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Schengrund CL. Sphingolipids: Less Enigmatic but Still Many Questions about the Role(s) of Ceramide in the Synthesis/Function of the Ganglioside Class of Glycosphingolipids. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6312. [PMID: 38928016 PMCID: PMC11203820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While much has been learned about sphingolipids, originally named for their sphinx-like enigmatic properties, there are still many unanswered questions about the possible effect(s) of the composition of ceramide on the synthesis and/or behavior of a glycosphingolipid (GSL). Over time, studies of their ceramide component, the sphingoid base containing the lipid moiety of GSLs, were frequently distinct from those performed to ascertain the roles of the carbohydrate moieties. Due to the number of classes of GSLs that can be derived from ceramide, this review focuses on the possible role(s) of ceramide in the synthesis/function of just one GSL class, derived from glucosylceramide (Glc-Cer), namely sialylated ganglio derivatives, initially characterized and named gangliosides (GGs) due to their presence in ganglion cells. While much is known about their synthesis and function, much is still being learned. For example, it is only within the last 15-20 years or so that the mechanism by which the fatty acyl component of ceramide affected its transport to different sites in the Golgi, where it is used for the synthesis of Glu- or galactosyl-Cer (Gal-Cer) and more complex GSLs, was defined. Still to be fully addressed are questions such as (1) whether ceramide composition affects the transport of partially glycosylated GSLs to sites where their carbohydrate chain can be elongated or affects the activity of glycosyl transferases catalyzing that elongation; (2) what controls the differences seen in the ceramide composition of GGs that have identical carbohydrate compositions but vary in that of their ceramide and vice versa; (3) how alterations in ceramide composition affect the function of membrane GGs; and (4) how this knowledge might be applied to the development of therapies for treating diseases that correlate with abnormal expression of GGs. The availability of an updatable data bank of complete structures for individual classes of GSLs found in normal tissues as well as those associated with disease would facilitate research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara-Lynne Schengrund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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2
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Afrin F, Mateen S, Oman J, Lai JCK, Barrott JJ, Pashikanti S. Natural Products and Small Molecules Targeting Cellular Ceramide Metabolism to Enhance Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4645. [PMID: 37760612 PMCID: PMC10527029 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeting strategies have been used for years in order to control cancer progression and are often based on targeting various enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Keeping this in mind, it is essential to determine the role of each enzyme in a particular metabolic pathway. In this review, we provide in-depth information on various enzymes such as ceramidase, sphingosine kinase, sphingomyelin synthase, dihydroceramide desaturase, and ceramide synthase which are associated with various types of cancers. We also discuss the physicochemical properties of well-studied inhibitors with natural product origins and their related structures in terms of these enzymes. Targeting ceramide metabolism exhibited promising mono- and combination therapies at preclinical stages in preventing cancer progression and cemented the significance of sphingolipid metabolism in cancer treatments. Targeting ceramide-metabolizing enzymes will help medicinal chemists design potent and selective small molecules for treating cancer progression at various levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Afrin
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - Sameena Mateen
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - Jordan Oman
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - James C. K. Lai
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - Jared J. Barrott
- Cell Biology and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Srinath Pashikanti
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
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Alizadeh J, da Silva Rosa SC, Weng X, Jacobs J, Lorzadeh S, Ravandi A, Vitorino R, Pecic S, Zivkovic A, Stark H, Shojaei S, Ghavami S. Ceramides and ceramide synthases in cancer: Focus on apoptosis and autophagy. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151337. [PMID: 37392580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies corroborate a role for ceramide synthases and their downstream products, ceramides, in modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in the context of cancer. These mechanisms of regulation, however, appear to be context dependent in terms of ceramides' fatty acid chain length, subcellular localization, and the presence or absence of their downstream targets. Our current understanding of the role of ceramide synthases and ceramides in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy could be harnessed to pioneer the development of new treatments to activate or inhibit a single type of ceramide synthase, thereby regulating the apoptosis induction or cross talk of apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Moreover, the apoptotic function of ceramide suggests that ceramide analogues can pave the way for the development of novel cancer treatments. Therefore, in the current review paper we discuss the impact of ceramide synthases and ceramides in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in context of different types of cancers. We also briefly introduce the latest information on ceramide synthase inhibitors, their application in diseases including cancer therapy, and discuss approaches for drug discovery in the field of ceramide synthase inhibitors. We finally discussed strategies for developing strategies to use lipids and ceramides analysis in biological fluids for developing early biomarkers for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Weng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
| | - Joadi Jacobs
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rui Vitorino
- UnIC, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
| | - Aleksandra Zivkovic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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4
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Liang H, Ma X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu N, Zhang W, Chen J, Liu B, Du W, Liu X, Yu L. The formation of migrasomes is initiated by the assembly of sphingomyelin synthase 2 foci at the leading edge of migrating cells. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1173-1184. [PMID: 37488437 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The migrasome is an organelle of migrating cells with diverse physiological functions. How migrasome formation is initiated is unknown. We found that sphingomyelin is enriched in migrasomes and identified sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) as an essential protein for migrasome biogenesis. SMS2 assembles into immobile foci that adhere on the basal membrane at the leading edge. When cells migrate away, the SMS2 foci 'move' out of cells and into retraction fibres, where they become migrasome formation sites and eventually grow into migrasomes. Mechanistically, SMS2 foci seed migrasomes by converting ceramide to sphingomyelin, which is essential for migrasome formation. Furthermore, CerS5, which is required for the synthesis of long-chain ceramide, and CERT, which transports ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi, are both required for migrasome formation. Our data reveal the essential role of ceramide and sphingomyelin in migrasome formation and suggest that SMS2 forms basal membrane-surface-connecting structures that pre-determine where migrasomes will grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisha Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuheng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiying Zhang
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Boqi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqing Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Technology Center for Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Qian X, Srinivasan T, He J, Lu J, Jin Y, Gu H, Chen R. Ceramide compensation by ceramide synthases preserves retinal function and structure in a retinal dystrophy mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050168. [PMID: 37466006 PMCID: PMC10387349 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has supported the role of ceramide as a mediator of photoreceptor dysfunction or cell death in ceramide accumulation and deficiency contexts. TLCD3B, a non-canonical ceramide synthase, was previously identified in addition to the six canonical ceramide synthases (CerSs), and the Tlcd3b-/- mouse model exhibited both retinal dysfunction and degeneration. As previous canonical CerS-deficient mouse models failed to display retinal degeneration, the mechanisms of how TLCD3B interacts with CerSs have not been investigated. Additionally, as the ceramide profile of each CerS is distinct, it is unclear whether the overall level or the homeostasis of different ceramide species plays a critical role in photoreceptor degeneration. Interactions between TLCD3B with canonical CerSs expressed in the retina were examined by subretinally injecting recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 vectors containing the Cers2 (rAAV8-CerS2), Cers4 (rAAV8-CerS4) and Cers5 (rAAV8-CerS5) genes. Injection of all three rAAV8-CerS vectors restored retinal functions as indicated by improved electroretinogram responses, but only rAAV8-CerS5 successfully retained retinal morphology in Tlcd3b-/- mice. CerSs and TLCD3B played partially redundant roles. Additionally, rather than acting as an integral entity, different ceramide species had different impacts on retinal cells, suggesting that the maintenance of the overall ceramide profile is critical for retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Qian
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Jiaxiong Lu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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6
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Chao Y, Chen X, Shi X, Li N, Gao S, Yang J, Dong X. Quantification of α-hydroxy ceramides in mice serum by LC-MS/MS: Application to sepsis study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1225:123764. [PMID: 37267800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-hydroxy ceramides are not only the precursors of many complex sphingolipids, also play a major role in membrane homeostasis and cellular signal transduction. However, current research rarely involved quantitative methods for α-hydroxy ceramides, which greatly restricts the study of its biological function. This work aimed to develop a reliable assay for the accurate quantification of α-hydroxy ceramides in vivo study. LC-MS/MS method was developed for the accurate quantification of six α-hydroxy ceramides of Cer(d18:1/16:0(2OH)), Cer(d18:1/18:0(2OH)), Cer(d18:1/18:1(2OH)), Cer(d18:1/20:0(2OH)), Cer(d18:1/22:0(2OH)) and Cer(d18:1/24:1(2OH)) in mice serum. This assay was validated with low limit of quantitation of 3.125 ng/mL, a dynamic range of 3.125-400 ng/mL (R2 > 0.99), precision (<15 %), and accuracy (88 % to 115 %). Applying the method to the determination of α-hydroxy ceramides in the serum of sepsis mice, the levels of Cer(d18:1/16:0(2OH)), Cer(d18:1/20:0(2OH)), Cer(d18:1/24:1(2OH)) were significantly elevated in LPS-induced septic as compared to the normal control. In conclusion, this LC-MS method was qualified in α-hydroxy ceramides quantification in vivo and a significant association was found between α-hydroxy ceramides and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Chao
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xuan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Songyan Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jingzhi Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Suzhou Innovation Center of Shanghai University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Zhang M, Li Z, Liu Y, Ding X, Wang Y, Fan S. The ceramide synthase (CERS/LASS) family: Functions involved in cancer progression. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00798-6. [PMID: 36947340 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ceramide synthases (CERSes) are also known longevity assurance (LASS) genes. CERSes play important roles in the regulation of cancer progression. The CERS family is expressed in a variety of human tumours and is involved in tumorigenesis. They are closely associated with the progression of liver, breast, cervical, ovarian, colorectal, head and neck squamous cell, gastric, lung, prostate, oesophageal, pancreatic and blood cancers. CERSes play diverse and important roles in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and drug resistance. The differential expression of CERSes in tumour and nontumour cells and survival analysis of cancer patients suggest that some CERSes could be used as potential prognostic markers. They are also important potential targets for cancer therapy. METHODS In this review, we summarize the available evidence on the inhibitory or promotive roles of CERSes in the progression of many cancers. Furthermore, we summarize the identified upstream and downstream molecular mechanisms that may regulate the function of CERSes in cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Zhangyun Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China.
