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Li W, Plante JA, Lin C, Basu H, Plung JS, Fan X, Boeckers JM, Oros J, Buck TK, Anekal PV, Hanson WA, Varnum H, Wells A, Mann CJ, Tjang LV, Yang P, Reyna RA, Mitchell BM, Shinde DP, Walker JL, Choi SY, Brusic V, Llopis PM, Weaver SC, Umemori H, Chiu IM, Plante KS, Abraham J. Shifts in receptors during submergence of an encephalitic arbovirus. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07740-2. [PMID: 39048821 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that frequently caused major outbreaks of encephalitis in humans and horses in the early twentieth century, but the frequency of outbreaks has since decreased markedly, and strains of this alphavirus isolated in the past two decades are less virulent in mammals than strains isolated in the 1930s and 1940s1-3. The basis for this phenotypic change in WEEV strains and coincident decrease in epizootic activity (known as viral submergence3) is unclear, as is the possibility of re-emergence of highly virulent strains. Here we identify protocadherin 10 (PCDH10) as a cellular receptor for WEEV. We show that multiple highly virulent ancestral WEEV strains isolated in the 1930s and 1940s, in addition to binding human PCDH10, could also bind very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), which are recognized by another encephalitic alphavirus as receptors4. However, whereas most of the WEEV strains that we examined bind to PCDH10, a contemporary strain has lost the ability to recognize mammalian PCDH10 while retaining the ability to bind avian receptors, suggesting WEEV adaptation to a main reservoir host during enzootic circulation. PCDH10 supports WEEV E2-E1 glycoprotein-mediated infection of primary mouse cortical neurons, and administration of a soluble form of PCDH10 protects mice from lethal WEEV challenge. Our results have implications for the development of medical countermeasures and for risk assessment for re-emerging WEEV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Li
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - ChieYu Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himanish Basu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse S Plung
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua M Boeckers
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Oros
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tierra K Buck
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Praju V Anekal
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MicRoN Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wesley A Hanson
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haley Varnum
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrienne Wells
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MicRoN Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colin J Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurentia V Tjang
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel A Reyna
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brooke M Mitchell
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Divya P Shinde
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jordyn L Walker
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - So Yoen Choi
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vesna Brusic
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula Montero Llopis
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MicRoN Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Reive BS, Lau V, Sánchez-Lafuente CL, Henri-Bhargava A, Kalynchuk LE, Tremblay MÈ, Caruncho HJ. The Inflammation-Induced Dysregulation of Reelin Homeostasis Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024:JAD240088. [PMID: 38995785 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for most dementia cases, but we lack a complete understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the core pathology associated with the disease (e.g., amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles). Inflammation has been identified as a key contributor of AD pathology, with recent evidence pointing towards Reelin dysregulation as being associated with inflammation. Here we describe Reelin signaling and outline existing research involving Reelin signaling in AD and inflammation. Research is described pertaining to the inflammatory and immunological functions of Reelin before we propose a mechanism through which inflammation renders Reelin susceptible to dysregulation resulting in the induction and exacerbation of AD pathology. Based on this hypothesis, it is predicted that disorders of both inflammation (including peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation) and Reelin dysregulation (including disorders associated with upregulated Reelin expression and disorders of Reelin downregulation) have elevated risk of developing AD. We conclude with a description of AD risk in various disorders involving Reelin dysregulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady S Reive
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Lau
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Henri-Bhargava
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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3
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Faraji P, Kühn H, Ahmadian S. Multiple Roles of Apolipoprotein E4 in Oxidative Lipid Metabolism and Ferroptosis During the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:62. [PMID: 38958788 PMCID: PMC11222241 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide and has a great socio-economic impact. Modified oxidative lipid metabolism and dysregulated iron homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder, but the detailed pathophysiological mechanisms still remain unclear. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-binding protein that occurs in large quantities in human blood plasma, and a polymorphism of the APOE gene locus has been identified as risk factors for AD. The human genome involves three major APOE alleles (APOE2, APOE3, APOE4), which encode for three subtly distinct apolipoprotein E isoforms (APOE2, APOE3, APOE4). The canonic function of these apolipoproteins is lipid transport in blood and brain, but APOE4 allele carriers have a much higher risk for AD. In fact, about 60% of clinically diagnosed AD patients carry at least one APOE4 allele in their genomes. Although the APOE4 protein has been implicated in pathophysiological key processes of AD, such as extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, modified oxidative lipid metabolism, and ferroptotic cell death, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not well understood. As for all mammalian cells, iron plays a crucial role in neuronal functions and dysregulation of iron homeostasis has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Imbalances in iron homeostasis and impairment of the hydroperoxy lipid-reducing capacity induce cellular dysfunction leading to neuronal ferroptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on APOE4-related oxidative lipid metabolism and the potential role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of AD. Pharmacological interference with these processes might offer innovative strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Faraji
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kühn
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Hwang HM, Yamashita S, Matsumoto Y, Ito M, Edwards A, Sasaki J, Dutta DJ, Mohammad S, Yamashita C, Wetherill L, Schwantes-An TH, Abreu M, Mahnke AH, Mattson SN, Foroud T, Miranda RC, Chambers C, Torii M, Hashimoto-Torii K. Reduction of APOE accounts for neurobehavioral deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02586-6. [PMID: 38734844 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
A hallmark of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is neurobehavioral deficits that still do not have effective treatment. Here, we present that reduction of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is critically involved in neurobehavioral deficits in FASD. We show that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) changes chromatin accessibility of Apoe locus, and causes reduction of APOE levels in both the brain and peripheral blood in postnatal mice. Of note, postnatal administration of an APOE receptor agonist (APOE-RA) mitigates motor learning deficits and anxiety in those mice. Several molecular and electrophysiological properties essential for learning, which are altered by PAE, are restored by APOE-RA. Our human genome-wide association study further reveals that the interaction of PAE and a single nucleotide polymorphism in the APOE enhancer which chromatin is closed by PAE in mice is associated with lower scores in the delayed matching-to-sample task in children. APOE in the plasma is also reduced in PAE children, and the reduced level is associated with their lower cognitive performance. These findings suggest that controlling the APOE level can serve as an effective treatment for neurobehavioral deficits in FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye M Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mariko Ito
