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Yao X, Kaler M, Qu X, Kalidhindi RSR, Sviridov D, Dasseux A, Barr E, Keeran K, Jeffries KR, Yu ZX, Gao M, Gordon S, Barochia AV, Mills J, Shahid S, Weir NA, Kalchiem-Dekel O, Theard P, Playford MP, Stylianou M, Fitzgerald W, Remaley AT, Levine SJ. Asthmatic patients with high serum amyloid A have proinflammatory HDL: Implications for augmented systemic and airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1010-1024.e14. [PMID: 38092139 PMCID: PMC10999351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serum amyloid A (SAA) is bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in blood. Although SAA is increased in the blood of patients with asthma, it is not known whether this modifies asthma severity. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the clinical characteristics of patients with asthma who have high SAA levels and assess whether HDL from SAA-high patients with asthma is proinflammatory. METHODS SAA levels in serum from subjects with and without asthma were quantified by ELISA. HDLs isolated from subjects with asthma and high SAA levels were used to stimulate human monocytes and were intravenously administered to BALB/c mice. RESULTS An SAA level greater than or equal to 108.8 μg/mL was defined as the threshold to identify 11% of an asthmatic cohort (n = 146) as being SAA-high. SAA-high patients with asthma were characterized by increased serum C-reactive protein, IL-6, and TNF-α; older age; and an increased prevalence of obesity and severe asthma. HDL isolated from SAA-high patients with asthma (SAA-high HDL) had an increased content of SAA as compared with HDL from SAA-low patients with asthma and induced the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α from human monocytes via a formyl peptide receptor 2/ATP/P2X purinoceptor 7 axis. Intravenous administration to mice of SAA-high HDL, but not normal HDL, induced systemic inflammation and amplified allergen-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia. CONCLUSIONS SAA-high patients with asthma are characterized by systemic inflammation, older age, and an increased prevalence of obesity and severe asthma. HDL from SAA-high patients with asthma is proinflammatory and, when intravenously administered to mice, induces systemic inflammation, and amplifies allergen-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation. This suggests that systemic inflammation induced by SAA-high HDL may augment disease severity in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglan Yao
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Maryann Kaler
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Xuan Qu
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Denis Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Amaury Dasseux
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Eric Barr
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Karen Keeran
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Kenneth R Jeffries
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Meixia Gao
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Scott Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Amisha V Barochia
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Joni Mills
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Shahid Shahid
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Nargues A Weir
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Or Kalchiem-Dekel
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Patricia Theard
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Martin P Playford
- Section on Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Mario Stylianou
- Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Stewart J Levine
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md.
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2
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Chen R, Chen Q, Zheng J, Zeng Z, Chen M, Li L, Zhang S. Serum amyloid protein A in inflammatory bowel disease: from bench to bedside. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:154. [PMID: 37164984 PMCID: PMC10172326 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is featured by gastrointestinal inflammation and a disease course with alternating recurrence and remission. The global burden caused by IBD has significantly boosted in recent years, necessitating treatment optimization. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a class of 104 amino acid conservative acute-phase proteins, which is essential in immune-mediated inflammatory processes, like IBD. The SAA monomeric structure is composed of four α-helical regions and a C-terminal amorphous tail. Its disordered structure enables multiple bindings to different ligands and permits multiple functions. It has been proven that SAA has dual roles in the inflammatory process. SAA stimulates the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and promotes the pathogenic differentiation of TH17 cells. In addition, SAA can remove toxic lipids produced during inflammatory responses and membrane debris from dead cells, redirect HDL, and recycle cholesterol for tissue repair. In IBD, SAA acts on gut epithelium barriers, induces T-cell differentiation, and promotes phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria. Owing to the tight