| | - Shaohua Fan
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
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Fatty Acid 2-Hydroxylase and 2-Hydroxylated Sphingolipids: Metabolism and Function in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054908. [PMID: 36902339 PMCID: PMC10002949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids containing acyl residues that are hydroxylated at C-2 are found in most, if not all, eukaryotes and certain bacteria. 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids are present in many organs and cell types, though they are especially abundant in myelin and skin. The enzyme fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) is involved in the synthesis of many but not all 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids. Deficiency in FA2H causes a neurodegenerative disease known as hereditary spastic paraplegia 35 (HSP35/SPG35) or fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration (FAHN). FA2H likely also plays a role in other diseases. A low expression level of FA2H correlates with a poor prognosis in many cancers. This review presents an updated overview of the metabolism and function of 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids and the FA2H enzyme under physiological conditions and in diseases.
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Menopause induces changes to the stratum corneum ceramide profile, which are prevented by hormone replacement therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21715. [PMID: 36522440 PMCID: PMC9755298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The menopause can lead to epidermal changes that are alleviated by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). We hypothesise that these changes could relate to altered ceramide production, and that oestrogen may have a role in keratinocyte ceramide metabolism. White Caucasian women were recruited into three groups: pre-menopausal (n = 7), post-menopausal (n = 11) and post-menopausal taking HRT (n = 10). Blood samples were assessed for hormone levels, transepidermal water loss was measured to assess skin barrier function, and stratum corneum lipids were sampled from photoprotected buttock skin. Ceramides and sphingomyelins were analysed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation and tandem mass spectrometry. Post-menopausal stratum corneum contained lower levels of ceramides, with shorter average length; changes that were not evident in the HRT group. Serum oestradiol correlated with ceramide abundance and length. Ceramides had shorter sphingoid bases, indicating altered de novo ceramide biosynthesis. Additionally, post-menopausal women had higher sphingomyelin levels, suggesting a possible effect on the hydrolysis pathway. Treatment of primary human keratinocytes with oestradiol (10 nM) increased production of CER[NS] and CER[NDS] ceramides, confirming an effect of oestrogen on cutaneous ceramide metabolism. Taken together, these data show perturbed stratum corneum lipids post-menopause, and a role for oestrogen in ceramide production.
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Watanabe T, Suzuki A, Ohira S, Go S, Ishizuka Y, Moriya T, Miyaji Y, Nakatsuka T, Hirata K, Nagai A, Matsuda J. The Urinary Bladder is Rich in Glycosphingolipids Composed of Phytoceramides. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100303. [PMID: 36441023 PMCID: PMC9708920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are composed of a polar glycan chain and a hydrophobic tail known as ceramide. Together with variation in the glycan chain, ceramides exhibit tissue-specific structural variation in the long-chain base (LCB) and N-acyl chain moieties in terms of carbon chain length, degree of desaturation, and hydroxylation. Here, we report the structural variation in GSLs in the urinary bladders of mice and humans. Using TLC, we showed that the major GSLs are hexosylceramide, lactosylceramide, globotriaosylceramide, globotetraosylceramide, Neu5Ac-Gal-Glc-Ceramide, and Neu5Ac-Neu5Ac-Gal-Glc-Ceramide. Our LC-MS analysis indicated that phytoceramide structures with a 20-carbon LCB (4-hydroxyeicosasphinganine) and 2-hydroxy fatty acids are abundant in hexosylceramide and Neu5Ac-Gal-Glc-Ceramide in mice and humans. In addition, quantitative PCR demonstrated that DES2 and FA2H, which are responsible for the generation of 4-hydroxysphinganine and 2-hydroxy fatty acid, respectively, and SPTLC3 and SPTSSB, which are responsible for the generation of 20-carbon LCBs, showed significant expressions in the epithelial layer than in the subepithelial layer. Immunohistochemically, dihydroceramide:sphinganine C4-hydroxylase (DES2) was expressed exclusively in urothelial cells of the urinary bladder. Our findings suggest that these ceramide structures have an impact on membrane properties of the stretching and shrinking in transitional urothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shin Ohira
- Department of Urology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuta Ishizuka
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Moriya
- Department of Pathology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Miyaji
- Department of Urology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tota Nakatsuka
- Department of Urology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keita Hirata
- Department of Urology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Urology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan,For correspondence: Junko Matsuda
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11
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Lyu Y, Guan Y, Deliu L, Humphrey E, Frontera JK, Yang YJ, Zamler D, Kim KH, Mohanty V, Jin K, Mohanty V, Liu V, Dou J, Veillon LJ, Kumar SV, Lorenzi PL, Chen Y, McAndrews KM, Grivennikov S, Song X, Zhang J, Xi Y, Wang J, Chen K, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. KLF5 governs sphingolipid metabolism and barrier function of the skin. Genes Dev 2022; 36:gad.349662.122. [PMID: 36008138 PMCID: PMC9480852 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349662.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are fundamental units of tissue remodeling whose functions are dictated by lineage-specific transcription factors. Home to epidermal stem cells and their upward-stratifying progenies, skin relies on its secretory functions to form the outermost protective barrier, of which a transcriptional orchestrator has been elusive. KLF5 is a Krüppel-like transcription factor broadly involved in development and regeneration whose lineage specificity, if any, remains unclear. Here we report KLF5 specifically marks the epidermis, and its deletion leads to skin barrier dysfunction in vivo. Lipid envelopes and secretory lamellar bodies are defective in KLF5-deficient skin, accompanied by preferential loss of complex sphingolipids. KLF5 binds to and transcriptionally regulates genes encoding rate-limiting sphingolipid metabolism enzymes. Remarkably, skin barrier defects elicited by KLF5 ablation can be rescued by dietary interventions. Finally, we found that KLF5 is widely suppressed in human diseases with disrupted epidermal secretion, and its regulation of sphingolipid metabolism is conserved in human skin. Altogether, we established KLF5 as a disease-relevant transcription factor governing sphingolipid metabolism and barrier function in the skin, likely representing a long-sought secretory lineage-defining factor across tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lyu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lisa Deliu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ericka Humphrey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Joanna K Frontera
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Youn Joo Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Zamler
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kun Hee Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kevin Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Virginia Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Jinzhuang Dou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lucas J Veillon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shwetha V Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sergei Grivennikov
- Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yuanxin Xi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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12
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Sphingolipidomics of Bovine Pink Eye: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080388. [PMID: 36006303 PMCID: PMC9414827 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The liquid tear film, which protects the eye from the environment, is a dynamic fluid containing a large number of complex lipids. Disruptions of these lipids by infections can result in damage to the eye and ultimately blindness. In this study we characterized various lipid subfamilies present in the tear film of the eye and the effect of pink eye infections in cattle. Our findings demonstrate that the pink eye infections dramatically decrease the levels of lipids in the tear film covering the eye and suggest that this is a major factor in the development of blindness in infected cattle. Abstract Sphingolipids are essential structural components of tear film that protect the surface of the eye from dehydration. A detailed analysis of the effects of pink eye infections on the sphingolipidome in cattle has not previously been undertaken. We recently published a new assay utilizing high-resolution mass spectrometric monitoring of the chloride adducts of sphingolipids that provides enhanced sensitivity and specificity. Utilizing this assay, we monitored decreases in the levels of tear film ceramides with short-chain fatty acids, hydroxy-ceramides, phytoceramides, and hydroxy-phytoceramides. Dihydroceramide levels were unaltered and increased levels of ceramides with long-chain fatty acids (24:0 and 24:1) were monitored in cattle with pink eye. The data from this pilot study (n = 8 controls and 8 pink eye) demonstrate a major disruption of the lipid tear film layer in pink eye disease, that can result in severe eye irritation and damage.
