133 (S.Z. & L.Z.)
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Pei Y, Otieno D, Gu I, Lee SO, Parks JS, Schimmel K, Kang HW. Effect of quercetin on nonshivering thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 88:108532. [PMID: 33130188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activating nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a promising strategy to prevent obesity. This study investigated whether quercetin supplementation improves obesity in mice by increasing nonshivering thermogenesis in BAT and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning. Compared to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, mice fed a HFD supplemented with 1% quercetin (HFDQ) had reduced body weight and total plasma cholesterol. In HFDQ-fed mice, retroperitoneal WAT (RWAT) weight was decreased, and browning effect and lipolysis were increased. HFDQ-fed mice had increased expression of nonshivering thermogenesis genes in BAT, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A (CIDEA), and mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (mtTFA). Quercetin supplementation increased genes and proteins in β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways in HFD-fed mice, which were suppressed by an AMPK inhibitor or an ADRB3 antagonist. Energy expenditure and core body temperature were not changed by quercetin, but physical activity was increased in HFDQ mice during dark periods at room and cold temperatures. Quercetin also decreased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and increased short-chain fatty acid production in the feces of HFD-fed mice. In summary, quercetin supplementation in HFD-fed mice may attenuate obesity. Although the study did not show consistency in data at molecular and pathophysiological levels between BAT function and obesity, it also shows promising health effects of quercetin, accompanied by improved physical activity and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Pei
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dammah Otieno
- Applied Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Inah Gu
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sun-Ok Lee
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - John S Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith Schimmel
- Applied Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hye Won Kang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
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Zhang L, Qiang J, Tao YF, Bao JW, Zhu HJ, He J, Xu P. Cloning of the gene encoding acyl-CoA thioesterase 11 and its functional characterization in hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × Pelteobagrus vachelli ♂) under heat stress. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102681. [PMID: 33077108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Members of the ACOT (acyl-CoA thioesterase) family hydrolyze fatty acyl-CoA to form free fatty acids (FFAs) and coenzyme A (CoA). These enzymes play important roles in fatty acid metabolism. Here, we report the cloning and functional analysis of acot11β in hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × P. vachelli ♂). The open reading frame of acot11β was found to be 594 bp in length, encoding 198 amino acids. We determined the transcript levels of acot11β in ten tissues of hybrid yellow catfish by qRT-PCR and found that it was highly expressed in the liver, so we chose the liver for further analysis. We determined the transcript levels of acot11β in hybrid yellow catfish under heat stress conditions, and analyzed the changes in serum biochemical parameters, liver biochemical parameters, and transcript levels of lipid metabolism-related genes. Healthy yellow catfish were subjected to heat stress at 35 °C for 96 h, and the experimental results were compared with those from fish in a control group (28 °C). The levels of glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) in serum were significantly increased in the heat-stressed group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Acute heat stress led to decreased liver glycogen contents, but significantly increased TC and TG contents in the liver (P < 0.05). The transcript levels of acot11β, acc, and fas were significantly reduced, while that of pparα was significantly increased in hybrid yellow catfish exposed to heat stress (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that acot11β plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism in hybrid yellow catfish, and this metabolic process is greatly affected by temperature. These results may be useful for developing effective strategies to prevent or reduce metabolic disorders of yellow catfish caused by high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jun Qiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yi-Fan Tao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jing-Wen Bao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Hao-Jun Zhu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jie He
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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10
