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Meesapyodsuk D, Sun K, Qiu X. Structural and functional analysis of plant ELO-like elongase for fatty acid elongation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:90. [PMID: 39172265 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
ELO-like elongase is a condensing enzyme elongating long chain fatty acids in eukaryotes. Eranthis hyemalis ELO-like elongase (EhELO1) is the first higher plant ELO-type elongase that is highly active in elongating a wide range of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and some monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). This study attempted using domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis of EhELO1 and EhELO2, a close homologue of EhELO1 but with no apparent elongase activity, to elucidate the structural determinants critical for catalytic activity and substrate specificity. Domain swapping analysis of the two showed that subdomain B in the C-terminal half of EhELO1 is essential for MUFA elongation while subdomain C in the C-terminal half of EhELO1 is essential for both PUFA and MUFA elongations, implying these regions are critical in defining the architecture of the substrate tunnel for substrate specificity. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the glycine at position 220 in the subdomain C plays a key role in differentiating the function of the two elongases. In addition, valine at 161 and cysteine at 165 in subdomain A also play critical roles in defining the architecture of the deep substrate tunnel, thereby contributing significantly to the acceptance of, and interaction with primer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaiwen Sun
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xiao Qiu
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Canada.
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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2
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Imbs AB, Dembitsky VM. Coral Lipids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:539. [PMID: 37888474 PMCID: PMC10608786 DOI: 10.3390/md21100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals, recognized as cornerstone species in marine ecosystems, captivate with their unique duality as both symbiotic partners and autotrophic entities. Beyond their ecological prominence, these corals produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, many of which are poised to revolutionize the domains of pharmacology and medicine. This exhaustive review delves deeply into the multifaceted world of coral-derived lipids, highlighting both ubiquitous and rare forms. Within this spectrum, we navigate through a myriad of fatty acids and their acyl derivatives, encompassing waxes, sterol esters, triacylglycerols, mono-akyl-diacylglycerols, and an array of polar lipids such as betaine lipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, phospholipids, and phosphonolipids. We offer a comprehensive exploration of the intricate biochemical variety of these lipids, related fatty acids, prostaglandins, and both cyclic and acyclic oxilipins. Additionally, the review provides insights into the chemotaxonomy of these compounds, illuminating the fatty acid synthesis routes inherent in corals. Of particular interest is the symbiotic bond many coral species nurture with dinoflagellates from the Symbiodinium group; their lipid and fatty acid profiles are also detailed in this discourse. This exploration accentuates the vast potential and intricacy of coral lipids and underscores their profound relevance in scientific endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B. Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, 17 Palchevsky Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valery M. Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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3
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Kanbar A, Beisel J, Gutierrez MT, Graeff-Hönninger S, Nick P. Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076215. [PMID: 37047191 PMCID: PMC10093863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is an emerging crop rich in proteins and other valuable nutrients. It was domesticated twice, in Mexico and Peru. Although global trade is dominated by Mexican species of amaranth, Peruvian amaranth (A. caudatus, kiwicha) has remained neglected, although it harbours valuable traits. In the current study, we investigate the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, comparing four genotypes of A. caudatus with K432, a commercial variety deriving from the Mexican species A. hypochondriacus under the temperate environment of Southwest Germany. We show that the A. caudatus genotypes flowered later (only in late autumn), such that they were taller as compared to the Mexican hybrid but yielded fewer grains. The oil of kiwicha showed a significantly higher content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid compared to early flowering genotype K432. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms behind these differences, we sequenced the genomes of the A. hypochondriacus × hybridus variety K432 and the Peruvian kiwicha genotype 8300 and identified the homologues for genes involved in the ω3 fatty-acid pathway and concurrent oxylipin metabolism, as well as of key factors for jasmonate signalling and cold acclimation. We followed the expression of these transcripts over three stages of seed development in all five genotypes. We find that transcripts for Δ6 desaturases are elevated in kiwicha, whereas in the Mexican hybrid, the concurrent lipoxygenase is more active, which is followed by the activation of jasmonate biosynthesis and signalling. The early accumulation of transcripts involved in cold-stress signalling reports that the Mexican hybrid experiences cold stress already early in autumn, whereas the kiwicha genotypes do not display indications for cold stress, except for the very final phase, when there were already freezing temperatures. We interpret the higher content of unsaturated fatty acids in the context of the different climatic conditions shaping domestication (tropical conditions in the case of Mexican amaranth, sharp cold snaps in the case of kiwicha) and suggest that kiwicha oil has high potential as functional food which can be developed further by tailoring genetic backgrounds, agricultural practice, and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Kanbar
- Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julia Beisel
- Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence:
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4
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Rizzo G, Baroni L, Lombardo M. Promising Sources of Plant-Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031683. [PMID: 36767052 PMCID: PMC9914036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population's needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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5
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Han L, Silvestre S, Sayanova O, Haslam RP, Napier JA. Using field evaluation and systematic iteration to rationalize the accumulation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1833-1852. [PMID: 35656640 PMCID: PMC9398312 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Brassicaceae Camelina sativa (gold of pleasure) is now an established niche crop and being used as a transgenic host for a range of novel seed traits. Most notable of these is the accumulation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), fatty acids normally only found in marine organisms. As part of continued efforts to optimize the accumulation of these non-native fatty acids via seed-specific expression of algal genes, a new series of iterative constructs was built and introduced into Camelina. Seed fatty acid composition was determined, and the presence of EPA and DHA was confirmed. To provide an additional level of evaluation, full environmental release was carried out on selected events, providing a real-world gauntlet against which to assess the performance of these novel lines. Composition of the seed oil triacylglycerol was determined by mass spectrometry, allowing for conclusions as to the contribution of different activities to the final accumulation of EPA and DHA. Since these data were derived from field-grown material, they also represent a robust demonstration of the stability of the omega-3 LC-PUFA trait in Camelina. We propose that field trialling should be routinely incorporated in the plant synthetic biology 'design-build-test-learn' cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Han
- Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpenden, HertsUK
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Zhukov A, Popov V. Synthesis of C 20-38 Fatty Acids in Plant Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094731. [PMID: 35563119 PMCID: PMC9101283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are involved in a number of important plant physiological functions. Disorders in the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of VLCFA lead to a number of phenotypic consequences, ranging from growth retardation to the death of embryos. The elongation of VLCFA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is carried out by multiple elongase complexes with different substrate specificities and adapted to the synthesis of a number of products required for a number of metabolic pathways. The information about the enzymes involved in the synthesis of VLCFA with more than 26 atoms of Carbon is rather poor. Recently, genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of both regular-length fatty acids and VLCFA have been discovered and investigated. Polyunsaturated VLCFA in plants are formed mainly by 20:1 elongation into new monounsaturated acids, which are then imported into chloroplasts, where they are further desaturated. The formation of saturated VLCFA and their further transformation into a number of aliphatic compounds included in cuticular waxes and suberin require the coordinated activity of a large number of different enzymes.