connection between SAA and IBD, several clinical studies have taken SAA for a biomarker for diagnosis, assessing disease activity, and predicting prognosis in IBD. Furthermore, 5-MER peptide, a drug specifically targeting SAA, has shown anti-inflammatory effects in some SAA-dependent animal models, providing novel insights into the therapeutic targets of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rirong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qia Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieqi Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhirong Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Vietri L, d'Alessandro M, Bergantini L, Carleo A, Cameli P, Mazzei MA, Sestini P, Bargagli E. Specificity of serum amyloid A as a biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern Med J 2021; 50:1571-1574. [PMID: 33354874 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an apo-lipoprotein produced by the liver in response to proinflammatory cytokines. Few data are available on SAA levels in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common idiopathic form of interstitial pneumonitis (ILD). This study compared SAA concentration in IPF patients to other ILD groups to explore its potential use as a clinical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vietri
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Miriana d'Alessandro
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Bergantini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carleo
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Cameli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Mazzei
- Imaging Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Piersante Sestini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
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4
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Marked Changes in Serum Amyloid A Distribution and High-Density Lipoprotein Structure during Acute Inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9241259. [PMID: 33575357 PMCID: PMC7861920 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9241259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein- (HDL-) cholesterol measurements are generally used in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. However, HDL is a complicated heterogeneous lipoprotein, and furthermore, it can be converted into dysfunctional forms during pathological conditions including inflammation. Therefore, qualitative analysis of pathophysiologically diversified HDL forms is important. A recent study demonstrated that serum amyloid A (SAA) can remodel HDL and induce atherosclerosis not only over long periods of time, such as during chronic inflammation, but also over shorter periods. However, few studies have investigated rapid HDL remodeling. In this study, we analyzed HDL samples from patients undergoing orthopedic surgery inducing acute inflammation. We enrolled 13 otherwise healthy patients who underwent orthopedic surgery. Plasma samples were obtained on preoperative day and postoperative days (POD) 1-7. SAA, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) levels in the isolated HDL were determined. HDL particle size, surface charge, and SAA and apoA-I distributions were also analyzed. In every patient, plasma SAA levels peaked on POD3. Consistently, the HDL apoA-I : apoA-II ratio markedly decreased at this timepoint. Native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography revealed the loss of small HDL particles during acute inflammation. Furthermore, HDL had a decreased negative surface charge on POD3 compared to the other timepoints. All changes observed were SAA-dependent. SAA-dependent rapid changes in HDL size and surface charge were observed after orthopedic surgery. These changes might affect the atheroprotective functions of HDL, and its analysis can be available for the qualitative HDL assessment.
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5
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a highly sensitive acute phase reactant that has been linked to a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. During a systemic inflammatory response, liver-derived SAA is primarily found on high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The purpose of this review is to discuss recent literature addressing the pathophysiological functions of SAA and the significance of its association with HDL. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in gene-targeted mice establish that SAA contributes to atherosclerosis and some metastatic cancers. Accumulating evidence indicates that the lipidation state of SAA profoundly affects its bioactivities, with lipid-poor, but not HDL-associated, SAA capable of inducing inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Factors that modulate the equilibrium between lipid-free and HDL-associated SAA have been identified. HDL may serve to limit SAA's bioactivities in vivo. Understanding the factors leading to the release of systemic SAA from HDL may provide insights into chronic disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R Webb
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, and Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, 553 Wethington Building, 900 South Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA.