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Tillman MC, Imai N, Li Y, Khadka M, Okafor CD, Juneja P, Adhiyaman A, Hagen SJ, Cohen DE, Ortlund EA. Allosteric regulation of thioesterase superfamily member 1 by lipid sensor domain binding fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22080-22089. [PMID: 32820071 PMCID: PMC7486800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003877117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonshivering thermogenesis occurs in brown adipose tissue to generate heat in response to cold ambient temperatures. Thioesterase superfamily member 1 (Them1) is transcriptionally up-regulated in brown adipose tissue upon exposure to the cold and suppresses thermogenesis in order to conserve energy reserves. It hydrolyzes long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs that are derived from lipid droplets, preventing their use as fuel for thermogenesis. In addition to its enzymatic domains, Them1 contains a C-terminal StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain with unknown ligand or function. By complementary biophysical approaches, we show that the START domain binds to long-chain fatty acids, products of Them1's enzymatic reaction, as well as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lipids shown to activate thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. Certain fatty acids stabilize the START domain and allosterically enhance Them1 catalysis of acyl-CoA, whereas 18:1 LPC destabilizes and inhibits activity, which we verify in cell culture. Additionally, we demonstrate that the START domain functions to localize Them1 near lipid droplets. These findings define the role of the START domain as a lipid sensor that allosterically regulates Them1 activity and spatially localizes it in proximity to the lipid droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Tillman
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Norihiro Imai
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Manoj Khadka
- Emory Integrated Lipidomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - C Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Puneet Juneja
- Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Akshitha Adhiyaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Susan J Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - David E Cohen
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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11
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Quan LH, Zhang C, Dong M, Jiang J, Xu H, Yan C, Liu X, Zhou H, Zhang H, Chen L, Zhong FL, Luo ZB, Lam SM, Shui G, Li D, Jin W. Myristoleic acid produced by enterococci reduces obesity through brown adipose tissue activation. Gut 2020; 69:1239-1247. [PMID: 31744910 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary fibre has beneficial effects on energy metabolism, and the majority of studies have focused on short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota. Ginseng has been reported to aid in body weight management, however, its mechanism of action is not yet clear. In this study, we focused on the potential modulating effect of ginseng on gut microbiota, aiming to identify specific strains and their metabolites, especially long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), which mediate the anti-obesity effects of ginseng. DESIGN Db/db mice were gavaged with ginseng extract (GE) and the effects of GE on gut microbiota were evaluated using 16S rDNA-based high throughput sequencing. To confirm the candidate fatty acids, untargeted metabolomics analyses of the serum and medium samples were performed. RESULTS We demonstrated that GE can induce Enterococcus faecalis, which can produce an unsaturated LCFA, myristoleic acid (MA). Our results indicate that E. faecalis and its metabolite MA can reduce adiposity by brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and beige fat formation. In addition, the gene of E. faecalis encoding Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs) exhibited the biosynthetic potential to synthesise MA, as knockdown (KD) of the ACOT gene by CRISPR-dCas9 significantly reduced MA production. Furthermore, exogenous treatment with KD E. faecalis could not reproduce the beneficial effects of wild type E. faecalis, which work by augmenting the circulating MA levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that the gut microbiota-LCFA-BAT axis plays an important role in host metabolism, which may provide a strategic advantage for the next generation of anti-obesity drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Chuanhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunlong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Huiqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhao-Bo Luo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Sin-Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Swarbrick CMD, Nanson JD, Patterson EI, Forwood JK. Structure, function, and regulation of thioesterases. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101036. [PMID: 32416211 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thioesterases are present in all living cells and perform a wide range of important biological functions by catalysing the cleavage of thioester bonds present in a diverse array of cellular substrates. Thioesterases are organised into 25 families based on their sequence conservation, tertiary and quaternary structure, active site configuration, and substrate specificity. Recent structural and functional characterisation of thioesterases has led to significant changes in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that govern enzyme activity and their respective cellular roles. The resulting dogma changes in thioesterase regulation include mechanistic insights into ATP and GDP-mediated regulation by oligomerisation, the role of new key regulatory regions, and new insights into a conserved quaternary structure within TE4 family members. Here we provide a current and comparative snapshot of our understanding of thioesterase structure, function, and regulation across the different thioesterase families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Bekeova C, Anderson-Pullinger L, Boye K, Boos F, Sharpadskaya Y, Herrmann JM, Seifert EL. Multiple mitochondrial thioesterases have distinct tissue and substrate specificity and CoA regulation, suggesting unique functional roles. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19034-19047. [PMID: 31676684 PMCID: PMC6916504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterases (Acots) hydrolyze fatty acyl-CoA esters. Acots in the mitochondrial matrix are poised to mitigate β-oxidation overload and maintain CoA availability. Several Acots associate with mitochondria, but whether they all localize to the matrix, are redundant, or have different roles is unresolved. Here, we compared the suborganellar localization, activity, expression, and regulation among mitochondrial Acots (Acot2, -7, -9, and -13) in mitochondria from multiple mouse tissues and from a model of Acot2 depletion. Acot7, -9, and -13 localized to the matrix, joining Acot2 that was previously shown to localize there. Mitochondria from heart, skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, and kidney robustly expressed Acot2, -9, and -13; Acot9 levels were substantially higher in brown adipose tissue and kidney mitochondria, as was activity for C4:0-CoA, a unique Acot9 substrate. In all tissues, Acot2 accounted for about half of the thioesterase activity for C14:0-CoA and C16:0-CoA. In contrast, liver mitochondria from fed and fasted mice expressed little Acot activity, which was confined to long-chain CoAs and due mainly to Acot7 and Acot13 activities. Matrix Acots occupied different functional niches, based on substrate specificity (Acot9 versus Acot2 and -13) and strong CoA inhibition (Acot7, -9, and -13, but not Acot2). Interpreted in the context of β-oxidation, CoA inhibition would prevent Acot-mediated suppression of β-oxidation, while providing a release valve when CoA is limiting. In contrast, CoA-insensitive Acot2 could provide a constitutive siphon for long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs. These results reveal how the family of matrix Acots can mitigate β-oxidation overload and prevent CoA limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bekeova
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Lauren Anderson-Pullinger
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Kevin Boye
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Felix Boos
- Division of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yana Sharpadskaya
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Johannes M Herrmann
- Division of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Erin L Seifert
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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14
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Tugaeva KV, Sluchanko NN. Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein: Structure, Functioning, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S233-S253. [PMID: 31213205 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis takes place mainly in adrenal and gonadal cells that produce a variety of structurally similar hormones regulating numerous body functions. The rate-limiting stage of steroidogenesis is cholesterol delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is converted by cytochrome P450scc into pregnenolone, a common precursor of all steroid hormones. The major role of supplying mitochondria with cholesterol belongs to steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STARD1). STARD1, which is synthesized de novo as a precursor containing mitochondrial localization sequence and sterol-binding domain, significantly accelerates cholesterol transport and production of pregnenolone. Despite a tremendous interest in STARD1 fueled by its involvement in hereditary diseases and extensive efforts of numerous laboratories worldwide, many aspects of STARD1 structure, functioning, and regulation remain obscure and debatable. This review presents current concepts on the structure of STARD1 and other lipid transfer proteins, the role of STARD1 in steroidogenesis, and the mechanism of its functioning, as well as identifies the most controversial and least studied questions related to the activity of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Tugaeva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - N N Sluchanko
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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15
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Tillander V, Miniami A, Alves-Bezerra M, Coleman RA, Cohen DE. Thioesterase superfamily member 2 promotes hepatic insulin resistance in the setting of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1-induced steatosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2009-2020. [PMID: 30523156 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic insulin resistance in the setting of steatosis is attributable at least in part to the accumulation of bioactive lipids that suppress insulin signaling. The mitochondria-associated glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (GPAT1) catalyzes the first committed step in glycerolipid synthesis, and its activity diverts fatty acids from mitochondrial β-oxidation. GPAT1 overexpression in mouse liver leads to hepatic steatosis even in the absence of overnutrition. The mice develop insulin resistance owing to the generation of saturated diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid molecular species that reduce insulin signaling by activating PKCϵ and by suppressing mTORC2, respectively. Them2, a mitochondria-associated acyl-CoA thioesterase, also participates in the trafficking of fatty acids into oxidative versus glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways. Them2 -/- mice are protected against diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. To determine whether Them2 contributes to hepatic insulin resistance due to hepatic overexpression of GPAT1, recombinant adenovirus was used to overexpress GPAT1 in livers of chow-fed Them2 +/+ and Them2 -/- mice. Hepatic GPAT1 overexpression led to steatosis in both genotypes. In the setting of GPAT1 overexpression, glucose tolerance was reduced in Them2 +/+ but not Them2 -/- mice, without influencing whole-body insulin sensitivity or basal hepatic glucose production. Improved glucose tolerance in Them2 -/- mice was associated with reduced PKCϵ translocation. Preserved insulin receptor activity was supported by Thr-308 phosphorylation of Akt following GPAT1 overexpression in Them2 -/- hepatocytes. These findings suggest a pathogenic role of Them2 in the biosynthesis of glycerolipid metabolites that promote hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Tillander