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Molecular Characterization, Tissue Distribution and Differential Nutritional Regulation of Three n-3 LC-PUFA Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030234. [PMID: 35158563 PMCID: PMC8833367 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongases of very long-chain fatty acids (Elovls) and fatty acid desaturases (Fads) are crucial enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). In this paper, we report the molecular cloning and characterization of three genes from the marine teleost Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂, and analyzed tissue distribution and their expression in response to dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels after a 42-day feeding experiment. The elovl5, elovl8 and fads2 genes encoded 294, 263 and 445 amino acids, respectively, which exhibited all the characteristics of the Elovl and Fads family. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that elovl5, elovl8 and fads2 were widely transcribed in various tissues, with the highest level in the brain, as described in other carnivorous marine teleosts. The transcript levels of elovl5, elovl8 and fads2 in the liver were significantly affected by dietary n-3 LC-PUFA, and higher LC-PUFA levels repressed their expression. These results demonstrated, for the first time, the presence and nutritional modulation of elovl5, elovl8 and fads2 cDNA in the juvenile hybrid grouper. Further studies are needed to determine the functional characterization of these genes and explore the mechanism of these genes when regulated by dietary fatty lipid profiles in this species.
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8
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Monroig Ó, Shu-Chien A, Kabeya N, Tocher D, Castro L. Desaturases and elongases involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in aquatic animals: From genes to functions. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Magoni C, Bertacchi S, Giustra CM, Guzzetti L, Cozza R, Ferrari M, Torelli A, Marieschi M, Porro D, Branduardi P, Labra M. Could microalgae be a strategic choice for responding to the demand for omega-3 fatty acids? A European perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Co-production of fucoxanthin and lipid from Indonesian diatom and green algae growing on palm oil mill effluent under mixotrophic condition. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Shi Y, Liu M, Pan Y, Hu H, Liu J. Δ6 Fatty Acid Elongase is Involved in Eicosapentaenoic Acid Biosynthesis Via the ω6 Pathway in the Marine Alga Nannochloropsis oceanica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9837-9848. [PMID: 34414763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nannochloropsis oceanica represents a promising sunlight-driven alga for producing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17), a value-added very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA). Here, we unraveled the function and roles of a Δ6 fatty acid elongase (NoΔ6-FAE) in N. oceanica. Heterologous expression of NoΔ6-FAE in yeast confirmed its function in elongating C18 Δ6-PUFAs rather than others. Subcellular localization experiments suggested that NoΔ6-FAE resides in the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum. NoΔ6-FAE knockdown attenuated C20:3Δ8,11,14, C20:4Δ5,8,11,14, and EPA yet enhanced C18:3Δ6,9,12, leading to overall decreases in total fatty acids, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, free fatty acids, and polar membrane lipids. In contrast, NoΔ6-FAE overexpression in N. oceanica caused nearly opposite phenotypes. Moreover, N. oceanica lacked detectable C18:3Δ9,12,15, C18:4Δ6,9,12,15, and C20:4Δ8,11,14,17 even under NoΔ6-FAE knockdown or overexpression. Our results reveal the involvement of NoΔ6-FAE in EPA biosynthesis via the ω6 pathway in N. oceanica and highlight the potential of manipulating NoΔ6-FAE for improved lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meijing Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yufang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hanhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Viña-Trillos N, Urzúa Á. Comparison of lipids and fatty acids among tissues of two semiterrestrial crabs reveals ecophysiological adaptations in changing coastal environments. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 259:111012. [PMID: 34102296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decapods have successfully colonized changing coastal habitats throughout the world by adapting their behavior, physiology, and biochemistry. Biochemical reserves, such as lipids and fatty acids (FAs), play fundamental roles in this adaptation process. These energy reserves are key for the development of decapods and their composition mainly depends on the type and quality of food available in their habitats. This study evaluated the lipid content and FA composition of three tissues (hepatopancreas, gills, and muscle) in two widely distributed, semi-terrestrial coastal crab species in Chile, Cyclograpsus cinereus from the upper intertidal and Hemigrapsus crenulatus from estuaries. This evaluation aimed to assess the physiological role of the bioenergetic reserves of these crabs, which tolerate fluctuating environmental conditions. Our results showed that both species had a higher lipid content in the hepatopancreas and a lower lipid content in its gills and muscle. All three of the evaluated tissues in C. cinereus showed high contents of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and its hepatopancreas displayed the highest contents of monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In turn, H. crenulatus had the highest contents of MUFAs and PUFAs in its gills and muscle tissues, including an important amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The FA content of C. cinereus may indicate an adaptive physiological response aimed at maintaining its cellular fluid balance during periods of desiccation in the upper intertidal zone. In contrast, the FAs found in H. crenulatus may be linked to the high activity of the sodium‑potassium pump in its gills, in order to maintain osmoregulation in estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Viña-Trillos
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Casilla 297. Concepción, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Biodiversidad y Biorecursos, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ángel Urzúa
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Casilla 297. Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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13
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Zafar S, Tang MQ, Liu SY, Tan XL. Candidate genes association study to identify allele-specific SNP marker of ω-3 fatty acid in Brassica napus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 248:153159. [PMID: 32276152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rapid decline in oceanic fish stock, ω-3 fatty acid (C18:3) has attracted serious attention and, hence, the identification of genotypes with high ω-3 content has become the main objective of Brassica napus (rapeseed) breeding. A candidate genes association study permitted us to delineate a genomic region linked to ω-3 content, offering a detailed understanding of the complex genetic mechanism of fatty acid biosynthesis in B. napus. Herein, the candidate genes association study, conducted on 324 genetically diverse rapeseed accessions, detected 114 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with ω-3 fatty acid. Furthermore, these loci were functionally characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These associated loci were selected based on their contribution to a high C18:3 ratio, and the selected candidate loci were validated using allele-specific SNPs markers in an inbred population through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These findings may contribute to improving the fatty acid composition by marker-based breeding and will facilitate the development of rapeseed varieties with high ω-3 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Zafar
