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Wang XK, Guo YX, Wang M, Zhang XD, Liu ZY, Wang MS, Luo K, Huang S, Li RF. Identification and validation of candidate clinical signatures of apolipoprotein L isoforms in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20969. [PMID: 38017264 PMCID: PMC10684526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal malignancy worldwide with an increasing number of new cases each year. Apolipoprotein (APOL) isoforms have been explored for their associations with HCC.The GSE14520 cohort was used for training data; The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used for validated data. Diagnostic, prognostic significance and mechanisms were explored using these cohorts. Risk score models and nomograms were constructed using prognosis-related isoforms and clinical factors for survival prediction. Oncomine and HCCDB databases were further used for validation of diagnostic, prognostic significance. APOL1, 3, and 6 were differentially expressed in two cohorts (all P ≤ 0.05). APOL1 and APOL6 had diagnostic capacity whereas APOL3 and APOL6 had prognostic capacity in two cohorts (areas under curves [AUCs] > 0.7, P ≤ 0.05). Mechanism studies demonstrated that APOL3 and APOL6 might be involved in humoral chemokine signaling pathways (all P ≤ 0.05). Risk score models and nomograms were constructed and validated for survival prediction of HCC. Moreover, diagnostic values of APOL1 and weak APOL6 were validated in Oncomine database (AUC > 0.700, 0.694); prognostic values of APOL3 and APOL6 were validated in HCCDB database (all P < 0.05). Differentially expressed APOL1 and APOL6 might be diagnostic biomarkers; APOL3 and APOL6 might be prognostic biomarkers of RFS and OS for HCC via chemokine signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Kun Wang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiang Guo
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, 473009, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Liu
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao-Sen Wang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Luo
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Feng Li
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Lee JG, Fu Y, Zhu JY, Wen P, van de Leemput J, Ray PE, Han Z. A SNARE protective pool antagonizes APOL1 renal toxicity in Drosophila nephrocytes. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:199. [PMID: 37925499 PMCID: PMC10625211 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People of Sub-Saharan African ancestry are at higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), attributed to the Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene risk alleles (RA) G1 and G2. The underlying mechanisms by which the APOL1-RA precipitate CKD remain elusive, hindering the development of potential treatments. RESULTS Using a Drosophila genetic modifier screen, we found that SNARE proteins (Syx7, Ykt6, and Syb) play an important role in preventing APOL1 cytotoxicity. Reducing the expression of these SNARE proteins significantly increased APOL1 cytotoxicity in fly nephrocytes, the equivalent of mammalian podocytes, whereas overexpression of Syx7, Ykt6, or Syb attenuated their toxicity in nephrocytes. These SNARE proteins bound to APOL1-G0 with higher affinity than APOL1-G1/G2, and attenuated APOL1-G0 cytotoxicity to a greater extent than either APOL1-RA. CONCLUSIONS Using a Drosophila screen, we identified SNARE proteins (Syx7, Ykt6, and Syb) as antagonists of APOL1-induced cytotoxicity by directly binding APOL1. These data uncovered a new potential protective role for certain SNARE proteins in the pathogenesis of APOL1-CKD and provide novel therapeutic targets for APOL1-associated nephropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gu Lee
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), 670 West Baltimore Street, 4052 HSFIII, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yulong Fu
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), 670 West Baltimore Street, 4052 HSFIII, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Jun-Yi Zhu
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), 670 West Baltimore Street, 4052 HSFIII, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Pei Wen
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), 670 West Baltimore Street, 4052 HSFIII, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joyce van de Leemput
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), 670 West Baltimore Street, 4052 HSFIII, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Patricio E Ray
- Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), 670 West Baltimore Street, 4052 HSFIII, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Adeva-Andany MM, Funcasta-Calderón R, Fernández-Fernández C, Ameneiros-Rodríguez E, Vila-Altesor M, Castro-Quintela E. The metabolic effects of APOL1 in humans. Pflugers Arch 2023:10.1007/s00424-023-02821-z. [PMID: 37261508 PMCID: PMC10233197 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Harboring apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) variants coded by the G1 or G2 alleles of the APOL1 gene increases the risk for collapsing glomerulopathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, albuminuria, chronic kidney disease, and accelerated kidney function decline towards end-stage kidney disease. However, most subjects carrying APOL1 variants do not develop the kidney phenotype unless a second clinical condition adds to the genotype, indicating that modifying factors modulate the genotype-phenotype correlation. Subjects with an APOL1 high-risk genotype are more likely to develop essential hypertension or obesity, suggesting that carriers of APOL1 risk variants experience more pronounced insulin resistance compared to noncarriers. Likewise, arterionephrosclerosis (the pathological correlate of hypertension-associated nephropathy) and glomerulomegaly take place among carriers of APOL1 risk variants, and these pathological changes are also present in conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as essential hypertension, aging, and diabetes. Insulin resistance may contribute to the clinical features associated with the APOL1 high-risk genotype. Unlike carriers of wild-type APOL1, bearers of APOL1 variants show impaired formation of lipid droplets, which may contribute to inducing insulin resistance. Nascent lipid droplets normally detach from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm, although the proteins that enable this process remain to be fully defined. Wild-type APOL1 is located in the lipid droplet, whereas mutated APOL1 remains sited at the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that normal APOL1 may participate in lipid droplet biogenesis. The defective formation of lipid droplets is associated with insulin resistance, which in turn may modulate the clinical phenotype present in carriers of APOL1 risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Adeva-Andany
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain.
| | - Raquel Funcasta-Calderón
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Fernández
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Eva Ameneiros-Rodríguez
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Matilde Vila-Altesor
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Elvira Castro-Quintela
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
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Pavanello C, Ossoli A. HDL and chronic kidney disease. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2023; 52:9-17. [PMID: 37193017 PMCID: PMC10182177 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations are a typical trait of the dyslipidemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this condition, plasma HDLs are characterized by alterations in structure and function, and these particles can lose their atheroprotective functions, e.g., the ability to promote cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties and they can even become dysfunctional, i.e., exactly damaging. The reduction in plasma HDL-C levels appears to be the only lipid alteration clearly linked to the progression of renal disease in CKD patients. The association between the HDL system and CKD development and progression is also supported by the presence of genetic kidney alterations linked to HDL metabolism, including mutations in the APOA1, APOE, APOL and LCAT genes. Among these, renal disease associated with LCAT deficiency is well characterized and lipid abnormalities detected in LCAT deficiency carriers mirror the ones observed in CKD patients, being present also in acquired LCAT deficiency. This review summarizes the major alterations in HDL structure and function in CKD and how genetic alterations in HDL metabolism can be linked to kidney dysfunction. Finally, the possibility of targeting the HDL system as possible strategy to slow CKD progression is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Corresponding author. Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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5
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Gerstner L, Chen M, Kampf LL, Milosavljevic J, Lang K, Schneider R, Hildebrandt F, Helmstädter M, Walz G, Hermle T. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling rescues cytotoxicity of human apolipoprotein-L1 risk variants in Drosophila. Kidney Int 2022; 101:1216-1231. [PMID: 35120995 PMCID: PMC10061223 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Risk variants of the apolipoprotein-L1 (APOL1) gene are associated with severe kidney disease, putting homozygous carriers at risk. Since APOL1 lacks orthologs in all major model organisms, a wide range of mechanisms frequently in conflict have been described for APOL1-associated nephropathies. The genetic toolkit in Drosophila allows unique in vivo insights into disrupted cellular homeostasis. To perform a mechanistic analysis, we expressed human APOL1 control and gain-of-function kidney risk variants in the podocyte-like garland cells of Drosophila nephrocytes and a wing precursor tissue. Expression of APOL1 risk variants was found to elevate endocytic function of garland cell nephrocytes that simultaneously showed early signs of cell death. Wild-type APOL1 had a significantly milder effect, while a control transgene with deletion of the short BH3 domain showed no overt phenotype. Nephrocyte endo-lysosomal function and slit diaphragm architecture remained unaffected by APOL1 risk variants, but endoplasmic reticulum (ER) swelling, chaperone induction, and expression of the reporter Xbp1-EGFP suggested an ER stress response. Pharmacological inhibition of ER stress diminished APOL1-mediated cell death and direct ER stress induction enhanced nephrocyte endocytic function similar to expression of APOL1 risk variants. We confirmed APOL1-dependent ER stress in the Drosophila wing precursor where silencing the IRE1-dependent branch of ER stress signaling by inhibition with Xbp1-RNAi abrogated cell death, representing the first rescue of APOL1-associated cytotoxicity in vivo. Thus, we uncovered ER stress as an essential consequence of APOL1 risk variant expression in vivo in Drosophila, suggesting a central role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of APOL1-associated nephropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gerstner
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lina L Kampf
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Milosavljevic
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Lang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hermle
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Chen TK, Surapaneni AL, Arking DE, Ballantyne CM, Boerwinkle E, Chen J, Coresh J, Köttgen A, Susztak K, Tin A, Yu B, Grams ME. APOL1 Kidney Risk Variants and Proteomics. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 17:684-692. [PMID: 35474272 PMCID: PMC9269576 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.14701121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The APOL1 risk variants (G1 and G2) are associated with kidney disease among Black adults, but the clinical presentation is heterogeneous. In mouse models and cell systems, increased gene expression of G1 and G2 confers cytotoxicity. How APOL1 risk variants relate to the circulating proteome warrants further investigation. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Among 461 African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) participants (mean age: 54 years; 41% women; mean GFR: 46 ml/min per 1.73 m2), we evaluated associations of APOL1 risk variants with 6790 serum proteins (measured via SOMAscan) using linear regression models. Covariates included age, sex, percentage of European ancestry, and protein principal components 1-5. Associated proteins were then evaluated as mediators of APOL1-associated risk for kidney failure. Findings were replicated among 875 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study Black participants (mean age: 75 years; 66% women; mean eGFR: 67 ml/min per 1.73 m2). RESULTS In the AASK study, having two (versus zero or one) APOL1 risk alleles was associated with lower serum levels of APOL1 (P=3.11E-13; P=3.12E-06 [two aptamers]), APOL2 (P=1.45E-10), CLSTN2 (P=2.66E-06), MMP-2 (P=2.96E-06), SPOCK2 (P=2.57E-05), and TIMP-2 (P=2.98E-05) proteins. In the ARIC study, APOL1 risk alleles were associated with APOL1 (P=1.28E-11); MMP-2 (P=0.004) and TIMP-2 (P=0.007) were associated only in an additive model, and APOL2 was not available. APOL1 high-risk status was associated with a 1.6-fold greater risk of kidney failure in the AASK study; none of the identified proteins mediated this association. APOL1 protein levels were not associated with kidney failure in either cohort. CONCLUSIONS APOL1 risk variants were strongly associated with lower circulating levels of APOL1 and other proteins, but none mediated the APOL1-associated risk for kidney failure. APOL1 protein level was also not associated with kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa K. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aditya L. Surapaneni