- From the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021.,the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Miniami
- From the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021.,the Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, and
| | - Michele Alves-Bezerra
- From the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Rosalind A Coleman
- the Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - David E Cohen
- From the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021,
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16
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Steensels S, Ersoy BA. Fatty acid activation in thermogenic adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:79-90. [PMID: 29793055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Channeling carbohydrates and fatty acids to thermogenic tissues, including brown and beige adipocytes, have garnered interest as an approach for the management of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation) is crucial for the maintenance of thermogenesis. Upon cellular fatty acid uptake or following lipolysis from triglycerides (TG), fatty acids are esterified to coenzyme A (CoA) to form active acyl-CoA molecules. This enzymatic reaction is essential for their utilization in β-oxidation and thermogenesis. The activation and deactivation of fatty acids are regulated by two sets of enzymes called acyl-CoA synthetases (ACS) and acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOT), respectively. The expression levels of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenic tissues will determine the substrate availability for β-oxidation, and consequently the thermogenic capacity. Although the role of the majority of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenesis remains unclear, recent proceedings link the enzymatic activities of ACS and ACOT family members to metabolic disorders and thermogenesis. Elucidating the contributions of specific ACS and ACOT family members to trafficking of fatty acids towards thermogenesis may reveal novel targets for modulating thermogenic capacity and treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steensels
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Desai A, Alves-Bezerra M, Li Y, Ozdemir C, Bare CJ, Li Y, Hagen SJ, Cohen DE. Regulation of fatty acid trafficking in liver by thioesterase superfamily member 1. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:368-379. [PMID: 29208699 PMCID: PMC5794430 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioesterase superfamily member 1 (Them1) is an acyl-CoA thioesterase that is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue, where it functions to suppress energy expenditure. Lower Them1 expression levels in the liver are upregulated in response to high-fat feeding. Them1-/- mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and glucose intolerance, but the contribution of Them1 in liver is unclear. To examine its liver-specific functions, we created conditional transgenic mice, which, when bred to Them1-/- mice and activated, expressed Them1 exclusively in the liver. Mice with liver-specific Them1 expression exhibited no changes in energy expenditure. Rates of fatty acid oxidation were increased, whereas hepatic VLDL triglyceride secretion rates were decreased by hepatic Them1 expression. When fed a high-fat diet, Them1 expression in liver promoted excess steatosis in the setting of reduced rates of fatty acid oxidation and preserved glycerolipid synthesis. Liver-specific Them1 expression did not influence glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity, but did promote hepatic gluconeogenesis in high-fat-fed animals. This was attributable to the generation of excess fatty acids, which activated PPARα and promoted expression of gluconeogenic genes. These findings reveal a regulatory role for Them1 in hepatocellular fatty acid trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anal Desai
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021
| | - Michele Alves-Bezerra
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021
| | - Yingxia Li
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021
| | - Cafer Ozdemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Curtis J Bare
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Susan J Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - David E Cohen
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021
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18