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alex Edwards
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dipankar J Dutta
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shahid Mohammad
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chiho Yamashita
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marco Abreu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amanda H Mahnke
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Sarah N Mattson
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Christina Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Masaaki Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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5
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Xu Y, Zhou Y, Yi X, Nie X. LRP8 promotes tumorigenesis in ovarian cancer through inhibiting p53 signaling. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:626-637. [PMID: 38263609 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy with a high mortality rate. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8) is a cell membrane receptor belonging LDL receptor family and is involved in several tumor progressions. However, there is limited understanding of how LRP8 mediates OC development. LRP8 expression level was identified in human OC tissues and cells using immunohistochemical staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, respectively. Functions of LRP8 in OC progression were evaluated by Celigo cell counting, wound healing, transwell and flow cytometry assays, and the xenograft models. The human phospho-kinase array analysis was used for screening potential signaling involved in OC development. We observed that LRP8 was overexpressed in OC tissues, and high expression of LRP8 was associated with poor prognosis of OC patients. Functionally, LRP8 knockdown remarkably reduced proliferation and migration of OC cells, and induced apoptosis and S phase cycle arrest. LRP8 deficiency attenuated in vivo tumor growth of OC cells. Moreover, the addition of p53 inhibitor partially reversed the effects of LRP8 knockdown on OC cell proliferation and apoptosis, indicating the involvement of p53 signaling in LRP8-mediated OC progression. This study confirmed that LRP8/p53 axis contributed to OC progression, which might serve as a novel potential therapeutic target for OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiling Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaocui Nie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
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Balu D, Valencia-Olvera AC, Deshpande A, Narayanam S, Konasani S, Pattisapu S, York JM, Thatcher GRJ, LaDu MJ, Tai LM. Estradiol improves behavior in FAD transgenic mice that express APOE3 but not APOE4 after ovariectomy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1374825. [PMID: 38742194 PMCID: PMC11089251 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1374825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that female individuals have a higher Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk associated with post-menopausal loss of circulating estradiol (E2). However, clinical data are conflicting on whether E2 lowers AD risk. One potential contributing factor is APOE. The greatest genetic risk factor for AD is APOE4, a factor that is pronounced in female individuals post-menopause. Clinical data suggests that APOE impacts the response of AD patients to E2 replacement therapy. However, whether APOE4 prevents, is neutral, or promotes any positive effects of E2 is unclear. Therefore, our goal was to determine whether APOE modulates the impact of E2 on behavior and AD pathology in vivo. To that end, mice that express human APOE3 (E3FAD) or APOE4 (E4FAD) and overproduce Aβ42 were ovariectomized at either 4 months (early) or 8 months (late) and treated with vehicle or E2 for 4 months. In E3FAD mice, we found that E2 mitigated the detrimental effect of ovariectomy on memory, with no effect on Aβ in the early paradigm and only improved learning in the late paradigm. Although E2 lowered Aβ in E4FAD mice in the early paradigm, there was no impact on learning or memory, possibly due to higher Aβ pathology compared to E3FAD mice. In the late paradigm, there was no effect on learning/memory and Aβ pathology in E4FAD mice. Collectively, these data support the idea that, in the presence of Aβ pathology, APOE impacts the response to E2 supplementation post-menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ana C. Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ashwini Deshpande
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Saharsh Narayanam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sravya Konasani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shreya Pattisapu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jason M. York
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Safieh M, Liraz O, Ovadia M, Michaelson D. The Role of Impaired Receptor Trafficking in Mediating the Pathological Effects of APOE4 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:753-775. [PMID: 38217595 PMCID: PMC10894586 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the most prevalent genetic risk factor of Alzheimer's disease. Several studies suggest that APOE4 binding to its receptors is associated with their internalization and accumulation in intracellular compartments. Importantly, this phenomenon also occurs with other, non-ApoE receptors. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that APOE4 pathological effects are mediated by impairment in the life cycle of distinct receptors (APOER2, LRP1, IR, VEGFR). OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of APOE genotype on receptors protein levels and compartmentalization. METHODS Primary mouse neurons were prepared from APOE3 or APOE4 targeted replacement mice, or APOE-KO mice. Specific receptors protein levels were evaluated in these neurons, utilizing immunofluorescent staining. Additionally, surface membrane protein levels of those receptors were assessed by cell surface biotinylation assay and ELISA. Receptors' colocalization with intracellular compartments was assessed by double staining and confocal microscopy, followed by colocalization analysis. Finally, LRP1 or APOER2 were knocked-down with CRISPR/Cas9 system to examine their role in mediating APOE4 effects on the receptors. RESULTS Our results revealed lower receptors' levels in APOE4, specifically on the membrane surface. Additionally, APOE4 affects the compartmentation of these receptors in two patterns: the first was observed with LRP1 and was associated with decreased receptor levels in numerous intracellular compartments. The second was obtained with the other receptors and was associated with their accumulation in early endosomes and their decrease in the late endosomes. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a unifying mechanism, in which APOE4 drives the down regulation of various receptors, which plays important roles in distinct APOE4 related pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Safieh
- Department of Neurobiology, Sagol School of Neurosciences, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Liraz
- Department of Neurobiology, Sagol School of Neurosciences, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maayan Ovadia