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dan E. Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jingsha Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Data Driven Medicine, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Morgan E. Grams
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Kruzel-Davila E, Bavli-Kertselli I, Ofir A, Cheatham AM, Shemer R, Zaknoun E, Chornyy S, Tabachnikov O, Davis SE, Khatua AK, Skorecki K, Popik W. Endoplasmic reticulum-translocation is essential for APOL1 cellular toxicity. iScience 2022; 25:103717. [PMID: 35072009 PMCID: PMC8762391 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two variants at the APOL1 gene, encoding apolipoprotein L1, account for more than 70% of the increased risk for chronic kidney disease in individuals of African ancestry. While the initiating event for APOL1 risk variant cell injury remains to be clarified, we explored the possibility of blocking APOL1 toxicity at a more upstream level. We demonstrate that deletion of the first six amino acids of exon 4 abrogates APOL1 cytotoxicity by impairing APOL1 translocation to the lumen of ER and splicing of the signal peptide. Likewise, in orthologous systems, APOL1 lethality was partially abrogated in yeast strains and flies with reduced dosage of genes encoding ER translocon proteins. An inhibitor of ER to Golgi trafficking reduced lethality as well. We suggest that targeting the MSALFL sequence or exon 4 skipping may serve as potential therapeutic approaches to mitigate the risk of CKD caused by APOL1 renal risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Kruzel-Davila
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Departments of Genetics and Developmental Biology and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ayala Ofir
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amber M. Cheatham
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37028, USA
| | - Revital Shemer
- Departments of Genetics and Developmental Biology and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eid Zaknoun
- Departments of Genetics and Developmental Biology and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sergiy Chornyy
- Departments of Genetics and Developmental Biology and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Orly Tabachnikov
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shamara E. Davis
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37028, USA
| | - Atanu K. Khatua
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37028, USA
| | - Karl Skorecki
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Departments of Genetics and Developmental Biology and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Waldemar Popik
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37028, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, 1005 D. B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37028, USA
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8
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Müller D, Schmitz J, Fischer K, Granado D, Groh AC, Krausel V, Lüttgenau SM, Amelung TM, Pavenstädt H, Weide T. Evolution of renal-disease factor APOL1 results in cis and trans orientations at the endoplasmic reticulum that both show cytotoxic effects. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4962-4976. [PMID: 34323996 PMCID: PMC8557400 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent and exclusively in humans and a few other higher primates expressed APOL1 (apolipoprotein L1) gene is linked to African human trypanosomiasis (also known as African sleeping sickness) as well as to different forms of kidney diseases. Whereas APOL1’s role as a trypanolytic factor is well established, pathobiological mechanisms explaining its cytotoxicity in renal cells remain unclear. In this study, we compared the APOL family members using a combination of evolutionary studies and cell biological experiments to detect unique features causal for APOL1 nephrotoxic effects. We investigated available primate and mouse genome and transcriptome data to apply comparative phylogenetic and maximum likelihood selection analyses. We suggest that the APOL gene family evolved early in vertebrates and initial splitting occurred in ancestral mammals. Diversification and differentiation of functional domains continued in primates, including developing the two members APOL1 and APOL2. Their close relationship could be diagnosed by sequence similarity and a shared ancestral insertion of an AluY transposable element. Live-cell imaging analyses showed that both expressed proteins show a strong preference to localize at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, glycosylation and secretion assays revealed that—unlike APOL2—APOL1 membrane insertion or association occurs in different orientations at the ER, with the disease-associated mutants facing either the luminal (cis) or cytoplasmic (trans) side of the ER. The various pools of APOL1 at the ER offer a novel perspective in explaining the broad spectrum of its observed toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Müller
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schmitz
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Katharina Fischer
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Daniel Granado
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Groh
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Vanessa Krausel
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Simona Mareike Lüttgenau
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Till Maximilian Amelung
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, Münster, 48149, Germany
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Ultsch M, Holliday MJ, Gerhardy S, Moran P, Scales SJ, Gupta N, Oltrabella F, Chiu C, Fairbrother W, Eigenbrot C, Kirchhofer D. Structures of the ApoL1 and ApoL2 N-terminal domains reveal a non-classical four-helix bundle motif. Commun Biol 2021; 4:916. [PMID: 34316015 PMCID: PMC8316464 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) is a circulating innate immunity protein protecting against trypanosome infection. However, two ApoL1 coding variants are associated with a highly increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Here we present X-ray and NMR structures of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ApoL1 and of its closest relative ApoL2. In both proteins, four of the five NTD helices form a four-helix core structure which is different from the classical four-helix bundle and from the pore-forming domain of colicin A. The reactivity with a conformation-specific antibody and structural models predict that this four-helix motif is also present in the NTDs of ApoL3 and ApoL4, suggesting related functions within the small ApoL family. The long helix 5 of ApoL1 is conformationally flexible and contains the BH3-like region. This BH3-like α-helix resembles true BH3 domains only in sequence and structure but not in function, since it does not bind to the pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family, suggesting a Bcl-2-independent role in cytotoxicity. These findings should expedite a more comprehensive structural and functional understanding of the ApoL immune protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ultsch
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Holliday
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Moran
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suzie J Scales
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Cecilia Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wayne Fairbrother
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Yu J, Lang Q, Zhong C, Wang S, Tian Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Autophagy Prognostic Signature in Pancreatic Cancer. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211023260. [PMID: 34262410 PMCID: PMC8252352 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211023260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy plays a vital role in cancer development. However, there is currently no comprehensive study regarding the effects of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) on pancreatic cancer prognosis. Thus, this study aimed to establish an autophagy-related signature for predicting the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods: We identified and validated differentially-expressed ARGs using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEx) and Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We performed Cox proportional hazards regression analysis on the differentially-expressed ARGs to develop an autophagy-related signature. We tested the expression of these genes through western blotting and verified their prognostic values through gene expression profiling and interactive analyses (GEPIA). Results: We identified a total of 21 differentially-expressed ARGs and screened 4 OS-related ARGs (TP63, RAB24, APOL1, and PTK6). Both the training and validation sets showed that the autophagy-related signature was more accurate than the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) staging system. Moreover, the western blotting result showed that the expression of TP63, APOL1, and PTK6 was high, whereas that of RAB24 was low in cancer tissues. Conclusion: This 4-ARG signature might potentially help in providing personalized therapy to patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Lang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chongli Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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11
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Yang Y, Bai L, Liao W, Feng M, Zhang M, Wu Q, Zhou K, Wen F, Lei W, Zhang N, Huang J, Li Q. The role of non-apoptotic cell death in the treatment and drug-resistance of digestive tumors. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112678. [PMID: 34171351 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell apoptosis evasion is one of the main reasons for easy metastasis occurrence, chemotherapy resistance, and the low five-year survival rate of digestive system tumors. Current research has shown that non-apoptotic cell death plays an important role in tumors of the digestive system. Therefore, increasing the proportion of non-apoptotic tumor cells is one of the effective methods of improving therapeutic efficacies for digestive system tumors. Non-apoptotic cell death modes mainly include autophagic cell death, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, in addition to other cell death modes. This review covers a systematic review relating to the research progress made into autophagic cell death, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and other cell death modes in the treatment of digestive system tumors. It also highlights how treatment is a reasonable prospect based on clinical experience and provides reliable guidance for the further development of digestive system tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - LiangLiang Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiting Liao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyang Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengxi Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kexun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanting Lei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Cornelissen A, Fuller DT, Fernandez R, Zhao X, Kutys R, Binns-Roemer E, Delsante M, Sakamoto A, Paek KH, Sato Y, Kawakami R, Mori M, Kawai K, Yoshida T, Latt KZ, Miller CL, de Vries PS, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Shin MK, Hoek M, Heymann J, Kopp JB, Rosenberg AZ, Davis HR, Guo L, Finn AV. APOL1 Genetic Variants Are Associated With Increased Risk of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture in the Black Population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2201-2214. [PMID: 34039022 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cornelissen
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.).,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany (A.C.)
| | - Daniela T Fuller
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Raquel Fernandez
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Robert Kutys
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Elizabeth Binns-Roemer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD (E.B.-R.)
| | - Marco Delsante
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.).,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Università di Parma, UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Italy (M.D.)
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Ka Hyun Paek
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | | | - Rika Kawakami
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Masayuki Mori
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Kenji Kawai
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.)
| | - Khun Zaw Latt
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.)
| | - Clint L Miller
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (C.L.M.)
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (P.S.d.V.)
| | - Frank D Kolodgie
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | | | | | | | - Jurgen Heymann
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.)