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6
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Yang L, Liu S, Han S, Hu Y, Wu Z, Shi X, Pang B, Ma Y, Jin J. The HDL from septic-ARDS patients with composition changes exacerbates pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and acute lung injury induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. Respir Res 2020; 21:293. [PMID: 33148285 PMCID: PMC7640393 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Septic-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by the acute lung injury (ALI) secondary to aberrant systemic inflammatory response, has high morbidity and mortality. Despite increased understanding of ALI pathogenesis, the therapies to prevent lung dysfunction underlying systemic inflammatory disorder remain elusive. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) has critical protective effects in sepsis and its dysfunction has a manifested contribution to septic organ failure. However, the adverse changes in HDL composition and function in septic-ARDS patients are large unknown. Methods To investigate HDL remodeling in septic-ARDS, we analyzed the changes of HDL composition from 40 patients with septic-ARDS (A-HDL) and 40 matched normal controls (N-HDL). To determine the deleterious functional remodeling of HDL, A-HDL or N-HDL was administrated to C57BL/6 and apoA-I knock-out (KO) mice after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure. Mouse lung microvascular endothelial cells (MLECs) were further treated by these HDLs to investigate whether the adverse effects of A-HDL were associated with endothelial dysfunction. Results Septic-ARDS patients showed significant changes of HDL composition, accompanied with significantly decreased HDL-C. We further indicated that A-HDL treatment aggravated CLP induced ALI. Intriguingly, these deleterious effects of A-HDL were associated with pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, rather than the increased plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Further in vitro results demonstrated the direct effects of A-HDL on MLECs, including increased endothelial permeability, enhanced expressions of adhesion proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines via activating NF-κB signaling and decreased junction protein expression. Conclusions Our results depicted the remodeling of HDL composition in sepsis, which predisposes lung to ARDS via inducing ECs dysfunction. These results also demonstrated the importance of circulating HDL in regulating alveolar homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan road, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Jingxi Branch, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan road, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Jingxi Branch, Beijing, China
| | - Silu Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan road, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Jingxi Branch, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan road, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Jingxi Branch, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan road, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Jingxi Branch, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shi
- The Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baosen Pang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan road, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Jingxi Branch, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China.,The Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmin Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan road, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Jingxi Branch, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiawei Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Jingyuan road, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Jingxi Branch, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China. .,The Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Pedrini S, Chatterjee P, Hone E, Martins RN. High‐density lipoprotein‐related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 159:343-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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8
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Structural Basis for Vital Function and Malfunction of Serum Amyloid A: an Acute-Phase Protein that Wears Hydrophobicity on Its Sleeve. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:69. [PMID: 32968930 PMCID: PMC7511256 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review addresses normal and pathologic functions of serum amyloid A (SAA), an enigmatic biomarker of inflammation and protein precursor of AA amyloidosis, a life-threatening complication of chronic inflammation. SAA is a small, highly evolutionarily conserved acute-phase protein whose plasma levels increase up to one thousand-fold in inflammation, infection, or after trauma. The advantage of this dramatic but transient increase is unclear, and the complex role of SAA in immune response is intensely investigated. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the structure-function relationship of this intrinsically disordered protein, outlines its newly emerging beneficial roles in lipid transport and inflammation control, and discusses factors that critically influence its misfolding in AA amyloidosis. RECENT FINDINGS High-resolution structures of lipid-free SAA in crystals and fibrils have been determined by x-ray crystallography and electron cryo-microscopy. Low-resolution structural studies of SAA-lipid complexes, together with biochemical, cell-based, animal model, genetic, and clinical studies, have provided surprising new insights into a wide range of SAA functions. An emerging vital role of SAA is lipid encapsulation to remove cell membrane debris from sites of injury. The structural basis for this role has been proposed. The lysosomal origin of AA amyloidosis has solidified, and its molecular and cellular mechanisms have emerged. Recent studies have revealed molecular underpinnings for understanding complex functions of this Cambrian protein in lipid transport, immune response, and amyloid formation. These findings help guide the search for much-needed targeted therapies to block the protein deposition in AA amyloidosis.