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13
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Shimasaki K, Kumagai K, Sakai S, Yamaji T, Hanada K. Hyperosmotic Stress Induces Phosphorylation of CERT and Enhances Its Tethering throughout the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074025. [PMID: 35409383 PMCID: PMC8999913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ceramide transport protein (CERT) delivers ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, where ceramide is converted to sphingomyelin (SM). The function of CERT is regulated in two distinct phosphorylation-dependent events: multiple phosphorylations in a serine-repeat motif (SRM) and phosphorylation of serine 315 residue (S315). Pharmacological inhibition of SM biosynthesis results in an increase in SRM-dephosphorylated CERT, which serves as an activated form, and an enhanced phosphorylation of S315, which augments the binding of CERT to ER-resident VAMP-associated protein (VAP), inducing the full activation of CERT to operate at the ER–Golgi membrane contact sites (MCSs). However, it remains unclear whether the two phosphorylation-dependent regulatory events always occur coordinately. Here, we describe that hyperosmotic stress induces S315 phosphorylation without affecting the SRM-phosphorylation state. Under hyperosmotic conditions, the binding of CERT with VAP-A is enhanced in an S315 phosphorylation-dependent manner, and this increased binding occurs throughout the ER rather than restrictedly at the ER–Golgi MCSs. Moreover, we found that de novo synthesis of SM with very-long acyl chains preferentially increases via a CERT-independent mechanism under hyperosmotic-stressed cells, providing an insight into a CERT-independent ceramide transport pathway for de novo synthesis of SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Shimasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.S.); (S.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Keigo Kumagai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.S.); (S.S.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Shota Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.S.); (S.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.S.); (S.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.S.); (S.S.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Quality Assurance, Radiation Safety and Information System, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (K.H.)
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14
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Sessa L, Nardiello AM, Santoro J, Concilio S, Piotto S. Hydroxylated Fatty Acids: The Role of the Sphingomyelin Synthase and the Origin of Selectivity. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100787. [PMID: 34677553 PMCID: PMC8539438 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids acting as key modulators of many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Hydroxylation patterns have a major influence on the biophysical properties of sphingolipids. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of action of hydroxylated lipids in sphingomyelin synthase (SMS). The structures of the two human isoforms, SMS1 and SMS2, have been generated through neural network supported homology. Furthermore, we have elucidated the reaction mechanism that allows SMS to recover the choline head from a phosphocholine (PC) and transfer it to ceramide, and we have clarified the role of the hydroxyl group in the interaction with the enzyme. Finally, the effect of partial inhibition of SMS on the levels of PC and sphingomyelin was calculated for different rate constants solving ordinary differential equation systems.
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15
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Downregulation of ceramide synthase 1 promotes oral cancer through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:10. [PMID: 33753723 PMCID: PMC7985500 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
C18 ceramide plays an important role in the occurrence and development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the function of ceramide synthase 1, a key enzyme in C18 ceramide synthesis, in oral squamous cell carcinoma is still unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between ceramide synthase 1 and oral cancer. In this study, we found that the expression of ceramide synthase 1 was downregulated in oral cancer tissues and cell lines. In a mouse oral squamous cell carcinoma model induced by 4-nitroquinolin-1-oxide, ceramide synthase 1 knockout was associated with the severity of oral malignant transformation. Immunohistochemical studies showed significant upregulation of PCNA, MMP2, MMP9, and BCL2 expression and downregulation of BAX expression in the pathological hyperplastic area. In addition, ceramide synthase 1 knockdown promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Overexpression of CERS1 obtained the opposite effect. Ceramide synthase 1 knockdown caused endoplasmic reticulum stress and induced the VEGFA upregulation. Activating transcription factor 4 is responsible for ceramide synthase 1 knockdown caused VEGFA transcriptional upregulation. In addition, mild endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by ceramide synthase 1 knockdown could induce cisplatin resistance. Taken together, our study suggests that ceramide synthase 1 is downregulated in oral cancer and promotes the aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma and chemotherapeutic drug resistance.
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16
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Kim JL, Mestre B, Shin SH, Futerman AH. Ceramide synthases: Reflections on the impact of Dr. Lina M. Obeid. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109958. [PMID: 33607256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a family of lipids that are critical to cell function and survival. Much of the recent work done on sphingolipids has been performed by a closely-knit family of sphingolipid researchers, which including our colleague, Dr. Lina Obeid, who recently passed away. We now briefly review where the sphingolipid field stands today, focusing in particular on areas of sphingolipid research to which Dr. Obeid made valued contributions. These include the 'many-worlds' view of ceramides and the role of a key enzyme in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway, namely the ceramide synthases (CerS). The CerS contain a number of functional domains and also interact with a number of other proteins in lipid metabolic pathways, fulfilling Dr. Obeid's prophecy that ceramides, and the enzymes that generate ceramides, form the critical hub of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon L Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Beatriz Mestre
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sun-Hye Shin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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17
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Mitochondrial Homeostasis Mediates Lipotoxicity in the Failing Myocardium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031498. [PMID: 33540894 PMCID: PMC7867320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure remains the most common cause of death in the industrialized world. In spite of new therapeutic interventions that are constantly being developed, it is still not possible to completely protect against heart failure development and progression. This shows how much more research is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of this process. In this review, we give a detailed overview of the contribution of impaired mitochondrial dynamics and energy homeostasis during heart failure progression. In particular, we focus on the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and the effects of fatty acid accumulation on mitochondrial structural and functional homeostasis.
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18
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Sphingomyelinases and Liver Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111497. [PMID: 33143193 PMCID: PMC7692672 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are critical components of membrane bilayers that play a crucial role in their physico-chemical properties. Ceramide is the prototype and most studied SL due to its role as a second messenger in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways and cellular processes. Ceramide is a heterogeneous lipid entity determined by the length of the fatty acyl chain linked to its carbon backbone sphingosine, which can be generated either by de novo synthesis from serine and palmitoyl-CoA in the endoplasmic reticulum or via sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis by sphingomyelinases (SMases). Unlike de novo synthesis, SMase-induced SM hydrolysis represents a rapid and transient mechanism of ceramide generation in specific intracellular sites that accounts for the diverse biological effects of ceramide. Several SMases have been described at the molecular level, which exhibit different pH requirements for activity: neutral, acid or alkaline. Among the SMases, the neutral (NSMase) and acid (ASMase) are the best characterized for their contribution to signaling pathways and role in diverse pathologies, including liver diseases. As part of a Special Issue (Phospholipases: From Structure to Biological Function), the present invited review summarizes the physiological functions of NSMase and ASMase and their role in chronic and metabolic liver diseases, of which the most relevant is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and its progression to hepatocellular carcinoma, due to the association with the obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemic. A better understanding of the regulation and role of SMases in liver pathology may offer the opportunity for novel treatments of liver diseases.