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.)
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.).,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (A.Z.R.)
| | - Harry R Davis
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Aloke V Finn
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.).,School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (A.V.F.)
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13
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High-Density Lipoproteins and the Kidney. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040764. [PMID: 33807271 PMCID: PMC8065870 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a typical trait of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is typically characterized by reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol(c) levels. The low HDL-c concentration is the only lipid alteration associated with the progression of renal disease in mild-to-moderate CKD patients. Plasma HDL levels are not only reduced but also characterized by alterations in composition and structure, which are responsible for the loss of atheroprotective functions, like the ability to promote cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties. The interconnection between HDL and renal function is confirmed by the fact that genetic HDL defects can lead to kidney disease; in fact, mutations in apoA-I, apoE, apoL, and lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) are associated with the development of renal damage. Genetic LCAT deficiency is the most emblematic case and represents a unique tool to evaluate the impact of alterations in the HDL system on the progression of renal disease. Lipid abnormalities detected in LCAT-deficient carriers mirror the ones observed in CKD patients, which indeed present an acquired LCAT deficiency. In this context, circulating LCAT levels predict CKD progression in individuals at early stages of renal dysfunction and in the general population. This review summarizes the main alterations of HDL in CKD, focusing on the latest update of acquired and genetic LCAT defects associated with the progression of renal disease.
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14
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Yu P, Zhang X, Liu N, Tang L, Peng C, Chen X. Pyroptosis: mechanisms and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:128. [PMID: 33776057 PMCID: PMC8005494 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 833] [Impact Index Per Article: 277.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, pyroptosis has received more and more attention because of its association with innate immunity and disease. The research scope of pyroptosis has expanded with the discovery of the gasdermin family. A great deal of evidence shows that pyroptosis can affect the development of tumors. The relationship between pyroptosis and tumors is diverse in different tissues and genetic backgrounds. In this review, we provide basic knowledge of pyroptosis, explain the relationship between pyroptosis and tumors, and focus on the significance of pyroptosis in tumor treatment. In addition, we further summarize the possibility of pyroptosis as a potential tumor treatment strategy and describe the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy caused by pyroptosis. In brief, pyroptosis is a double-edged sword for tumors. The rational use of this dual effect will help us further explore the formation and development of tumors, and provide ideas for patients to develop new drugs based on pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pian Yu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xu Zhang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Nian Liu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Ling Tang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Cong Peng
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xiang Chen
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
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15
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Ma L, Palmer ND, Choi YA, Murea M, Snipes JA, Parks JS, Langefeld CD, Freedman BI. APOL1 Risk Variants Impair Multiple Mitochondrial Pathways in a Metabolomics Analysis. KIDNEY360 2020; 1:1353-1362. [PMID: 35372896 PMCID: PMC8815529 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0003592020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Kidney risk variants (KRVs) in the APOL1 gene are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the molecular spectrum of metabolites affected by the G1 and G2 KRVs, and the downstream mitochondrial pathways they affect, remain unknown. Methods We performed a metabolomics analysis using HEK293 Tet-on cells conditionally expressing APOL1 G0, G1, and G2 KRVs to determine the patterns of metabolites and pathways potentially involved in nephropathy. The Welch two-sample t test, matched-pairs t test, and two-way repeated measures ANOVA were used to identify differential metabolites. Random forest, a supervised classification algorithm that uses an ensemble of decision trees, and the mean-decrease-accuracy metric were applied to prioritize top metabolites. Results Alterations in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, increased fatty acid oxidation, and compromised redox homeostasis were the major pathways affected by overexpression of APOL1 KRVs. Conclusions Impairment of mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain complex I appeared to account for critical metabolic consequences of APOL1 KRVs. This finding supports depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential, as has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Nicholette D. Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Young A Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mariana Murea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James A. Snipes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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16
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Chen B, Wang D, Li J, Hou Y, Qiao C. Screening and Identification of Prognostic Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells and Genes of Endometrioid Endometrial Adenocarcinoma: Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas Database and Bioinformatics. Front Oncol 2020; 10:554214. [PMID: 33335850 PMCID: PMC7737471 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.554214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EEA) is one of the most common tumors in the female reproductive system. With the further understanding of immune regulation mechanism in tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy is emerging in tumor treatment. However, there are few systematic studies on EEA immune infiltration. Methods In this study, prognostic tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and related genes of EEA were comprehensively analyzed for the first time through the bioinformatics method with CIBERSORT algorithm as the core. Gene expression profile data were downloaded from the TCGA database, and the abundance ratio of TIICs was obtained. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to identify prognostic TIICs. EEA samples were grouped according to the risk score in Cox regression model. Differential analysis and functional enrichment analyses were performed on high- and low-risk groups to find survival-related hub genes, which were verified by Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). Result Four TIICs including memory CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells were identified. And two hub gene modules were found, in which six hub genes including APOL1, CCL17, RBP4, KRT15, KRT71, and KRT79 were significantly related to overall survival and were closely correlated with some certain TIICs in the validation of TIMER. Conclusion In this study, four prognostic TIICs and six hub genes were found to be closely related to EEA. These findings provided new potential targets for EEA immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiapo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Chong Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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17
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Zhong F, Lu HP, Chen G, Dang YW, Zhang XG, Liang Y, Li MX, Li GS, Chen XY, Yao YX, Qin YY, Mo M, Zhang KL, Ding H, Huang ZG, Wei ZX. The clinical significance of apolipoprotein L1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:377. [PMID: 33154775 PMCID: PMC7608033 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 500,000 new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cases are detected every year around the world, and its incidence ranks sixth among all cancer types globally. Among these cases, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) are HNSCC subtypes with high incidence rates, especially in China. The present study examines the association between the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) mRNA and protein expression and clinical parameters in HNSCC. The two most common types (oral and larynx) of HNSCC were selected for subgroup analyses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect APOL1 protein expression levels in HNSCC clinical specimens. It was demonstrated that APOL1 protein expression in 221 cases of HNSCC was higher compared with that in normal tissues. Consistent upregulation of APOL1 protein was also found in subgroups of OSCC and LSCC. Through mining the ArrayExpress, The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus databases, microarrays and RNA sequencing data for HNSCC were retrieved, which were used to analyze APOL1 mRNA expression levels. The results showed that APOL1 expression was higher in both OSCC and LSCC subtypes, as well as in HNSCC, compared with that in non-cancerous squamous epithelium. The summary receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that APOL1 had potential as a diagnostic biomarker for HNSCC, OSCC and LSCC. Thus, upregulation of APOL1 may contribute to the tumorigenesis of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Hengxian People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530300, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ping Lu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Guohui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yao Liang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xuan Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Sheng Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xuan Yao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ying Qin
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Miao Mo
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Lang Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhu-Xin Wei
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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18
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Wang DP, Yu ZX, He ZC, Liao JF, Shen XB, Zhu PL, Chen WN, Lin X, Xu SH. Apolipoprotein L1 is transcriptionally regulated by SP1, IRF1 and IRF2 in hepatoma cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3108-3121. [PMID: 32671843 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) participates in lipid metabolism. Here, we investigate the mechanisms regulating APOL1 gene expression in hepatoma cells. We demonstrate that the -80-nt to +31-nt region of the APOL1 promoter, which contains one SP transcription factor binding GT box and an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) binding ISRE element, maintains the maximum activity. Mutation of the GT box and ISRE element dramatically reduces APOL1 promoter activity. EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay reveal that the transcription factors Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 could interact with their cognate binding sites on the APOL1 promoter. Overexpression of Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 increases promoter activity, leading to increased APOL1 mRNA and protein levels, while knockdown of Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 has the opposite effects. These results demonstrate that the APOL1 gene could be regulated by Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ping Wang
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hongqi Hospital of MuDanJiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Yu
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zong-Cun He
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Fu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Bin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, China
| | - Peng-Li Zhu
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shang-Hua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, China
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19
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Li D, Snipes JA, Murea M, Molina AJA, Divers J, Freedman BI, Ma L, Petrovic S. An Acidic Environment Induces APOL1-Associated Mitochondrial Fragmentation. Am J Nephrol 2020; 51:695-704. [PMID: 32866949 DOI: 10.1159/000509989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) G1 and G2 kidney-risk variants (KRVs) cause CKD in African Americans, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Modifying factors are required, because a minority of individuals with APOL1 high-risk genotypes develop nephropathy. Given that APOL1 function is pH-sensitive and the pH of the kidney interstitium is <7, we hypothesized the acidic kidney interstitium may facilitate APOL1 KRV-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells conditionally expressing empty vector (EV), APOL1-reference G0, and G1 or G2 KRVs were incubated in media pH 6.8 or 7.4 for 4, 6, or 8 h. Genotype-specific pH effects on mitochondrial length (µm) were assessed using confocal microscopy in live cells and Fiji derivative of ImageJ software with MiNA plug-in. Lower mitochondrial length indicated fragmentation and early dysfunction. RESULTS After 6 h doxycycline (Dox) induction in pH 6.8 media, G2-expressing cells had shorter mitochondria (6.54 ± 0.40) than cells expressing EV (7.65 ± 0.72, p = 0.02) or G0 (7.46 ± 0.31, p = 0.003). After 8 h Dox induction in pH 6.8 media, both G1- (6.21 ± 0.26) and G2-expressing cells had shorter mitochondria (6.46 ± 0.34) than cells expressing EV (7.13 ± 0.32, p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively) or G0 (7.22 ± 0.45, p = 0.003 and p = 0.01, respectively). Mitochondrial length in cells incubated in pH 7.4 media were comparable after 8 h Dox induction regardless of genotype. APOL1 mRNA expression and cell viability were comparable regardless of pH or genotype after 8 h Dox induction. CONCLUSION Acidic pH facilitates early mitochondrial dysfunction induced by APOL1 G1 and G2 KRVs in HEK293 cells. We propose that the acidic kidney interstitium may play a role in APOL1-mediated mitochondrial pathophysiology and nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- DengFeng Li
