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Viglioli M, Rizzo SM, Alessandri G, Fontana F, Milani C, Turroni F, Mancabelli L, Croci N, Rivara S, Vacondio F, Ventura M, Mor M. Investigating drug-gut microbiota interactions: reductive and hydrolytic metabolism of oral glucocorticoids by in vitro artificial gut microbiota. Int J Pharm 2024; 665:124663. [PMID: 39265854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Elucidation of the role of gut microbiota in the metabolism of orally administered drugs may improve therapeutic effectiveness and contribute to the development of personalized medicine. In this study, ten different artificial gut microbiota (AGM), obtained by culturing fecal samples in a continuous fermentation system, were challenged for their metabolizing capacity on a panel of six glucocorticoids selected from either prodrugs or drugs. Data from metabolic stability assays highlighted that, while the hydrolysis-mediated conversion of prodrugs to drugs represented only a minor metabolic pathway, significant differences in the stability of parent compounds and in their conversion rates to multiple reductive metabolites were obtained for the selected drugs. In the latter case, a taxonomic composition-dependent ability to convert parent drugs to metabolites was observed. Indeed, the artificial microbial communities dominated by the genus Bacteroides showed the maximal conversion of parent glucocorticoids to several metabolites. Furthermore, the effect of drugs on AGM was also evaluated through shallow shotgun sequencing and flow cytometry-based total bacterial cell count highlighting that these drugs can affect both the taxonomic composition and growth performances of the human gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Viglioli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sonia Mirjam Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Alessandri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Fontana
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43120 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicole Croci
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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2
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Daniel SL, Ridlon JM. Clostridium scindens : an endocrine keystone species in the mammalian gut. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.23.609444. [PMID: 39229245 PMCID: PMC11370556 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.23.609444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium scindens is a keystone human gut microbial taxonomic group that, while low in abundance, has a disproportionate effect on bile acid and steroid metabolism in the mammalian gut. Numerous studies indicate that the two most studied strains of C. scindens (i.e., ATCC 35704 and VPI 12708) are important for a myriad of physiological processes in the host. We focus on both historical and current microbiological and molecular biology work on the Hylemon-Björkhem pathway and the steroid-17,20-desmolase pathway that were first discovered in C. scindens. Our most recent analysis now calls into question whether strains currently defined as C. scindens represent two separate taxonomic groups. Future directions include developing genetic tools to further explore the physiological role bile acid and steroid metabolism by strains of C. scindens , and the causal role of these pathways in host physiology and disease.
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3
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McCurry MD, D'Agostino GD, Walsh JT, Bisanz JE, Zalosnik I, Dong X, Morris DJ, Korzenik JR, Edlow AG, Balskus EP, Turnbaugh PJ, Huh JR, Devlin AS. Gut bacteria convert glucocorticoids into progestins in the presence of hydrogen gas. Cell 2024; 187:2952-2968.e13. [PMID: 38795705 PMCID: PMC11179439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that human-associated bacteria interact with host-produced steroids, but the mechanisms and physiological impact of such interactions remain unclear. Here, we show that the human gut bacteria Gordonibacter pamelaeae and Eggerthella lenta convert abundant biliary corticoids into progestins through 21-dehydroxylation, thereby transforming a class of immuno- and metabo-regulatory steroids into a class of sex hormones and neurosteroids. Using comparative genomics, homologous expression, and heterologous expression, we identify a bacterial gene cluster that performs 21-dehydroxylation. We also uncover an unexpected role for hydrogen gas production by gut commensals in promoting 21-dehydroxylation, suggesting that hydrogen modulates secondary metabolism in the gut. Levels of certain bacterial progestins, including allopregnanolone, better known as brexanolone, an FDA-approved drug for postpartum depression, are substantially increased in feces from pregnant humans. Thus, bacterial conversion of corticoids into progestins may affect host physiology, particularly in the context of pregnancy and women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D McCurry
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriel D D'Agostino
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jasmine T Walsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jordan E Bisanz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ines Zalosnik
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xueyang Dong
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David J Morris
- Emeritus Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Joshua R Korzenik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jun R Huh
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Lv S, Huang J, Luo Y, Wen Y, Chen B, Qiu H, Chen H, Yue T, He L, Feng B, Yu Z, Zhao M, Yang Q, He M, Xiao W, Zou X, Gu C, Lu R. Gut microbiota is involved in male reproductive function: a review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1371667. [PMID: 38765683 PMCID: PMC11099273 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1371667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, ~8%-12% of couples confront infertility issues, male-related issues being accountable for 50%. This review focuses on the influence of gut microbiota and their metabolites on the male reproductive system from five perspectives: sperm quality, testicular structure, sex hormones, sexual behavior, and probiotic supplementation. To improve sperm quality, gut microbiota can secrete metabolites by themselves or regulate host metabolites. Endotoxemia is a key factor in testicular structure damage that causes orchitis and disrupts the blood-testis barrier (BTB). In addition, the gut microbiota can regulate sex hormone levels by participating in the synthesis of sex hormone-related enzymes directly and participating in the enterohepatic circulation of sex hormones, and affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis (HPT) axis. They can also activate areas of the brain that control sexual arousal and behavior through metabolites. Probiotic supplementation can improve male reproductive function. Therefore, the gut microbiota may affect male reproductive function and behavior; however, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying microbiota-mediated male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Lv
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jingrong Huang
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yadan Luo
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Wen
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Baoting Chen
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huanxin Chen