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Khandokar YB, Srivastava P, Cowieson N, Sarker S, Aragao D, Das S, Smith KM, Raidal SR, Forwood JK. Structural insights into GDP-mediated regulation of a bacterial acyl-CoA thioesterase. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20461-20471. [PMID: 28972175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioesterases catalyze the cleavage of thioester bonds within many activated fatty acids and acyl-CoA substrates. They are expressed ubiquitously in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are subdivided into 25 thioesterase families according to their catalytic active site, protein oligomerization, and substrate specificity. Although many of these enzyme families are well-characterized in terms of function and substrate specificity, regulation across most thioesterase families is poorly understood. Here, we characterized a TE6 thioesterase from the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis Structural analysis with X-ray crystallographic diffraction data to 2.0-Å revealed that each protein subunit harbors a hot dog-fold and that the TE6 enzyme forms a hexamer with D3 symmetry. An assessment of thioesterase activity against a range of acyl-CoA substrates revealed the greatest activity against acetyl-CoA, and structure-guided mutagenesis of putative active site residues identified Asn24 and Asp39 as being essential for activity. Our structural analysis revealed that six GDP nucleotides bound the enzyme in close proximity to an intersubunit disulfide bond interactions that covalently link thioesterase domains in a double hot dog dimer. Structure-guided mutagenesis of residues within the GDP-binding pocket identified Arg93 as playing a key role in the nucleotide interaction and revealed that GDP is required for activity. All mutations were confirmed to be specific and not to have resulted from structural perturbations by X-ray crystallography. This is the first report of a bacterial GDP-regulated thioesterase and of covalent linkage of thioesterase domains through a disulfide bond, revealing structural similarities with ADP regulation in the human ACOT12 thioesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathan Cowieson
- the Life Sciences Division, Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Subir Sarker
- the Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia, and
| | - David Aragao
- the Australian National Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Shubagata Das
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | | | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
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19
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Tillander V, Alexson SEH, Cohen DE. Deactivating Fatty Acids: Acyl-CoA Thioesterase-Mediated Control of Lipid Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:473-484. [PMID: 28385385 PMCID: PMC5474144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of free fatty acids (FFA) is followed by esterification to coenzyme A (CoA), generating fatty acyl-CoAs that are substrates for oxidation or incorporation into complex lipids. Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs) constitute a family of enzymes that hydrolyze fatty acyl-CoAs to form FFA and CoA. Although biochemically and biophysically well characterized, the metabolic functions of these enzymes remain incompletely understood. Existing evidence suggests regulatory roles in controlling rates of peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acyl-CoA oxidation, as well as in the subcellular trafficking of fatty acids. Emerging data implicate ACOTs in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, suggesting that better understanding their pathobiology could reveal unique targets in the management of obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Tillander
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - Stefan E H Alexson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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20
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Ohtomo T, Ino K, Miyashita R, Chigira M, Nakamura M, Someya K, Inaba N, Fujita M, Takagi M, Yamada J. Chronic high-fat feeding impairs adaptive induction of mitochondrial fatty acid combustion-associated proteins in brown adipose tissue of mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:32-38. [PMID: 28955734 PMCID: PMC5614659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since brown adipose tissue (BAT) is involved in thermogenesis using fatty acids as a fuel, BAT activation is a potential strategy for treating obesity and diabetes. However, whether BAT fatty acid combusting capacity is preserved in these conditions has remained unclear. We therefore evaluated expression levels of fatty acid oxidation-associated enzymes and uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) in BAT by western blot using a diet-induced obesity C57BL/6J mouse model. In C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) over 2–4 weeks, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (Cpt2), acyl-CoA thioesterase (Acot) 2, Acot11 and Ucp1 levels were significantly increased compared with baseline and control low-fat diet (LFD)-fed mice. Similar results were obtained in other mouse strains, including ddY, ICR and KK-Ay, but the magnitudes of the increase in Ucp1 level were much smaller than in C57BL/6J mice, with decreased Acot11 levels after HFD-feeding. In C57BL/6J mice, increased levels of these mitochondrial proteins declined to near baseline levels after a longer-term HFD-feeding (20 weeks), concurrent with the accumulation of unilocular, large lipid droplets in brown adipocytes. Extramitochondrial Acot11 and acyl-CoA oxidase remained elevated. Treatment of mice with Wy-14,643 also increased these proteins, but was less effective than 4 week-HFD, suggesting that mechanisms other than peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α were also involved in the upregulation. These results suggest that BAT enhances its fatty acid combusting capacity in response to fat overload, however profound obesity deprives BAT of the responsiveness to fat, possibly via mitochondrial alteration. BAT activation is a potential strategy for treating obesity and diabetes. BAT enhances its fatty acid combusting capacity in response to high-fat feeding. Profound obesity deprives BAT of the responsiveness to fat overload. Susceptibility to BAT activation could depend on the degree of obesity.
