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Wańczura P, Aebisher D, Iwański MA, Myśliwiec A, Dynarowicz K, Bartusik-Aebisher D. The Essence of Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Health and Diseases Treated by Photodynamic Therapy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:961. [PMID: 38790923 PMCID: PMC11117957 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids, together with lipoprotein particles, are the cause of atherosclerosis, which is a pathology of the cardiovascular system. In addition, it affects inflammatory processes and affects the vessels and heart. In pharmaceutical answer to this, statins are considered a first-stage treatment method to block cholesterol synthesis. Many times, additional drugs are also used with this method to lower lipid concentrations in order to achieve certain values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Recent advances in photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a new cancer treatment have gained the therapy much attention as a minimally invasive and highly selective method. Photodynamic therapy has been proven more effective than chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy alone in numerous studies. Consequently, photodynamic therapy research has expanded in many fields of medicine due to its increased therapeutic effects and reduced side effects. Currently, PDT is the most commonly used therapy for treating age-related macular degeneration, as well as inflammatory diseases, and skin infections. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy against a number of pathogens has also been demonstrated in various studies. Also, PDT has been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and hyperplasia of the arterial intima. This review evaluates the effectiveness and usefulness of photodynamic therapy in cardiovascular diseases. According to the analysis, photodynamic therapy is a promising approach for treating cardiovascular diseases and may lead to new clinical trials and management standards. Our review addresses the used therapeutic strategies and also describes new therapeutic strategies to reduce the cardiovascular burden that is induced by lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wańczura
- Department of Cardiology, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mateusz A Iwański
- English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Angelika Myśliwiec
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
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Nieddu G, Formato M, Lepedda AJ. Searching for Atherosclerosis Biomarkers by Proteomics: A Focus on Lesion Pathogenesis and Vulnerability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15175. [PMID: 37894856 PMCID: PMC10607641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plaque rupture and thrombosis are the most important clinical complications in the pathogenesis of stroke, coronary arteries, and peripheral vascular diseases. The identification of early biomarkers of plaque presence and susceptibility to ulceration could be of primary importance in preventing such life-threatening events. With the improvement of proteomic tools, large-scale technologies have been proven valuable in attempting to unravel pathways of atherosclerotic degeneration and identifying new circulating markers to be utilized either as early diagnostic traits or as targets for new drug therapies. To address these issues, different matrices of human origin, such as vascular cells, arterial tissues, plasma, and urine, have been investigated. Besides, proteomics was also applied to experimental atherosclerosis in order to unveil significant insights into the mechanisms influencing atherogenesis. This narrative review provides an overview of the last twenty years of omics applications to the study of atherogenesis and lesion vulnerability, with particular emphasis on lipoproteomics and vascular tissue proteomics. Major issues of tissue analyses, such as plaque complexity, sampling, availability, choice of proper controls, and lipoproteins purification, will be raised, and future directions will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Junior Lepedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.); Antonio Junior Lepedda (A.J.L.)
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Padro T, López-Yerena A, Pérez A, Vilahur G, Badimon L. Dietary ω3 Fatty Acids and Phytosterols in the Modulation of the HDL Lipidome: A Longitudinal Crossover Clinical Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3637. [PMID: 37630826 PMCID: PMC10459912 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are complex particles composed of a wide range of lipids, proteins, hormones and vitamins that confer to the HDL particles multiple cardiovascular protective properties, mainly against the development of atherosclerosis. Among other factors, the HDL lipidome is affected by diet. We hypothesized that diet supplementation with ω3 (docosahexaenoic acid: DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid: EPA) and phytosterols (PhyS) would improve the HDL lipid profile. Overweight subjects (n = 20) were enrolled in a two-arm longitudinal crossover study. Milk (250 mL/day), supplemented with either ω3 (EPA + DHA, 375 mg) or PhyS (1.6 g), was administered to the volunteers over two consecutive 28-day intervention periods, followed by HDL lipidomic analysis. The comprehensive lipid pattern revealed that the HDL lipidome is diet-dependent. ω3-milk supplementation produced more changes than PhyS, mainly in cholesteryl esters (CEs). After ω3-milk intake, levels of DHA and EPA within phosphatylcholines, triglycerides and CE lipids in HDLs increased (p < 0.05). The correlation between lipid species showed that lipid changes occur in a coordinated manner. Finally, our analysis revealed that the HDL lipidome is also sex-dependent. The HDL lipidome is affected by diet and sex, and the 4 weeks of ω3 supplementation induced HDL enrichment with EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Padro