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Suining First People's Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Tianhao Yue
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lvqin He
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Baochun Feng
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Suining First People's Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Zehui Yu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingde Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manli He
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wudian Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zou
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Suining First People's Hospital, Suining, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Congwei Gu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilin Lu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Suining First People's Hospital, Suining, China
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5
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Meng Z, Tan Y, Duan YL, Li M. Monaspin B, a Novel Cyclohexyl-furan from Cocultivation of Monascus purpureus and Aspergillus oryzae, Exhibits Potent Antileukemic Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1114-1123. [PMID: 38166364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Natural products are a rich resource for the discovery of innovative drugs. Microbial cocultivation enables discovery of novel natural products through tandem enzymatic catalysis between different fungi. In this study, Monascus purpureus, as a food fermentation strain capable of producing abundant natural products, was chosen as an example of a cocultivation pair strain. Cocultivation screening revealed that M. purpureus and Aspergillus oryzae led to the production of two novel cyclohexyl-furans, Monaspins A and B. Optimization of the cocultivation mode and media enhanced the production of Monaspins A and B to 1.2 and 0.8 mg/L, respectively. Monaspins A and B were structurally elucidated by HR-ESI-MS and NMR. Furthermore, Monaspin B displayed potent antiproliferative activity against the leukemic HL-60 cell line by inducing apoptosis, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 160 nM. Moreover, in a mouse leukemia model, Monaspin B exhibited a promising in vivo antileukemic effect by reducing white blood cell, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts. Collectively, these results indicate that Monaspin B is a promising candidate agent for leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Meng
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yingao Tan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Ya-Li Duan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Mu Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
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6
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Reuter MA, Tucker M, Marfori Z, Shishani R, Bustamante JM, Moreno R, Goodson ML, Ehrlich A, Taha AY, Lein PJ, Joshi N, Brito I, Durbin-Johnson B, Nandakumar R, Cummings BP. Dietary resistant starch supplementation increases gut luminal deoxycholic acid abundance in mice. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2315632. [PMID: 38375831 PMCID: PMC10880513 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2315632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are among the most abundant metabolites produced by the gut microbiome. Primary BAs produced in the liver are converted by gut bacterial 7-α-dehydroxylation into secondary BAs, which can differentially regulate host health via signaling based on their varying affinity for BA receptors. Despite the importance of secondary BAs in host health, the regulation of 7-α-dehydroxylation and the role of diet in modulating this process is incompletely defined. Understanding this process could lead to dietary guidelines that beneficially shift BA metabolism. Dietary fiber regulates gut microbial composition and metabolite production. We tested the hypothesis that feeding mice a diet rich in a fermentable dietary fiber, resistant starch (RS), would alter gut bacterial BA metabolism. Male and female wild-type mice were fed a diet supplemented with RS or an isocaloric control diet (IC). Metabolic parameters were similar between groups. RS supplementation increased gut luminal deoxycholic acid (DCA) abundance. However, gut luminal cholic acid (CA) abundance, the substrate for 7-α-dehydroxylation in DCA production, was unaltered by RS. Further, RS supplementation did not change the mRNA expression of hepatic BA producing enzymes or ileal BA transporters. Metagenomic assessment of gut bacterial composition revealed no change in the relative abundance of bacteria known to perform 7-α-dehydroxylation. P. ginsenosidimutans and P. multiformis were positively correlated with gut luminal DCA abundance and increased in response to RS supplementation. These data demonstrate that RS supplementation enriches gut luminal DCA abundance without increasing the relative abundance of bacteria known to perform 7-α-dehydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Reuter
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Madelynn Tucker
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zara Marfori
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rahaf Shishani
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Miranda Bustamante
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rosalinda Moreno
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael L. Goodson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allison Ehrlich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ameer Y. Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nikhil Joshi
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ilana Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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7
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Litteral V, Migliozzi R, Metzger D, McPherson C, Saldanha R. Engineering a Cortisol Sensing Enteric Probiotic. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5163-5175. [PMID: 37647169 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress can lead to prolonged adrenal gland secretion of cortisol, resulting in human ailments such as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, immunosuppression, and cardiomyopathy. Real time monitoring of chronic increases in cortisol and intervening therapies to minimize the physiological effects of stress would be beneficial to prevent these endocrine related illnesses. Gut microbiota have shown the ability to secrete, respond, and even regulate endocrine hormones. One such microbe, Clostridium scindens, responds transcriptionally to cortisol. We engineered these cortisol responsive genetic elements from C. scindens into an enteric probiotic, E. coli Nissle 1917, to drive the expression of a fluorescent reporter allowing for the designing, testing, and building of a robust and physiologically relevant novel cortisol probiotic sensor. This smart probiotic was further engineered to be more sensitive and to respond to elevated cortisol by expressing tryptophan decarboxylase, thereby bestowing the ability to generate tryptamine and serotonin. Here we show that upon cortisol treatment the smart probiotic produces measurable amounts of tryptamine. Accumulated levels of these neuromodulators should improve mood, anxiety, and depression and drive down cortisol levels. Importantly, this work can serve as a model for the engineering of a sense-and-respond probiotic to modulate the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn Litteral