- Department of Neurobiology, Sagol School of Neurosciences, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Danny Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, Sagol School of Neurosciences, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Ayyubova G. APOE4 is a Risk Factor and Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:342-352. [PMID: 36872358 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230303114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, the main pathological hallmark of which is the loss of neurons, resulting in cognitive and memory impairments. Sporadic late-onset AD is a prevalent form of the disease and the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is the strongest predictor of the disease development. The structural variations of APOE isoforms affect their roles in synaptic maintenance, lipid trafficking, energy metabolism, inflammatory response, and BBB integrity. In the context of AD, APOE isoforms variously control the key pathological elements of the disease, including Aβ plaque formation, tau aggregation, and neuroinflammation. Taking into consideration the limited number of therapy choices that can alleviate symptoms and have little impact on the AD etiology and progression to date, the precise research strategies guided by apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms are required to assess the potential risk of age-related cognitive decline in people carrying APOE4 genotype. In this review, we summarize the evidence implicating the significance of APOE isoforms on brain functions in health and pathology with the aim to identify the possible targets that should be addressed to prevent AD manifestation in individuals with the APOE4 genotype and to explore proper treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Ayyubova
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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9
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Markiewicz R, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Borowski B, Trubalski M, Łoza B. Reelin Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1704. [PMID: 38137152 PMCID: PMC10741648 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the significance of studying the quality of life of schizophrenia patients, considering the complex nature of the illness. Identifying neuronal markers for early diagnosis and treatment is crucial. Reelin (RELN) stands out among these markers, with genetic studies highlighting its role in mental health. Suppression of RELN expression may contribute to cognitive deficits by limiting dendritic proliferation, affecting neurogenesis, and leading to improper neuronal circuits. Although the physiological function of reelin is not fully understood, it plays a vital role in hippocampal cell stratification and neuroglia formation. This analysis explores reelin's importance in the nervous system, shedding light on its impact on mental disorders such as schizophrenia, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, and at the same time, raises the following conclusions: increased methylation levels of the RELN gene in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia results in a multiple decrease in the expression of reelin, and monitoring of this indicator, i.e., methylation levels, can be used to monitor the severity of symptoms in the course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Markiewicz
- Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Chair of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Bartosz Borowski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Bartosz Łoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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10
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Nisar S, Haris M. Neuroimaging genetics approaches to identify new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4995-5008. [PMID: 37069342 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism-spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disabilities that manifest in early childhood and are characterized by qualitative abnormalities in social behaviors, communication skills, and restrictive or repetitive behaviors. To explore the neurobiological mechanisms in ASD, extensive research has been done to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers through a neuroimaging genetics approach. Neuroimaging genetics helps to identify ASD-risk genes that contribute to structural and functional variations in brain circuitry and validate biological changes by elucidating the mechanisms and pathways that confer genetic risk. Integrating artificial intelligence models with neuroimaging data lays the groundwork for accurate diagnosis and facilitates the identification of early diagnostic biomarkers for ASD. This review discusses the significance of neuroimaging genetics approaches to gaining a better understanding of the perturbed neurochemical system and molecular pathways in ASD and how these approaches can detect structural, functional, and metabolic changes and lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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11
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Riitano G, Capozzi A, Recalchi S, Augusto M, Conti F, Misasi R, Garofalo T, Sorice M, Manganelli V. Role of Lipid Rafts on LRP8 Signaling Triggered by Anti-β2-GPI Antibodies in Endothelial Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3135. [PMID: 38137358 PMCID: PMC10740635 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in association with circulating antiphospholipid antibodies, mainly anti-β2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies (anti-β2-GPI antibodies). Previous studies demonstrated that the signaling pathway may involve lipid rafts, plasma membrane microdomains enriched in glycosphingolipid and cholesterol. In this study, we analyzed the signaling pathway of LRP8/ApoER2, a putative receptor of anti-β2-GPI antibodies, through lipid rafts in human endothelial cells. LRP8, Dab2 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) phosphorylation were evaluated using Western blot, Nitric Oxide (NO) production with cytofluorimetric analysis, LRP8 enrichment in lipid rafts via sucrose gradient fractionation, and scanning confocal microscopy analysis of its association with ganglioside GM1 was also conducted. The analyses demonstrated that affinity-purified anti-β2-GPI antibodies induced LRP8 and Dab-2 phosphorylation, together with a significant decrease in e-NOS phosphorylation, with consequent decrease in NO intracellular production. These effects were almost completely prevented by Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), indicating the involvement of lipid rafts. It was supported with the observation of LRP8 enrichment in lipid raft fractions and its association with ganglioside GM1, detected with scanning confocal microscopy. These findings demonstrate that LRP8 signaling triggered by anti-β2-GPI antibodies in endothelial cells occurs through lipid rafts. It represents a new task for valuable therapeutic approaches, such as raft-targeted therapy, including cyclodextrins and statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Riitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Antonella Capozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Serena Recalchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.); (V.M.)
| | | | - Fabrizio Conti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Valeria Manganelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.); (V.M.)
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12
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Joly-Amado A, Kulkarni N, Nash KR. Reelin Signaling in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1479. [PMID: 37891846 PMCID: PMC10605156 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in neuronal migration during embryonic brain development and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. The role of Reelin in the developing central nervous system has been extensively characterized. Indeed, a loss of Reelin or a disruption in its signaling cascade leads to neurodevelopmental defects and is associated with ataxia, intellectual disability, autism, and several psychiatric disorders. In the adult brain, Reelin is critically involved in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Reelin's signaling potentiates glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, induces synaptic maturation, and increases AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits' expression and activity. As a result, there is a growing literature reporting that a loss of function and/or reduction of Reelin is implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. The present review summarizes the current state of the literature regarding the implication of Reelin and Reelin-mediated signaling during aging and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting Reelin as a possible target in the prevention or treatment of progressive neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.); (K.R.N.)