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-Y.); (G.V.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anallely López-Yerena
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-Y.); (G.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-Y.); (G.V.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-Y.); (G.V.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Mehta P, Tawfeeq S, Padte S, Sunasra R, Desai H, Surani S, Kashyap R. Plant-based diet and its effect on coronary artery disease: A narrative review. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4752-4762. [PMID: 37583985 PMCID: PMC10424050 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i20.4752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), a primary component of cardiovascular diseases, is one of the top contributors to mortality rates worldwide. In 2021, dietary risk was estimated to be attributed to 6.58 million cardiovascular deaths. Plant-based diets (PBDs), which encourage higher consumption of plant foods and lower intake of animal-based foods, have been shown to reduce the risk of CAD by up to 29% when compared to non-vegetarian diets in a meta-analysis. This article aims to summarize the array of PBDs and compare them with conventional Western diets that include meat. We review the various proposed mechanisms for how the bioactive nutrients of PBDs aid in preventing atherosclerosis and CAD events, as well as other cardiac diseases. We conducted a detailed search of PubMed using our exclusive search strategy using the keywords plant-based diet, vegan diet, phytosterols, CAD, myocardial ischemia, and atherosclerosis. A total of 162 pertinent articles published within the past decade were identified for qualitative synthesis. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of our review, we included a total of 55 full-text, peer-reviewed articles that demonstrated the effects of plant-based diets on CAD and were written in English. We excluded animal studies, in vitro or molecular studies, and non-original data like editorials, letters, protocols, and conference abstracts. In this article, we emphasize the importance of dietary interventions, such as PBDs, to prevent CAD and their benefits on environmental sustainability. Integrating plant foods and whole grains into one's daily eating habits leads to an increase in the intake of nutrient-rich foods while reducing the consumption of processed food could not only prevent millions of premature deaths but also provide prevention against many chronic gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyal Mehta
- Department of General Medicine, MWD Hospital, Mumbai 400097, India
- Department of Research, Global Remote Research Scholars Program, St. Paul, MN 55104, United States
| | - Sawsan Tawfeeq
- Department of Research, Global Remote Research Scholars Program, St. Paul, MN 55104, United States
| | - Smitesh Padte
- Department of General Medicine, MWD Hospital, Mumbai 400097, India
- Department of Research, Global Remote Research Scholars Program, St. Paul, MN 55104, United States
| | - Rayyan Sunasra
- Hinduhridaysamrat Balasaheb Thackeray Medical College and Dr. R. N Cooper Hospital, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Heet Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine, CIBNP, Fairfield, CA 94534, United States
| | - Salim Surani
- Department of Research, Global Remote Research Scholars Program, St. Paul, MN 55104, United States
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Rahul Kashyap
- Department of Research, Global Remote Research Scholars Program, St. Paul, MN 55104, United States
- Department of Research, WellSpan Health, York, PA 17403, United States
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Calderón-Pérez L, Companys J, Solà R, Pedret A, Valls RM. The effects of fatty acid-based dietary interventions on circulating bioactive lipid levels as intermediate biomarkers of health, cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:988-1033. [PMID: 36545749 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Dietary fatty acids (FAs), primarily n-3 polyunsaturated FAs, have been associated with enrichment of the circulating bioactive lipidome and changes in the enzymatic precursor lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mass; however, the magnitude of this effect remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of different dietary FAs on the bioactive lipid profile of healthy participants and those with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors. DATA SOURCES PubMed, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant articles published between October 2010 and May 2022. DATA EXTRACTION Data were screened for relevance and then retrieved in full and evaluated for eligibility by 2 reviewers independently. DATA ANALYSIS The net difference in the bioactive lipid mean values between the endpoint and the baseline, and the corresponding SDs or SEs, were used for the qualitative synthesis. For the meta-analysis, a fixed-effects model was used. RESULTS Twenty-seven randomized clinical trials (representing >2560 participants) were included. Over 78% of the enrolled participants had ≥1 associated CVD risk factor, whereas <22% were healthy. In the meta-analysis, marine n-3 supplements (dose range, 0.37-1.9 g/d) significantly increased pro-inflammatory lysophosphatidylcholines (lyso-PCs; for lyso-PC(16:0): mean, +0.52 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.02-1.01] µM; for lyso-PC(18:0): mean, +0.58 [95%CI, 0.09-1.08] µM) in obese participants. Additionally, n-3 supplementation (1-5.56 g/d) decreased plasma Lp-PLA2 mass, a well-known inflammation marker, in healthy (-0.35 [95%CI, -0.59 to -0.10] ng/mL), dyslipidemic (-0.36 [95%CI, -0.47 to -0.25] ng/mL), and stable coronary artery disease participants (-0.52 [95%CI, -0.91 to -0.12] ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS Daily n-3 provided as EPA+DHA supplements and consumed from 1 to 6 months reduced plasma Lp-PLA2 mass in healthy participants and those with CVD and CVD risk factors, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect. However, the saturated lyso-PC response to n-3 was impaired in obese participants. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021218335.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Companys