- UES Corporation, 4401 Dayton-Xenia Avenue, Beavercreek, Ohio 45432-1805, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Bioengineering Division, Applied Biotechnology Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Rebecca Migliozzi
- UES Corporation, 4401 Dayton-Xenia Avenue, Beavercreek, Ohio 45432-1805, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Bioengineering Division, Applied Biotechnology Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - David Metzger
- UES Corporation, 4401 Dayton-Xenia Avenue, Beavercreek, Ohio 45432-1805, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Bioengineering Division, Applied Biotechnology Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Craig McPherson
- UES Corporation, 4401 Dayton-Xenia Avenue, Beavercreek, Ohio 45432-1805, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Bioengineering Division, Applied Biotechnology Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Roland Saldanha
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Bioengineering Division, Applied Biotechnology Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
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8
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Shi Q, Yuan X, Zeng Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Xue C, Li L. Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Bile Acids in Cholestatic Liver Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102411. [PMID: 37242293 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the complex interactions between gut microbiota and bile acids, which are crucial end products of cholesterol metabolism. Cholestatic liver disease is characterized by dysfunction of bile production, secretion, and excretion, as well as excessive accumulation of potentially toxic bile acids. Given the importance of bile acid homeostasis, the complex mechanism of the bile acid-microbial network in cholestatic liver disease requires a thorough understanding. It is urgent to summarize the recent research progress in this field. In this review, we highlight how gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism, how bile acid pool shapes the bacterial community, and how their interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease. These advances might provide a novel perspective for the development of potential therapeutic strategies that target the bile acid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yifan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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9
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Dodd D, Cann I. Tutorial: Microbiome studies in drug metabolism. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2812-2837. [PMID: 36099474 PMCID: PMC9747132 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a dense population of microorganisms whose metabolism impacts human health and physiology. The gut microbiome encodes millions of genes, the products of which endow our bodies with unique biochemical activities. In the context of drug metabolism, microbial biochemistry in the gut influences humans in two major ways: (1) by producing small molecules that modulate expression and activity of human phase I and II pathways; and (2) by directly modifying drugs administered to humans to yield active, inactive, or toxic metabolites. Although the capacity of the microbiome to modulate drug metabolism has long been known, recent studies have explored these interactions on a much broader scale and have revealed an unprecedented scope of microbial drug metabolism. The implication of this work is that we might be able to predict the capacity of an individual's microbiome to metabolize drugs and use this information to avoid toxicity and inform proper dosing. Here, we provide a tutorial of how to study the microbiome in the context of drug metabolism, focusing on in vitro, rodent, and human studies. We then highlight some limitations and opportunities for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Dodd
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Isaac Cann
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme)University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA,Division of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA,Center for East Asian & Pacific StudiesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA,Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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10
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Gjorgoska M, Rizner TL. Integration of androgen hormones in endometrial cancer biology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:639-651. [PMID: 35879182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is a gynecological pathology that affects the uterine inner lining. In recent years, genomic studies revealed continually evolving mutational landscapes of endometrial tumors that hold great potential for tailoring therapeutic strategies. This review aims to broaden our knowledge of EC biology by focusing on the role of androgen hormones. First, we discuss epidemiological evidence implicating androgens with EC pathogenesis and cover their biosynthesis and metabolism to bioactive 11-oxyandrogens. Next, we explore the endometrial tumor tissue and the altered microbiota as alternative sources of androgens and their 11-oxymetabolites in EC patients. Finally, we discuss the biological significance of androgens' genomic and nongenomic signaling as part of a medley of pathways ultimately deciding the fate of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Gjorgoska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanisnik Rizner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Maffei S, Forini F, Canale P, Nicolini G, Guiducci L. Gut Microbiota and Sex Hormones: Crosstalking Players in Cardiometabolic and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137154. [PMID: 35806159 PMCID: PMC9266921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The available evidence indicates a close connection between gut microbiota (GM) disturbance and increased risk of cardiometabolic (CM) disorders and cardiovascular (CV) disease. One major objective of this narrative review is to discuss the key contribution of dietary regimen in determining the GM biodiversity and the implications of GM dysbiosis for the overall health of the CV system. In particular, emerging molecular pathways are presented, linking microbiota-derived signals to the local activation of the immune system as the driver of a systemic proinflammatory state and permissive condition for the onset and progression of CM and CV disease. We further outline how the cross-talk between sex hormones and GM impacts disease susceptibility, thereby offering a mechanistic insight into sexual dimorphism observed in CVD. A better understanding of these relationships could help unravel novel disease targets and pave the way to the development of innovative, low-risk therapeutic strategies based on diet interventions, GM manipulation, and sex hormone analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maffei
- Department of Gynecological and Cardiovascular Endocrinology, CNR-Tuscany Region, G. Monasterio Foundation, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesca Forini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (G.N.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Canale
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (G.N.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppina Nicolini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (G.N.); (L.G.)
| | - Letizia Guiducci
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (G.N.); (L.G.)