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13
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Escudero B, Moya M, López-Valencia L, Arias F, Orio L. Reelin Plasma Levels Identify Cognitive Decline in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients During Early Abstinence: The Influence of APOE4 Expression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:545-556. [PMID: 37350760 PMCID: PMC10464928 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE)-4 isoform, reelin, and clusterin share very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 receptors and are related to cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders. These proteins are expressed in plasma and brain, but studies involving plasma expression and cognition are scarce. METHODS We studied the peripheral expression (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of these proteins in 24 middle-aged patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosed at 4 to 12 weeks of abstinence (t = 0) and 34 controls. Cognition was assessed using the Test of Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Alcoholism. In a follow-up study (t = 1), we measured reelin levels and evaluated cognitive improvement at 6 months of abstinence. RESULTS APOE4 isoform was present in 37.5% and 58.8% of patients and controls, respectively, reaching similar plasma levels in ε4 carriers regardless of whether they were patients with AUD or controls. Plasma reelin and clusterin were higher in the AUD group, and reelin levels peaked in patients expressing APOE4 (P < .05, η2 = 0.09), who showed reduced very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. APOE4 had a negative effect on memory/learning mainly in the AUD group (P < .01, η2 = 0.15). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified plasma reelin as a good indicator of AUD cognitive impairment at t = 0. At t = 1, patients with AUD showed lower reelin levels vs controls along with some cognitive improvement. CONCLUSIONS Reelin plasma levels are elevated during early abstinence in patients with AUD who express the APOE4 isoform, identifying cognitive deterioration to a great extent, and it may participate as a homeostatic signal for cognitive recovery in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Escudero
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moya
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Leticia López-Valencia
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arias
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
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14
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Mizuno A, Toyama T, Ichikawa A, Sakai N, Yoshioka Y, Nishito Y, Toga R, Amesaka H, Kaneko T, Arisawa K, Tsutsumi R, Mita Y, Tanaka SI, Noguchi N, Saito Y. An efficient selenium transport pathway of selenoprotein P utilizing a high-affinity ApoER2 receptor variant and being independent of selenocysteine lyase. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105009. [PMID: 37406814 PMCID: PMC10407282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenoprotein P (SeP, encoded by the SELENOP gene) is a plasma protein that contains selenium in the form of selenocysteine residues (Sec, a cysteine analog containing selenium instead of sulfur). SeP functions for the transport of selenium to specific tissues in a receptor-dependent manner. Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) has been identified as a SeP receptor. However, diverse variants of ApoER2 have been reported, and the details of its tissue specificity and the molecular mechanism of its efficiency remain unclear. In the present study, we found that human T lymphoma Jurkat cells have a high ability to utilize selenium via SeP, while this ability was low in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. We identified an ApoER2 variant with a high affinity for SeP in Jurkat cells. This variant had a dissociation constant value of 0.67 nM and a highly glycosylated O-linked sugar domain. Moreover, the acidification of intracellular vesicles was necessary for selenium transport via SeP in both cell types. In rhabdomyosarcoma cells, SeP underwent proteolytic degradation in lysosomes and transported selenium in a Sec lyase-dependent manner. However, in Jurkat cells, SeP transported selenium in Sec lyase-independent manner. These findings indicate a preferential selenium transport pathway involving SeP and high-affinity ApoER2 in a Sec lyase-independent manner. Herein, we provide a novel dynamic transport pathway for selenium via SeP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuya Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakai
- The Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Yuya Yoshioka
- The Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Yukina Nishito
- The Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Renya Toga
- Laboratory of Biostructural Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Amesaka
- Laboratory of Biostructural Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kaneko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kotoko Arisawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Mita
- The Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biostructural Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- The Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; The Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan.