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa Solà
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Pedret
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa M Valls
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Molecular Characterization of Plasma HDL, LDL, and VLDL Lipids Cargos from Atherosclerotic Patients with Advanced Carotid Lesions: A Preliminary Report. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012449. [PMID: 36293312 PMCID: PMC9604033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid atherosclerosis represents a relevant healthcare problem, since unstable plaques are responsible for approximately 15% of neurologic events, namely transient ischemic attack and stroke. Although statins treatment has proven effective in reducing LDL-cholesterol and the onset of acute clinical events, a residual risk may persist suggesting the need for the detection of reliable molecular markers useful for the identification of patients at higher risk regardless of optimal medical therapy. In this regard, several lines of evidence show a relationship among specific biologically active plasma lipids, atherosclerosis, and acute clinical events. We performed a Selected Reaction Monitoring-based High Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (SRM-based HPLC-MS/MS) analysis on plasma HDL, LDL, and VLDL fractions purified, by isopycnic salt gradient ultracentrifugation, from twenty-eight patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, having either a “hard” or a “soft” plaque, with the aim of characterizing the specific lipidomic patterns associated with features of carotid plaque instability. One hundred and thirty lipid species encompassing different lipid (sub)classes were monitored. Supervised multivariate analysis showed that lipids belonging to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingomyelin (SM), and diacylglycerol (DG) classes mostly contribute to discrimination within each lipoprotein fraction according to the plaque typology. Differential analysis evidenced a significant dysregulation of LDL PE (38:6), SM (32:1), and SM (32:2) between the two groups of patients (adj. p-value threshold = 0.05 and log2FC ≥ |0.58|). Using this approach, some LDL-associated markers of plaque vulnerability have been identified, in line with the current knowledge of the key roles of these phospholipids in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease. This proof-of-concept study reports promising results, showing that lipoprotein lipidomics may present a valuable approach for identifying new biomarkers of potential clinical relevance.
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Anti-atherosclerotic Effects of Myrtenal in High-Fat Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:5717-5733. [PMID: 35804285 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The major cause of death worldwide is atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ACD). Myrtenal was studied to determine control rats were given standard diets and a high-fat diet was given to AS model groups. Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ACD) is globally attributed to being a predominant cause of mortality. While the beneficial effects of Myrtenal, the monoterpene from natural compounds, are increasingly being acknowledged, its anti-atherosclerotic activity has not been demonstrated clearly. The present study is proposed to determine the anti-atherosclerotic activity of Myrtenal in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis (AS) rat models. Control groups were maintained with standard diets, the AS model rats were provided a high-fat diet, two of the experimental groups fed with a high-fat diet were treated with Myrtenal (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg), and one experimental group on high-fat diet was treated with simvastatin (10 mg/kg) for 30 days. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed using kits. The lipoproteins and the lipid profile were estimated using an auto-analyzer. The atherogenic index and marker enzyme activities were also determined. Serum concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), thromboxaneB2 (TXB2), endothelin (ET), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured. The AS model groups indicated altered lipid profile, lipoprotein content, atherogenic index, calcium levels, HMG-CoA reductase activity, collagen level, and mild mineralization indicating atherosclerosis, while the AS-induced Myrtenal-treated groups demonstrated anti-atherogenic activity. The Myrtenal-treated groups exhibited a decreased TC, TG, and LDLc levels; increased HDLc levels; and a decline in the inflammatory cytokines such as CRP, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-18 when compared to the untreated AS rats. Furthermore, Myrtenal decreased ET, TXB2, and 6-keto-PGF1α levels indicating its anti-atherosclerotic activity. The study results thus indicate that Myrtenal modulates the lipid metabolic pathway to exert its anti-atherosclerotic activity.