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Ajala ON, Demler OV, Liu Y, Farukhi Z, Adelman SJ, Collins HL, Ridker PM, Rader DJ, Glynn RJ, Mora S. Anti-Inflammatory HDL Function, Incident Cardiovascular Events, and Mortality: A Secondary Analysis of the JUPITER Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016507. [PMID: 32799709 PMCID: PMC7660788 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.016507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has inverse association with cardiovascular disease. HDL possesses anti‐inflammatory properties in vitro, but it is unknown whether this may be protective in individuals with inflammation. Methods and Results The functional capacity of HDL to inhibit oxidation of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ie, the HDL inflammatory index; HII) was measured at baseline and 12 months after random allocation to rosuvastatin or placebo in a nested case‐control study of the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Evaluating Rosuvastatin) trial. There were 517 incident cases of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality compared to 517 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to examine associations of HII with events. Median baseline HII was 0.54 (interquartile range, 0.50–0.59). Twelve months of rosuvastatin decreased HII by a mean of 5.3% (95% CI, −8.9% to −1.7%; P=0.005) versus 1.3% (95% CI, −6.5% to 4.0%; P=0.63) with placebo (P=0.22 for between‐group difference). HII had a nonlinear relationship with incident events. Compared with the reference group (HII 0.5–1.0) with the lowest event rates, participants with baseline HII ≤0.5 had significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease/mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.06–2.21; P=0.02). Furthermore, there was significant (P=0.002) interaction for HDL particle number with HII, such that having more HDL particles was associated with decreased risk only when HDL was anti‐inflammatory. Conclusions In JUPITER participants recruited on the basis of chronic inflammation, HII was associated with incident cardiovascular disease/mortality, with an optimal anti‐inflammatory HII range between 0.5 and 1.0. This nonlinear relationship of anti‐inflammatory HDL function with risk may account in part for the HDL paradox. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00239681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluremi N Ajala
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics and Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA.,Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Olga V Demler
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics and Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA.,Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics and Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA
| | - Zareen Farukhi
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics and Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA.,Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | | | | | - Paul M Ridker
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics and Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA.,Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Robert J Glynn
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics and Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA.,Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics and Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA.,Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA
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10
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Frame NM, Kumanan M, Wales TE, Bandara A, Fändrich M, Straub JE, Engen JR, Gursky O. Structural Basis for Lipid Binding and Function by an Evolutionarily Conserved Protein, Serum Amyloid A. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1978-1995. [PMID: 32035904 PMCID: PMC7225066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a plasma protein that transports lipids during inflammation. To explore SAA solution conformations and lipid-binding mechanism, we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, lipoprotein reconstitution, amino acid sequence analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations. Solution conformations of lipid-bound and lipid-free mSAA1 at pH~7.4 agreed in details with the crystal structures but also showed important differences. The results revealed that amphipathic α-helices h1 and h3 comprise a lipid-binding site that is partially pre-formed in solution, is stabilized upon binding lipids, and shows lipid-induced folding of h3. This site sequesters apolar ligands via a concave hydrophobic surface in SAA oligomers. The largely disordered/dynamic C-terminal region is conjectured to mediate the promiscuous binding of other ligands. The h1-h2 linker region is predicted to form an unexpected β-hairpin that may represent an early amyloidogenic intermediate. The results help establish structural underpinnings for understanding SAA interactions with its key functional ligands, its evolutional conservation, and its transition to amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Frame
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Meera Kumanan
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Asanga Bandara
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Marcus Fändrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, United States.
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States; Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States.
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute phase serum amyloid A (SAA) is persistently elevated in chronic inflammatory conditions, and elevated levels predict cardiovascular risk in humans. More recently, murine studies have demonstrated that over-expression of SAA increases and deficiency/suppression of SAA attenuates atherosclerosis. Thus, beyond being a biomarker, SAA appears to play a causal role in atherogenesis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data supporting SAA as a key player in atherosclerosis development. RECENT FINDINGS A number of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic activities have been ascribed to SAA. However, the literature is conflicted, as recombinant SAA, and/or lipid-free SAA, used in many of the earlier studies, do not reflect the activity of native human or murine SAA, which exists largely lipid-associated. Recent literatures demonstrate that SAA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, alters vascular function, affects HDL function, and increases thrombosis. Importantly, SAA activity appears to be regulated by its lipid association, and HDL may serve to sequester and limit SAA activity. SUMMARY SAA has many pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic activities, is clearly demonstrated to affect atherosclerosis development, and may be a candidate target for clinical trials in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Shridas