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12
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Qian L, Ouyang H, Gordils-Valentin L, Hong J, Jayaraman A, Zhu X. Identification of Gut Bacterial Enzymes for Keto-Reductive Metabolism of Xenobiotics. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1665-1671. [PMID: 35687750 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human gastrointestinal microbiota are known for the keto-reductive metabolism of small-molecule pharmaceuticals; however, the responsible enzymes remain poorly understood. Through in vitro biochemical assays, we report the identification of enzymes encoded in the genome of Clostridium bolteae that can reduce the ketone groups of nabumetone, hydrocortisone, and tacrolimus. The homologues to a newly identified enzyme (i.e., DesE) are potentially widely distributed in the gut microbiome. The selected enzymes display different levels of activities against additional chemicals such as two dietary compounds (i.e., raspberry ketone and zingerone), chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, and its aglycone metabolite doxorubicinone. Thus, our results expand the repertoire of enzymes that can reduce the ketone groups in small molecules and could serve as the basis for future personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Huanrong Ouyang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lois Gordils-Valentin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Joshua Hong
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xuejun Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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13
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Abstract
Bile acids are detergent molecules that solubilize dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. Humans synthesize bile acids with α-orientation hydroxyl groups which can be biotransformed by gut microbiota to toxic, hydrophobic bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA). Gut microbiota can also convert hydroxyl groups from the α-orientation through an oxo-intermediate to the β-orientation, resulting in more hydrophilic, less toxic bile acids. This interconversion is catalyzed by regio- (C-3 vs. C-7) and stereospecific (α vs. β) hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs). So far, genes encoding the urso- (7α-HSDH & 7β-HSDH) and iso- (3α-HSDH & 3β-HSDH) bile acid pathways have been described. Recently, multiple human gut clostridia were reported to encode 12α-HSDH, which interconverts DCA and 12-oxolithocholic acid (12-oxoLCA). 12β-HSDH completes the epi-bile acid pathway by converting 12-oxoLCA to the 12β-bile acid denoted epiDCA; however, a gene(s) encoding this enzyme has yet to be identified. We confirmed 12β-HSDH activity in cultures of Clostridium paraputrificum ATCC 25780. From six candidate C. paraputrificum ATCC 25780 oxidoreductase genes, we discovered the first gene (DR024_RS09610) encoding bile acid 12β-HSDH. Phylogenetic analysis revealed unforeseen diversity for 12β-HSDH, leading to validation of two additional bile acid 12β-HSDHs through a synthetic biology approach. By comparison to a previous phylogenetic analysis of 12α-HSDH, we identified the first potential C-12 epimerizing strains: Collinsella tanakaei YIT 12063 and Collinsella stercoris DSM 13279. A Hidden Markov Model search against human gut metagenomes located putative 12β-HSDH genes in about 30% of subjects within the cohorts analyzed, indicating this gene is relevant in the human gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L. Doden
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patricia G. Wolf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA,Cancer Education and Career Development Program, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H. Rex Gaskins
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - João M. P. Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason M. Ridlon
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,CONTACT Jason M. Ridlon Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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14
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Lei S, Liu L, Ding L, Zhang Y, Zeng H. Lotus seed resistant starch affects the conversion of sodium taurocholate by regulating the intestinal microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:227-236. [PMID: 34245735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of lotus seed resistant starch (LRS) to affect the conversion of sodium taurocholate (STCA) by regulating the intestinal flora, using glucose (GLU) and high amylose corn starch (HAMS) as controls. The dominant microbiota in LRS group were mainly Lactobacillus and Escherichia_Shigella, with a small proportion of Bifidobacterium. Meanwhile, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus were dominant microbiota in the HAMS group. Lactobacillus, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia and Sphingomonas were found in the GLU group. Furthermore, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus and Escherichia_Shigella were negatively correlated with STCA and sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDCA), while these bacteria were positively correlated with bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) content. Meanwhile Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia and Sphingomonas were positively correlated with STCA and STDCA, while these bacteria were negatively correlated with BSH and HSDH content. LRS promoted the proliferation of Bifidobacterium and Escherichia_Shigella to secret more BSH and HSDH, accelerating the hydrolysis of STCA and reducing the conversion of STDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Lei
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Linyu Ding
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Science and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Science and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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15