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15
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Wolfkiel PR, Haller AM, Kirby J, Jaeschke A, Hui DY. Different sensitivity to diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia between mice with global or bone marrow-specific apoE receptor-2 deficiency. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R55-R68. [PMID: 37212552 PMCID: PMC10281787 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00007.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the role of apoE receptor-2 (apoER2), a unique member of the LDL receptor family proteins with a restricted tissue expression profile, in modulating diet-induced obesity and diabetes. Unlike wild-type mice and humans in which chronic feeding of a high-fat Western-type diet leads to obesity and the prediabetic state of hyperinsulinemia before hyperglycemia onset, the Lrp8-/- mice with global apoER2 deficiency displayed lower body weight and adiposity, slower development of hyperinsulinemia, but the accelerated onset of hyperglycemia. Despite their lower adiposity, adipose tissues in Western diet-fed Lrp8-/- mice were more inflamed compared with wild-type mice. Additional experiments revealed that the hyperglycemia observed in Western diet-fed Lrp8-/- mice was due to impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion, ultimately leading to hyperglycemia, adipocyte dysfunction, and inflammation upon chronic feeding of the Western diet. Interestingly, bone marrow-specific apoER2-deficient mice were not defective in insulin secretion, exhibiting increased adiposity and hyperinsulinemia compared with wild-type mice. Analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed that apoER2 deficiency impeded inflammation resolution with lower secretion of IFN-β and IL-10 in response to LPS stimulation of IL-4 primed cells. The apoER2-deficient macrophages also showed an increased level of disabled-2 (Dab2) as well as increased cell surface TLR4, suggesting that apoER2 participates in Dab2 regulation of TLR4 signaling. Taken together, these results showed that apoER2 deficiency in macrophages sustains diet-induced tissue inflammation and accelerates obesity and diabetes onset while apoER2 deficiency in other cell types contributes to hyperglycemia and inflammation via defective insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Wolfkiel
- Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - April M Haller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Jillian Kirby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
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16
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New insights into effects of Kaixin Powder on depression via lipid metabolism related adiponectin signaling pathway. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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17
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Gupta T, Kaur M, Singla N, Radotra BD, Sahni D, Kharbanda PS, Gupta SK. Reelin Signaling Pathway and Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Causative Link. Basic Clin Neurosci 2023; 14:57-72. [PMID: 37346868 PMCID: PMC10279991 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2554.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most frequent form of partial epilepsy. Granule cell dispersion, resulting from aberrant neuronal migration in the hippocampus, is pathognomonic of MTLE. Reelin, a secreted neurodevelopmental glycoprotein has a crucial role in controlling the radial migration of neurons. Several animal studies have implicated Reelin in the MTLE pathogenesis Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most frequent form of partial epilepsy. Granule cell dispersion, resulting from aberrant neuronal migration in the hippocampus, is pathognomonic of MTLE. Reelin, a secreted neurodevelopmental glycoprotein has a crucial role in controlling the radial migration of neurons. Several animal studies have implicated Reelin in the MTLE pathogenesis. Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the Reelin signalling pathway in the MTLE patients. Therefore, we studied each step in the Reelin signalling pathway for the gene and protein expressions, in the hippocampal tissue obtained from patients undergoing surgery for MTLE and compared it with age matched normal autopsy cases. Results We found statistically significant decrease (P<0.001) in the Reelin mRNA expression in MTLE patients. Among the two reelin receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) was significantly increased whereas very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) was decreased among the patients. Disabled 1 (Dab1), the downstream target of reelin, was found to be decreased. Dab1 in turn inhibits Cofilin, which is responsible for cytoskeletal reorganization, thus limiting aberrant neuronal migration. Statistically significant over expression of Cofilin protein was found in the patient group. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1 (TIMP-1), both of which are involved in processing of Reelin, were down regulated in 70-85% of cases. Conclusion The whole pathway was found to be deranged in MTLE. These results indicate that Reelin signalling pathway is disturbed at various points in the MTLE patients and might be involved in the pathogenesis & progression of MTLE. Our results extend the existing information regarding the components of the Reelin pathway and further, establish a link between pathway disturbance and MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Singla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bishan Dass Radotra
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Sunil K Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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18
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The impact of the PCSK-9/VLDL-Receptor axis on inflammatory cell polarization. Cytokine 2023; 161:156077. [PMID: 36356495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that lipoproteins, such as LDL and VLDL, as well as its major protein component ApoE2 impact on macrophage polarization important in atherosclerosis. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of lipoprotein receptor expression. The present study investigated the effect of the VLDL/VLDL-receptor (VLDL-R) axis on mononuclear cell polarization, as well as the role of PCSK9 and PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) within this network. METHODS Human monocytic THP-1 cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were treated with either LPS/IFN-γ to induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype, or with IL-4/IL-13 to induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Cells were then subjected to further treatments by lipoproteins, PCSK9, PCSK9i and lipoprotein receptor blockers. RESULTS LPS/IFN-γ treatment promoted a pro-inflammatory state with an increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, CD80 and IL-1β. VLDL co-treatment induced a switch of this pro-inflammatory phenotype to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In pro-inflammatory cells, VLDL significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory markers e.g., TNF-α, CD80, and IL-1β. These effects were eliminated by PCSK9 and restored by co-incubation with a specific anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody (PCSK9i). Migration assays demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cells displayed a significantly higher invasive capacity when compared to untreated cells or anti-inflammatory cells. Moreover, pro-inflammatory cell chemotaxis was significantly decreased by VLDL-mediated acquisition of the anti-inflammatory phenotype. PCSK9 significantly lessened this VLDL-mediated migration inhibition, which was reversed by the PCSK9i. CONCLUSION VLDL promotes mononuclear cell differentiation towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. PCSK9, via its capacity to inhibit VLDL-R expression, reverses the VLDL-mediated anti-inflammatory action, thereby promoting a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Thus, PCSK9 targeting therapies may exert anti-inflammatory properties within the vessel wall.
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19
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Toh P, Nicholson JL, Vetter AM, Berry MJ, Torres DJ. Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315445. [PMID: 36499772 PMCID: PMC9739294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the body to maintain homeostasis requires constant communication between the brain and peripheral tissues. Different organs produce signals, often in the form of hormones, which are detected by the hypothalamus. In response, the hypothalamus alters its regulation of bodily processes, which is achieved through its own pathways of hormonal communication. The generation and transmission of the molecules involved in these bi-directional axes can be affected by redox balance. The essential trace element selenium is known to influence numerous physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, through its various redox functions. Selenium must be obtained through the diet and is used to synthesize selenoproteins, a family of proteins with mainly antioxidant functions. Alterations in selenium status have been correlated with homeostatic disturbances in humans and studies with animal models of selenoprotein dysfunction indicate a strong influence on energy balance. The relationship between selenium and energy metabolism is complicated, however, as selenium has been shown to participate in multiple levels of homeostatic communication. This review discusses the role of selenium in the various pathways of communication between the body and the brain that are essential for maintaining homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Toh
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jessica L. Nicholson
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Alyssa M. Vetter
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Marla J. Berry
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Daniel J. Torres
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Correspondence:
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The Crosstalk between the Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation after General Anaesthesia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5700-5717. [PMID: 36421670 PMCID: PMC9689502 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As we know, with continuous medical progress, the treatment of many diseases can be conducted via surgery, which often relies on general anaesthesia for its satisfactory performance. With the widespread use of general anaesthetics, people are beginning to question the safety of general anaesthesia and there is a growing interest in central nervous system (CNS) complications associated with anaesthetics. Recently, abundant evidence has suggested that both blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and neuroinflammation play roles in the development of CNS complications after anaesthesia. Whether there is a crosstalk between BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation after general anaesthesia, and whether this possible crosstalk could be a therapeutic target for CNS complications after general anaesthesia needs to be clarified by further studies.