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min-Qiang Tang
- The Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng-Yi Liu
- The Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Rizzo G, Laganà AS. The Link between Homocysteine and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: Critical Appraisal and Future Directions. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020219. [PMID: 32024302 PMCID: PMC7072208 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and B vitamins are linked to metabolic and degenerative disorders, such as cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. In the last two decades, the interplay between B vitamins and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids gained increasing attention. Expression control on enzymes involved in the pathway of homocysteine by polyunsaturated fatty acids has been proposed. The methylation process seems crucial for the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their distribution within the body. This review summarizes the available data in humans about the link between homocysteine and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a special focus on the meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. Even if the paucity of available information about the topic does not allow for definitive conclusions, a synergic action between polyunsaturated fatty acids and B vitamins may play a key role in regulating several metabolic pathways. This element could explain a stronger action on homocysteine levels when omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and B vitamins are supplemented simultaneously. To date, a robust rationale of intervention to prevent metabolic diseases is lacking and could be beneficial for individual health and healthcare policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3208-976-687
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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15
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Le Goff M, Delbrut A, Quinton M, Pradelles R, Bescher M, Burel A, Schoefs B, Sergent O, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Le Ferrec E, Ulmann L. Protective Action of Ostreococcus tauri and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Extracts towards Benzo[a]Pyrene-Induced Cytotoxicity in Endothelial Cells. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:E3. [PMID: 31861403 PMCID: PMC7024323 DOI: 10.3390/md18010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae are known to be a source of bioactive molecules of interest to human health, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and carotenoids. The fact that some of these natural compounds are known to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and apoptosis-inducing effects, demonstrates their potential use in preventing cancers and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is an ubiquitous environmental pollutant known to contribute to the development or aggravation of human diseases, such as cancer, CVDs, and immune dysfunction. Most of these deleterious effects are related to the activation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In this context, two ethanolic microalgal extracts with concentrations of 0.1 to 5 µg/mL are tested, Ostreoccoccus tauri (OT) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), in order to evaluate and compare their potential effects towards B[a]P-induced toxicity in endothelial HMEC-1 cells. Our results indicate that the OT extract can influence the toxicity of B[a]P. Indeed, apoptosis and the production of extracellular vesicles were decreased, likely through the reduction of the expression of CYP1A1, a B[a]P bioactivation enzyme. Furthermore, the B[a]P-induced expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL1-β was reduced. The PT extract only inhibited the expression of the B[a]P-induced cytokine IL-8 expression. The OT extract therefore seems to be a good candidate for counteracting the B[a]P toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Le Goff
- EA 2160 Mer Molécules Santé—MIMMA, IUML FR-3473 CNRS, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France; (M.L.G.)
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.B.); (O.S.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Antoine Delbrut
- Microphyt, 713 Route de Mudaison, 34630 Baillargues, France; (A.D.); (M.Q.); (R.P.)
| | - Marie Quinton
- Microphyt, 713 Route de Mudaison, 34630 Baillargues, France; (A.D.); (M.Q.); (R.P.)
| | - Rémi Pradelles
- Microphyt, 713 Route de Mudaison, 34630 Baillargues, France; (A.D.); (M.Q.); (R.P.)
| | - Maelle Bescher
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.B.); (O.S.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Agnès Burel
- Univ Rennes, Biosit–UMS 3480, US_S 018, F-35000 Rennes, France; (A.B.)
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- EA 2160 Mer Molécules Santé—MIMMA, IUML FR-3473 CNRS, Le Mans Université, F-72000 Le Mans, France; (B.S.)
| | - Odile Sergent
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.B.); (O.S.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.B.); (O.S.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Eric Le Ferrec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.B.); (O.S.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- EA 2160 Mer Molécules Santé—MIMMA, IUML FR-3473 CNRS, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France; (M.L.G.)
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16
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Thiyagarajan S, Arumugam M, Kathiresan S. Identification and Functional Characterization of Two Novel Fatty Acid Genes from Marine Microalgae for Eicosapentaenoic Acid Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:1371-1384. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Pudney A, Gandini C, Economou CK, Smith R, Goddard P, Napier JA, Spicer A, Sayanova O. Multifunctionalizing the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum for sustainable co-production of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and recombinant phytase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11444. [PMID: 31391507 PMCID: PMC6686013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent requirement for sustainable sources of food and feed due to world population growth. Aquaculture relies heavily on the fish meal and fish oils derived from capture fisheries, challenging sustainability of the production system. Furthermore, substitution of fish oil with vegetable oil and fish meal with plant seed meals in aquaculture feeds reduces the levels of valuable omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, and lowers the nutritional value due to the presence of phytate. Addition of exogenous phytase to fish feed is beneficial for enhancing animal health and reducing phosphorus pollution. We have engineered the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, accumulating high levels of EPA and DHA together with recombinant proteins: the fungal Aspergillus niger PhyA or the bacterial Escherichia coli AppA phytases. The removal of the N-terminal signal peptide further increased phytase activity. Strains engineered with fcpA and CIP1 promoters showed the highest level of phytase activity. The best engineered strain achieved up to 40,000 phytase activity units (FTU) per gram of soluble protein, thus demonstrating the feasibility of development of multifunctionalized microalgae to simultaneously produce industrially useful proteins and fatty acids to meet the demand of intensive fish farming activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pudney
- Algenuity, Eden Laboratory, Broadmead Road, Stewartby, BEDS MK43 9ND, UK
| | - Chiara Gandini
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Chloe K Economou
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Richard Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Paul Goddard
- Amalga Technologies Ltd, 80 Park Road, Hampton Wick, Kingston on Thames, Surrey, KT14AY, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Andrew Spicer
- Algenuity, Eden Laboratory, Broadmead Road, Stewartby, BEDS MK43 9ND, UK
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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18