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - James A Snipes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mariana Murea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony J A Molina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,
| | - Snezana Petrovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Scales SJ, Gupta N, De Mazière AM, Posthuma G, Chiu CP, Pierce AA, Hötzel K, Tao J, Foreman O, Koukos G, Oltrabella F, Klumperman J, Lin W, Peterson AS. Apolipoprotein L1-Specific Antibodies Detect Endogenous APOL1 inside the Endoplasmic Reticulum and on the Plasma Membrane of Podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2044-2064. [PMID: 32764142 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOL1 is found in human kidney podocytes and endothelia. Variants G1 and G2 of the APOL1 gene account for the high frequency of nondiabetic CKD among African Americans. Proposed mechanisms of kidney podocyte cytotoxicity resulting from APOL1 variant overexpression implicate different subcellular compartments. It is unclear where endogenous podocyte APOL1 resides, because previous immunolocalization studies utilized overexpressed protein or commercially available antibodies that crossreact with APOL2. This study describes and distinguishes the locations of both APOLs. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, and podocyte fractionation localized endogenous and transfected APOL1 using a large panel of novel APOL1-specific mouse and rabbit monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Both endogenous podocyte and transfected APOL1 isoforms vA and vB1 (and a little of isoform vC) localize to the luminal face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and to the cell surface, but not to mitochondria, endosomes, or lipid droplets. In contrast, APOL2, isoform vB3, and most vC of APOL1 localize to the cytoplasmic face of the ER and are consequently absent from the cell surface. APOL1 knockout podocytes do not stain for APOL1, attesting to the APOL1-specificity of the antibodies. Stable re-transfection of knockout podocytes with inducible APOL1-G0, -G1, and -G2 showed no differences in localization among variants. CONCLUSIONS APOL1 is found in the ER and plasma membrane, consistent with either the ER stress or surface cation channel models of APOL1-mediated cytotoxicity. The surface localization of APOL1 variants potentially opens new therapeutic targeting avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie J Scales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California .,Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California.,Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ann M De Mazière
- Section of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - George Posthuma
- Section of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia P Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew A Pierce
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kathy Hötzel
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jianhua Tao
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Georgios Koukos
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Judith Klumperman
- Section of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - WeiYu Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew S Peterson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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21
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Chidiac M, Daher J, Boeckstaens M, Poelvoorde P, Badran B, Marini AM, Khalaf R, Vanhamme L. Human apolipoprotein L1 interferes with mitochondrial function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1910-1920. [PMID: 32583004 PMCID: PMC7411449 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, the vertebrate apolipoprotein L (APOL) family has not previously been ascribed to any definite pathophysiological function, although the conserved BH3 protein domain suggests a role in programmed cell death or an interference with mitochondrial processes. In the present study, the human APOL1 was expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to determine the molecular action of APOL1. APOL1 inhibited cell proliferation in a non-fermentable carbon source, such as glycerol, while it had no effect on proliferation in fermentable carbon sources, such as galactose. APOL1, expressed in yeast, is localized in the mitochondrial fraction, as determined via western blotting. APOL1 induced a loss of mitochondrial function, demonstrated by a loss of respiratory index, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Green fluorescent protein tagging of mitochondrial protein revealed that APOL1 was associated with abnormal mitochondrial and lysosomal morphologies, observed by a loss of the normal mitochondrial tubular network. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that APOL1 could be a physiological regulator of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chidiac
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Laboratory of Gene Molecular Biology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jalil Daher
- Department of Biology, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Mélanie Boeckstaens
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport Biology, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Philippe Poelvoorde
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Laboratory of Gene Molecular Biology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Bassam Badran
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Immunology, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, P.O. Box 6573, Hadath‑Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anna Maria Marini
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport Biology, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Roy Khalaf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Laboratory of Gene Molecular Biology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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22
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Giovinazzo JA, Thomson RP, Khalizova N, Zager PJ, Malani N, Rodriguez-Boulan E, Raper J, Schreiner R. Apolipoprotein L-1 renal risk variants form active channels at the plasma membrane driving cytotoxicity. eLife 2020; 9:51185. [PMID: 32427098 PMCID: PMC7292663 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently evolved alleles of Apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1) provide increased protection against African trypanosome parasites while also significantly increasing the risk of developing kidney disease in humans. APOL1 protects against trypanosome infections by forming ion channels within the parasite, causing lysis. While the correlation to kidney disease is robust, there is little consensus concerning the underlying disease mechanism. We show in human cells that the APOL1 renal risk variants have a population of active channels at the plasma membrane, which results in an influx of both Na+ and Ca2+. We propose a model wherein APOL1 channel activity is the upstream event causing cell death, and that the activate-state, plasma membrane-localized channel represents the ideal drug target to combat APOL1-mediated kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Giovinazzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College at City University of New York, New York, United States
| | - Russell P Thomson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College at City University of New York, New York, United States
| | - Nailya Khalizova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College at City University of New York, New York, United States
| | - Patrick J Zager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | | | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College at City University of New York, New York, United States
| | - Ryan Schreiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
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23
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) is a protein encoded by the APOL1 gene, found only in humans and several primates. Two variants encoding two different isoforms exist for APOL1, namely G1 and G2. These variants confer increased protection against trypanosome infection, and subsequent African sleeping sickness, and also increase the likelihood of renal disease in individuals of African ancestry. APOL1 mutations are associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease, inflammation, and exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated renal dysfunction. This review serves to outline the structure and function of APOL1, as well as its role in several disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanel Raghubeer
- Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology-Bellville Campus, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Tahir S Pillay
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Tandi Edith Matsha
- Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology-Bellville Campus, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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24
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Fang J, Yao X, Hou M, Duan M, Xing L, Huang J, Wang Y, Zhu B, Chen Q, Wang H. ApoL1 induces kidney inflammation through RIG-I/NF-κB activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:466-473. [PMID: 32336543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genetic variations of the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene are associated with non-diabetic kidney diseases. However, very little is known about the role of ApoL1 in glomerular damage. Here, we aimed to identify the function and mechanism of ApoL1 in glomerular damage. The mice were randomly divided into two groups: one group was intraperitoneally injected with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), while the other group was intraperitoneally injected with recombinant ApoL1 every other day for 3 months. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining were used to demonstrate the effects of ApoL1 on kidney inflammation and injury. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses revealed that ApoL1-treated mice exhibited enhanced expression of various inflammation markers in the kidney and serum compared to the PBS-treated mice. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that ApoL1 accumulated in kidney podocytes. Treatment with ApoL1 dose-dependently increased the expression of inflammation markers and apoptotic markers. The abnormal gene expression associated with ApoL1-mediated podocyte inflammation was evaluated using microarray analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the upregulated genes were enriched in the inflammation-related processes, such as the RIG-I/NF-κB signaling pathway. Consistently, the knockdown of RIG-I significantly mitigated the ApoL1-induced upregulation of inflammatory and apoptotic markers in the human podocytes. Additionally, the ApoL1-induced glomerular damage was attenuated in AAV-shRIG-I mice. Therefore, the effects of ApoL1 on glomerular damage may be, at least partially, through inducing abnormal expression of inflammatory molecules, which may have important implications for treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqiang Hou
- Department of Urology, Xishui County People's Hospital, Guizhou Province, Guizhou, 564699, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Duan
- Department of Urology, Xishui County People's Hospital, Guizhou Province, Guizhou, 564699, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Xing
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiebo Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiujing Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Ma L, Ainsworth HC, Snipes JA, Murea M, Choi YA, Langefeld CD, Parks JS, Bharadwaj MS, Chou JW, Hemal AK, Petrovic S, Craddock AL, Cheng D, Hawkins GA, Miller LD, Hicks PJ, Saleem MA, Divers J, Molina AJA, Freedman BI. APOL1 Kidney-Risk Variants Induce Mitochondrial Fission. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:891-904. [PMID: 32518871 PMCID: PMC7271005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction APOL1 G1 and G2 nephropathy-risk variants cause mitochondrial dysfunction and contribute to kidney disease. Analyses were performed to determine the genetic regulation of APOL1 and elucidate potential mechanisms in APOL1-nephropathy. Methods A global gene expression analysis was performed in human primary renal tubule cell lines derived from 50 African American individuals. Follow-up gene knock out, cell-based rescue, and microscopy experiments were performed. Results APOL1 genotypes did not alter APOL1 expression levels in the global gene expression analysis. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis in polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC)–stimulated renal tubule cells revealed that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs513349 adjacent to BAK1 was a trans eQTL for APOL1 and a cis eQTL for BAK1; APOL1 and BAK1 were co-expressed in cells. BAK1 knockout in a human podocyte cell line resulted in diminished APOL1 protein, supporting a pivotal effect for BAK1 on APOL1 expression. Because BAK1 is involved in mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial morphology was examined in primary renal tubule cells and HEK293 Tet-on cells of various APOL1 genotypes. Mitochondria in APOL1 wild-type (G0G0) tubule cells maintained elongated morphology when stimulated by low-dose poly IC, whereas those with G1G1, G2G2, and G1G2 genotypes appeared to fragment. HEK293 Tet-on cells overexpressing APOL1 G0, G1, and G2 were created; G0 cells appeared to promote mitochondrial fusion, whereas G1 and G2 induced mitochondrial fission. The mitochondrial dynamic regulator Mdivi-1 significantly preserved cell viability and mitochondrial cristae structure and reversed mitochondrial fission induced by overexpression of G1 and G2. Conclusion Results suggest the mitochondrial fusion/fission pathway may be a therapeutic target in APOL1-nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hannah C Ainsworth