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Moosavi D, Vuckovic I, Kunz HE, Lanza IR. A Randomized Trial of ω-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Circulating Lipoprotein Subclasses in Healthy Older Adults. J Nutr 2022; 152:1675-1689. [PMID: 35389487 PMCID: PMC9258601 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs are recognized for triglyceride-lowering effects in people with dyslipidemia, but it remains unclear if n-3-PUFA intake influences lipoprotein profiles in older adults without hypertriglyceridemia. OBJECTIVES The objective was to determine the effect of n-3-PUFA supplementation on plasma lipoprotein subfractions in healthy older men and women in the absence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or hypertriglyceridemia. This was a secondary analysis and considered exploratory. METHODS Thirty young (20-35 y old) and 54 older (65-85 y old) men and women were enrolled in the study. Fasting plasma samples were collected. After baseline sample collection, 44 older adults were randomly assigned to receive either n-3-PUFA ethyl esters (3.9 g/d) or placebo (corn oil) for 6 mo. Pre- and postintervention plasma samples were used for quantitative lipoprotein subclass analysis using high-resolution proton NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS The number of large, least-dense LDL particles decreased 17%-18% with n-3 PUFAs compared with placebo (<1% change; P < 0.01). The number of small, dense LDL particles increased 26%-44% with n-3 PUFAs compared with placebo (∼11% decrease; P < 0.01). The cholesterol content of large HDL particles increased by 32% with n-3 PUFAs and by 2% in placebo (P < 0.01). The cholesterol content of small HDL particles decreased by 23% with n-3 PUFAs and by 2% in placebo (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Despite increasing abundance of small, dense LDL particles that are associated with CVD risk, n-3 PUFAs reduced total triglycerides, maintained HDL, reduced systolic blood pressure, and shifted the HDL particle distribution toward a favorable cardioprotective profile in healthy older adults without dyslipidemia. This study suggests potential benefits of n-3-PUFA supplementation to lipoprotein profiles in healthy older adults without dyslipidemia, which should be considered when weighing the potential health benefits against the cost and ecological impact of widespread use of n-3-PUFA supplements.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03350906.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Moosavi
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivan Vuckovic
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hawley E Kunz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Turini E, Sarsale M, Petri D, Totaro M, Lucenteforte E, Tavoschi L, Baggiani A. Efficacy of Plant Sterol-Enriched Food for Primary Prevention and Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Literature Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060839. [PMID: 35327262 PMCID: PMC8954273 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols/phytosterols (PSs) are molecules with a similar structure to cholesterol that have a recognized effect on elevated LDL concentrations (LDL-c). PSs are used as a natural therapy against elevated LDL-c in combination with a healthy diet and exercise. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the efficacy of PS-enriched foods in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Randomized controlled clinical studies reporting the use of PS-enriched foods to reduce LDL-c among adult individuals were retrieved and assessed for risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed to assess changes in LDL-c by treatment, food matrix, LDL-c range, sterols dosage and risk of bias (RoB). In the 13 studies analyzed, LDL-c in PS-treated participants decreased by an average of 12.14 (8.98; 15.29) mg/dL. PS administration was statistically more effective in patients with LDL-c ≥ 140 mg/dL and for PS dosages > 2 g/day. It can be concluded that PSs can be used as an important primary prevention measure for hypercholesterolemia and as tertiary prevention for cardiovascular events in patients who already have mild to moderate LDL-c. However, in severe hypercholesterolemia and in cases of familial hypercholesterolemia, it is necessary to combine dietary treatment with the use of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Turini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (M.T.); (L.T.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miriana Sarsale
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (M.T.); (L.T.); (A.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Petri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (D.P.); (E.L.)
| | - Michele Totaro
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (M.T.); (L.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (D.P.); (E.L.)
| | - Lara Tavoschi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (M.T.); (L.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Angelo Baggiani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (M.T.); (L.T.); (A.B.)
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Erkkilä AT, Manninen S, Fredrikson L, Bhalke M, Holopainen M, Ruuth M, Lankinen M, Käkelä R, Öörni K, Schwab US. Lipidomic changes of LDL after consumption of Camelina sativa oil, fatty fish and lean fish in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism-A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:743-751. [PMID: 34548243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little knowledge on the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) on the LDL lipidome and aggregation of LDL particles. OBJECTIVE We examined if consumption of Camelina sativa oil (CSO) as a source of ALA, fatty fish (FF) as a source of n-3 LCPUFA and lean fish (LF) as a source of fish protein affect the lipidome of LDL as compared to a control diet. METHODS Participants with impaired glucose tolerance (39 women and 40 men) were randomized to 4 study groups (CSO providing 10 g/d ALA, FF and LF [both 4 fish meals/wk] and control limiting their fish and ALA intake) in a 12-week, parallel trial. Diets were instructed and dietary fats were provided to the participants. The lipidome of LDL particles isolated from samples collected at baseline and after intervention was analyzed with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In the CSO group, the relative concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated cholesteryl ester species in LDL decreased and the species with ALA increased. In the FF group, LDL phosphatidylcholine (PC) species containing n-3 LCPUFA increased. There was a significant positive correlation between the change in total sphingomyelin and change in LDL aggregation, while total PC and triunsaturated PC species were inversely associated with LDL aggregation when all the study participants were included in the analysis. CONCLUSION Dietary intake of CSO and FF modifies the LDL lipidome to contain more polyunsaturated and less saturated lipid species. The LDL surface lipids are associated with LDL aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja T Erkkilä