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Li X, Cheng W, Shang H, Wei H, Deng C. The Interplay between Androgen and Gut Microbiota: Is There a Microbiota-Gut-Testis Axis. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1674-1684. [PMID: 34037957 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, a large ecosystem interacting with the host, has been shown to affect the health and fitness of the host-microbial superorganism. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota communicates with distal organs of the host including the brain, liver, and muscle, as well as testis, through various complex mechanisms. So far, we know that the androgen can markedly remodel the gut microbiota and has initiated an interdisciplinary field termed "microgenderome." More recently, the gut microbiota has been found as a major regulator of androgen production and metabolism in turn and even could trespass the blood-testis barrier (BTB) to regulate spermatogenesis, which largely updates the current knowledge on male reproduction. In this review, we provided a brief overview of the context of the gender bias of diseases related to gut microbiota, the sex dimorphism of gut microbiota, and their relationships with androgen. We also summarized the known interaction between the testis and gut microbiota based on published animal studies and tentatively discussed the hypothesis of microbiota-gut-testis axis. Finally, we highlighted the opportunities and challenges underlying the ongoing research. This knowledge may extend our understanding of the role of gut microbiota in male health and microbiota-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Li
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haitao Shang
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunhua Deng
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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16
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Ly LK, Doden HL, Ridlon JM. Gut feelings about bacterial steroid-17,20-desmolase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 525:111174. [PMID: 33503463 PMCID: PMC8886824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in technology are only beginning to reveal the complex interactions between hosts and their resident microbiota that have co-evolved over centuries. In this review, we present compelling evidence that implicates the host-associated microbiome in the generation of 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, leading to the formation of potent 11-oxy-androgens. Microbial steroid-17,20-desmolase cleaves the side-chain of glucocorticoids (GC), including cortisol (and its derivatives of cortisone, 5α-dihydrocortisol, and also (allo)- 3α, 5α-tetrahydrocortisol, but not 3α-5β-tetrahydrocortisol) and drugs (prednisone and dexamethasone). In addition to side-chain cleavage, we discuss the gut microbiome's robust potential to transform a myriad of steroids, mirroring much of the host's metabolism. We also explore the overlooked role of intestinal steroidogenesis and efflux pumps as a potential route for GC transport into the gut. Lastly, we propose several health implications from microbial steroid-17,20-desmolase function, including aberrant mineralocorticoid, GC, and androgen receptor signaling in colonocytes, immune cells, and prostate cells, which may exacerbate disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Ly
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Heidi L Doden
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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17
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Microbial Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: From Alpha to Omega. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030469. [PMID: 33668351 PMCID: PMC7996314 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) and glucocorticoids are steroid hormones derived from cholesterol that are important signaling molecules in humans and other vertebrates. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) are encoded both by the host and by their resident gut microbiota, and they reversibly convert steroid hydroxyl groups to keto groups. Pairs of HSDHs can reversibly epimerize steroids from α-hydroxy conformations to β-hydroxy, or β-hydroxy to ω-hydroxy in the case of ω-muricholic acid. These reactions often result in products with drastically different physicochemical properties than their precursors, which can result in steroids being activators or inhibitors of host receptors, can affect solubility in fecal water, and can modulate toxicity. Microbial HSDHs modulate sterols associated with diseases such as colorectal cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Although the role of microbial HSDHs is not yet fully elucidated, they may have therapeutic potential as steroid pool modulators or druggable targets in the future. In this review, we explore metabolism of BAs and glucocorticoids with a focus on biotransformation by microbial HSDHs.
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18
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Abstract
Vertebrates synthesize a diverse set of steroids and bile acids that undergo bacterial biotransformations. The endocrine literature has principally focused on the biochemistry and molecular biology of host synthesis and tissue-specific metabolism of steroids. Host-associated microbiota possess a coevolved set of steroid and bile acid modifying enzymes that match the majority of host peripheral biotransformations in addition to unique capabilities. The set of host-associated microbial genes encoding enzymes involved in steroid transformations is known as the sterolbiome. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the sterolbiome as well as its importance in medicine and agriculture.