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Mah MQ, Kuah MK, Ting SY, Merosha P, Janaranjani M, Goh PT, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC. Molecular cloning, phylogenetic analysis and functional characterisation of an Elovl7-like elongase from a marine crustacean, the orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 232:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Nagano M, Kakuta C, Fukao Y, Fujiwara M, Uchimiya H, Kawai-Yamada M. Arabidopsis Bax inhibitor-1 interacts with enzymes related to very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:131-143. [PMID: 30604175 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-01081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is a widely conserved cell death regulator that confers resistance to environmental stress in plants. Previous studies suggest that Arabidopsis thaliana BI-1 (AtBI-1) modifies sphingolipids by interacting with cytochrome b5 (AtCb5), an electron-transfer protein. To reveal how AtBI-1 regulates sphingolipid synthesis, we screened yeast sphingolipid-deficient mutants and identified yeast ELO2 and ELO3 as novel enzymes that are essential for AtBI-1 function. ELO2 and ELO3 are condensing enzymes that synthesize very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), major fatty acids in plant sphingolipids. In Arabidopsis, we identified four ELO homologs (AtELO1-AtELO4), localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Of those AtELOs, AtELO1 and AtELO2 had a characteristic histidine motif and were bound to AtCb5-B. This result suggests that AtBI-1 interacts with AtELO1 and AtELO2 through AtCb5. AtELO2 and AtCb5-B also interact with KCR1, PAS2, and CER10, which are essential for the synthesis of VLCFAs. Therefore, AtELO2 may participate in VLCFA synthesis with AtCb5 in Arabidopsis. In addition, our co-immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that AtBI-1 forms a complex with AtELO2, KCR1, PAS2, CER10, and AtCb5-D. Furthermore, AtBI-1 contributes to the rapid synthesis of 2-hydroxylated VLCFAs in response to oxidative stress. These results indicate that AtBI-1 regulates VLCFA synthesis by interacting with VLCFA-synthesizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nagano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Chikako Kakuta
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- YANMAR Co., Ltd, Chayamachi 1-32, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8311, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uchimiya
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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20
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Meesapyodsuk D, Ye S, Chen Y, Chen Y, Chapman RG, Qiu X. An engineered oilseed crop produces oil enriched in two very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with potential health-promoting properties. Metab Eng 2018; 49:192-200. [PMID: 30149205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) are well recognized for their health benefits in humans and animals. Here we report that identification and characterization of a gene (EhELO1) encoding the first functional ELO type elongase (3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase) in higher plants that is involved in the biosynthesis of two VLCPUFAs docosadienoic acid (DDA, 22:2n-6) and docosatrienoic acid (DTA, 22:3n-3) that possess potential health-promoting properties. Functional analysis of the gene in yeast indicated that this novel enzyme could elongate a wide range of polyunsaturated fatty acids with 18-22 carbons and effectively catalyze the biosynthesis of DDA and DTA by the sequential elongations of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively. Seed-specific expression of this gene in oilseed crop Brassica carinata showed that the transgenic plants produced the level of DDA and DTA at approximately 30% of the total fatty acids in seeds, and the amount of the two fatty acids remained stable over four generations. The oilseed crop producing a high and sustained level of DDA and DTA provides an opportunity for high value agricultural products for nutritional and medical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shengjian Ye
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Xiao Qiu
- National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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21
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Lin Z, Huang Y, Zou W, Rong H, Hao M, Wen X. Cloning, tissue distribution, functional characterization and nutritional regulation of a fatty acyl Elovl5 elongase in chu's croaker Nibea coibor. Gene 2018; 659:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Gallo C, Nuzzo G, d'Ippolito G, Manzo E, Sardo A, Fontana A. Sterol Sulfates and Sulfotransferases in Marine Diatoms. Methods Enzymol 2018; 605:101-138. [PMID: 29909823 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sterol sulfates are widely occurring molecules in marine organisms. Their importance has been so far underestimated although many of these compounds are crucial mediators of physiological and ecological functions in other organisms. Biosynthesis of sterol sulfates is controlled by cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs), a varied family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfo residue (-SO3H) from the universal donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl function at C-3 of the steroid skeleton. The absence of molecular tools has been the main impediment to the development of a biosynthetic study of this class of compounds in marine organisms. In fact, there is very limited information about these enzymes in marine environments. SULT activity has, however, been reported in several marine species, and, recently, the production of sterol sulfates has been linked to the control of growth in marine diatoms. In this chapter, we describe methods for the study of sterol sulfates in this lineage of marine microalgae. The main aim is to provide the tools useful to deal with the biosynthesis and regulation of these compounds and to circumvent the bottleneck of the lack of molecular information. The protocols have been designed for marine diatoms, but most of the procedures can be used for other marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Gallo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana d'Ippolito
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Sardo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
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23
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Mao X, Liu Z, Sun J, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1004-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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24
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Tailoring seed oil composition in the real world: optimising omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in transgenic Camelina sativa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6570. [PMID: 28747792 PMCID: PMC5529437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the de novo production of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), not least of all given the importance of these fatty acids in both aquaculture and human nutrition. Previously we have demonstrated the feasibility of using metabolic engineering in transgenic plants (Camelina sativa) to modify the seed oil composition to now include EPA and/or DHA. In this study, we further tailored the seed oil profile to reduce the omega-6 content, and evaluated the performance of such GM plants under field conditions (i.e. environmental releases), in terms of agronomic performance and also the lipidomic profile of seed oil. We used MALDI- mass spectrometry imaging to identify discrete tissue-types in the seed in which these non-native fatty acids preferentially accumulated. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the complexity of plant lipid metabolism and the challenges associated with predictive manipulation of these pathways. However, this study identified the likely dispensable nature of a Δ12-desturase activity in our omega-3 metabolic engineering rationales for Camelina.