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - James A Snipes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mariana Murea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Young A Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - John S Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manish S Bharadwaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeff W Chou
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashok K Hemal
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Snezana Petrovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ann L Craddock
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory A Hawkins
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lance D Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pamela J Hicks
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Children's Renal Unit, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony J A Molina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Uzureau S, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Hennig D, Graversen JH, Homblé F, Mfutu PE, Oliveira Arcolino F, Ramos AR, La Rovere RM, Luyten T, Vermeersch M, Tebabi P, Dieu M, Cuypers B, Deborggraeve S, Rabant M, Legendre C, Moestrup SK, Levtchenko E, Bultynck G, Erneux C, Pérez-Morga D, Pays E. APOL1 C-Terminal Variants May Trigger Kidney Disease through Interference with APOL3 Control of Actomyosin. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3821-3836.e13. [PMID: 32187552 PMCID: PMC7090385 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal variants G1 and G2 of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) confer human resistance to the sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma rhodesiense, but they also increase the risk of kidney disease. APOL1 and APOL3 are death-promoting proteins that are partially associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. We report that in podocytes, either APOL1 C-terminal helix truncation (APOL1Δ) or APOL3 deletion (APOL3KO) induces similar actomyosin reorganization linked to the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] synthesis by the Golgi PI(4)-kinase IIIB (PI4KB). Both APOL1 and APOL3 can form K+ channels, but only APOL3 exhibits Ca2+-dependent binding of high affinity to neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1), promoting NCS-1-PI4KB interaction and stimulating PI4KB activity. Alteration of the APOL1 C-terminal helix triggers APOL1 unfolding and increased binding to APOL3, affecting APOL3-NCS-1 interaction. Since the podocytes of G1 and G2 patients exhibit an APOL1Δ or APOL3KO-like phenotype, APOL1 C-terminal variants may induce kidney disease by preventing APOL3 from activating PI4KB, with consecutive actomyosin reorganization of podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Uzureau
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pierrick Uzureau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), CHU Charleroi, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny le Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Dorle Hennig
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jonas H Graversen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Fabrice Homblé
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pepe Ekulu Mfutu
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ana Raquel Ramos
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rita M La Rovere
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomas Luyten
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Patricia Tebabi
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- URBC-Narilis, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium; Adrem Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marion Rabant
- Adult Nephrology-Transplantation Department, Paris Hospitals and Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Legendre
- Pathology Department, Paris Hospitals and Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Søren K Moestrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Erneux
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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27
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Divers J, Ma L, Brown WM, Palmer ND, Choi Y, Israni AK, Pastan SO, Julian BA, Gaston RS, Hicks PJ, Reeves-Daniel AM, Freedman BI. Genome-wide association study for time to failure of kidney transplants from African American deceased donors. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e13827. [PMID: 32080893 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two renal-risk variants in the apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) in African American (AA) deceased donors (DD) are associated with shorter renal allograft survival after transplantation. To identify additional genes contributing to allograft survival, a genome-wide association study was performed in 532 AA DDs. Phenotypic data were obtained from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Association and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-by-APOL1 interaction tests were conducted using death-censored renal allograft survival accounting for relevant covariates. Replication and inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis were performed using data from 250 AA DD in the Genomics of Transplantation study. Accounting for APOL1, multiple SNPs near the Nudix Hydrolase 7 gene (NUDT7) showed strong independent effects (P = 1.6 × 10-8 -2.2 × 10-8 ). Several SNPs in the Translocation protein SEC63 homolog (SEC63; P = 2 × 10-9 -3.7 × 10-8 ) and plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) genes (P = 4.0 × 10-8 -7 × 10-8 ) modified the effect of APOL1 on allograft survival. SEC63 is expressed in human renal tubule cells and glomeruli, and PVT1 is associated with diabetic kidney disease. Overall, associations were detected for 41 SNPs (P = 2 × 10-9 -5 × 10-8 ) contributing independently or interacting with APOL1 to impact renal allograft survival after transplantation from AA DD. Given the small sample size of the discovery and replication sets, independent validations and functional genomic efforts are needed to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Divers
- Division of Health Services Research, Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Research Institute, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William Mark Brown
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ajay K Israni
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen O Pastan
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bruce A Julian
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert S Gaston
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pamela J Hicks
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Amber M Reeves-Daniel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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28
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Abstract
Genetic variants in the APOL1 gene, found only in individuals of recent African ancestry, greatly increase risk of multiple types of kidney disease. These APOL1 kidney risk alleles are a rare example of genetic variants that are common but also have a powerful effect on disease susceptibility. These alleles rose to high frequency in sub-Saharan Africa because they conferred protection against pathogenic trypanosomes that cause African sleeping sickness. We consider the genetic evidence supporting the association between APOL1 and kidney disease across the range of clinical phenotypes in the APOL1 nephropathy spectrum. We then explore the origins of the APOL1 risk variants and evolutionary struggle between humans and trypanosomes at both the molecular and population genetic level. Finally, we survey the rapidly growing literature investigating APOL1 biology as elucidated from experiments in cell-based systems, cell-free systems, mouse and lower organism models of disease, and through illuminating natural experiments in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Friedman
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; ,
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; ,
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29
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Shah SS, Lannon H, Dias L, Zhang JY, Alper SL, Pollak MR, Friedman DJ. APOL1 Kidney Risk Variants Induce Cell Death via Mitochondrial Translocation and Opening of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:2355-2368. [PMID: 31558683 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic Variants in Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) are associated with large increases in CKD rates among African Americans. Experiments in cell and mouse models suggest that these risk-related polymorphisms are toxic gain-of-function variants that cause kidney dysfunction, following a recessive mode of inheritance. Recent data in trypanosomes and in human cells indicate that such variants may cause toxicity through their effects on mitochondria. METHODS To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying APOL1 risk variant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, we generated tetracycline-inducible HEK293 T-REx cells stably expressing the APOL1 nonrisk G0 variant or APOL1 risk variants. Using these cells, we mapped the molecular pathway from mitochondrial import of APOL1 protein to APOL1-induced cell death with small interfering RNA knockdowns, pharmacologic inhibitors, blue native PAGE, mass spectrometry, and assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore function. RESULTS We found that the APOL1 G0 and risk variant proteins shared the same import pathway into the mitochondrial matrix. Once inside, G0 remained monomeric, whereas risk variant proteins were prone to forming higher-order oligomers. Both nonrisk G0 and risk variant proteins bound components of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, but only risk variant proteins activated pore opening. Blocking mitochondrial import of APOL1 risk variants largely eliminated oligomer formation and also rescued toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our study illuminates important differences in the molecular behavior of APOL1 nonrisk and risk variants, and our observations suggest a mechanism that may explain the very different functional effects of these variants, despite the lack of consistently observed differences in trafficking patterns, intracellular localization, or binding partners. Variant-dependent differences in oligomerization pattern may underlie APOL1's recessive, gain-of-function biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrijal S Shah
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Herbert Lannon
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leny Dias
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jia-Yue Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seth L Alper
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Friedman
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Freedman BI, Limou S, Ma L, Kopp JB. APOL1-Associated Nephropathy: A Key Contributor to Racial Disparities in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2019; 72:S8-S16. [PMID: 30343724 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic methodologies are improving our understanding of the pathophysiology in diverse diseases. Breakthroughs have been particularly impressive in nephrology, for which marked disparities exist in rates and etiologic classifications of end-stage kidney disease between African Americans and European Americans. Discovery of the apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) association with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy, lupus nephritis, sickle cell nephropathy, and solidified glomerulosclerosis, as well as more rapid failure of transplanted kidneys from donors with APOL1 renal-risk genotypes, has improved our understanding of nondiabetic nephropathy. Environmental factors acting through natural selection in sub-Saharan African populations likely underlie this association. This article describes the discovery of chromosome 22q renal-risk variants and their worldwide distribution, reviews the epidemiology and pathology of APOL1-associated nephropathies, and explores several proposed mechanisms of kidney injury identified in cell culture and animal models. Detection of APOL1 associations with kidney diseases and delineation of injury pathways brings hope for effective treatment for these kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry I Freedman
- Section on Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
| | - Sophie Limou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI) UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie et Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Lijun Ma
- Section on Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this mini-review is to highlight some unresolved questions and controversies in the evolving story of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) nephropathy. RECENT FINDINGS We highlight studies that introduce complexity in unraveling the mechanisms whereby APOL1 risk variant alleles cause disease. These include studies which support a possible protective role for the APOL1 GO nonrisk ancestral allele, and studies which explore the initiating events that may trigger other downstream pathways mediating APOL1 cellular injury. We also review studies that reconcile the perplexing findings regarding APOL1 anionic or cationic conductance, and pH dependency, and also studies that attempt to characterize the 3-dimensional structure of APOL1 C-terminal in APOL1 variants, as well as that of the serum resistance-associated protein. We also attempt to convey new insights from in-vivo and in-vitro models, including studies that do not support the differential toxicity of APOL1 renal risk variants and recapitulate the clinical variability of individuals at genotypic risk. SUMMARY Along with major progress that had been achieved in the field of APOL1 nephropathy, controversies and enigmatic issues persist. It remains to be determined which of the pathways which have been demonstrated to mediate cell injury by ectopically expressed APOL1 risk variants in cellular and organismal models are relevant to human disease and can pave the way to potential therapy.