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19
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Javdan B, Lopez JG, Chankhamjon P, Lee YCJ, Hull R, Wu Q, Wang X, Chatterjee S, Donia MS. Personalized Mapping of Drug Metabolism by the Human Gut Microbiome. Cell 2020; 181:1661-1679.e22. [PMID: 32526207 PMCID: PMC8591631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome harbors hundreds of bacterial species with diverse biochemical capabilities. Dozens of drugs have been shown to be metabolized by single isolates from the gut microbiome, but the extent of this phenomenon is rarely explored in the context of microbial communities. Here, we develop a quantitative experimental framework for mapping the ability of the human gut microbiome to metabolize small molecule drugs: Microbiome-Derived Metabolism (MDM)-Screen. Included are a batch culturing system for sustained growth of subject-specific gut microbial communities, an ex vivo drug metabolism screen, and targeted and untargeted functional metagenomic screens to identify microbiome-encoded genes responsible for specific metabolic events. Our framework identifies novel drug-microbiome interactions that vary between individuals and demonstrates how the gut microbiome might be used in drug development and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Javdan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jaime G Lopez
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Ying-Chiang J Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Raphaella Hull
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Qihao Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Seema Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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20
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Tokarz J, Lintelmann J, Möller G, Adamski J. Substrate multispecificity among 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 members. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 510:110822. [PMID: 32315721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroids regulate many physiological processes. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) modulate the levels of steroids in pre- and post-receptor metabolism. The subfamily of 20β-HSD type 2 currently comprises six members from six different species. The zebrafish ortholog converts cortisone to 20β-dihydrocortisone and is involved in the catabolism of the stress hormone cortisol. Here, we elucidated the substrate preferences of all 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes towards a selected panel of steroids. For quantification of the substrates and their respective 20β-reduced products, we first developed and validated a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based method. Applying this method to activity assays with recombinantly expressed enzymes, our findings indicate that the 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes catalyze the 20β-reduction of a plethora of steroids of the glucocorticoid biosynthesis pathway. The observed multispecificity among the homologous 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes implies different physiological roles in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Ly LK, Rowles JL, Paul HM, Alves JMP, Yemm C, Wolf PM, Devendran S, Hudson ME, Morris DJ, Erdman JW, Ridlon JM. Bacterial steroid-17,20-desmolase is a taxonomically rare enzymatic pathway that converts prednisone to 1,4-androstanediene-3,11,17-trione, a metabolite that causes proliferation of prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105567. [PMID: 31870912 PMCID: PMC7333170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal gland has traditionally been viewed as a source of "weak androgens"; however, emerging evidence indicates 11-oxy-androgens of adrenal origin are metabolized in peripheral tissues to potent androgens. Also emerging is the role of gut bacteria in the conversion of C21 glucocorticoids to 11-oxygenated C19 androgens. Clostridium scindens ATCC 35,704 is a gut microbe capable of converting cortisol into 11-oxy-androgens by cleaving the side-chain. The desA and desB genes encode steroid-17,20-desmolase. Our prior study indicated that the urinary tract bacterium, Propionimicrobium lymphophilum ACS-093-V-SCH5 encodes desAB and converts cortisol to 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione. We wanted to determine how widespread this function occurs in the human microbiome. Phylogenetic and sequence similarity network analyses indicated that the steroid-17,20-desmolase pathway is taxonomically rare and located in gut and urogenital microbiomes. Two microbes from each of these niches, C. scindens and Propionimicrobium lymphophilum, respectively, were screened for activity against endogenous (cortisol, cortisone, and allotetrahydrocortisol) and exogenous (prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and 9-fluorocortisol) glucocorticoids. LC/MS analysis showed that both microbes were able to side-chain cleave all glucocorticoids, forming 11-oxy-androgens. Pure recombinant DesAB from C. scindens showed the highest activity against prednisone, a commonly prescribed glucocorticoid. In addition, 0.1 nM 1,4-androstadiene-3,11,17-trione, bacterial side-chain cleavage product of prednisone, showed significant proliferation relative to vehicle in androgen-dependent growth LNCaP prostate cancer cells after 24 h (2.3 fold; P < 0.01) and 72 h (1.6 fold; P < 0.01). Taken together, DesAB-expressing microbes may be an overlooked source of androgens in the body, potentially contributing to various disease states, such as prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Ly
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hans Müller Paul
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA; Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - João M P Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camdon Yemm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patricia M Wolf
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew E Hudson
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA; Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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22
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Xavier JB, Young VB, Skufca J, Ginty F, Testerman T, Pearson AT, Macklin P, Mitchell A, Shmulevich I, Xie L, Caporaso JG, Crandall KA, Simone NL, Godoy-Vitorino F, Griffin TJ, Whiteson KL, Gustafson HH, Slade DJ, Schmidt TM, Walther-Antonio MRS, Korem T, Webb-Robertson BJM, Styczynski MP, Johnson WE, Jobin C, Ridlon JM, Koh AY, Yu M, Kelly L, Wargo JA. The Cancer Microbiome: Distinguishing Direct and Indirect Effects Requires a Systemic View. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:192-204. [PMID: 32101723 PMCID: PMC7098063 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The collection of microbes that live in and on the human body - the human microbiome - can impact on cancer initiation, progression, and response to therapy, including cancer immunotherapy. The mechanisms by which microbiomes impact on cancers can yield new diagnostics and treatments, but much remains unknown. The interactions between microbes, diet, host factors, drugs, and cell-cell interactions within the cancer itself likely involve intricate feedbacks, and no single component can explain all the behavior of the system. Understanding the role of host-associated microbial communities in cancer systems will require a multidisciplinary approach combining microbial ecology, immunology, cancer cell biology, and computational biology - a systems biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao B Xavier
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph Skufca