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21
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Recent Advances Regarding the Molecular Mechanisms of Triterpenic Acids: A Review (Part II). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168896. [PMID: 36012159 PMCID: PMC9408012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenic acids are a widespread class of phytocompounds which have been found to possess valuable therapeutic properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, lipolytic, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects. They are a subclass of triterpenes bearing a characteristic lipophilic structure that imprints unfavorable in vivo properties which subsequently limit their applications. The early investigation of the mechanism of action (MOA) of a drug candidate can provide valuable information regarding the possible side effects and drug interactions that may occur after administration. The current paper aimed to summarize the most recent (last 5 years) studies regarding the MOA of betulinic acid, boswellic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, madecassic acid, moronic acid, and pomolic acid in order to provide scientists with updated and accessible material on the topic that could contribute to the development of future studies; the paper stands as the sequel of our previously published paper regarding the MOA of triterpenic acids with therapeutic value. The recent literature published on the topic has highlighted the role of triterpenic acids in several signaling pathways including PI3/AKT/mTOR, TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B, JNK-p38, HIF-α/AMPK, and Grb2/Sos/Ras/MAPK, which trigger their various biological activities.
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Lipolysis-Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor Acts as Sensor to Regulate ApoE Release in Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158630. [PMID: 35955777 PMCID: PMC9368974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglia play an important role, providing de novo synthesized cholesterol to neurons in the form of ApoE-lipidated particles; disruption of this process can increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. We recently reported that glia-specific suppression of the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) gene leads to Alzheimer’s disease-like memory deficits. Since LSR is an Apo-E lipoprotein receptor, our objective of this study was to determine the effect of LSR expression modulation on cholesterol and ApoE output in mouse astrocytes expressing human ApoE3. qPCR analysis showed that siRNA-mediated lsr knockdown significantly increased expression of the genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, secretion, and metabolism. Analysis of media and lipoprotein fractions showed increased cholesterol and lipidated ApoE output in HDL-like particles. Further, lsr expression could be upregulated when astrocytes were incubated 5 days in media containing high levels (two-fold) of lipoprotein, or after 8 h treatment with 1 µM LXR agonist T0901317 in lipoprotein-deficient media. In both conditions of increased lsr expression, the ApoE output was repressed or unchanged despite increased abca1 mRNA levels and cholesterol production. We conclude that LSR acts as a sensor of lipoprotein content in the medium and repressor of ApoE release, while ABCA1 drives cholesterol efflux, thereby potentially affecting cholesterol load, ApoE lipidation, and limiting cholesterol trafficking towards the neuron.
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Lopez-Font I, Lennol MP, Iborra-Lazaro G, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sáez-Valero J. Altered Balance of Reelin Proteolytic Fragments in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7522. [PMID: 35886870 PMCID: PMC9318932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin binds to the apolipoprotein E receptor apoER2 to activate an intracellular signaling cascade. The proteolytic cleavage of reelin follows receptor binding but can also occur independently of its binding to receptors. This study assesses whether reelin proteolytic fragments are differentially affected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects. CSF reelin species were analyzed by Western blotting, employing antibodies against the N- and C-terminal domains. In AD patients, we found a decrease in the 420 kDa full-length reelin compared with controls. In these patients, we also found an increase in the N-terminal 310 kDa fragment resulting from the cleavage at the so-called C-t site, whereas the 180 kDa fragment originated from the N-t site remained unchanged. Regarding the C-terminal proteolytic fragments, the 100 kDa fragment resulting from the cleavage at the C-t site also displayed increased levels, whilst the one resulting from the N-t site, the 250 kDa fragment, decreased. We also detected the presence of an aberrant reelin species with a molecular mass of around 500 kDa present in AD samples (34 of 43 cases), while it was absent in the 14 control cases analyzed. These 500 kDa species were only immunoreactive to N-terminal antibodies. We validated the occurrence of these aberrant reelin species in an Aβ42-treated reelin-overexpressing cell model. When we compared the AD samples from APOE genotype subgroups, we only found minor differences in the levels of reelin fragments associated to the APOE genotype, but interestingly, the levels of fragments of apoER2 were lower in APOE ε4 carriers with regards to APOE ε3/ε3. The altered proportion of reelin/apoER2 fragments and the occurrence of reelin aberrant species suggest a complex regulation of the reelin signaling pathway, which results impaired in AD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain; (M.P.L.); (G.I.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Matthew P. Lennol
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain; (M.P.L.); (G.I.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Guillermo Iborra-Lazaro
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain; (M.P.L.); (G.I.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain; (M.P.L.); (G.I.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
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Li L, Qu WH, Ma HP, Wang LL, Zhang YB, Ma Y. LRP8, modulated by miR-1262, promotes tumour progression and forecasts the prognosis of patients in breast cancer. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:657-665. [PMID: 31994910 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1716019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This research was designed to detect the function of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein 8 (LRP8) in breast cancer (BC). Our results revealed that LRP8 was highly expressed in BC tissues and cell lines compared with human normal breast tissues. The poor prognosis of patients with BC was associated with the up-regulation of LRP8 while inversely connected with overexpression of miR-1262. Functionally, LRP8 depletion in BC cells impaired the proliferative, clonogenic, invasive, and migratory capabilities, which was consistent with the effects of upregulated miR-1262. Bioinformatics prediction and luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-1262 was an upstream factor for LRP8 and negatively regulated the expression of LRP8. Further experiments illustrated that the co-transfection of miR-1262 antamir and si-LRP8 could significantly suppress the promoting impacts caused by the transfection of miR-1262 antamir alone. These findings highlighted that LRP8 accelerated the BC development by contributing cellular aggressiveness, which was modulated by miR-1262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hui Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui-Ping Ma
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Bo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China