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center and University of Kentucky
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center and University of Kentucky
- Veterans Affairs Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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12
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Jayaraman S, Fändrich M, Gursky O. Synergy between serum amyloid A and secretory phospholipase A 2. eLife 2019; 8:46630. [PMID: 31111824 PMCID: PMC6557629 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an evolutionally conserved enigmatic biomarker of inflammation. In acute inflammation, SAA plasma levels increase ~1,000 fold, suggesting that this protein family has a vital beneficial role. SAA increases simultaneously with secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), compelling us to determine how SAA influences sPLA2 hydrolysis of lipoproteins. SAA solubilized phospholipid bilayers to form lipoproteins that provided substrates for sPLA2. Moreover, SAA sequestered free fatty acids and lysophospholipids to form stable proteolysis-resistant complexes. Unlike albumin, SAA effectively removed free fatty acids under acidic conditions, which characterize inflammation sites. Therefore, SAA solubilized lipid bilayers to generate substrates for sPLA2 and removed its bioactive products. Consequently, SAA and sPLA2 can act synergistically to remove cellular membrane debris from injured sites, which is a prerequisite for tissue healing. We postulate that the removal of lipids and their degradation products constitutes a vital primordial role of SAA in innate immunity; this role remains to be tested in vivo. Cell boundaries are made up of fatty substances known as lipids. When cells get severely damaged, their lipid membranes break apart. These broken fragments of membrane become highly toxic, and must be removed as soon as possible to allow the tissue to heal. A small protein called serum amyloid A, SAA for short, was recently proposed to play a pivotal role in this process. In humans, SAA levels in the blood rapidly spike to over a thousand times their normal level following inflammation, injury or infection. Combined with the fact SAA has been conserved for over 500 million years, this suggests that SAA must be important for survival. But, it is not entirely clear how this protein works. One clue for how SAA works is its relationship to another ancient protein called secretory phospholipase A2. This protein, also known as sPLA2, is part of a big family of enzymes that break down lipids in the cell membrane. Notably, sPLA2 levels rise at the same time and place as SAA during inflammation. This led Jayaraman et al. to ask whether SAA and sPLA2 might be working together to clean up the cell membrane debris. To find out, Jayaraman et al. mixed mouse SAA with vesicles of membrane lipids, and then added sPLA2. This revealed that SAA reshapes the lipid membrane into smaller ‘nanoparticles’ with tightly curved surfaces that are easier for sPLA2 to break down. As the sPLA2 breaks up these particles, SAA then gathers up and gets rid of the leftover toxic fragments. This suggests that SAA has two roles: helping sPLA2 break down the membrane, and removing any toxic debris. Clearing debris after injury is essential for proper healing. So, understanding how it works is crucial to find new ways to treat inflammation. Further work to understand SAA and sPLA2 could improve our understanding of how to treat acute and chronic inflammation and its life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobini Jayaraman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Marcus Fändrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States.,Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
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13
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Wilson PG, Thompson JC, Shridas P, McNamara PJ, de Beer MC, de Beer FC, Webb NR, Tannock LR. Serum Amyloid A Is an Exchangeable Apolipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1890-1900. [PMID: 29976766 PMCID: PMC6202200 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective- SAA (serum amyloid A) is a family of acute-phase reactants that have proinflammatory and proatherogenic activities. SAA is more lipophilic than apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I), and during an acute-phase response, <10% of plasma SAA is found lipid-free. In most reports, SAA is found exclusively associated with high-density lipoprotein; however, we and others have reported SAA on apoB (apolipoprotein B)-containing lipoproteins in both mice and humans. The goal of this study was to determine whether SAA is an exchangeable apolipoprotein. Approach and Results- Delipidated human SAA was incubated with SAA-free human lipoproteins; then, samples were reisolated by fast protein liquid chromatography, and SAA analyzed by ELISA and immunoblot. Both in vitro and in vivo, we show that SAA associates with any lipoprotein and does not remain in a lipid-free form. Although SAA is preferentially found on high-density lipoprotein, it can exchange between lipoproteins. In the presence of CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein), there is greater exchange of SAA between lipoproteins. Subjects with diabetes mellitus, but not those with metabolic syndrome, showed altered SAA lipoprotein distribution postprandially. Proteoglycan-mediated lipoprotein retention is thought to be an underlying mechanism for atherosclerosis development. SAA has a proteoglycan-binding domain. Lipoproteins containing SAA had increased proteoglycan binding compared with SAA-free lipoproteins. Conclusions- Thus, SAA is an exchangeable apolipoprotein and increases apoB-containing lipoproteins' proteoglycan binding. We and others have previously reported the presence of SAA on low-density lipoprotein in individuals with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. We propose that the presence of SAA on apoB-containing lipoproteins may contribute to cardiovascular disease development in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Joel C Thompson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Preetha Shridas
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky
| | - Maria C de Beer
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Frederick C de Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Nancy R Webb
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