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Suvi Manninen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Linda Fredrikson
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Bhalke
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Holopainen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Ruuth
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula S Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Feng S, Belwal T, Li L, Limwachiranon J, Liu X, Luo Z. Phytosterols and their derivatives: Potential health‐promoting uses against lipid metabolism and associated diseases, mechanism, and safety issues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1243-1267. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light IndustryZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Jarukitt Limwachiranon
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University Hangzhou 311300 People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Research InstituteZhejiang University Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
- Fuli Institute of Food ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
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12
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Phytosterols Supplementation Reduces Endothelin-1 Plasma Concentration in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Individuals Independently of Their Cholesterol-Lowering Properties. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051507. [PMID: 32455866 PMCID: PMC7284494 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the effect of phytosterols (PS) on reducing plasma levels of cholesterol and LDL-c, but the effects of plant sterols beyond cholesterol-lowering are still questionable. Since inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, this study aims to evaluate the effect of PS on biomarkers involved in atherosclerosis progression and whether these effects are independent of alterations in plasma LDL-c levels. Thirty-eight moderately hypercholesterolemic volunteers (58 ± 12 years; LDL-c ≥ 130 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to consume 400 mL/day of soy milk or soy milk + PS (1.6 g/day) for 4 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Blood samples were collected and lipid profiles and biomarkers for inflammation and endothelial dysfunction determined. The results showed that PS treatment reduced endothelin-1 plasma concentration by 11% (p = 0.02) independently of variations in plasma levels of LDL-c. No alterations were observed regarding fibrinogen, IL-6, hs-CRP, SAA, TNFα, or VCAM-1 between placebo and PS-treated groups. Furthermore, PS reduced total plasma cholesterol concentration (−5,5%, p < 0.001), LDL-c (−6.4%, p < 0.05), triglycerides (−8.3%, p < 0.05), and apo B (−5.3%, p < 0.05), without changing HDL-c concentration (p > 0.05). Therefore, PS supplementation effectively lowers endothelin-1 independently of the reductions in plasma levels of LDL-c, contributing to the comprehension of the effect of plant sterols on endothelial function and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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13
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Xyda SE, Vuckovic I, Petterson XM, Dasari S, Lalia AZ, Parvizi M, Macura SI, Lanza IR. Distinct Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Plasma Metabolome of Healthy Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:875-884. [PMID: 31168623 PMCID: PMC7164537 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) are well recognized for their potent triglyceride-lowering effects, but the potential influence of these bioactive lipids on other biological processes, particularly in the context of healthy aging, remains unknown. With the goal of gaining new insight into some less well-characterized biological effects of n3-PUFAs in healthy older adults, we performed metabolomics of fasting peripheral blood plasma collected from 12 young adults and 12 older adults before and after an open-label intervention of n3-PUFA (3.9 g/day, 2.7 g eicosapentaenoic [EPA], 1.2 g docosahexaenoic [DHA]). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) based lipoprotein subclass analysis revealed the expected reduction in total triglyceride (TG), but also demonstrated that n3-PUFA supplementation reduced very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle number, modestly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and shifted the composition of HDL subclasses. Further metabolite profiling by 1H-NMR and mass spectrometry revealed pronounced changes in phospholipids, cholesterol esters, diglycerides, and triglycerides following n3-PUFA supplementation. Furthermore, significant changes in hydroxyproline, kynurenine, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF) following n3-PUFA supplementation provide further insight into some less well-recognized biological effects of n3-PUFA supplementation, including possible effects on protein metabolism, the kynurenine pathway, and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souzana-Eirini Xyda
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Antigoni Z Lalia
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mojtaba Parvizi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Slobodan I Macura
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Rochester, Minnesota
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14