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25
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Monroig Ó, de Llanos R, Varó I, Hontoria F, Tocher DR, Puig S, Navarro JC. Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Octopus vulgaris: Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterisation of a Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase and an Elongation of Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid 4 Protein. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030082. [PMID: 28335553 PMCID: PMC5367039 DOI: 10.3390/md15030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been acknowledged as essential nutrients for cephalopods but the specific PUFAs that satisfy the physiological requirements are unknown. To expand our previous investigations on characterisation of desaturases and elongases involved in the biosynthesis of PUFAs and hence determine the dietary PUFA requirements in cephalopods, this study aimed to investigate the roles that a stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd) and an elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 4 (Elovl4) protein play in the biosynthesis of essential fatty acids (FAs). Our results confirmed the Octopus vulgaris Scd is a ∆9 desaturase with relatively high affinity towards saturated FAs with ≥ C18 chain lengths. Scd was unable to desaturate 20:1n-15 (∆520:1) suggesting that its role in the biosynthesis of non-methylene interrupted FAs (NMI FAs) is limited to the introduction of the first unsaturation at ∆9 position. Interestingly, the previously characterised ∆5 fatty acyl desaturase was indeed able to convert 20:1n-9 (∆1120:1) to ∆5,1120:2, an NMI FA previously detected in octopus nephridium. Additionally, Elovl4 was able to mediate the production of 24:5n-3 and thus can contribute to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) biosynthesis through the Sprecher pathway. Moreover, the octopus Elovl4 was confirmed to play a key role in the biosynthesis of very long-chain (>C24) PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Monroig
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Rosa de Llanos
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland, UK.
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Varó
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain.
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain.
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Sergi Puig
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain.
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain.
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26
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Yilmaz JL, Lim ZL, Beganovic M, Breazeale S, Andre C, Stymne S, Vrinten P, Senger T. Determination of Substrate Preferences for Desaturases and Elongases for Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Oleic Acid in Engineered Canola. Lipids 2017; 52:207-222. [PMID: 28197856 PMCID: PMC5325871 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plant seed oils has been pursued to improve availability of these omega-3 fatty acids that provide important human health benefits. Canola (Brassica napus), through the introduction of 10 enzymes, can convert oleic acid (OLA) into EPA and ultimately DHA through a pathway consisting of two elongation and five desaturation steps. Herein we present an assessment of the substrate specificity of the seven desaturases and three elongases that were introduced into canola by expressing individual proteins in yeast. In vivo feeding experiments were conducted with 14 potential fatty acid intermediates in an OLA to DHA pathway to determine the fatty acid substrate profiles for each enzyme. Membrane fractions were prepared from yeast expression strains and shown to contain active enzymes. The elongases, as expected, extended acyl-CoA substrates in the presence of malonyl-CoA. To distinguish between enzymes that desaturate CoA- and phosphatidylcholine-linked fatty acid substrates, we developed a novel in vitro method. We show that a delta-12 desaturase from Phytophthora sojae, an omega-3 desaturase from Phytophthora infestans and a delta-4 desaturase from Thraustochytrium sp., all prefer phosphatidylcholine-linked acyl substrates with comparatively low use of acyl-CoA substrates. To further validate our method, a delta-9 desaturase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was confirmed to use acyl-CoA as substrate, but could not use phosphatidylcholine-linked substrates. The results and the assay methods presented herein will be useful in efforts to improve modeling of fatty acid metabolism and production of EPA and DHA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ze Long Lim
- Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Mirela Beganovic
- Scandinavian Biotechnology Research (ScanBiRes) AB, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Carl Andre
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Patricia Vrinten
- Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Toralf Senger
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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27
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Li W, Feng Z, Song X, Zhu W, Hu Y. Cloning, expression and functional characterization of the polyunsaturated fatty acid elongase (ELOVL5) gene from sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Gene 2016; 593:217-224. [PMID: 27538705 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) are beneficial for maintaining the health, growth and development of an organism and could reduce the risk of some diseases. The ability to endogenously produce PUFA, especially in invertebrates, is largely unknown. To study the function of elongase genes in the PUFA biosynthesis of Apostichopus japonicus, we cloned an ELOVL5 homology gene from intestinal cDNA of A. japonicus (Aj-ELOVL5). The Aj-ELOVL5 gene encoded a 318 amino acid (AA) protein that exhibited all the characteristics of the ELOVL5 family, such as a histidine box motif and four putative transmembrane-spanning domains. The results of the tissue expression profile of Aj-ELOVL5 revealed that the body wall exhibited the highest expression level compared with other adult tissues. We also found that the Aj-ELOVL5 enzyme exhibited the ability to elongate γ-linolenic acid (18:3 n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3 n-6) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3), respectively. Our results indicated that the Aj-ELOVL5 enzyme had the capacity to biosynthesize PUFA from C18/C20 PUFA substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Li
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhengfu Feng
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaojun Song
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Yanjiang Hu
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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28
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Antony B, Ding BJ, Moto K, Aldosari SA, Aldawood AS. Two fatty acyl reductases involved in moth pheromone biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29927. [PMID: 27427355 PMCID: PMC4947906 DOI: 10.1038/srep29927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acyl reductases (FARs) constitute an evolutionarily conserved gene family found in all kingdoms of life. Members of the FAR gene family play diverse roles, including seed oil synthesis, insect pheromone biosynthesis, and mammalian wax biosynthesis. In insects, FAR genes dedicated to sex pheromone biosynthesis (pheromone-gland-specific fatty acyl reductase, pgFAR) form a unique clade that exhibits substantial modifications in gene structure and possesses unique specificity and selectivity for fatty acyl substrates. Highly selective and semi-selective ‘single pgFARs’ produce single and multicomponent pheromone signals in bombycid, pyralid, yponomeutid and noctuid moths. An intriguing question is how a ‘single reductase’ can direct the synthesis of several fatty alcohols of various chain lengths and isomeric forms. Here, we report two active pgFARs in the pheromone gland of Spodoptera, namely a semi-selective, C14:acyl-specific pgFAR and a highly selective, C16:acyl-specific pgFAR, and demonstrate that these pgFARs play a pivotal role in the formation of species-specific signals, a finding that is strongly supported by functional gene expression data. The study envisages a new area of research for disclosing evolutionary changes associated with C14- and C16-specific FARs in moth pheromone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu Antony
- King Saud University, Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bao-Jian Ding
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | - Ken'Ichi Moto
- RIKEN, Lipid Biology Laboratory, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Saleh A Aldosari