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32
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Abstract
The apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene is unique to humans and gorillas and appeared ~33 million years ago. Since the majority of the mammals do not carry APOL1, it seems to be dispensable for kidney function. APOL1 renal risk variants (RRVs; G1 and G2) are associated with the development as well as progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) at higher rates in populations with African ancestry. Cellular expression of two APOL1 RRVs has been demonstrated to induce cytotoxicity, including necrosis, apoptosis, and pyroptosis, in several cell types including podocytes; mechanistically, these toxicities were attributed to lysosomal swelling, K+ depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy blockade, protein kinase receptor activation, ubiquitin D degradation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress; notably, these effects were found to be dose dependent and occurred only in overtly APOL1 RRV-expressing cells. However, cellular protein expressions as well as circulating blood levels of APOL1 RRVs were not elevated in patients suffering from APOL1 RRV-associated CKDs. Therefore, the question arises as to whether it is gain or loss of function on the part of APOL1 RRVs contributing to kidney cell injury. The question seems to be more pertinent after the recognition of the role of APOL1 nonrisk (G0) in the transition of parietal epithelial cells and preservation of the podocyte molecular phenotype through modulation of the APOL1-miR-193a axis. With this background, the present review analyzed the available literature in terms of the known function of APOL1 nonrisk and how the loss of these functions could have contributed to two APOL1 RRV-associated CKDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Pravin C Singhal
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Hempstead, New York
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Aghajan M, Booten SL, Althage M, Hart CE, Ericsson A, Maxvall I, Ochaba J, Menschik-Lundin A, Hartleib J, Kuntz S, Gattis D, Ahlström C, Watt AT, Engelhardt JA, Monia BP, Magnone MC, Guo S. Antisense oligonucleotide treatment ameliorates IFN-γ-induced proteinuria in APOL1-transgenic mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126124. [PMID: 31217349 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans develop end-stage renal disease at a higher rate compared with European Americans due to 2 polymorphisms (G1 and G2 risk variants) in the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene common in people of African ancestry. Although this compelling genetic evidence provides an exciting opportunity for personalized medicine in chronic kidney disease, drug discovery efforts have been greatly hindered by the fact that APOL1 expression is lacking in rodents. Here, we describe a potentially novel physiologically relevant genomic mouse model of APOL1-associated renal disease that expresses human APOL1 from the endogenous human promoter, resulting in expression in similar tissues and at similar relative levels as humans. While naive APOL1-transgenic mice did not exhibit a renal disease phenotype, administration of IFN-γ was sufficient to robustly induce proteinuria only in APOL1 G1 mice, despite inducing kidney APOL1 expression in both G0 and G1 mice, serving as a clinically relevant "second hit." Treatment of APOL1 G1 mice with IONIS-APOL1Rx, an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting APOL1 mRNA, prior to IFN-γ challenge robustly and dose-dependently inhibited kidney and liver APOL1 expression and protected against IFN-γ-induced proteinuria, indicating that the disease-relevant cell types are sensitive to ASO treatment. Therefore, IONIS-APOL1Rx may be an effective therapeutic for APOL1 nephropathies and warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magnus Althage
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Anette Ericsson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingela Maxvall
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Angela Menschik-Lundin
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Judith Hartleib
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Steven Kuntz
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Christine Ahlström
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Maria Chiara Magnone
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shuling Guo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
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34
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Kumar V, Ayasolla K, Jha A, Mishra A, Vashistha H, Lan X, Qayyum M, Chinnapaka S, Purohit R, Mikulak J, Saleem MA, Malhotra A, Skorecki K, Singhal PC. Disrupted apolipoprotein L1-miR193a axis dedifferentiates podocytes through autophagy blockade in an APOL1 risk milieu. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C209-C225. [PMID: 31116585 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00538.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that a functional apolipoprotein LI (APOL1)-miR193a axis (inverse relationship) preserves, but disruption alters, the podocyte molecular phenotype through the modulation of autophagy flux. Podocyte-expressing APOL1G0 (G0-podocytes) showed downregulation but podocyte-expressing APOL1G1 (G1-podocytes) and APOL1G2 (G2-podocytes) displayed enhanced miR193a expression. G0-, G1-, and G2-podocytes showed enhanced expression of light chain (LC) 3-II and beclin-1, but a disparate expression of p62 (low in wild-type but high in risk alleles). G0-podocytes showed enhanced, whereas G1- and G2-podocytes displayed decreased, phosphorylation of Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase (ULK)1 and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3KC3). Podocytes overexpressing miR193a (miR193a-podocytes), G1, and G2 showed decreased transcription of PIK3R3 (PI3KC3's regulatory unit). Since 3-methyladenine (3-MA) enhanced miR193a expression but inhibited PIK3R3 transcription, it appears that 3-MA inhibits autophagy and induces podocyte dedifferentiation via miR193a generation. miR193a-, G1-, and G2-podocytes also showed decreased phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that could repress lysosome reformation. G1- and G2-podocytes showed enhanced expression of run domain beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein (Rubicon); however, its silencing prevented their dedifferentiation. Docking, protein-protein interaction, and immunoprecipitation studies with antiautophagy-related gene (ATG)14L, anti-UV radiation resistance-associated gene (UVRAG), or Rubicon antibodies suggested the formation of ATG14L complex I and UVRAG complex II in G0-podocytes and the formation of Rubicon complex III in G1- and G2-podocytes. These findings suggest that the APOL1 risk alleles favor podocyte dedifferentiation through blockade of multiple autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
| | - Kamesh Ayasolla
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
| | - Alok Jha
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
| | - Abheepsa Mishra
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
| | | | - Xiqian Lan
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
| | - Maleeha Qayyum
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
| | - Sushma Chinnapaka
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
| | - Richa Purohit
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan , Italy
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Ashwani Malhotra
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
| | - Karl Skorecki
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa , Israel
| | - Pravin C Singhal
- Feinstein Institute and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell , Hempstead, New York
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Balancing the genetic risk of APOL1 kidney disease variants. Nephrol Ther 2019; 15 Suppl 1:S79-S84. [PMID: 30981400 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
African-Americans exhibit an excess risk for chronic and end-stage kidney disease compared to the non-African populations. Two APOL1 genetic variants were shown to account for the majority of this racial disparity in glomerulopathies and other non-diabetic kidney disease. The high-risk genotype has only been reported in populations with recent African ancestry (14 % in African-Americans and up to more than 30 % in West Africa). In less than 10 years, the community has accumulated extensive knowledge on APOL1 and its genetic variants, from their positive selection for resistance against African trypanosomes to potential molecular mechanisms of podocyte injury. Finally, APOL1 associations with kidney transplantation outcomes and with postdonation end-stage kidney disease in living donors have paved the way for a personalized medicine implementation of APOL1 genotyping.
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Reidy KJ, Hjorten RC, Simpson CL, Rosenberg AZ, Rosenblum SD, Kovesdy CP, Tylavsky FA, Myrie J, Ruiz BL, Haque S, Mozhui K, Nelson GW, David VA, Yang X, Suzuki M, Jacob J, Reznik SE, Kaskel FJ, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, Davis RL. Fetal-Not Maternal-APOL1 Genotype Associated with Risk for Preeclampsia in Those with African Ancestry. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:367-376. [PMID: 30173819 PMCID: PMC6128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Black Americans are at increased risk for preeclampsia. Genetic variants in apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) account for much of the increased risk for kidney disease in blacks. APOL1 is expressed in human placenta and transgenic mice expressing APOL1 develop preeclampsia. We evaluated the role of APOL1 variants in human preeclampsia. We determined maternal and fetal APOL1 genotypes in black women with preeclampsia in two populations. At Einstein Montefiore Center (EMC) Affiliated Hospitals, we studied 121 pregnancies in black women with preeclampsia. At University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), we studied 93 pregnancies in black women with preeclampsia and 793 pregnancies without preeclampsia. We measured serum markers of preeclampsia soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), placental growth factor (PlGF), and soluble endoglin (sEng). Fetal APOL1 high-risk (HR) genotype was associated with preeclampsia, with odds ratios at EMC and UTHSC of 1.84 (95% CI 1.11, 2.93) and 1.92 (95% CI 1.05, 3.49), respectively. Maternal APOL1 HR genotype was not associated with preeclampsia. Mothers with the fetal APOL1 HR genotype had more cerebral or visual disturbances (63% versus 37%, p = 0.04). In addition, fetal APOL1 HR genotype was associated with a higher sFLT-1/PlGF ratio at birth (p = 0.04). Fetal APOL1 high-risk genotype increases the risk for preeclampsia, likely by adversely affecting placental function. Further research is needed to assess whether APOL1 genetic testing can predict preeclampsia and improve pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Reidy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rebecca C Hjorten
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati OH 45229, USA
| | - Claire L Simpson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, John's Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Stacy D Rosenblum
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Frances A Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Joseph Myrie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bianca L Ruiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Soulin Haque
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Khyobeni Mozhui
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - George W Nelson
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Biomedical Informatics & Data Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Victor A David
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Pathology, John's Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Masako Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jack Jacob
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sandra E Reznik
- Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Frederick J Kaskel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Robert L Davis
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
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Kruzel-Davila E, Wasser WG, Skorecki K. APOL1 Nephropathy: A Population Genetics and Evolutionary Medicine Detective Story. Semin Nephrol 2018; 37:490-507. [PMID: 29110756 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Common DNA sequence variants rarely have a high-risk association with a common disease. When such associations do occur, evolutionary forces must be sought, such as in the association of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene risk variants with nondiabetic kidney diseases in populations of African ancestry. The variants originated in West Africa and provided pathogenic resistance in the heterozygous state that led to high allele frequencies owing to an adaptive evolutionary selective sweep. However, the homozygous state is disadvantageous and is associated with a markedly increased risk of a spectrum of kidney diseases encompassing hypertension-attributed kidney disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus nephropathy, sickle cell nephropathy, and progressive lupus nephritis. This scientific success story emerged with the help of the tools developed over the past 2 decades in human genome sequencing and population genomic databases. In this introductory article to a timely issue dedicated to illuminating progress in this area, we describe this unique population genetics and evolutionary medicine detective story. We emphasize the paradox of the inheritance mode, the missing heritability, and unresolved associations, including cardiovascular risk and diabetic nephropathy. We also highlight how genetic epidemiology elucidates mechanisms and how the principles of evolution can be used to unravel conserved pathways affected by APOL1 that may lead to novel therapies. The APOL1 gene provides a compelling example of a common variant association with common forms of nondiabetic kidney disease occurring in a continental population isolate with subsequent global admixture. Scientific collaboration using multiple experimental model systems and approaches should further clarify pathomechanisms further, leading to novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter G Wasser
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Department of Nephrology, Mayanei HaYeshua Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Karl Skorecki
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) protein is the human serum factor that protect human beings against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, the cause of trypanosomiasis. Subspecies of T b brucei that cause human sleeping sickness-T b gambiense and T b rhodesiense evolved molecular mechanisms that enabled them to evade killing by APOL1. Sequence changes (termed G1 and G2) in the APOL1 gene that restored its ability to kill T b rhodesiense also increase the risk of developing glomerular diseases and accelerate progression to end-stage kidney disease. To lyse trypanosome parasites, APOL1 forms pores in the trypanosome endolysosomal and mitochondrial membranes, resulting in rapid membrane depolarization. However, the molecular mechanism underlying APOL1 nephropathy is unknown. Recent experimental evidence has shown that aberrant efflux of intracellular potassium is an early event in APOL1-induced death of human embryonic kidney cells. Here, we discuss the possibility that abnormal efflux of cellular potassium or other cations may be relevant to the pathogenesis of APOL1 nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi A Olabisi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - John F Heneghan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Nephrology, Vascular Biology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Surgical Immunotherapy at Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
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39
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Abstract
The association of variants in the APOL1 gene, which encodes apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), with progressive nondiabetic kidney diseases in African Americans has prompted intense investigation into the function(s) of APOL1. APOL1 is an innate immune effector that protects human beings from infection by some trypanosomal parasites. We review the data characterizing APOL1 trypanolytic function, which has been a basis for studies of APOL1 function in mammalian cells. Subsequently, we discuss the studies that use animal models, mammalian cell culture models, and kidney biopsy tissue to discover the mechanisms of variant APOL1-associated kidney diseases.