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Vilahur G, Ben-Aicha S, Diaz-Riera E, Badimon L, Padró T. Phytosterols and Inflammation. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:6724-6734. [PMID: 29932029 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180622151438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Besides the well-characterized effect of foods and supplements enriched with plant sterols/stanols on serum LDL-C concentrations, evidence is now emerging that phytosterols exert beneficial effects on non-lipid variables such as inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, coagulation parameters and endothelial function. This makes sterols and stanols an attractive alternative for dietary interventions in cardiovascular disease prevention, particularly in populations at low or medium risk. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge derived from experimental studies and human data on the anti-inflammatory effects of phytosterols/stanols and their relevance in promoting atheroprotection and preventing cardiovascular disease. The anti-inflammatory effects induced by plant sterols/stanols have been demonstrated in in vitro studies and in experimental animal models. However, not all the beneficial effects seen at an experimental level have translated into clinical benefit. Indeed, clinical studies that evaluate the association between phytosterols consumption and inflammatory variables (CRP and cytokines) are inconsistent and have not yet provided a solid answer. Plant sterols have been proposed as useful adjuncts to statin therapy to further reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, there is limited available data and more research needs to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Research Institute - Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soumaya Ben-Aicha
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Research Institute - Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Diaz-Riera
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Research Institute - Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Research Institute - Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Research Institute - Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Sato T, Horikawa M, Takei S, Yamazaki F, Ito TK, Kondo T, Sakurai T, Kahyo T, Ikegami K, Sato S, Sato R, Jinno Y, Kawano H, Naoe S, Arita M, Kashiwagi Y, Setou M. Preferential Incorporation of Administered Eicosapentaenoic Acid Into Thin-Cap Atherosclerotic Plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1802-1816. [PMID: 31366219 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have beneficial effects on atherosclerosis. Although specific salutary actions have been reported, the detailed distribution of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plaque and their relevance in disease progression are unclear. Our aim was to assess the pharmacodynamics of EPA and DHA and their metabolites in atherosclerotic plaques. Approach and Results: Apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice were fed a Western diet supplemented with EPA (1%, w/w) or DHA (1%, w/w) for 3 weeks. Imaging mass spectrometry analyses were performed in the aortic root and arch of the Apoe-/- mice to evaluate the distribution of EPA, DHA, their metabolites and the lipids containing EPA or DHA in the plaques. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and histological analysis were also performed. The intima-media thickness of atherosclerotic plaque decreased in plaques containing free EPA and EPAs attached with several lipids. EPA was distributed more densely in the thin-cap plaques than in the thick-cap plaques, while DHA was more evenly distributed. In the aortic root, the distribution of total EPA level and cholesteryl esters containing EPA followed a concentration gradient from the vascular endothelium to the media. In the aortic arch, free EPA and 12-hydroxy-EPA colocalized with M2 macrophage. CONCLUSIONS Administered EPA tends to be incorporated from the vascular lumen side and preferentially taken into the thin-cap plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Sato
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,First Department of Surgery (T. Sato), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Horikawa
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shiro Takei
- Department of Environmental Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamazaki
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi K Ito
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takanobu Sakurai
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shumpei Sato
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine 3 (R.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Jinno
- Development Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan (Y.J., H.K., S.N.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kawano
- Development Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan (Y.J., H.K., S.N.)
| | - Satoko Naoe
- Development Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan (Y.J., H.K., S.N.).,Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan (S.N., M.A.)
| | - Makoto Arita
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Shizuoka, Japan (M.S.)
| | - Yukiyasu Kashiwagi
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan (Y.K., )
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center (T. Sato, M.H., F.Y., T.K.I., T. Kondo, T. Sakurai, T. Kahyo, K.I., S.S., M.S.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, China (M.S.)
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16
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Dumolt JH, Rideout TC. The Lipid-lowering Effects and Associated Mechanisms of Dietary Phytosterol Supplementation. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 23:5077-5085. [PMID: 28745211 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170725142337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PS) are plant-based structural analogous of mammalian cholesterol that have been shown to lower blood cholesterol concentrations by ~10%, although inter-individual response to PS supplementation due to subject-specific metabolic and genetic factors is evident. Recent work further suggests that PS may act as effective triglyceride (TG)-lowering agents with maximal TG reductions observed in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Although PS have been demonstrated to interfere with cholesterol and perhaps TG absorption within the intestine, they also have the capacity to modulate the expression of lipid regulatory genes through liver X receptor (LXR) activation. Identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in key cholesterol and TG regulating genes, in particular adenosine triphosphate binding cassette G8 (ABCG8) and apolipoprotein E (apoE) have provided insight into the potential of utilizing genomic identifiers as an indicator of PS responsiveness. While PS supplementation is deemed safe, expanding research into the atherogenic potential of oxidized phytosterols (oxyphytosterols) has emerged with their identification in arterial lesions. This review will highlight the lipid-lowering utility and associated mechanisms of PS and discuss novel applications and future research priorities for PS pertaining to in utero PS exposure for long-term cardiovascular disease risk protection and combination therapies with lipidlowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerad H Dumolt