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14
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Untersteller K, Meissl S, Trieb M, Emrich IE, Zawada AM, Holzer M, Knuplez E, Fliser D, Heine GH, Marsche G. HDL functionality and cardiovascular outcome among nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1256-1265. [PMID: 29789355 PMCID: PMC6027904 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p085076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD profoundly affects HDL composition and functionality, but whether abnormal HDL independently contributes to cardiovascular events in CKD patients remains elusive. In the present study, we assessed whether compositional and functional properties of HDL predict cardiovascular outcome among 526 nondialysis CKD patients who participate in the CARE FOR HOMe study. We measured HDL cholesterol, the content of HDL-associated proinflammatory serum amyloid A (SAA), and activities of the HDL enzymes paraoxonase and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). In addition, we assessed the antioxidative activity of apoB-depleted serum. During a mean follow-up of 5.1 ± 2.1 years, 153 patients reached the predefined primary endpoint, a composite of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events including cardiovascular mortality and death of any cause. In univariate Cox regression analyses, lower HDL-cholesterol levels, higher HDL-associated SAA content, and lower paraoxonase activity predicted cardiovascular outcome, while Lp-PLA2 activity and antioxidative capacity did not. HDL-cholesterol and HDL-paraoxonase activity lost their association with cardiovascular outcome after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular and renal risk factors, while SAA lost its association after further adjustment for C-reactive protein. In conclusion, our data suggest that neither HDL quantity nor HDL composition or function independently predict cardiovascular outcome among nondialysis CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Untersteller
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Meissl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Trieb
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Insa E Emrich
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Adam M Zawada
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Holzer
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Knuplez
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Danilo Fliser
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar H Heine
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria .,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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15
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Emerging roles of endoplasmic reticulum-resident selenoproteins in the regulation of cellular stress responses and the implications for metabolic disease. Biochem J 2018; 475:1037-1057. [PMID: 29559580 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic metabolic stress leads to cellular dysfunction, characterized by excessive reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The ER is gaining recognition as a key organelle in integrating cellular stress responses. ER homeostasis is tightly regulated by a complex antioxidant system, which includes the seven ER-resident selenoproteins - 15 kDa selenoprotein, type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase and selenoproteins S, N, K, M and T. Here, the findings from biochemical, cell-based and mouse studies investigating the function of ER-resident selenoproteins are reviewed. Human experimental and genetic studies are drawn upon to highlight the relevance of these selenoproteins to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. ER-resident selenoproteins have discrete roles in the regulation of oxidative, ER and inflammatory stress responses, as well as intracellular calcium homeostasis. To date, only two of these ER-resident selenoproteins, selenoproteins S and N have been implicated in human disease. Nonetheless, the potential of all seven ER-resident selenoproteins to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction warrants further investigation.
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16
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Wei XB, Chen XJ, Li YL, Huang JL, Chen XL, Yu DQ, Tan N, Liu YH, Chen JY, He PC. Apolipoprotein A-I: A favorable prognostic marker in infective endocarditis. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 12:498-505. [PMID: 29339066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are common in inflammation and sepsis. No study with a large sample size has been performed to investigate the prognostic value of apoA-I or HDL-C in infective endocarditis (IE). OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the prognostic value of apoA-I and HDL-C for adverse outcomes in IE patients. METHODS Patients with a definite diagnosis of IE between January 2009 and July 2015 were enrolled and divided into 3 groups according to their apoA-I tertiles at admission. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship of apoA-I and HDL-C with clinical outcomes. RESULTS Of the 593 included patients, 40 (6.7%) died in hospital. Patients with lower apoA-I experienced markedly higher rates of in-hospital mortality (10.7%, 7.0%, and 2.5% in tertiles 1-3, respectively; P = .006) and major adverse clinical events (32.5%, 24.1%, and 8.6% in tertiles 1-3, respectively; P < .001). ApoA-I (area under the curve, 0.671; P < .001) and HDL-C (area under the curve, 0.672; P < .001) had predictive values for in-hospital death. Multivariate logistic regression showed that apoA-I <0.90 g/L and HDL-C <0.78 mmol/L were independent risk predictors for in-hospital death. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that apoA-I (increments of 1 g/L; hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.87; P = .023) and HDL-C (increments of 1 mmol/L; hazard ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.83; P = .015) were independently associated with long-term mortality. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-I and HDL-C were inversely associated with adverse IE prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Biao Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Longnan Medicine Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Ling Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Leng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Qing Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ji-Yan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peng-Cheng He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Guangdong General Hospital's Nanhai Hospital, Foshan, China.