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Key Words
- Acot, acyl-CoA thioesterase
- Acox, acyl-CoA oxidase
- Acyl-CoA thioesterase
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- Brown adipose tissue
- Cpt, carnitine palmitoyltransferase
- ETC, electron transport chain
- Fatty acid oxidation
- HFD and LFD, high- and low-fat diet
- Obesity
- Ppar, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- SNS, sympathetic nervous system
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TG, triglyceride
- Ucp, uncoupling protein
- Uncoupling protein
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohtomo
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kanako Ino
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryota Miyashita
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Maya Chigira
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Koji Someya
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Niro Inaba
- Center for the Advancement of Pharmaceutical Education, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mariko Fujita
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Takagi
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Junji Yamada
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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21
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Jiang P, Vegge A, Thymann T, Wan JMF, Sangild PT. Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Stimulates Postresection Intestinal Adaptation in Preterm Pigs by Affecting Proteins Related to Protein, Carbohydrate, and Sulphur Metabolism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:1293-1300. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607116662971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andreas Vegge
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Per Torp Sangild
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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22
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Okada K, LeClair KB, Zhang Y, Li Y, Ozdemir C, Krisko TI, Hagen SJ, Betensky RA, Banks AS, Cohen DE. Thioesterase superfamily member 1 suppresses cold thermogenesis by limiting the oxidation of lipid droplet-derived fatty acids in brown adipose tissue. Mol Metab 2016; 5:340-351. [PMID: 27110486 PMCID: PMC4837299 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in energy homeostasis. Thioesterase superfamily member 1 (Them1), a BAT-enriched long chain fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase, is upregulated by cold and downregulated by warm ambient temperatures. Them1 (-/-) mice exhibit increased energy expenditure and resistance to diet-induced obesity and diabetes, but the mechanistic contribution of Them1 to the regulation of cold thermogenesis remains unknown. METHODS Them1 (-/-) and Them1 (+/+) mice were subjected to continuous metabolic monitoring to quantify the effects of ambient temperatures ranging from thermoneutrality (30 °C) to cold (4 °C) on energy expenditure, core body temperature, physical activity and food intake. The effects of Them1 expression on O2 consumption rates, thermogenic gene expression and lipolytic protein activation were determined ex vivo in BAT and in primary brown adipocytes. RESULTS Them1 suppressed thermogenesis in mice even in the setting of ongoing cold exposure. Without affecting thermogenic gene transcription, Them1 reduced O2 consumption rates in both isolated BAT and primary brown adipocytes. This was attributable to decreased mitochondrial oxidation of endogenous but not exogenous fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS These results show that Them1 may act as a break on uncontrolled heat production and limit the extent of energy expenditure. Pharmacologic inhibition of Them1 could provide a targeted strategy for the management of metabolic disorders via activation of brown fat.