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States
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17
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Manninen S, Lankinen M, Erkkilä A, Nguyen SD, Ruuth M, de Mello V, Öörni K, Schwab U. The effect of intakes of fish and Camelina sativa oil on atherogenic and anti-atherogenic functions of LDL and HDL particles: A randomized controlled trial. Atherosclerosis 2018; 281:56-61. [PMID: 30658192 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Omega-3 fatty acids are known to have several cardioprotective effects. Our aim was to investigate the effects of intakes of fish and Camelina sativa oil (CSO), rich in alpha-linolenic acid, on the atherogenic and anti-atherogenic functions of LDL and HDL particles. METHODS Altogether, 88 volunteers with impaired glucose metabolism were randomly assigned to CSO (10 g of alpha-linolenic acid/day), fatty fish (4 fish meals/week), lean fish (4 fish meals/week) or control group for 12 weeks. 79 subjects completed the study. The binding of lipoproteins to aortic proteoglycans, LDL aggregation and activation of endothelial cells by LDL and cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL were determined in vitro. RESULTS Intake of CSO decreased the binding of lipoproteins to aortic proteoglycans in a non-normalized model (p = 0.006). After normalizing with serum concentrations of non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (apoB) or LDL cholesterol, which decreased in the CSO group, the change was no longer statistically significant. In the fish groups, there were no changes in the binding of lipoproteins to proteoglycans. Regarding other lipoprotein functions, there were no changes in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS Intake of CSO decreases the binding of lipoproteins to aortic proteoglycans by decreasing serum LDL cholesterol concentration, which suggests that the level of apoB-containing lipoproteins in the circulation is the main driver of lipoprotein retention within the arterial wall. Intake of fish or CSO has no effects on other lipoprotein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Manninen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maria Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja Erkkilä
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Su Duy Nguyen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Ruuth
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vanessa de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
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18
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Manousopoulou A, Scorletti E, Smith DE, Teng J, Fotopoulos M, Roumeliotis TI, Clough GF, Calder PC, Byrne CD, Garbis SD. Marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Plasma proteomics in the randomized WELCOME* trial. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1952-1955. [PMID: 30172659 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver condition characterised by liver fat accumulation and often considered to be the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to examine in patients with NAFLD the system-wide effects of treatment with docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA + EPA) versus placebo on the plasma proteome. METHODS Plasma from patients that participated in a 15-18 months randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial testing the effects of 4 g DHA + EPA daily was analysed using depletion-free quantitative proteomics. RESULTS Bioinformatics interpretation of the proteomic analysis showed that DHA + EPA treatment affected pathways involving blood coagulation, immune/inflammatory response and cholesterol metabolism (p < 0.05). Two key proteins of cardiovascular risk, prothrombin and apolipoprotein B-100, were shown to decrease as a result of DHA + EPA supplementation [Prothrombin: Males DHA + EPA Mean iTRAQ log2ratio (SD) = -0.13 (0.20) p = 0.05, Females DHA + EPA Mean iTRAQ log2ratio (SD) = -0.48 (0.35) p = 0.03; Apo B-100: Males DHA + EPA Mean iTRAQ log2ratio (SD) = -0.24 (0.16) p = 0.01, Females DHA + EPA Mean iTRAQ log2ratio (SD) = -0.15 (0.05) p = 0.02]. CONCLUSIONS Plasma proteomics applied in a randomised, placebo-controlled trial showed that high dose DHA + EPA treatment in patients with NAFLD affects multiple pathways involved in chronic non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Scorletti
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Debbie E Smith
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jie Teng
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Tianjin Medical University - School of Pharmacy, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Theodoros I Roumeliotis
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Geraldine F Clough
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Proteome Exploration Laboratory of the Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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19
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Marine Lipids on Cardiovascular Diseases and Other Chronic Diseases Induced by Diet: An Insight Provided by Proteomics and Lipidomics. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15080258. [PMID: 28820493 PMCID: PMC5577612 DOI: 10.3390/md15080258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine lipids, especially ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have largely been linked to prevention of diet-induced diseases. The anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic properties of EPA and DHA supplementation have been well-described. However, there is still a significant lack of information about their particular mechanism of action. Furthermore, repeated meta-analyses have not shown conclusive results in support of their beneficial health effects. Modern "omics" approaches, namely proteomics and lipidomics, have made it possible to identify some of the mechanisms behind the benefits of marine lipids in the metabolic syndrome and related diseases, i.e., cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Although until now their use has been scarce, these "omics" have brought new insights in this area of nutrition research. The purpose of the present review is to comprehensively show the research articles currently available in the literature which have specifically applied proteomics, lipidomics or both approaches to investigate the role of marine lipids intake in the prevention or palliation of these chronic pathologies related to diet. The methodology adopted, the class of marine lipids examined, the diet-related disease studied, and the main findings obtained in each investigation will be reviewed.