- King Saud University, Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Aldawood
- King Saud University, Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Haslam RP, Sayanova O, Kim HJ, Cahoon EB, Napier JA. Synthetic redesign of plant lipid metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:76-86. [PMID: 27483205 PMCID: PMC4982047 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant seed lipid metabolism is an area of intensive research, including many examples of transgenic events in which oil composition has been modified. In the selected examples described in this review, progress towards the predictive manipulation of metabolism and the reconstitution of desired traits in a non-native host is considered. The advantages of a particular oilseed crop, Camelina sativa, as a flexible and utilitarian chassis for advanced metabolic engineering and applied synthetic biology are considered, as are the issues that still represent gaps in our ability to predictably alter plant lipid biosynthesis. Opportunities to deliver useful bio-based products via transgenic plants are described, some of which represent the most complex genetic engineering in plants to date. Future prospects are considered, with a focus on the desire to transition to more (computationally) directed manipulations of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Haslam
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Centre for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Centre for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in chordates: Insights into the evolution of Fads and Elovl gene repertoire. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Nutritional regulation of long-chain PUFA biosynthetic genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1721-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMost studies on dietary vegetable oil in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been conducted on a background of dietary EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) contained in the fishmeal used as a protein source in aquaculture feed. If dietary EPA and DHA repress their endogenous synthesis from α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18 : 3n-3), then the potential of ALA-containing vegetable oils to maintain tissue EPA and DHA has been underestimated. We examined the effect of individual dietary n-3 PUFA on the expression of the biosynthetic genes required for metabolism of ALA to DHA in rainbow trout. A total of 720 juvenile rainbow trout were allocated to twenty-four experimental tanks and assigned one of eight diets. The effect of dietary ALA, EPA or DHA, in isolation or in combination, on hepatic expression of fatty acyl desaturase (FADS)2a(Δ6), FADS2b(Δ5), elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (ELOVL)5 and ELOVL2 was examined after 3 weeks of dietary intervention. The effect of these diets on liver and muscle phospholipid PUFA composition was also examined. The expression levels of FADS2a(Δ6), ELOVL5 and ELOVL2 were highest when diets were high in ALA, with no added EPA or DHA. Under these conditions ALA was readily converted to tissue DHA. Dietary DHA had the largest and most consistent effect in down-regulating the gene expression of all four genes. The ELOVL5 expression was the least responsive of the four genes to dietary n-3 PUFA changes. These findings should be considered when optimising aquaculture feeds containing vegetable oils and/or fish oil or fishmeal to achieve maximum DHA synthesis.
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Hamilton ML, Powers S, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Heterotrophic Production of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Trophically Converted Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14030053. [PMID: 27005636 PMCID: PMC4820307 DOI: 10.3390/md14030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have created via metabolic engineering a heterotrophic strain of Phaeodactylum tricornutum that accumulates enhanced levels of the high value omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was achieved by generation of transgenic strains in which the Δ5-elongase from Ostreococcus tauri was co-expressed with a glucose transporter from the moss Physcomitrella patens. This double transformant has the capacity to grow in the dark in liquid medium supplemented with glucose and accumulate substantial levels of omega-3 LC-PUFAs. The effects of glucose concentrations on growth and LC-PUFA production of wild type and transformed strains cultivated in the light and dark were studied. The highest omega-3 LC-PUFAs accumulation was observed in cultures grown under mixotrophic conditions in the presence of 1% glucose (up to 32.2% of total fatty acids, TFA). Both DHA and EPA are detected at high levels in the neutral lipids of transgenic cells grown under phototrophic conditions, averaging 36.5% and 23.6% of TFA, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential for P. tricornutum to be developed as a viable commercial strain for both EPA and DHA production under mixo- and heterotrophic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Hamilton
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Stephen Powers
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
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33
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Monroig Ó, Lopes-Marques M, Navarro JC, Hontoria F, Ruivo R, Santos MM, Venkatesh B, Tocher DR, C. Castro LF. Evolutionary functional elaboration of the Elovl2/5 gene family in chordates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20510. [PMID: 26856376 PMCID: PMC4746653 DOI: 10.1038/srep20510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) provides an intriguing example on how multi-enzymatic cascades evolve. Essential LC-PUFA, such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), can be acquired from the diet but are also endogenously retailored from C18 precursors through consecutive elongations and desaturations catalyzed, respectively, by fatty acyl elongase and desaturase enzymes. The molecular wiring of this enzymatic pathway defines the ability of a species to biosynthesize LC-PUFA. Exactly when and how in animal evolution a functional LC-PUFA pathway emerged is still elusive. Here we examine key components of the LC-PUFA cascade, the Elovl2/Elovl5 elongases, from amphioxus, an invertebrate chordate, the sea lamprey, a representative of agnathans, and the elephant shark, a basal jawed vertebrate. We show that Elovl2 and Elovl5 emerged from genome duplications in vertebrate ancestry. The single Elovl2/5 from amphioxus efficiently elongates C18 and C20 and, to a marked lesser extent, C22 LC-PUFA. Lamprey is incapable of elongating C22 substrates. The elephant shark Elovl2 showed that the ability to efficiently elongate C22 PUFA and thus to synthesize DHA through the Sprecher pathway, emerged in the jawed vertebrate ancestor. Our findings illustrate how non-integrated "metabolic islands" evolve into fully wired pathways upon duplication and neofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Monroig
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Mónica Lopes-Marques
- CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto – University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto - University of Porto, Rua de José Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juan C. Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto – University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Santos
- CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto – University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, U. Porto - University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore 138673
| | - Douglas R. Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto – University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, U. Porto - University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Microalgae present a huge and still insufficiently tapped resource of very long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) for human nutrition and medicinal applications. This chapter describes the diversity of unicellular eukaryotic microalgae in respect to VLC-PUFA biosynthesis. Then, we outline the major biosynthetic pathways mediating the formation of VLC-PUFA by sequential desaturation and elongation of C18-PUFA acyl groups. We address the aspects of spatial localization of those pathways and elaborate on the role for VLC-PUFA in microalgal cells. Recent progress in microalgal genetic transformation and molecular engineering has opened the way to increased production efficiencies for VLC-PUFA. The perspectives of photobiotechnology and metabolic engineering of microalgae for altered or enhanced VLC-PUFA production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel.