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Key Words
- ASM, acid soluble metabolites
- AUC, area under the curve
- Acot, acyl-CoA thioesterase
- Acyl-CoA thioesterase
- Ascl, long chain acyl-CoA synthetase
- Atgl, adipose triglyceride lipase
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BFIT, brown fat inducible thioesterase
- CPT, carnitine palmitoyl transferase
- Energy expenditure
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- FFA, free fatty acids
- Fabp, fatty acid binding protein
- Fatty acyl-CoA
- Hsl, hormone sensitive lipase
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- Mitochondria
- NE, norepinephrine
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- Obesity
- PKC, protein kinase C
- Plin, perilipin
- Ppar, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- RER, respiratory exchange rate
- START, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer
- Them1, thioesterase superfamily member
- UCP, uncoupling protein
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okada
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine B LeClair
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongzhao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingxia Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cafer Ozdemir
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tibor I Krisko
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan J Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Betensky
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Neess D, Bek S, Engelsby H, Gallego SF, Færgeman NJ. Long-chain acyl-CoA esters in metabolism and signaling: Role of acyl-CoA binding proteins. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:1-25. [PMID: 25898985 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters are key intermediates in numerous lipid metabolic pathways, and recognized as important cellular signaling molecules. The intracellular flux and regulatory properties of acyl-CoA esters have been proposed to be coordinated by acyl-CoA-binding domain containing proteins (ACBDs). The ACBDs, which comprise a highly conserved multigene family of intracellular lipid-binding proteins, are found in all eukaryotes and ubiquitously expressed in all metazoan tissues, with distinct expression patterns for individual ACBDs. The ACBDs are involved in numerous intracellular processes including fatty acid-, glycerolipid- and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, β-oxidation, cellular differentiation and proliferation as well as in the regulation of numerous enzyme activities. Little is known about the specific roles of the ACBDs in the regulation of these processes, however, recent studies have gained further insights into their in vivo functions and provided further evidence for ACBD-specific functions in cellular signaling and lipid metabolic pathways. This review summarizes the structural and functional properties of the various ACBDs, with special emphasis on the function of ACBD1, commonly known as ACBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Neess
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Signe Bek
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hanne Engelsby
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sandra F Gallego
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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24
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Swarbrick CMD, Roman N, Cowieson N, Patterson EI, Nanson J, Siponen MI, Berglund H, Lehtiö L, Forwood JK. Structural basis for regulation of the human acetyl-CoA thioesterase 12 and interactions with the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (START) domain. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24263-74. [PMID: 25002576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA plays a fundamental role in cell signaling and metabolic pathways, with its cellular levels tightly controlled through reciprocal regulation of enzymes that mediate its synthesis and catabolism. ACOT12, the primary acetyl-CoA thioesterase in the liver of human, mouse, and rat, is responsible for cleavage of the thioester bond within acetyl-CoA, producing acetate and coenzyme A for a range of cellular processes. The enzyme is regulated by ADP and ATP, which is believed to be mediated through the ligand-induced oligomerization of the thioesterase domains, whereby ATP induces active dimers and tetramers, whereas apo- and ADP-bound ACOT12 are monomeric and inactive. Here, using a range of structural and biophysical techniques, it is demonstrated that ACOT12 is a trimer rather than a tetramer and that neither ADP nor ATP exert their regulatory effects by altering the oligomeric status of the enzyme. Rather, the binding site and mechanism of ADP regulation have been determined to occur through two novel regulatory regions, one involving a large loop that links the thioesterase domains (Phe(154)-Thr(178)), defined here as RegLoop1, and a second region involving the C terminus of thioesterase domain 2 (Gln(304)-Gly(326)), designated RegLoop2. Mutagenesis confirmed that Arg(312) and Arg(313) are crucial for this mode of regulation, and novel interactions with the START domain are presented together with insights into domain swapping within eukaryotic thioesterases for substrate recognition. In summary, these experiments provide the first structural insights into the regulation of this enzyme family, revealing an alternate hypothesis likely to be conserved throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystall M D Swarbrick
- From the School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Noelia Roman
- From the School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Nathan Cowieson