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19
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Ali H, Yamashita R, Morishige JI, Morito K, Kakiuchi N, Hayashi J, Aihara M, Kawakami R, Tsuchiya K, Tanaka T. Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Sphingomyelin with N-α-Hydroxy Fatty Acyl Residue in Mouse Tissues. Lipids 2020; 56:181-188. [PMID: 32996178 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) with N-α-hydroxy fatty acyl residues (hSM) has been shown to occur in mammalian skin and digestive epithelia. However, the metabolism and physiological relevance of this characteristic SM species have not been fully elucidated yet. Here, we show methods for mass spectrometric characterization and quantification of hSM. The hSM in mouse skin was isolated by TLC. The hydroxy hexadecanoyl residue was confirmed by electron impact ionization-induced fragmentation in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mass shift analysis of acetylated hSM by time of flight mass spectrometry revealed the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule. After correcting the difference in detection efficacy, hSM in mouse skin and intestinal mucosa were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and found to be 16.5 ± 2.0 and 0.8 ± 0.4 nmol/μmol phospholipid, respectively. The methods described here are applicable to biological experiments on hSM in epithelia of the body surface and digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Yamashita
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Morishige
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Function Analysis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Katsuya Morito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Naoya Kakiuchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Aihara
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Ryushi Kawakami
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
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20
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Akiyama M. Acylceramide is a key player in skin barrier function: insight into the molecular mechanisms of skin barrier formation and ichthyosis pathogenesis. FEBS J 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
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21
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Brachtendorf S, El-Hindi K, Grösch S. WITHDRAWN: Ceramide synthases in cancer therapy and chemoresistance. Prog Lipid Res 2019:100992. [PMID: 31442523 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachtendorf
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Khadija El-Hindi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
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22
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Choi HK, Kim HJ, Liu KH, Park CS. Phytosphingosine Increases Biosynthesis of Phytoceramide by Uniquely Stimulating the Expression of Dihydroceramide C4-desaturase (DES2) in Cultured Human Keratinocytes. Lipids 2019; 53:909-918. [PMID: 30460697 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide NP is known to be the most abundant class of 12 ceramide (CER) families that form a permeability barrier in the human skin barrier. However, not many studies have been reported on the regulation of the biosynthesis of ceramide NP. Recently, it has been reported that phytosphingosine (PHS) treatment in the cultured keratinocytes (KC) notably increased the content of ceramide NP. However, the mechanism behind the PHS-induced enhancement of ceramide NP has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of PHS on the expression of several essential genes for the biosynthesis of CER. Also, we determined the molecular mechanism behind the unique enhancement of ceramide NP upon treatment of PHS in the cultured KC. The expressions of all of the three genes (SPT, ceramide synthase 3 [CERS3], and ELOVL4) and their respective proteins were markedly increased in PHS-treated KC. In addition, the expression of the dihydroceramide C4-desaturase (DES2) responsible for conversion of dihydroceramide into ceramide NP was uniquely enhanced only by PHS treatment. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that more than 20-fold increase of ceramide NP by PHS was observed while no significant enhancement of ceramide NS and NDS was observed. This study demonstrates that PHS plays a fundamental role in strengthening the epidermal permeability barrier by stimulating the overall processes of biosynthesis of all classes of CER in epidermis. The dramatic increase of ceramide NP upon PHS treatment seemed to be the outcome of transformation of dihydroceramide and/or ceramide NS by C4-hydroxylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, 3-26, Pil-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- BK21 Plus Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 Plus Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seo Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, 3-26, Pil-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
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23
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Pujol-Lereis LM. Alteration of Sphingolipids in Biofluids: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143564. [PMID: 31330872 PMCID: PMC6678458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SL) modulate several cellular processes including cell death, proliferation and autophagy. The conversion of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide and the balance between ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), also known as the SL rheostat, have been associated with oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Research in the last decade has focused on the possibility of targeting the SL metabolism as a therapeutic option; and SL levels in biofluids, including serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have been measured in several neurodegenerative diseases with the aim of finding a diagnostic or prognostic marker. Previous reviews focused on results from diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), evaluated total SL or species levels in human biofluids, post-mortem tissues and/or animal models. However, a comprehensive review of SL alterations comparing results from several neurodegenerative diseases is lacking. The present work compiles data from circulating sphingolipidomic studies and attempts to elucidate a possible connection between certain SL species and neurodegeneration processes. Furthermore, the effects of ceramide species according to their acyl-chain length in cellular pathways such as apoptosis and proliferation are discussed in order to understand the impact of the level alteration in specific species. Finally, enzymatic regulations and the possible influence of insulin resistance in the level alteration of SL are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Pujol-Lereis
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE-CONICET), X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina.
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24
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Mikami D, Sakai S, Yuyama K, Igarashi Y. Isolation of Sphingoid Bases from Starfish Asterias amurensis Glucosylceramides and Their Effects on Sphingolipid Production in Cultured Keratinocytes. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:427-441. [PMID: 30971644 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Starfish Asterias amurensis produces sphingoid bases d18:3, 9-methyl-d18:3 (9Me-d18:3), and d22:2, which possess unique structural features. In this study, sphingoid bases prepared from A. amurensis glucosylceramides displayed unexpected elution behaviors from a general octadecyl silyl high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column. For separation and isolation, sphingoid bases were fractionated by octadecyl silyl HPLC after N-acetylation, yielding d18:3, 9Me-d18:3, and two d22:2 isomers. To compare the biological activities of individual sphingoid bases, their effects on sphingolipid production in normal human keratinocytes were evaluated. Treatment with sphingoid bases increased the content of ceramides, glucosylceramides, and sphingomyelins in keratinocytes. Moreover, ceramides, which contain saturated ultra-long-chain fatty acids (C30-34), were significantly increased by treatment with d18:3, but not with other A. amurensis sphingoid bases. The mRNA level of the early differentiation marker keratin 10 was markedly decreased and sphingolipid synthesis-related genes were slightly increased in keratinocytes exposed to A. amurensis-derived d18:3, 9Me-d18:3, and d22:2 isomers. These results suggest that A. amurensis-derived sphingoid bases induce differentiation to varying degrees, sphingolipid production depends on their chemical structures, and d18:3 is the most promising functional sphingoid base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mikami
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life science, Hokkaido University
| | - Shota Sakai
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life science, Hokkaido University.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kohei Yuyama
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life science, Hokkaido University
| | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life science, Hokkaido University
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Brachtendorf S, El-Hindi K, Grösch S. Ceramide synthases in cancer therapy and chemoresistance. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:160-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Brachtendorf S, Wanger RA, Birod K, Thomas D, Trautmann S, Wegner MS, Fuhrmann DC, Brüne B, Geisslinger G, Grösch S. Chemosensitivity of human colon cancer cells is influenced by a p53-dependent enhancement of ceramide synthase 5 and induction of autophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1214-1227. [PMID: 30059758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Resistance against chemotherapy is a life-threatening complication in colon cancer therapy. To increase response rate, new additional targets that contribute to chemoresistance are still needed to be explored. Ceramides, which belong to the group of sphingolipids, are well-known regulators of cell death and survival, respectively. Here, we show that in human wild-type (wt) p53 HCT-116 colon cancer cells treatment with oxaliplatin or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) leads to a strong increase in ceramide synthase 5 (CerS5) expression and C16:0-ceramide levels, which was not shown in HCT-116 lacking p53 expression (HCT-116 p53-/-). The increase in CerS5 expression occurs by stabilizing CerS5 mRNA at the 3'-UTR. By contrast, in the p53-deficient cells CerS2 expression and CerS2-related C24:0- and C24:1-ceramide levels were elevated which is possibly related to enhanced polyadenylation of the CerS2 transcript in these cells. Stable knockdown of CerS5 expression using CerS5-targeting shRNA led to an increased sensitivity of HCT-116 p53wt cells, but not of p53-/- cells, to oxaliplatin and 5-FU. Enhanced sensitivity was accompanied by an inhibition of autophagy and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in these cells. However, knockdown of CerS2 had no significant effects on chemosensitivity of both cell lines. In conclusion, in p53wt colon cancer cells chemosensitivity against oxaliplatin or 5-FU could be enhanced by downregulation of CerS5 expression leading to reduced autophagy and mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachtendorf