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Fang Z, Zhong M, Zhou L, Le Y, Wang H, Fang Z. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 facilitates the proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6807-6818. [PMID: 35246020 PMCID: PMC8974054 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2036917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8) is involved in the development of multiple tumors, including lung cancer. However, the exact mechanism by which LRP8 exerts its oncogenic role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains elusive. Hence, in this study, we aimed to unravel the expression and role of LRP8 in the progression of NSCLC. We used online bioinformatics databases to identify the expression of LRP8 in multiple types of lung cancer. We validated LRP8 expression in NSCLC cell lines and tissues by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The functions of LRP8 in NSCLC carcinogenesis and progression were determined using in vitro and in vivo systems. The Wnt pathway activator LiCl was further used to validate the regulatory role of LRP8 in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We demonstrated that LRP8 was markedly overexpressed in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and its overexpression significantly correlated with poor clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Moreover, LRP8 depletion suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and impeded tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, LPR8 knockdown elicited tumor-suppressive functions by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which was partially reversed by LiCl. Hence, our study revealed that LRP8 facilitates NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and thus LRP8 could be a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Abdominal Oncology, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Individualized Cancer Therapy, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Abdominal Oncology, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Individualized Cancer Therapy, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Abdominal Oncology, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Individualized Cancer Therapy, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Le
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Abdominal Oncology, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Individualized Cancer Therapy, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziling Fang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Abdominal Oncology, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Individualized Cancer Therapy, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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ApoE4 reduction: an emerging and promising therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 115:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Dong L, Mao C, Liu C, Li J, Huang X, Wang J, Lei D, Chu S, Sha L, Xu Q, Peng B, Cui L, Gao J. Association Between Common Variants of APOE, ABCA7, A2M, BACE1, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease: Data from the PUMCH Dementia Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1511-1518. [PMID: 34958020 PMCID: PMC8925115 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The previous studies have identified several genes in relation to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), such as ABCA7, CR1, etc. A few studies have explored the association between the common variants, mainly in the non-coding regions of these genes, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Fewer studies target the variants in the coding regions. Objective: To illustrate the association between the common variants within or adjacent to the coding regions of AD susceptible genes and CSF biomarkers in AD patients. Methods: 75 sporadic probable AD patients were extracted from the dementia cohort of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. They all had history inquiry, physical examination, blood test, cognitive assessment, brain MRI, CSF testing of Aβ42, 181p-tau, and t-tau, and next-generation DNA sequencing. Sixty-nine common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (minor allele frequency > 0.01) within or near the coding region of 13 AD susceptible genes were included in the analysis. Results: The rs7412-CC (APOE) genotype showed lower CSF Aβ42 level and higher p-tau/Aβ42 ratio than the rs7412-CT genotype. The rs3752246-C (ABCA7) allele correlated with lower CSF Aβ42 level. The alternate alleles of six ABCA7 SNPs were related to lower CSF p-tau, including rs3745842, rs3764648, rs3764652, rs4147930, rs4147934 and rs881768. The rs11609582-TT (A2M) genotype showed higher CSF p-tau than the rs11609582-TA genotype. The p-tau/Aβ42 ratio was higher in the rs490460-TT (BACE1) genotype relative to the rs490460-GT genotype. Conclusion: Some common variants within or near the coding regions of APOE, ABCA7, A2M, and BACE1 are associated with CSF Aβ42, p-tau. or p-tau/Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Dong
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chenhui Mao
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyan Liu
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Huang
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lei
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Longze Sha
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Clark LE, Clark SA, Lin C, Liu J, Coscia A, Nabel KG, Yang P, Neel DV, Lee H, Brusic V, Stryapunina I, Plante KS, Ahmed AA, Catteruccia F, Young-Pearse TL, Chiu IM, Llopis PM, Weaver SC, Abraham J. VLDLR and ApoER2 are receptors for multiple alphaviruses. Nature 2021; 602:475-480. [PMID: 34929721 PMCID: PMC8808280 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses, like many other arthropod-borne viruses, infect vertebrate species and insect vectors separated by hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary history. Entry into evolutionarily divergent host cells can be accomplished by recognition of different cellular receptors in different species, or by binding to receptors that are highly conserved across species. Although multiple alphavirus receptors have been described1–3, most are not shared among vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Here we identify the very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) as a receptor for the prototypic alphavirus Semliki forest virus. We show that the E2 and E1 glycoproteins (E2–E1) of Semliki forest virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus and Sindbis virus interact with the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of VLDLR and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), two closely related receptors. Ectopic expression of either protein facilitates cellular attachment, and internalization of virus-like particles, a VLDLR LBD–Fc fusion protein or a ligand-binding antagonist block Semliki forest virus E2–E1-mediated infection of human and mouse neurons in culture. The administration of a VLDLR LBD–Fc fusion protein has protective activity against rapidly fatal Semliki forest virus infection in mouse neonates. We further show that invertebrate receptor orthologues from mosquitoes and worms can serve as functional alphavirus receptors. We propose that the ability of some alphaviruses to infect a wide range of hosts is a result of their engagement of evolutionarily conserved lipoprotein receptors and contributes to their pathogenesis. Studies using viral coat glycoproteins show that alphaviruses can enter cells via the very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), members of an evolutionarily conserved family of lipoprotein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars E Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - ChieYu Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianying Liu
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Adrian Coscia