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Lambert C, Cubedo J, Padró T, Sánchez-Hernández J, Antonijoan RM, Perez A, Badimon L. Phytosterols and Omega 3 Supplementation Exert Novel Regulatory Effects on Metabolic and Inflammatory Pathways: A Proteomic Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060599. [PMID: 28608804 PMCID: PMC5490578 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide. In addition to drug treatment, nutritional interventions or supplementations are becoming a health strategy for CVD prevention. Phytosterols (PhyS) are natural components that have been shown to reduce cholesterol levels; while poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids, have shown to reduce triglyceride levels. Here we aimed to investigate whether the proteins in the main lipoproteins (low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL)) as well as proteins in the lipid free plasma fraction (LPDP) were regulated by the intake of PhyS-milk or ω3-milk, in overweight healthy volunteers by a proteomic based systems biology approach. The study was a longitudinal crossover trial, including thirty-two healthy volunteers with body mass index (BMI) 25–35 kg/m2 (Clinical Trial: ISRCTN78753338). Basal samples before any intervention and after 4 weeks of intake of PhyS or ω3-milk were analyzed. Proteomic profiling by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by mass spectrometry-(MALDI/TOF), ELISA, Western blot, conventional biochemical analysis, and in-silico bioinformatics were performed. The intake of PhyS-milk did not induce changes in the lipid associated plasma protein fraction, whereas ω3-milk significantly increased apolipoprotein (Apo)- E LDL content (p = 0.043) and induced a coordinated increase in several HDL-associated proteins, Apo A–I, lecitin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), Apo D, and Apo L1 (p < 0.05 for all). Interestingly, PhyS-milk intake induced a reduction in inflammatory molecules not seen after ω3-milk intake. Serum amyloid P component (SAP) was reduced in the LPDP protein fraction (p = 0.001) of subjects taking PhyS-milk and C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)expression detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in white blood cells was significantly reduced (p = 0.013). No changes were observed in the lipid-free plasma proteome with ω3-milk. Our study provides novel results and highlights that the PhyS-milk induces attenuation of the pro-inflammatory pathways, whereas ω3-milk induces improvement in lipid metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lambert
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Judit Cubedo
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joan Sánchez-Hernández
- Ciber DEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Antonijoan
- Medicament ResearchCenter (CIM), Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Perez
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Cardiovascular Research Chair UAB, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
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Badimon L, Vilahur G, Padro T. Systems biology approaches to understand the effects of nutrition and promote health. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:38-45. [PMID: 27062443 PMCID: PMC5338131 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last years the implementation of systems biology in nutritional research has emerged as a powerful tool to understand the mechanisms by which dietary components promote health and prevent disease as well as to identify the biologically active molecules involved in such effects. Systems biology, by combining several '-omics' disciplines (mainly genomics/transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics), creates large data sets that upon computational integration provide in silico predictive networks that allow a more extensive analysis of the individual response to a nutritional intervention and provide a more global comprehensive understanding of how diet may influence health and disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated that diet and particularly bioactive food components play a pivotal role in helping to counteract environmental-related oxidative damage. Oxidative stress is considered to be strongly implicated in ageing and the pathophysiology of numerous diseases including neurodegenerative disease, cancers, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. In the following review we will provide insights into the role of systems biology in nutritional research and focus on transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomics studies that have demonstrated the ability of functional foods and their bioactive components to fight against oxidative damage and contribute to health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC‐ICCCHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB‐Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
- Cardiovascular Research ChairUABBarcelonaSpain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC‐ICCCHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB‐Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
| | - Teresa Padro
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC‐ICCCHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB‐Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
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Phytosterols, Phytostanols, and Lipoprotein Metabolism. Nutrients 2015; 7:7965-77. [PMID: 26393644 PMCID: PMC4586569 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of phytosterols and phytostanols added to foods and food supplements to obtain significant non-pharmacologic serum and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduction is well documented. Irrespective of age, gender, ethnic background, body weight, background diet, or the cause of hypercholesterolemia and, even added to statin treatment, phytosterols and phytostanols at 2 g/day significantly lower LDL cholesterol concentration by 8%–10%. They do not affect the concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a) or serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. In some studies, phytosterols and phytostanols have modestly reduced serum triglyceride levels especially in subjects with slightly increased baseline concentrations. Phytosterols and phytostanols lower LDL cholesterol by displacing cholesterol from mixed micelles in the small intestine so that cholesterol absorption is partially inhibited. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis have been carefully evaluated during phytosterol and phytostanol supplementation. However, only a few lipoprotein kinetic studies have been performed, and they revealed that LDL apoprotein B-100 transport rate was reduced. LDL particle size was unchanged, but small dense LDL cholesterol concentration was reduced. In subjects with metabolic syndrome and moderate hypertriglyceridemia, phytostanols reduced not only non- high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration but also serum triglycerides by 27%, and reduced the large and medium size very low density lipoprotein particle concentrations. In the few postprandial studies, the postprandial lipoproteins were reduced, but detailed studies with apoprotein B-48 are lacking. In conclusion, more kinetic studies are required to obtain a more complete understanding of the fasting and postprandial lipoprotein metabolism caused by phytosterols and phytostanols. It seems obvious, however, that the most atherogenic lipoprotein particles will be diminished.
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