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ruth Anna Wanger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Birod
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marthe-Susanna Wegner
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik C Fuhrmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
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Dalmau N, Andrieu-Abadie N, Tauler R, Bedia C. Phenotypic and lipidomic characterization of primary human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to simulated solar UV radiation. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 92:97-105. [PMID: 30017509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is known to be one of the most important environmental hazards acting on the skin. The most part of UV radiation is absorbed in the epidermis, where keratinocytes are the most abundant and exposed cell type. Lipids have an important role in skin biology, not only for their important contribution to the maintenance of the permeability barrier but also for the production and storage of energy, membrane organization and cell signalling functions. However, the effects on the lipid composition of keratinocytes under UV radiation are little explored. OBJECTIVE The present work aims to explore the effects on the phenotype and lipid content of primary human keratinocytes exposed to simulated solar UV radiation. METHODS Keratinocytes were exposed to a single (acute exposure) and repeated simulated solar UV irradiations for 4 weeks (chronic exposure). Cell viability and morphology were explored, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species. Then, lipid extracts were analysed through liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the data generated was processed using the ROIMCR chemometric methodology together with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), to finally reveal the most relevant lipid changes that occurred in keratinocytes upon UV irradiation. Also, the potential induction of keratinocyte differentiation was explored by measuring the increase of involucrin. RESULTS Under acute irradiation, cell viability and morphology were not altered. However, a general increase of phosphatidylcholines (PC) phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) together with a slight sphingomyelin (SM) decrease were found in UV irradiated cells, among other changes. In addition, keratinocyte cultures did not present any differentiation hallmark. Contrary to acute-irradiated cells, in chronic exposures, cell viability was reduced and keratinocytes presented an altered morphology. Also, hallmarks of differentiation, such as the increase of involucrin protein and the autophagy induction were detected. Among the main lipid changes that accompanied this phenotype, the increase of long-chain ceramides, lysoPC and glycerolipid species were found. CONCLUSION Important lipid changes were detected under acute and chronic UV irradiation. The lipid profile under chronic exposure may represent a lipid fingerprint of the keratinocyte differentiation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Dalmau
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/ Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- INSERM UMR 1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/ Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Bedia
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/ Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Marquês JT, Marinho HS, de Almeida RF. Sphingolipid hydroxylation in mammals, yeast and plants – An integrated view. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:18-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Seo C, Kim Y, Lee HS, Kim SZ, Paik MJ. Metabolic Profiling of Aliphatic, hydroxy, and Methyl-Branched Fatty Acids in Human Plasma by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1363769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Za Kim
- Kim Sook Za’s Children Hospital and Korea Genetic Research Center, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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30
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Gencer S, Oleinik N, Kim J, Panneer Selvam S, De Palma R, Dany M, Nganga R, Thomas RJ, Senkal CE, Howe PH, Ogretmen B. TGF-β receptor I/II trafficking and signaling at primary cilia are inhibited by ceramide to attenuate cell migration and tumor metastasis. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaam7464. [PMID: 29066540 PMCID: PMC5818989 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam7464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors I and II (TβRI/II) and the primary cilia-localized sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway promote cell migration and, consequently, tumor metastasis. In contrast, the sphingolipid ceramide inhibits cell proliferation and tumor metastasis. We investigated whether ceramide metabolism inhibited TβRI/II trafficking to primary cilia to attenuate cross-talk between TβRI/II and the Shh pathway. We found that ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4)-generated ceramide stabilized the association between TβRI and the inhibitory factor Smad7, which limited the trafficking of TβRI/II to primary cilia. Expression of a mutant TβRI that signals but does not interact with Smad7 prevented the CerS4-mediated inhibition of migration in various cancer cells. Genetic deletion or knockdown of CerS4 prevented the formation of the Smad7-TβRI inhibitory complex and increased the association between TβRI and the transporter Arl6 through a previously unknown cilia-targeting signal (Ala31Thr32Ala33Leu34Gln35) in TβRI. Mutating the cilia-targeting signal abolished the trafficking of TβRI to the primary cilia. Localization of TβRI to primary cilia activated a key mediator of Shh signaling, Smoothened (Smo), which stimulated cellular migration and invasion. TβRI-Smo cross-talk at the cilia in CerS4-deficient 4T1 mammary cancer cells induced liver metastasis from orthotopic allografts in both wild-type and CerS4-deficient mice, which was prevented by overexpression of Smad7 or knockdown of intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88). Overall, these data reveal a ceramide-dependent mechanism that suppresses cell migration and invasion by restricting TβRI/II-Shh signaling selectively at the plasma membrane of the primary cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Gencer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Natalia Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Shanmugam Panneer Selvam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ryan De Palma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mohammed Dany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Rose Nganga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Raquela J Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Can E Senkal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Philip H Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Xiao LF, Zhang W, Jing TX, Zhang MY, Miao ZQ, Wei DD, Yuan GR, Wang JJ. Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, and expression profiles of ATP-binding cassette transporter genes in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 25:1-8. [PMID: 29121518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) is the largest transporter gene family and the genes play key roles in xenobiotic resistance, metabolism, and development of all phyla. However, the specific functions of ABC gene families in insects is unclear. We report a genome-wide identification, phylogenetic, and transcriptional analysis of the ABC genes in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). We identified a total of 47 ABC genes (BdABCs) from the transcriptomic and genomic databases of B. dorsalis and classified these genes into eight subfamilies (A-H), including 7 ABCAs, 7 ABCBs, 9 ABCCs, 2 ABCDs, 1 ABCE, 3 ABCFs, 15 ABCGs, and 3 ABCHs. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of the ABCs suggests an orthologous relationship between B. dorsalis and other insect species in which these genes have been related to pesticide resistance and essential biological processes. Comparison of transcriptome and relative expression patterns of BdABCs indicated diverse multifunctions within different B. dorsalis tissues. The expression of 4, 10, and 14 BdABCs from 18 BdABCs was significantly upregulated after exposure to LD50s of malathion, avermectin, and beta-cypermethrin, respectively. The maximum expression level of most BdABCs (including BdABCFs, BdABCGs, and BdABCHs) occurred at 48h post exposures, whereas BdABCEs peaked at 24h after treatment. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated suppression of BdABCB7 resulted in increased toxicity of malathion against B. dorsalis. These data suggest that ABC transporter genes might play key roles in xenobiotic metabolism and biosynthesis in B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Fan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tian-Xing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Meng-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ze-Qing Miao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Akiyama M. Corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE), the key structure for skin barrier function and ichthyosis pathogenesis. J Dermatol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Martínez L, Torres S, Baulies A, Alarcón-Vila C, Elena M, Fabriàs G, Casas J, Caballeria J, Fernandez-Checa JC, García-Ruiz C. Myristic acid potentiates palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity and steatohepatitis associated with lipodystrophy by sustaning de novo ceramide synthesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41479-96. [PMID: 26539645 PMCID: PMC4747168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) induces hepatocyte apoptosis and fuels de novo ceramide synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Myristic acid (MA), a free fatty acid highly abundant in copra/palmist oils, is a predictor of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and stimulates ceramide synthesis. Here we investigated the synergism between MA and PA in ceramide synthesis, ER stress, lipotoxicity and NASH. Unlike PA, MA is not lipotoxic but potentiated PA-mediated lipoapoptosis, ER stress, caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release in primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH). Moreover, MA kinetically sustained PA-induced total ceramide content by stimulating dehydroceramide desaturase and switched the ceramide profile from decreased to increased ceramide 14:0/ceramide16:0, without changing medium and long-chain ceramide species. PMH were more sensitive to equimolar ceramide14:0/ceramide16:0 exposure, which mimics the outcome of PA plus MA treatment on ceramide homeostasis, than to either ceramide alone. Treatment with myriocin to inhibit ceramide synthesis and tauroursodeoxycholic acid to prevent ER stress ameliorated PA plus MA induced apoptosis, similar to the protection afforded by the antioxidant BHA, the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-Fmk and JNK inhibition. Moreover, ruthenium red protected PMH against PA and MA-induced cell death. Recapitulating in vitro findings, mice fed a diet enriched in PA plus MA exhibited lipodystrophy, hepatosplenomegaly, increased liver ceramide content and cholesterol levels, ER stress, liver damage, inflammation and fibrosis compared to mice fed diets enriched in PA or MA alone. The deleterious effects of PA plus MA-enriched diet were largely prevented by in vivo myriocin treatment. These findings indicate a causal link between ceramide synthesis and ER stress in lipotoxicity, and imply that the consumption of diets enriched in MA and PA can cause NASH associated with lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Torres
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Baulies
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Alarcón-Vila
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Elena
- Biomedic Diagnosis Center, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabriàs
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departament de Química Orgànica Biològica, Institut d'Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departament de Química Orgànica Biològica, Institut d'Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Caballeria
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Univerisity of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Univerisity of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mikami D, Sakai S, Sasaki S, Igarashi Y. Effects of Asterias amurensis-derived Sphingoid Bases on the de novo Ceramide Synthesis in Cultured Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. J Oleo Sci 2016; 65:671-80. [PMID: 27430385 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asterias amurensis starfish provide several bioactive species in addition to being fishery waste. Glucosyl ceramides (GlcCers) were extracted from the viscera of these starfish and were isolated by silica gel column chromatography. Degraded GlcCers generated A. amurensis sphingoid bases (ASBs) that mainly consisted of the triene-type bases d18:3 and 9-methyl-d18:3. The effect of these bases on ceramide synthesis and content were analyzed using normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). The bases significantly enhanced the de novo ceramide synthesis and gene expression in NHEKs for proteins, such as serine-palmitoyltransferase and ceramide synthase. Total ceramide, GlcCer, and sphingomyelin contents increased dramatically upon ASB treatment. In particular, GlcCer bearing very-long-chain fatty acids (≥C28) exhibited a significant content increase. These ASB-induced enhancements on de novo ceramide synthesis were only observed in undifferentiated NHEKs. This stimulation of the de novo sphingolipid synthesis may improve skin barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mikami
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University
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Wegner MS, Schiffmann S, Parnham MJ, Geisslinger G, Grösch S. The enigma of ceramide synthase regulation in mammalian cells. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:93-119. [PMID: 27180613 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide synthases (CerS) are key enzymes in the lipid metabolism of eukaryotic cells. Their products, ceramides (Cer), are components of cellular membranes but also mediate signaling functions in physiological processes such as proliferation, skin barrier function and cerebellar development. In pathophysiological processes such as multiple sclerosis and tumor progression, ceramide levels are altered, which can be ascribed, partly, to dysregulation of CerS gene transcription. Most publications deal with the effects of altered ceramide levels on physiological and pathophysiological processes, but the regulation of the appropriate CerS is frequently not investigated. This is insufficient for the clarification of the role of ceramides, because most ceramide species are generated by at least two CerS. The mechanisms of CerS regulation are manifold and it seems that each CerS isoform is regulated individually. For this reason, we discuss the different CerS separately in this review. From transcriptional regulation to alteration of protein activity, the possibilities to influence CerS are diverse. Furthermore, CerS are influenced by a variety of molecules including hormones and lipids. Without claiming completeness, we provide a résumé of the regulatory mechanisms for each CerS in mammalian cells and how dysregulation of these mechanisms during physiological processes may lead to pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe-Susanna Wegner
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann- Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael John Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann- Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Grösch
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann- Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Kihara A. Synthesis and degradation pathways, functions, and pathology of ceramides and epidermal acylceramides. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:50-69. [PMID: 27107674 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide (Cer) is a structural backbone of sphingolipids and is composed of a long-chain base and a fatty acid. Existence of a variety of Cer species, which differ in chain-length, hydroxylation status, and/or double bond number of either of their hydrophobic chains, has been reported. Ceramide is produced by Cer synthases. Mammals have six Cer synthases (CERS1-6), each of which exhibits characteristic substrate specificity toward acyl-CoAs with different chain-lengths. Knockout mice for each Cer synthase show corresponding, isozyme-specific phenotypes, revealing the functional differences of Cers with different chain-lengths. Cer diversity is especially prominent in epidermis. Changes in Cer levels, composition, and chain-lengths are associated with atopic dermatitis. Acylceramide (acyl-Cer) specifically exists in epidermis and plays an essential role in skin permeability barrier formation. Accordingly, defects in acyl-Cer synthesis cause the cutaneous disorder ichthyosis with accompanying severe skin barrier defects. Although the molecular mechanism by which acyl-Cer is generated was long unclear, most genes involved in its synthesis have been identified recently. In Cer degradation pathways, the long-chain base moiety of Cer is converted to acyl-CoA, which is then incorporated mainly into glycerophospholipids. This pathway generates the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the synthesis and degradation pathways, physiological functions, and pathology of Cers/acyl-Cers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-choume, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a family of bioactive lipids that in addition to their role in the regulation of structural properties of membrane bilayers have emerged as crucial players in many biological processes and signal transduction pathways. Rather than being uniformly distributed within membrane bilayers, GSLs are localized in selective domains called lipid rafts where many signaling platforms operate. One of the most important functions of GSLs, particularly ceramide, is their ability to regulate cell death pathways and hence cell fate. This complex role is accomplished by the ability of GSLs to act in distinct subcellular strategic centers, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or lysosomes to mediate apoptosis, ER stress, autophagy, lysosomal membrane permeabilization and necroptosis. Hence better understanding the role of GSLs in cell death may be of relevance for a number of pathological processes and diseases, including neurodegeneration, metabolic liver diseases and cancer.
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Metabolic Conversion of Ceramides in HeLa Cells - A Cholesteryl Phosphocholine Delivery Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143385. [PMID: 26599810 PMCID: PMC4658033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides can be delivered to cultured cells without solvents in the form of complexes with cholesteryl phosphocholine. We have analysed the delivery of three different radiolabeled D-erythro-ceramides (C6-Cer, C10-Cer and C16-Cer) to HeLa cells, and followed their metabolism as well as the cell viability. We found that all three ceramides were successfully taken up by HeLa cells when complexed to CholPC in an equimolar ratio, and show that the ceramides show different rates of cellular uptake and metabolic fate. The C6-Cer had the highest incorporation rate, followed by C10-Cer and C16-Cer, respectively. The subsequent effect on cell viability strongly correlated with the rate of incorporation, where C6-Cer had the strongest apoptotic effects. Low-dose (1 μM) treatment with C6-Cer favoured conversion of the precursor to sphingomyelin, whereas higher concentrations (25–100 μM) yielded increased conversion to C6-glucosylceramide. Similar results were obtained for C10-Cer. In the lower-dose C16-Cer experiments, most of the precursor was degraded, whereas at high-dose concentrations the precursor remained un-metabolized. Using this method, we demonstrate that ceramides with different chain lengths clearly exhibit varying rates of cellular uptake. The cellular fate of the externally delivered ceramides are clearly connected to their rate of incorporation and their subsequent effects on cell viability may be in part determined by their chain length.