| | - Stefan Leu
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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Usher S, Haslam RP, Ruiz-Lopez N, Sayanova O, Napier JA. Field trial evaluation of the accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa: Making fish oil substitutes in plants. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 2:93-98. [PMID: 27066395 PMCID: PMC4802427 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global consumption of fish oils currently exceeds one million tonnes, with the natural de novo source of these important fatty acids forming the base of marine foodwebs. Here we describe the first field-based evaluation of a terrestrial source of these essential nutrients, synthesised in the seeds of transgenic Camelina sativa plants via the heterologous reconstitution of the omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. Our data demonstrate the robust nature of this novel trait, and the feasibility of making fish oils in genetically modified crops. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the most complex example of plant genetic engineering to undergo environmental release and field evaluation. First demonstration of field stability of EPA and DHA trait in transgenic plants. Most complex engineered plant trait to undergo field trialling to date. Demonstration of the feasibility of using agriculture to make fish oils.
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36
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Song YF, Luo Z, Pan YX, Zhang LH, Chen QL, Zheng JL. Three unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco: Molecular characterization, tissue expression and transcriptional regulation by leptin. Gene 2015; 563:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Usher S, Sayanova OV, Napier JA, Haslam RP. Modifying the lipid content and composition of plant seeds: engineering the production of LC-PUFA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:143-54. [PMID: 25417743 PMCID: PMC4286622 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are characterized by a double bond at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain. Latterly, long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA; 22:6 Δ4,7,10,13,16,19), which typically only enter the human diet via the consumption of oily fish, have attracted much attention. The health benefits of the omega-3 LC-PUFAs EPA and DHA are now well established. Given the desire for a sustainable supply of omega-LC-PUFA, efforts have focused on enhancing the composition of vegetable oils to include these important fatty acids. Specifically, EPA and DHA have been the focus of much study, with the ultimate goal of producing a terrestrial plant-based source of these so-called fish oils. Over the last decade, many genes encoding the primary LC-PUFA biosynthetic activities have been identified and characterized. This has allowed the reconstitution of the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway in oilseed crops, producing transgenic plants engineered to accumulate omega-3 LC-PUFA to levels similar to that found in fish oil. In this review, we will describe the most recent developments in this field and the challenges of overwriting endogenous seed lipid metabolism to maximize the accumulation of these important fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Olga V. Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Richard P. Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
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38
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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Elovl5 and Elovl2 differ in selectivity for elongation of omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1656-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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39
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Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce omega-3 very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 56:19-35. [PMID: 25107699 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) have received growing attention due to their significant roles in human health. Currently the main source of these nutritionally and medically important fatty acids is marine fish, which has not met ever-increasing global demand. Microorganisms are an important alternative source also being explored. Although many microorganisms accumulate omega-3 LC-PUFAs naturally, metabolic engineering might still be necessary for significantly improving their yields. Here, we review recent research involving the engineering of microorganisms for production of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, including eicospentaenoic acid and docosohexaenoic acid. Both reconstitution of omega-3 LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways and modification of existing pathways in microorganisms have demonstrated the potential to produce high levels of omega-3 LC-PUFAs. However, the yields of omega-3 LC-PUFAs in host systems have been substantially limited by potential metabolic bottlenecks, which might be caused partly by inefficient flux of fatty acid intermediates between the acyl-CoA and different lipid class pools. Although fatty acid flux in both native and heterologous microbial hosts might be controlled by several acyltransferases, evidence has suggested that genetic manipulation of one acyltransferase alone could significantly increase the accumulation of LC-PUFAs. The number of oleaginous microorganisms that can be genetically transformed is increasing, which will advance engineering efforts to maximize LC-PUFA yields in microbial strains.
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40
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Novel elongase of Pythium sp. with high specificity on Δ6-18C desaturated fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:507-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Advances in the Production of High-Value Products by Microalgae. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2013.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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42
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Petroutsos D, Amiar S, Abida H, Dolch LJ, Bastien O, Rébeillé F, Jouhet J, Falconet D, Block MA, McFadden GI, Bowler C, Botté C, Maréchal E. Evolution of galactoglycerolipid biosynthetic pathways – From cyanobacteria to primary plastids and from primary to secondary plastids. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 54:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Jiang M, Guo B, Wan X, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Hu C. Isolation and characterization of the diatom Phaeodactylum Δ5-elongase gene for transgenic LC-PUFA production in Pichia pastoris. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:1317-34. [PMID: 24608969 PMCID: PMC3967212 DOI: 10.3390/md12031317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum can accumulate eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) up to 30% of the total fatty acids. This species has been targeted for isolating gene encoding desaturases and elongases for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) metabolic engineering. Here we first report the cloning and characterization of Δ5-elongase gene in P. tricornutum. A full-length cDNA sequence, designated PhtELO5, was shown to contain a 1110 bp open reading frame encoding a 369 amino acid polypeptide. The putative protein contains seven transmembrane regions and two elongase characteristic motifs of FLHXYHH and MYSYY, the latter being typical for microalgal Δ5-elongases. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PhtELO5 belongs to the ELO5 group, tightly clustered with the counterpart of Thalassiosira pseudonana. Heterologous expression of PhtELO5 in Pichia pastoris confirmed that it encodes a specific Δ5-elongase capable of elongating arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Co-expression of PhtELO5 and IsFAD4 (a ∆4-desaturase from Isochrysis sphaerica) demonstrated that the high-efficiency biosynthetic pathway of docosahexaenoic acid was assembled in the transgenic yeast. Substrate competition revealed that PhtELO5 exhibited higher activity towards n-3 PUFA than n-6 PUFA. It is hypothesized that Phaeodactylum ELO5 may preferentially participate in biosynthesis of transgenic LC-PUFA via a n-3 pathway in the yeast host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Bing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xia Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yinbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Chuanjiong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
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44