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40
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Lee H, Roshanravan H, Wang Y, Okamoto K, Ryu J, Shrivastav S, Qu P, Kopp JB. ApoL1 renal risk variants induce aberrant THP-1 monocyte differentiation and increase eicosanoid production via enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F140-F150. [PMID: 29357411 PMCID: PMC6087794 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00254.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 ( ApoL1) genetic variants are strongly associated with kidney diseases. We investigated the role of ApoL1 variants in monocyte differentiation and eicosanoid production in macrophages, as activated tissue macrophages in kidney might contribute to kidney injury. In human monocyte THP-1 cells, transient overexpression of ApoL1 (G0, G1, G2) by transfection resulted in a 5- to 11-fold increase in CD14 and CD68 gene expression, similar to that seen with phorbol-12-myristate acetate treatment. All ApoL1 variants caused monocytes to differentiate into atypical M1 macrophages with marked increase in M1 markers CD80, TNF, IL1B, and IL6 and modest increase in the M2 marker CD163 compared with control cells. ApoL1-G1 transfection induced additional CD206 and TGFB1 expression, and ApoL1-G2 transfection induced additional CD204 and TGFB1 expression. Gene expression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthase and thromboxane synthase and both gene and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were increased by ApoL1-G1 and -G2 variants compared with -G0 transfection. Higher levels of PGE2 and thromboxane B2, a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were released into the supernatant of cultured THP-1 cells transfected with ApoL1-G1 and -G2, but not -G0. The increase in PGE2, thromboxane B2, and TGF-β1 was inhibited by COX-2-specific inhibitor CAY10404 but not by COX-1-specific inhibitor SC-560. These results demonstrate a novel role of ApoL1 variants in the regulation of monocyte differentiation and eicosanoid metabolism, which could modify the immune response and promote inflammatory signaling within the local targeted organs and tissues including the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewang Lee
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hila Roshanravan
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Junghwa Ryu
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shashi Shrivastav
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peng Qu
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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41
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Cheatham AM, Davis SE, Khatua AK, Popik W. Blocking the 5' splice site of exon 4 by a morpholino oligomer triggers APOL1 protein isoform switch. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8739. [PMID: 29880816 PMCID: PMC5992166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
APOL1 risk alleles G1 or G2 are associated with a kidney disease phenotype exclusively in people of recent African ancestry. Here we show that exon 4 encoding a part of the APOL1 signal peptide is constitutively spliced in major APOL1 transcripts expressed in kidney glomerular and tubular cells. We demonstrate that constitutive splicing of exon 4 results from a suboptimal hnRNP A1 binding motif found in exon 4. Accordingly, a robust binding of hnRNP A1 protein to a consensus hnRNP A1 cis-acting element in exon 4 results in almost complete exclusion of exon 4 from the APOL1 minigene transcripts. Blocking the 5' splice site at the exon 4/intron boundary with a specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotide excludes exon 4 from the splicing pattern of endogenous APOL1 transcripts. These transcripts are fully functional and produce APOL1 protein isoform that is not normally detectable in podocytes. Together with our previous data showing no cytotoxicity of overexpressed APOL1 isoform lacking exon 4, we propose that morpholino-induced APOL1 isoform switch may provide a new tool to identify in vivo molecular mechanism(s) by which risk alleles promote or mediate the kidney disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Cheatham
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA
| | - Shamara E Davis
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA
| | - Atanu K Khatua
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA
| | - Waldemar Popik
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA.
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42
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APOL1: The Balance Imposed by Infection, Selection, and Kidney Disease. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:682-695. [PMID: 29886044 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects millions of people and constitutes a major health and financial burden worldwide. People of African descent are at an increased risk of developing kidney disease, which is mostly explained by two variants in the Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene that are found only in people of west African origin. It is hypothesized that these variants were genetically selected due to the protection they afford against African sleeping sickness, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Targeting mutant APOL1 could have substantial therapeutic potential for treating kidney disease. In this review, we will describe the intriguing interplay between microbiology, genetics, and kidney disease as revealed in APOL1-associated kidney disease, discuss APOL1-induced cytotoxicity and its therapeutic implications.
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O'Toole JF, Schilling W, Kunze D, Madhavan SM, Konieczkowski M, Gu Y, Luo L, Wu Z, Bruggeman LA, Sedor JR. ApoL1 Overexpression Drives Variant-Independent Cytotoxicity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:869-879. [PMID: 29180397 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016121322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding variants in the APOL1 gene are associated with kidney diseases in African ancestral populations; yet, the underlying biologic mechanisms remain uncertain. Variant-dependent autophagic and cytotoxic cell death have been proposed as pathogenic pathways mediating kidney injury. To examine this possibility, we conditionally expressed APOL1-G0 (reference), -G1, and -G2 (variants) using a tetracycline-regulated system in HEK293 cells. Autophagy was monitored biochemically and cell death was measured using multiple assays. We measured intracellular Na+ and K+ content with atomic absorption spectroscopy and APOL1-dependent currents with whole-cell patch clamping. Neither reference nor variant APOL1s induced autophagy. At high expression levels, APOL1-G0, -G1, and -G2 inserted into the plasma membrane and formed pH-sensitive cation channels, causing collapse of cellular Na+ and K+ gradients, phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and cell death, without variant-dependent differences. APOL1-G0 and -G2 exhibited similar channel properties in whole-cell patch clamp experiments. At low expression levels, neither reference nor variant APOL1s localized on the plasma membrane, Na+ and K+ gradients were maintained, and cells remained viable. Our results indicate that APOL1-mediated pore formation is critical for the trypanolytic activity of APOL1 and drives APOL1-mediated cytotoxicity in overexpression systems. The absence of cytotoxicity at physiologic expression levels suggests variant-dependent intracellular K+ loss and cytotoxicity does not drive kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F O'Toole
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - William Schilling
- Rammelkamp Center, MetroHealth System.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Yaping Gu
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leslie A Bruggeman
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - John R Sedor
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Apolipoprotein L1 risk variants associate with prevalent atherosclerotic disease in African American systemic lupus erythematosus patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182483. [PMID: 28850570 PMCID: PMC5574561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Atherosclerosis is exaggerated in African American (AA) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, with doubled cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk compared to White patients. The extent to which common Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk alleles (RA) contribute to this trend is unknown. This retrospective cohort study assessed prevalent atherosclerotic disease across APOL1 genotypes in AA SLE patients. Methods One hundred thirteen AA SLE subjects were APOL1-genotyped and stratified as having: zero risk alleles, one risk allele, or two risk alleles. Chart review assessed CVD manifestations including abdominal aortic aneurysm, angina, carotid artery disease, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, and vascular calcifications. Associations between the genotypes and a composite endpoint defined as one or more CVD manifestations were calculated using logistic regression. Symptomatic atherosclerotic disease, excluding incidental vascular calcifications, was also assessed. Results The 0-risk-allele, 1-risk-allele and 2-risk-allele groups, respectively, comprised 34%, 53%, and 13% of the cohort. Respectively, 13.2%, 41.7%, and 60.0% of the 0-risk allele, 1-risk-allele, and 2-risk-allele groups met the composite endpoint of atherosclerotic CVD (p = 0.001). Adjusting for risk factors–including smoking, ESRD, BMI >25 and hypertension–we observed an association between carrying one or more RA and atherosclerotic CVD (OR = 7.1; p = 0.002). For symptomatic disease, the OR was 3.5 (p = 0.02). In a time-to-event analysis, the proportion of subjects free from the composite primary endpoint, symptomatic atherosclerotic CVD, was higher in the 0-risk-allele group compared to the 1-risk-allele and 2-risk-allele groups (χ2 = 6.5; p = 0.04). Conclusions Taken together, the APOL1 RAs associate with prevalent atherosclerotic CVD in this cohort of AA SLE patients, perhaps reflecting a potentiating effect of SLE on APOL1-related cardiovascular phenotypes.