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17
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Antioxidative activity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL): Mechanistic insights into potential clinical benefit. BBA CLINICAL 2017; 8:66-77. [PMID: 28936395 PMCID: PMC5597817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles by macrophages represents a key step in the development of atherosclerotic plaques, leading to the foam cell formation. Chemical modification of LDL is however necessary to induce this process. Proatherogenic LDL modifications include aggregation, enzymatic digestion and oxidation. LDL oxidation by one-electron (free radicals) and two-electron oxidants dramatically increases LDL affinity to macrophage scavenger receptors, leading to rapid LDL uptake and fatty streak formation. Circulating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, primarily small, dense, protein-rich HDL3, provide potent protection of LDL from oxidative damage by free radicals, resulting in the inhibition of the generation of pro-inflammatory oxidized lipids. HDL-mediated inactivation of lipid hydroperoxides involves their initial transfer from LDL to HDL and subsequent reduction to inactive hydroxides by redox-active Met residues of apolipoprotein A-I. Several HDL-associated enzymes are present at elevated concentrations in HDL3 relative to large, light HDL2 and can be involved in the inactivation of short-chain oxidized phospholipids. Therefore, HDL represents a multimolecular complex capable of acquiring and inactivating proatherogenic lipids. Antioxidative function of HDL can be impaired in several metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Structural and compositional anomalies in the HDL proteome and lipidome underlie such functional deficiency. Concomitant normalization of the metabolism, circulating levels, composition and biological activities of HDL particles, primarily those of small, dense HDL3, can constitute future therapeutic target.
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18
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Griffiths K, Pazderska A, Ahmed M, McGowan A, Maxwell AP, McEneny J, Gibney J, McKay GJ. Type 2 Diabetes in Young Females Results in Increased Serum Amyloid A and Changes to Features of High Density Lipoproteins in Both HDL 2 and HDL 3. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:1314864. [PMID: 28596970 PMCID: PMC5450179 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1314864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an elevated risk of atherosclerosis. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) normally protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD), but this may be attenuated by serum amyloid A (SAA). In a case-control study of young females, blood samples were compared between subjects with T2DM (n = 42) and individuals without T2DM (n = 42). SAA and apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) concentrations, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities were measured in the serum and/or HDL2 and HDL3 subfractions. SAA concentrations were higher in T2DM compared to controls: serum (30 mg/L (17, 68) versus 15 mg/L (7, 36); p = 0.002), HDL2 (1.0 mg/L (0.6, 2.2) versus 0.4 mg/L (0.2, 0.7); p < 0.001), and HDL3, (13 mg/L (8, 29) versus 6 mg/L (3, 13); p < 0.001). Serum-PON-1 activity was lower in T2DM compared to that in controls (38,245 U/L (7025) versus 41,109 U/L (5690); p = 0.043). CETP activity was higher in T2DM versus controls in HDL2 (232.6 μmol/L (14.1) versus 217.1 μmol/L (25.1); p = 0.001) and HDL3 (279.5 μmol/L (17.7) versus 245.2 μmol/L (41.2); p < 0.001). These results suggest that individuals with T2DM have increased SAA-related inflammation and dysfunctional HDL features. SAA may prove to be a useful biomarker in T2DM given its association with elevated CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed Ahmed
- Department of Endocrinology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Anne McGowan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | | | - Jane McEneny
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - James Gibney
- Department of Endocrinology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Gareth J. McKay
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- *Gareth J. McKay:
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