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Murakami S, Shimamoto T, Nagano H, Tsuruno M, Okuhara H, Hatanaka H, Tojo H, Kodama Y, Funato K. Producing human ceramide-NS by metabolic engineering using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16319. [PMID: 26573460 PMCID: PMC4647206 DOI: 10.1038/srep16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is one of the most important intercellular components responsible for the barrier and moisture retention functions of the skin. Because of the risks involved with using products of animal origin and the low productivity of plants, the availability of ceramides is currently limited. In this study, we successfully developed a system that produces sphingosine-containing human ceramide-NS in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by eliminating the genes for yeast sphingolipid hydroxylases (encoded by SUR2 and SCS7) and introducing the gene for a human sphingolipid desaturase (encoded by DES1). The inactivation of the ceramidase gene YDC1, overexpression of the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C gene ISC1, and endoplasmic reticulum localization of the DES1 gene product resulted in enhanced production of ceramide-NS. The engineered yeast strains can serve as hosts not only for providing a sustainable source of ceramide-NS but also for developing further systems to produce sphingosine-containing sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Murakami
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Toshi Shimamoto
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Tsuruno
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiromasa Tojo
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kodama
- Suntory World Research Center, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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Wockner LF, Morris CP, Noble EP, Lawford BR, Whitehall VLJ, Young RM, Voisey J. Brain-specific epigenetic markers of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e680. [PMID: 26575221 PMCID: PMC5068768 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics plays a crucial role in schizophrenia susceptibility. In a previous study, we identified over 4500 differentially methylated sites in prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples from schizophrenia patients. We believe this was the first genome-wide methylation study performed on human brain tissue using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Bead Chip. To understand the biological significance of these results, we sought to identify a smaller number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of more functional relevance compared with individual differentially methylated sites. Since our schizophrenia whole genome methylation study was performed, another study analysing two separate data sets of post-mortem tissue in the PFC from schizophrenia patients has been published. We analysed all three data sets using the bumphunter function found in the Bioconductor package minfi to identify regions that are consistently differentially methylated across distinct cohorts. We identified seven regions that are consistently differentially methylated in schizophrenia, despite considerable heterogeneity in the methylation profiles of patients with schizophrenia. The regions were near CERS3, DPPA5, PRDM9, DDX43, REC8, LY6G5C and a region on chromosome 10. Of particular interest is PRDM9 which encodes a histone methyltransferase that is essential for meiotic recombination and is known to tag genes for epigenetic transcriptional activation. These seven DMRs are likely to be key epigenetic factors in the aetiology of schizophrenia and normal brain neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Wockner
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - C P Morris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E P Noble
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B R Lawford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - V L J Whitehall
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R M Young
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J Voisey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, 2 George Street, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4000, Australia. E-mail:
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Cingolani F, Futerman AH, Casas J. Ceramide synthases in biomedical research. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 197:25-32. [PMID: 26248326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolism consists of multiple metabolic pathways that converge upon ceramide, one of the key molecules among sphingolipids (SLs). In mammals, ceramide synthesis occurs via N-acylation of sphingoid backbones, dihydrosphingosine (dhSo) or sphingosine (So). The reaction is catalyzed by ceramide synthases (CerS), a family of enzymes with six different isoforms, with each one showing specificity towards a restricted group of acyl-CoAs, thus producing ceramides (Cer) and dihydroceramides (dhCer) with different fatty acid chain lengths. A large body of evidence documents the role of both So and dhSo as bioactive molecules, as well as the involvement of dhCer and Cer in physiological and pathological processes. In particular, the fatty acid composition of Cer has different effects in cell biology and in the onset and progression of different diseases. Therefore, modulation of CerS activity represents an attractive target in biomedical research and in finding new treatment modalities. In this review, we discuss functional, structural and biochemical features of CerS and examine CerS inhibitors that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cingolani
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Hypoxia remodels the composition of the constituent ceramide species of HexCer and Hex2Cer with phytosphingosine and hydroxy fatty acids in human colon cancer LS174T cells. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:615-23. [PMID: 26194060 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-requiring enzymes, such as Δ4-desaturase (dihydroceramide desaturase), sphingolipid Δ4-desaturase/C-4-hydroxylase, and fatty acid 2-hydroxylase are involved in ceramide synthesis. We prepared free ceramides, sphingomyelins and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from cancer cells cultivated under conditions of normoxia and hypoxia, and analyzed these compounds using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Human colon cancer LS174T cells were employed because these cells highly express hydroxyl fatty acids and phytosphingosine (t18:0) which are expected to be greatly influenced by changes in oxygen levels. As expected, the populations of dihydro-species of free ceramide and sphingomyelin with C16:0 non-hydroxy fatty acid were elevated, and the populations of HexCers and Hex2Cers, composed of C16:0 or C16:0 hydroxy fatty acid (C16:0h), and sphingosine (d18:1) or t18:0, were decreased under hypoxia. However, appreciable populations of HexCer and Hex2Cer species of C24:0 or C24:0h and t18:0 remained. These results suggest that the individual species of GSLs with fatty acids possessing different alkyl chain lengths, either non-hydroxy fatty acids or hydroxyl fatty acids, may be metabolized individually.
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Qu L, Qu F, Jia Z, Wang C, Wu C, Zhang J. Integrated targeted sphingolipidomics and transcriptomics reveal abnormal sphingolipid metabolism as a novel mechanism of the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of triptolide. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:28-38. [PMID: 25978956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) is a traditional herbal medicine in China. Triptolide (TP), the primary bioactive compound of TWHF, is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive compound that can also injure the liver and kidney. Unfortunately, the toxicity mechanism remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to understand the regulatory role of sphingolipid (SPL) pathways in the TP-induced toxic mechanism in the liver and kidney in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) Balb\c mouse. MATERIAL AND METHODS 76 core sphingolipids and 29 species of related metabolic enzymes in liver, kidney and plasma were analyzed with previous HPLC-MS/MS and real time qPCR method, respectively. Furthermore, the data generated from these two omics underwent integrated analysis to describe TP-induced abnormal sphingolipid metabolism and identify the specific biomarkers of TP toxicity using bioinformation method. RESULTS High-dose (LD50) TP could induce severe liver and kidney injuries. Moreover, TP comprehensively influenced the enzymes involved in the sphingolipids metabolism in the liver and kidney at the mRNA expression level. Furthermore, the total levels of ceramides (Cers), sphingomyelins (SMs) and sphingosine (Sph) were all elevated, while dihydroceramides (dhCers) and hexosylceramides (HexCers) were all down-regulated. Several enzymes, including kdsr, CerS2, CerS4, CerS5 and CerS6 in the liver and Cerk in the kidney were probably responsible for the TP-induced toxic effect, identifying them as possible novel therapeutic targets. Besides, fractions of long chain SPL (C16-C20) exhibited significant increase, and fractions of unsaturated dhCer and Cer were significantly changed, both of which above may be due to the change of mRNA expression level of CerSs. Moreover, several biomarkers for the diagnosis of TP poisoning were discovered. CONCLUSION In summary, the regulation of SPL metabolism uncovered a novel mechanism underlying TP poisoning in the liver and kidney. In addition, key biomarkers and enzymes may play an important role in reducing the clinical risk associated with the use of TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Feng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Zhixin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Caihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Jeon S, Cho Y. Epidermal Hydration Is Improved by Enhanced Ceramide Metabolism in Aged C57BL/6J Mice After Dietary Supplementation of Royal Jelly. J Med Food 2015; 18:999-1006. [PMID: 26355951 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal hydration is maintained by the epidermal lipid barrier, of which ceramide (Cer) is the major constituent. We examined the dietary effect of royal jelly (RJ) on epidermal hydration in aged mice. Altered Cer metabolism was further determined by measuring epidermal levels of individual Cer, glucosylceramide (GC), and sphingomyelin (SM) species, and of Cer-metabolizing enzymes. Aged C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (group AGED) or diets with 1% RJ harvested from two different areas (groups AGED+RJ1:AGED + RJ2) for 16 weeks. Aged C57BL/6J mice with no dietary intervention (the control group: group C) represented the onset of aging. In group AGED, epidermal levels of hydration, Cer1/2/5/6/7, GC-A/B/C/D, SM1/2/3, and β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) protein, an enzyme of GC hydrolysis for Cer generation, were lower than in group C; these levels, as well as those of Cer3/4 and acidic sphingomyelinase (aSMase) protein, an enzyme of SM hydrolysis for Cer generation, were higher in group AGED + RJ1 than in group AGED. Despite increases in GC-B, SM1/2/3, and serine palmitoyltransferase2 protein, an enzyme of de novo Cer synthesis, in group AGED + RJ2 to levels higher than in group AGED, epidermal levels of hydration, Cer1-7, GC-A/C/D, GCase, and aSMase proteins were similar in these two groups. Expression of GCase and aSMase mRNAs, and of Cer synthase3 and ceramidase proteins, enzymes of de novo Cer synthesis and degradation, did not differ among groups. Dietary RJ1 improved epidermal hydration by enhancing Cer metabolism with increased levels of all Cer, GC, and SM species, and of GCase and aSMase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Jeon
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University , Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Yunhi Cho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University , Gyeonggi, Korea