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Granado D, Müller D, Krausel V, Kruzel-Davila E, Schuberth C, Eschborn M, Wedlich-Söldner R, Skorecki K, Pavenstädt H, Michgehl U, Weide T. Intracellular APOL1 Risk Variants Cause Cytotoxicity Accompanied by Energy Depletion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3227-3238. [PMID: 28696248 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic approaches have uncovered a strong association between kidney diseases and two sequence variants of the APOL1 gene, called APOL1 risk variant G1 and variant G2, compared with the nonrisk G0 allele. However, the mechanism whereby these variants lead to disease manifestation and, in particular, whether this involves an intracellular or extracellular pool of APOL1 remains unclear. Herein, we show a predominantly intracellular localization of APOL1 G0 and the renal risk variants, which localized to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in podocyte cell lines. This localization did not depend on the N-terminal signal peptide that mediates APOL1 secretion into the circulation. Additionally, a fraction of these proteins localized to structures surrounding mitochondria. In vitro overexpression of G1 or G2 lacking the signal peptide inhibited cell viability, triggered phosphorylation of stress-induced kinases, increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, reduced intracellular potassium levels, and reduced mitochondrial respiration rates. These findings indicate that functions at intracellular membranes, specifically those of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, are crucial factors in APOL1 renal risk variant-mediated cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christian Schuberth
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, and Cells in Motion (CiM) Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and
| | - Melanie Eschborn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Wedlich-Söldner
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, and Cells in Motion (CiM) Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and
| | - Karl Skorecki
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Departments of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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46
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Effect of APOL1 disease risk variants on APOL1 gene product. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160531. [PMID: 28385815 PMCID: PMC5408699 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene sequence mutations may alter mRNA transcription, transcript stability, protein translation, protein stability and protein folding. Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) has two sets of sequence variants that are risk factors for kidney disease development, APOL1G1 (substitution mutation) and APOL1G2 (deletion mutation). Our present study focuses on the impact of these variants on APOL1 mRNA transcription and translation. APOL1 plasmids (EV, G0, G1 and G2) were transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. APOL1 variant expression was observed to be significantly lower than that of APOL1G0. Podocyte cell lines stably expressing APOL1 transgenes also showed lower levels of APOL1 expression of APOL1 variants (G1 and G2) compared with APOL1G0 by Western blotting and FACS analysis. The enhanced expression of GRP78 by podocytes expressing APOL1 variants would indicate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Bioinformatics evaluation using two different programs (MUPro and I-Mutant 2.0) predicted that APOL1 variants were less stable than APOL1G0. Concomitant with protein levels, APOL1 mRNA levels were also depressed following induction of APOL1 variant compared with APOL1G0 in both proliferating and differentiated podocytes. APOL1 mRNA transcript stability was tested after actinomycin D pulsing; APOL1G1 and APOL1G2 mRNAs transcript decayed 10–15% and 15–20% (within a period of 0.5–3 h) respectively. Our data suggest that down-regulated APOL1 protein expression in APOL1 variants is due to compromised transcription and decay of the APOL1 variant transcripts.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) confers up to a 50-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and African Americans with SLE experience accelerated damage accrual and doubled cardiovascular risk when compared to their European American counterparts. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association studies have identified a substantial signal at 22q13, now assigned to variation at apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), which has associated with progressive nondiabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and many immune-associated renal diseases, including lupus nephritis. We contend that alterations in crucial APOL1 intracellular pathways may underpin associated disease states based on structure-functional differences between variant and ancestral forms. While ancestral APOL1 may be a key driver of autophagy, nonconserved primary structure changes result in a toxic gain of function with attenuation of autophagy and an unsupervised pore-forming feature. Thus, the divergent intracellular biological pathways of ancestral and variant APOL1 may explain a worsened prognosis as demonstrated in SLE.
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Beckerman P, Bi-Karchin J, Park ASD, Qiu C, Dummer PD, Soomro I, Boustany-Kari CM, Pullen SS, Miner JH, Hu CAA, Rohacs T, Inoue K, Ishibe S, Saleem MA, Palmer MB, Cuervo AM, Kopp JB, Susztak K. Transgenic expression of human APOL1 risk variants in podocytes induces kidney disease in mice. Nat Med 2017; 23:429-438. [PMID: 28218918 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
African Americans have a heightened risk of developing chronic and end-stage kidney disease, an association that is largely attributed to two common genetic variants, termed G1 and G2, in the APOL1 gene. Direct evidence demonstrating that these APOL1 risk alleles are pathogenic is still lacking because the APOL1 gene is present in only some primates and humans; thus it has been challenging to demonstrate experimental proof of causality of these risk alleles for renal disease. Here we generated mice with podocyte-specific inducible expression of the APOL1 reference allele (termed G0) or each of the risk-conferring alleles (G1 or G2). We show that mice with podocyte-specific expression of either APOL1 risk allele, but not of the G0 allele, develop functional (albuminuria and azotemia), structural (foot-process effacement and glomerulosclerosis) and molecular (gene-expression) changes that closely resemble human kidney disease. Disease development was cell-type specific and likely reversible, and the severity correlated with the level of expression of the risk allele. We further found that expression of the risk-variant APOL1 alleles interferes with endosomal trafficking and blocks autophagic flux, which ultimately leads to inflammatory-mediated podocyte death and glomerular scarring. In summary, this is the first demonstration that the expression of APOL1 risk alleles is causal for altered podocyte function and glomerular disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pazit Beckerman
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jing Bi-Karchin
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ae Seo Deok Park
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chengxiang Qiu
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick D Dummer
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irfana Soomro
- Division of Nephrology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carine M Boustany-Kari
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven S Pullen
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chien-An A Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology &Neuroscience, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kazunori Inoue
- Division of Nephrology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shuta Ishibe
- Division of Nephrology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal and Children's Renal Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew B Palmer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Shukha K, Mueller JL, Chung RT, Curry MP, Friedman DJ, Pollak MR, Berg AH. Most ApoL1 Is Secreted by the Liver. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:1079-1083. [PMID: 27932478 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two coding sequence variants in the APOL1 gene (G1 and G2) explain much of the increased risk for FSGS, HIV-associated nephropathy, and hypertension-attributed ESRD among people of recent African ancestry. The ApoL1 protein is expressed in a wide variety of cell tissues. It has been assumed that the majority of circulating ApoL1 is produced by the liver, but this has not been shown. Using mass spectrometry, we genotyped and quantified the circulating ApoL1 in two liver transplant recipients whose native APOL1 genotype differed from the genotype of the deceased donors, allowing us to differentiate liver- from nonliver-produced ApoL1. Our findings confirm that the liver is indeed the main source of circulating ApoL1. However, the liver is not the sole source of circulating ApoL1, because we found that residual amounts of native ApoL1 continued to circulate in the blood, even after the liver transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Shukha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L Mueller
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Michael P Curry
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - David J Friedman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anders H Berg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kruzel-Davila E, Shemer R, Ofir A, Bavli-Kertselli I, Darlyuk-Saadon I, Oren-Giladi P, Wasser WG, Magen D, Zaknoun E, Schuldiner M, Salzberg A, Kornitzer D, Marelja Z, Simons M, Skorecki K. APOL1-Mediated Cell Injury Involves Disruption of Conserved Trafficking Processes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:1117-1130. [PMID: 27864431 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
APOL1 harbors C-terminal sequence variants (G1 and G2), which account for much of the increased risk for kidney disease in sub-Saharan African ancestry populations. Expression of the risk variants has also been shown to cause injury to podocytes and other cell types, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. We used Drosophila melanogaster and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to help clarify these mechanisms. Ubiquitous expression of the human APOL1 G1 and G2 disease risk alleles caused near-complete lethality in D. melanogaster, with no effect of the G0 nonrisk APOL1 allele, corresponding to the pattern of human disease risk. We also observed a congruent pattern of cellular damage with tissue-specific expression of APOL1. In particular, expression of APOL1 risk variants in D. melanogaster nephrocytes caused cell-autonomous accumulation of the endocytic tracer atrial natriuretic factor-red fluorescent protein at early stages and nephrocyte loss at later stages. We also observed differential toxicity of the APOL1 risk variants compared with the APOL1 nonrisk variants in S. cerevisiae, including impairment of vacuole acidification. Yeast strains defective in endosomal trafficking or organelle acidification but not those defective in autophagy displayed augmented APOL1 toxicity with all isoforms. This pattern of differential injury by the APOL1 risk alleles compared with the nonrisk alleles across evolutionarily divergent species is consistent with an impairment of conserved core intracellular endosomal trafficking processes. This finding should facilitate the identification of cell injury pathways and corresponding therapeutic targets of interest in these amenable experimental platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Kruzel-Davila
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Departments of
| | | | - Ayala Ofir
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Departments of
| | - Ira Bavli-Kertselli
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Departments of
| | | | - Pazit Oren-Giladi
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Departments of
| | - Walter G Wasser
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Departments of.,Department of Nephrology, Mayanei HaYeshua Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Daniella Magen
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Departments of.,Genetics and Developmental Biology and
| | | | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and
| | | | - Daniel Kornitzer
- Microbiology and Inflammation, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zvonimir Marelja
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Matias Simons
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Karl Skorecki
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Departments of .,Genetics and Developmental Biology and
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