- Department of Mathematics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | | | - Traci Testerman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL, USA
| | - Paul Macklin
- Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Amir Mitchell
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Lei Xie
- Hunter College, Department of Computer Science, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Gregory Caporaso
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicole L Simone
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Timothy J Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katrine L Whiteson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heather H Gustafson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Marina R S Walther-Antonio
- Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tal Korem
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mark P Styczynski
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W Evan Johnson
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Departments of Medicine, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Y Koh
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Yu
- Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Wargo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Schiffer L, Barnard L, Baranowski ES, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Shackleton CHL, Storbeck KH. Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: A comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105439. [PMID: 31362062 PMCID: PMC6857441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technology have allowed for the sensitive, specific, and simultaneous quantitative profiling of steroid precursors, bioactive steroids and inactive metabolites, facilitating comprehensive characterization of the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. The quantification of steroid panels is therefore gaining favor over quantification of single marker metabolites in the clinical and research laboratories. However, although the biochemical pathways for the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones are now well defined, a gulf still exists between this knowledge and its application to the measured steroid profiles. In this review, we present an overview of steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism by the liver and peripheral tissues, specifically highlighting the pathways linking and differentiating the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. A brief overview of the methodology used in steroid profiling is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust & University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cedric H L Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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25
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Doden HL, Pollet RM, Mythen SM, Wawrzak Z, Devendran S, Cann I, Koropatkin NM, Ridlon JM. Structural and biochemical characterization of 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis strain L2-32. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12040-12053. [PMID: 31209107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic bacteria inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract have evolved various enzymes that modify host-derived steroids. The bacterial steroid-17,20-desmolase pathway cleaves the cortisol side chain, forming pro-androgens predicted to impact host physiology. Bacterial 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20β-HSDH) regulates cortisol side-chain cleavage by reducing the C-20 carboxyl group on cortisol, yielding 20β-dihydrocortisol. Recently, the gene encoding 20β-HSDH in Butyricicoccus desmolans ATCC 43058 was reported, and a nonredundant protein search yielded a candidate 20β-HSDH gene in Bifidobacterium adolescentis strain L2-32. B. adolescentis 20β-HSDH could regulate cortisol side-chain cleavage by limiting pro-androgen formation in bacteria such as Clostridium scindens and 21-dehydroxylation by Eggerthella lenta Here, the putative B. adolescentis 20β-HSDH was cloned, overexpressed, and purified. 20β-HSDH activity was confirmed through whole-cell and pure enzymatic assays, and it is specific for cortisol. Next, we solved the structures of recombinant 20β-HSDH in both the apo- and holo-forms at 2.0-2.2 Å resolutions, revealing close overlap except for rearrangements near the active site. Interestingly, the structures contain a large, flexible N-terminal region that was investigated by gel-filtration chromatography and CD spectroscopy. This extended N terminus is important for protein stability because deletions of varying lengths caused structural changes and reduced enzymatic activity. A nonconserved extended N terminus was also observed in several short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family members. B. adolescentis strains capable of 20β-HSDH activity could alter glucocorticoid metabolism in the gut and thereby serve as potential probiotics for the management of androgen-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Doden
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Rebecca M Pollet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Sean M Mythen
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center-LS-CAT, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Isaac Cann
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Nicole M Koropatkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
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26
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Harris SC, Devendran S, Méndez- García C, Mythen SM, Wright CL, Fields CJ, Hernandez AG, Cann I, Hylemon PB, Ridlon JM. Bile acid oxidation by Eggerthella lenta strains C592 and DSM 2243 T. Gut Microbes 2018; 9:523-539. [PMID: 29617190 PMCID: PMC6287680 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1458180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of Eggerthella lenta are capable of oxidation-reduction reactions capable of oxidizing and epimerizing bile acid hydroxyl groups. Several genes encoding these enzymes, known as hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDH) have yet to be identified. It is also uncertain whether the products of E. lenta bile acid metabolism are further metabolized by other members of the gut microbiota. We characterized a novel human fecal isolate identified as E. lenta strain C592. The complete genome of E. lenta strain C592 was sequenced and comparative genomics with the type strain (DSM 2243) revealed high conservation, but some notable differences. E. lenta strain C592 falls into group III, possessing 3α, 3β, 7α, and 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) activity, as determined by mass spectrometry of thin layer chromatography (TLC) separated metabolites of primary and secondary bile acids. Incubation of E. lenta oxo-bile acid and iso-bile acid metabolites with whole-cells of the high-activity bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating bacterium, Clostridium scindens VPI 12708, resulted in minimal conversion of oxo-derivatives to lithocholic acid (LCA). Further, Iso-chenodeoxycholic acid (iso-CDCA; 3β,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid) was not metabolized by C. scindens. We then located a gene encoding a novel 12α-HSDH in E. lenta DSM 2243, also encoded by strain C592, and the recombinant purified enzyme was characterized and substrate-specificity determined. Genomic analysis revealed genes encoding an Rnf complex (rnfABCDEG), an energy conserving hydrogenase (echABCDEF) complex, as well as what appears to be a complete Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Our prediction that by changing the gas atmosphere from nitrogen to hydrogen, bile acid oxidation would be inhibited, was confirmed. These results suggest that E. lenta is an important bile acid metabolizing gut microbe and that the gas atmosphere may be an important and overlooked regulator of bile acid metabolism in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C. Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,McGuire Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Sean M. Mythen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chris L. Wright