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Marsching C, Rabionet M, Mathow D, Jennemann R, Kremser C, Porubsky S, Bolenz C, Willecke K, Gröne HJ, Hopf C, Sandhoff R. Renal sulfatides: sphingoid base-dependent localization and region-specific compensation of CerS2-dysfunction. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2354-69. [PMID: 25267995 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m051839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys are rich in sulfatides. Papillary sulfatides, especially, contribute to renal adaptation to chronic metabolic acidosis. Due to differences in their cer-amide (Cer) anchors, the structural diversity of renal sulfatides is large. However, the underling biological function of this complexity is not understood. As a compound's function and its tissue location are intimately connected, we analyzed individual renal sulfatide distributions of control and Cer synthase 2 (CerS)2-deficient mice by imaging MS (IMS) and by LC-MS(2) (in controls for the cortex, medulla, and papillae separately). To explain locally different structures, we compared our lipid data with regional mRNA levels of corresponding anabolic enzymes. The combination of IMS and in source decay-LC-MS(2) analyses revealed exclusive expression of C20-sphingosine-containing sulfatides within the renal papillae, whereas conventional C18-sphingosine-containing compounds were predominant in the medulla, and sulfatides with a C18-phytosphingosine were restricted to special cortical structures. CerS2 deletion resulted in bulk loss of sulfatides with C23/C24-acyl chains, but did not lead to decreased urinary pH, as previously observed in sulfatide-depleted kidneys. The reasons may be the almost unchanged C22-sulfatide levels and constant total renal sulfatide levels due to compensation with C16- to C20-acyl chain-containing compounds. Intriguingly, CerS2-deficient kidneys were completely depleted of phytosphingosine-containing cortical sulfatides without any compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Marsching
- Center for Applied Research "Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry" (ABIMAS), Mannheim, Germany Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group within Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Institute of Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mariona Rabionet
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group within Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Mathow
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Kremser
- Molecular Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christian Bolenz
- University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Willecke
- Molecular Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Center for Applied Research "Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry" (ABIMAS), Mannheim, Germany German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Applied Research "Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry" (ABIMAS), Mannheim, Germany Institute of Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group within Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Center for Applied Research "Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry" (ABIMAS), Mannheim, Germany Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group within Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
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Long DE, Karmakar P, Wall KA, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis of α-L-rhamnosyl ceramide and evaluation of its binding with anti-rhamnose antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5279-89. [PMID: 25172148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An α-L-rhamnosyl ceramide (1, α-L-RhaCer) has been prepared that was recognized by anti-L-rhamnose (anti-Rha) antibodies. During these studies we explored the use of an α-L-rhamnosyl thioglycoside and a trichloroacetimidate as a glycosyl donors. Subsequently, the acceptors desired for glycosylation, 3-O-benzoylazidosphingosine or 3-O-alloxycarbonylsphingosine, were prepared from D-xylose. The thioglycoside donor, 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-(4-tolyl)thio-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, and the trichloroacetimidate donor, 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-(2,2,2-trichloroethanimidate)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, were synthesized in 50% and 78% yield overall, respectively. The synthesis of the glycosylation acceptor employed an addition-fragmentation olefination that was successfully carried out in 53% yield. With the successful synthesis of key intermediates, α-L-RhaCer (1) was prepared without any insurmountable obstacles. Anti-Rha antibodies were prepared in BALB/c mice by immunizing them with rhamnose-ovalbumin (Rha-Ova) with Sigma Adjuvant System (SAS) and the anti-L-Rha antibodies were isolated from the blood sera. Liposomes and EL4 tumor cells were used as model systems to demonstrate the ability of 1 to insert into a lipid bilayer. The interaction of the liposomes or the EL4 cells with α-L-RhaCer (1) and anti-Rha antibodies were investigated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively, to confirm the ability of glycolipid 1 to be displayed on the tumor cell surface as well as the ability to be recognized by anti-Rha antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Long
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Katherine A Wall
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
| | - Steven J Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
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Wakashima T, Abe K, Kihara A. Dual functions of the trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase TER in the sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolic pathway and in fatty acid elongation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24736-48. [PMID: 25049234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) functions as a lipid mediator and as a key intermediate of the sole sphingolipid to glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway (S1P metabolic pathway). In this pathway, S1P is converted to palmitoyl-CoA through 4 reactions, then incorporated mainly into glycerophospholipids. Although most of the genes responsible for the S1P metabolic pathway have been identified, the gene encoding the trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase, responsible for the saturation step (conversion of trans-2-hexadecenoyl-CoA to palmitoyl-CoA) remains unidentified. In the present study, we show that TER is the missing gene in mammals using analyses involving yeast cells, deleting the TER homolog TSC13, and TER-knockdown HeLa cells. TER is known to be involved in the production of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). A significant proportion of the saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs are used for sphingolipid synthesis. Therefore, TER is involved in both the production of VLCFAs used in the fatty acid moiety of sphingolipids as well as in the degradation of the sphingosine moiety of sphingolipids via S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Wakashima
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kensuke Abe
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Sassa T, Kihara A. Metabolism of very long-chain Fatty acids: genes and pathophysiology. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:83-92. [PMID: 24753812 PMCID: PMC3975470 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are highly diverse in terms of carbon (C) chain-length and number of double bonds. FAs with C>20 are called very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). VLCFAs are found not only as constituents of cellular lipids such as sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids but also as precursors of lipid mediators. Our understanding on the function of VLCFAs is growing in parallel with the identification of enzymes involved in VLCFA synthesis or degradation. A variety of inherited diseases, such as ichthyosis, macular degeneration, myopathy, mental retardation, and demyelination, are caused by mutations in the genes encoding VLCFA metabolizing enzymes. In this review, we describe mammalian VLCFAs by highlighting their tissue distribution and metabolic pathways, and we discuss responsible genes and enzymes with reference to their roles in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sassa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Törmä H, Bergström A, Ghiasifarahani G, Berne B. The effect of two endogenous retinoids on the mRNA expression profile in human primary keratinocytes, focusing on genes causing autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:739-47. [PMID: 24925226 PMCID: PMC4168020 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids (natural forms and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A) are used as therapeutic agents for numerous skin diseases such as keratinization disorders (e.g. ichthyoses) and psoriasis. Two endogenous ligands for retinoic acid receptors exist, retinoic acid (atRA) and 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid (ddRA). In primary human epidermal keratinocytes many transcriptional targets for atRA are known, whereas the targets for ddRA are unknown. In an attempt to determine the targets, we compared the effect of atRA and ddRA on transcriptional profiles in undifferentiated and differentiating human primary keratinocytes. First, as expected, many genes were induced or suppressed in response to keratinocyte differentiation. Furthermore, the two retinoids affected substantially more genes in differentiated keratinocytes (>350) than in proliferating keratinocytes (≈20). In differentiating keratinocytes markers of cornification were suppressed suggesting a de-differentiating effect by the two retinoids. When comparing the expression profile of atRA to that of ddRA, no differently regulated genes were found. The array analysis also found that a minor number of miRNAs and a large number of non-coding transcripts were changed during differentiation and in response to the two retinoids. Furthermore, the expression of all, except one, genes known to cause autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) were found to be induced by differentiation. These results comprehensively document that atRA and ddRA exert similar transcriptional changes in keratinocytes and also add new insights into the molecular mechanism influenced by retinoids in the epidermis. Furthermore, it suggests which ARCI patients could benefit from therapy with retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Törmä
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden,
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Meckfessel MH, Brandt S. The structure, function, and importance of ceramides in skin and their use as therapeutic agents in skin-care products. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:177-84. [PMID: 24656726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides (CERs) are epidermal lipids that are important for skin barrier function. Much research has been devoted to identifying the numerous CERs found in human skin and their function. Alterations in CER content are associated with a number of skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis. Newer formulations of skin-care products have incorporated CERs into their formulations with the goal of exogenously applying CERs to help skin barrier function. CERs are a complex class of molecules and because of their growing ubiquity in skin-care products, a clear understanding of their role in skin and use in skin-care products is essential for clinicians treating patients with skin diseases. This review provides an overview of the structure, function, and importance of skin CERs in diseased skin and how CERs are being used in skin-care products to improve or restore skin barrier function.
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