- the Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and
| | - Edward I Patterson
- From the School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Nanson
- From the School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Marina I Siponen
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Structural Genomics Consortium, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Berglund
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Structural Genomics Consortium, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Structural Genomics Consortium, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jade K Forwood
- From the School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia,
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25
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HUNG YUHSUAN, CHAN YISHIN, CHANG YUNGSHENG, LEE KUOTING, HSU HUIPING, YEN MENGCHI, CHEN WEICHING, WANG CHIHYANG, LAI MINGDERG. Fatty acid metabolic enzyme acyl-CoA thioesterase 8 promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2797-803. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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26
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Tillander V, Arvidsson Nordström E, Reilly J, Strozyk M, Van Veldhoven PP, Hunt MC, Alexson SEH. Acyl-CoA thioesterase 9 (ACOT9) in mouse may provide a novel link between fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in mitochondria. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:933-48. [PMID: 23864032 PMCID: PMC11114068 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) activities are found in prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotes where they hydrolyze a wide range of acyl-CoA substrates and thereby regulate intracellular acyl-CoA/CoA/fatty acid levels. ACOT9 is a mitochondrial ACOT with homologous genes found from bacteria to humans and in this study we have carried out an in-depth kinetic characterization of ACOT9 to determine its possible physiological function. ACOT9 showed unusual kinetic properties with activity peaks for short-, medium-, and saturated long-chain acyl-CoAs with highest V max with propionyl-CoA and (iso) butyryl-CoA while K cat/K m was highest with saturated long-chain acyl-CoAs. Further characterization of the short-chain acyl-CoA activity revealed that ACOT9 also hydrolyzes a number of short-chain acyl-CoAs and short-chain methyl-branched CoA esters that suggest a role for ACOT9 in regulation also of amino acid metabolism. In spite of markedly different K ms, ACOT9 can hydrolyze both short- and long-chain acyl-CoAs simultaneously, indicating that ACOT9 may provide a novel regulatory link between fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in mitochondria. Based on similar acyl-CoA chain-length specificities of recombinant ACOT9 and ACOT activity in mouse brown adipose tissue and kidney mitochondria, we conclude that ACOT9 is the major mitochondrial ACOT hydrolyzing saturated C2-C20-CoA in these tissues. Finally, ACOT9 activity is strongly regulated by NADH and CoA, suggesting that mitochondrial metabolic state regulates the function of ACOT9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Tillander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Arvidsson Nordström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Reilly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Strozyk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul P. Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, LIPIT, Campus Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary C. Hunt
- Dublin Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Stefan E. H. Alexson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Alpy F, Tomasetto C. START ships lipids across interorganelle space. Biochimie 2014; 96:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Horibata Y, Ando H, Itoh M, Sugimoto H. Enzymatic and transcriptional regulation of the cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA hydrolase ACOT12. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2049-2059. [PMID: 23709691 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase 12 (ACOT12) is the major enzyme known to hydrolyze the thioester bond of acetyl-CoA in the cytosol in the liver. ACOT12 contains a catalytic thioesterase domain at the N terminus and a steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (START) domain at the C terminus. We investigated the effects of lipids (phospholipids, sphingolipids, fatty acids, and sterols) on ACOT12 thioesterase activity and found that the activity was inhibited by phosphatidic acid (PA) in a noncompetitive manner. In contrast, the enzymatic activity of a mutant form of ACOT12 lacking the START domain was not inhibited by the lipids. These results suggest that the START domain is important for regulation of ACOT12 activity by PA. We also found that PA could bind to thioesterase domain, but not to the START domain, and had no effect on ACOT12 dissociation. ACOT12 is detectable in the liver but not in hepatic cell lines such as HepG2, Hepa-1, and Fa2N-4. ACOT12 mRNA and protein levels in rat primary hepatocytes decreased following treatment with insulin. These results suggest that cytosolic acetyl-CoA levels in the liver are controlled by lipid metabolites and hormones, which result in allosteric enzymatic and transcriptional regulation of ACOT12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Horibata
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ando
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Masahiko Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
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