- Keck Center for Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J. Fields
- Keck Center for Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alvaro G. Hernandez
- Keck Center for Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Isaac Cann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,McGuire Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason M. Ridlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,CONTACT Jason M. Ridlon Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
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27
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Devendran S, Mythen SM, Ridlon JM. The desA and desB genes from Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704 encode steroid-17,20-desmolase. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1005-1014. [PMID: 29572237 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m083949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium scindens is a gut microbe capable of removing the side-chain of cortisol, forming 11β-hydro-xyandrostenedione. A cortisol-inducible operon (desABCD) was previously identified in C. scindens ATCC 35704 by RNA-Seq. The desC gene was shown to encode a cortisol 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSDH). The desD encodes a protein annotated as a member of the major facilitator family, predicted to function as a cortisol transporter. The desA and desB genes are annotated as N-terminal and C-terminal transketolases, respectively. We hypothesized that the DesAB forms a complex and has steroid-17,20-desmolase activity. We cloned the desA and desB genes from C. scindens ATCC 35704 in pETDuet for overexpression in Escherichia coli The purified recombinant DesAB was determined to be a 142 ± 5.4 kDa heterotetramer. We developed an enzyme-linked continuous spectrophotometric assay to quantify steroid-17,20-desmolase. This was achieved by coupling DesAB-dependent formation of 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione with the NADPH-dependent reduction of the steroid 17-keto group by a recombinant 17β-HSDH from the filamentous fungus, Cochliobolus lunatus The pH optimum for the coupled assay was 7.0 and kinetic constants using cortisol as substrate were Km of 4.96 ± 0.57 µM and kcat of 0.87 ± 0.076 min-1 Substrate-specificity studies revealed that rDesAB recognized substrates regardless of 11β-hydroxylation, but had an absolute requirement for 17,21-dihydroxy 20-ketosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Devendran
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sean M Mythen
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Computing Genomes for Reproductive Health Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA.
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28
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Targeted Synthesis and Characterization of a Gene Cluster Encoding NAD(P)H-Dependent 3α-, 3β-, and 12α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases from Eggerthella CAG:298, a Gut Metagenomic Sequence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02475-17. [PMID: 29330189 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02475-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut metagenomic sequences provide a rich source of microbial genes, the majority of which are annotated by homology or unknown. Genes and gene pathways that encode enzymes catalyzing biotransformation of host bile acids are important to identify in gut metagenomic sequences due to the importance of bile acids in gut microbiome structure and host physiology. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) are pyridine nucleotide-dependent enzymes with stereospecificity and regiospecificity for bile acid and steroid hydroxyl groups. HSDHs have been identified in several protein families, including medium-chain and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase families as well as the aldo-keto reductase family. These protein families are large and contain diverse functionalities, making prediction of HSDH-encoding genes difficult and necessitating biochemical characterization. We located a gene cluster in Eggerthella sp. CAG:298 predicted to encode three HSDHs (CDD59473, CDD59474, and CDD59475) and synthesized the genes for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli We then screened bile acid substrates against the purified recombinant enzymes. CDD59475 is a novel 12α-HSDH, and we determined that CDD59474 (3α-HSDH) and CDD59473 (3β-HSDH) constitute novel enzymes in an iso-bile acid pathway. Phylogenetic analysis of these HSDHs with other gut bacterial HSDHs and closest homologues in the database revealed predictable clustering of HSDHs by function and identified several likely HSDH sequences from bacteria isolated or sequenced from diverse mammalian and avian gut samples.IMPORTANCE Bacterial HSDHs have the potential to significantly alter the physicochemical properties of bile acids, with implications for increased/decreased toxicity for gut bacteria and the host. The generation of oxo-bile acids is known to inhibit host enzymes involved in glucocorticoid metabolism and may alter signaling through nuclear receptors such as farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5. Biochemical or similar approaches are required to fill in many gaps in our ability to link a particular enzymatic function with a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence. In this regard, we have identified a novel 12α-HSDH and a novel set of genes encoding an iso-bile acid pathway (3α-HSDH and 3β-HSDH) involved in epimerization and detoxification of harmful secondary bile acids.
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29
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Abstract
A new concept is emerging in biomedical sciences: the gut microbiota is a virtual 'organ' with endocrine function. Here, we explore the literature pertaining to the role of gut microbial metabolism of endogenous adrenocorticosteroids as a contributing factor in the etiology of essential hypertension. A body of literature demonstrates that bacterial products of glucocorticoid metabolism are absorbed into the portal circulation, and pass through the kidney before excretion into urine. Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) syndrome patients were found to have congenital mutations resulting in non-functional renal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11β-HSD2) and severe hypertension often lethal in childhood. 11β-HSD2 acts as a "guardian" enzyme protecting the mineralocorticoid receptor from excess cortisol, preventing sodium and water retention in the normotensive state. Licorice root, whose active ingredient, glycerrhetinic acid (GA), inhibits renal 11β-HSD2, and thereby causes hypertension in some individuals. Bacterially derived glucocorticoid metabolites may cause hypertension in some patients by a similar mechanism. Parallel observations in gut microbiology coupled with screening of endogenous steroids as inhibitors of 11β-HSD2 have implicated particular gut bacteria in essential hypertension through the production of glycerrhetinic acid-like factors (GALFs). A protective role of GALFs produced by gut bacteria in the etiology of colorectal cancer is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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