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Logan S, Agbaga MP, Chan MD, Brush RS, Anderson RE. Endoplasmic reticulum microenvironment and conserved histidines govern ELOVL4 fatty acid elongase activity. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:698-708. [PMID: 24569140 PMCID: PMC3966703 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m045443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3) in humans results from mutations in elongation of very long chain FAs-like 4 (ELOVL4), which leads to vision loss in young adults. ELOVL4 is an integral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that mediates the elongation of very long chain (VLC) FAs. Mutations in ELOVL4 lead to truncation and mislocalization of the translated protein from the ER, the site of FA elongation. Little is known about the enzymatic elongation of VLC-FAs by ELOVL4. We over-expressed full-length mouse ELOVL4, an N-glycosylation-deficient mutant, an ER-retention mutant, and mutants of active site histidines to parse their individual roles in VLC-FA elongation. ELOVL4 elongated appropriate precursors to the corresponding VLC-FA species ≥28 carbons. Active site histidine mutants of ELOVL4 did not elongate appropriate precursors, establishing ELOVL4 as the elongase. Displacing ELOVL4 from the ER was sufficient to cause loss of condensation activity, while absence of N-glycosylation was irrelevant for enzyme function. This study shows that ELOVL4 enzymatic activity is governed by individual histidines in its active site and the ER microenvironment, both of which are essential for elongation of VLC-FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreemathi Logan
- Departments of Cell Biology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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45
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Modification of the n-3 HUFA biosynthetic pathway by transgenesis in a marine teleost, nibe croaker. J Biotechnol 2014; 172:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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46
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Li HY, Lu Y, Zheng JW, Yang WD, Liu JS. Biochemical and genetic engineering of diatoms for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:153-66. [PMID: 24402175 PMCID: PMC3917266 DOI: 10.3390/md12010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of diatoms as a source of bioactive compounds has been recently explored. Diatom cells store a high amount of fatty acids, especially certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, many aspects of diatom metabolism and the production of PUFAs remain unclear. This review describes a number of technical strategies, such as modulation of environmental factors (temperature, light, chemical composition of culture medium) and culture methods, to influence the content of PUFAs in diatoms. Genetic engineering, a newly emerging field, also plays an important role in controlling the synthesis of fatty acids in marine microalgae. Several key points in the biosynthetic pathway of PUFAs in diatoms as well as recent progresses are also a critical part and are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jian-Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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47
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:198-208. [PMID: 24308505 PMCID: PMC4253037 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (also called n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥C20; LC-PUFAs) are of considerable interest, based on clear evidence of dietary health benefits and the concurrent decline of global sources (fish oils). Generating alternative transgenic plant sources of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3, DHA) has previously proved problematic. Here we describe a set of heterologous genes capable of efficiently directing synthesis of these fatty acids in the seed oil of the crop Camelina sativa, while simultaneously avoiding accumulation of undesirable intermediate fatty acids. We describe two iterations: RRes_EPA in which seeds contain EPA levels of up to 31% (mean 24%), and RRes_DHA, in which seeds accumulate up to 12% EPA and 14% DHA (mean 11% EPA and 8% DHA). These omega-3 LC-PUFA levels are equivalent to those in fish oils, and represent a sustainable, terrestrial source of these fatty acids. We also describe the distribution of these non-native fatty acids within C. sativa seed lipids, and consider these data in the context of our current understanding of acyl exchange during seed oil synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
- * For correspondence (e-mail )
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Vaezi R, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Identification and functional characterization of genes encoding omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic activities from unicellular microalgae. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:5116-29. [PMID: 24351909 PMCID: PMC3877907 DOI: 10.3390/md11125116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify novel genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of nutritionally important omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, a database search was carried out in the genomes of the unicellular photoautotrophic green alga Ostreococcus RCC809 and cold-water diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. The search led to the identification of two putative “front-end” desaturases (Δ6 and Δ4) from Ostreococcus RCC809 and one Δ6-elongase from F. cylindrus. Heterologous expression of putative open reading frames (ORFs) in yeast revealed that the encoded enzyme activities efficiently convert their respective substrates: 54.1% conversion of α-linolenic acid for Δ6-desaturase, 15.1% conversion of 22:5n-3 for Δ4-desaturase and 38.1% conversion of γ-linolenic acid for Δ6-elongase. The Δ6-desaturase from Ostreococcus RCC809 displays a very strong substrate preference resulting in the predominant synthesis of stearidonic acid (C18:4Δ6,9,12,15). These data confirm the functional characterization of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic genes from these two species which have until now not been investigated for such activities. The identification of these new genes will also serve to expand the repertoire of activities available for metabolically engineering the omega-3 trait in heterologous hosts as well as providing better insights into the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in marine microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Hamilton ML, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Metabolic engineering of Phaeodactylum tricornutum for the enhanced accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Metab Eng 2013; 22:3-9. [PMID: 24333273 PMCID: PMC3985434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have engineered the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to accumulate the high value omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was achieved by the generation of transgenic strains in which the Δ5-elongase from the picoalga Ostreococcus tauri was expressed to augment the endogenous fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. Expression of the heterologous elongase resulted in an eight-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid content, representing a marked and valuable change in the fatty acid profile of this microalga. Importantly, DHA was shown to accumulate in triacylglycerols, with several novel triacylglycerol species being detected in the transgenic strains. In a second iteration, co-expression of an acyl-CoA-dependent Δ6-desaturase with the Δ5-elongase further increased DHA levels. Together, this demonstrates for the first time the potential of using iterative metabolic engineering to optimise omega-3 content in algae. First example of using metabolic engineering in microalgae to modify the accumulation of high value omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. First example of multigene expression in a diatom. Detailed lipidomic analysis of diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Hamilton
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Site-directed mutagenesis of a fatty acid elongase ELO-like condensing enzyme. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3837-42. [PMID: 24157363 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The condensation step of fatty acid elongation is the addition of a C2 unit from malonyl-CoA to an acyl primer catalyzed by one of two families of enzymes, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases and the ELO-like condensing enzymes. 3-Ketoacyl-CoA synthases use a Claisen-like reaction mechanism while the mechanism of the ELO-catalyzed condensation reaction is unknown. We have used site-directed mutagenesis of Dictyostelium discoideum EloA to identify residues important to catalytic activity and/or structure. Mutation of highly conserved polar residues to alanine resulted in an inactive enzyme strongly suggesting that these residues play a role in the condensation reaction.
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