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine G Nabel
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan V Neel
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vesna Brusic
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iryna Stryapunina
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Asim A Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula Montero Llopis
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,MicRoN Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Zhang J, Lin L, Dai X, Xiao N, Ye Q, Chen X. ApoE4 increases susceptibility to stress-induced age-dependent depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:292-301. [PMID: 34530340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Though apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, its association with depression remains controversial. In present study, 3-month-old and 8-month-old apoE-targeted replacement (TR) mice were both subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for six weeks. The results showed that 8-month apoE4-TR mice were more susceptible to the CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairment than age-matched apoE3-TR mice. Stress induced a loss of GABAergic neurons and decline of Reelin level in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in both 3-month-old and 8-month-old apoE-TR mice, which were more pronounced in the 8-month-old apoE4-TR mice. Of note, stress decreased the level of PSD95 in the hippocampal synaptosome and increased the phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN2B in the hippocampus of 8-month-old apoE4-TR mice. However, the expressions of apoE and apoE receptor 2 (apoER2) were not affected by stress. The study provides rodent evidence that APOE ε4 may increase the risk of depression and dementia in the elderly population by impairing the GABAergic signaling pathway and enhancing the GluN2B phosphorylation, which signifies that GluN2B inhibitors in clinical settings may be effective for elderly depression patients with APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Lanyan Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China; Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, 134 Dongjie Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Xiaoman Dai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Nai'an Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China.
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Qiang W, Wei R, Chen Y, Chen D. Clinical Pathological Features and Current Animal Models of Type 3 Macular Neovascularization. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:734860. [PMID: 34512255 PMCID: PMC8427186 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.734860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 3 macular neovascularization (MNV3), or retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), is a distinct type of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of vision loss in older persons. During the past decade, systematic investigation into the clinical, multimodal imaging, and histopathological features and therapeutic outcomes has provided important new insight into this disease. These studies favor the retinal origin of MNV3 and suggest the involvement of retinal hypoxia, inflammation, von Hippel–Lindau (VHL)–hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, and multiple cell types in the development and progression of MNV3. Several mouse models, including the recently built Rb/p107/Vhl triple knockout mouse model by our group, have induced many of the histological features of MNV3 and provided much insight into the underlying pathological mechanisms. These models have revealed the roles of retinal hypoxia, inflammation, lipid metabolism, VHL/HIF pathway, and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (Rb)–E2F cell cycle pathway in the development of MNV3. This article will summarize the clinical, multimodal imaging, and pathological features of MNV3 and the diversity of animal models that exist for MNV3, as well as their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjiang Chen
- The School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Danian Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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31
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Pingale TD, Gupta GL. Novel therapeutic approaches for Parkinson's disease by targeting brain cholesterol homeostasis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:862-873. [PMID: 33822122 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human brain is composed of 25% of the cholesterol & any dysfunction in brain cholesterol homeostasis contributes to neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson, Alzheimer's, Huntington's disease, etc. A growing literature indicates that alteration in neurotransmission & brain cholesterol metabolism takes place in the early stage of the disease. The current paper summarizes the role of cholesterol & its homeostasis in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. KEY FINDINGS Literature findings suggest the possible role of lipids such as oxysterols, lipoproteins, etc. in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology. Cholesterol performs a diverse role in the brain but any deviation in its levels leads to neurodegeneration. Dysregulation of lipid caused by oxidative stress & inflammation leads to α-synuclein trafficking which contributes to Parkinson's disease progression. Also, α-synuclein by binding to membrane lipid forms lipid-protein complex & results in its aggregation. Different targets such as Phospholipase A2, Stearoyl-CoA desaturase enzyme, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, etc. have been identified as a potential novel approach for Parkinson's disease treatment. SUMMARY In the current review, we have discussed the possible molecular role of cholesterol homeostasis in Parkinson's disease progression. We also identified potential therapeutic targets that need to be evaluated clinically for the development of Parkinson's treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Dayanand Pingale
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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32
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Gourain V, Armant O, Lübke L, Diotel N, Rastegar S, Strähle U. Multi-Dimensional Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Modulation of Cholesterol Metabolism as Highly Integrated Response to Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:671249. [PMID: 34054419 PMCID: PMC8162057 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.671249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is an attractive model to investigate regeneration of the nervous system. Despite major progress in our understanding of the underlying processes, the transcriptomic changes are largely unknown. We carried out a computational analysis of the transcriptome of the regenerating telencephalon integrating changes in the expression of mRNAs, their splice variants and investigated the putative role of regulatory RNAs in the modulation of these transcriptional changes. Profound changes in the expression of genes and their splice variants engaged in many distinct processes were observed. Differential transcription and splicing are important processes in response to injury of the telencephalon. As exemplified by the coordinated regulation of the cholesterol synthesizing enzymes and transporters, the genome responded to injury of the telencephalon in a multi-tiered manner with distinct and interwoven changes in expression of enzymes, transporters and their regulatory molecules. This coordinated genomic response involved a decrease of the mRNA of the key transcription factor SREBF2, induction of microRNAs (miR-182, miR-155, miR-146, miR-31) targeting cholesterol genes, shifts in abundance of splice variants as well as regulation of long non-coding RNAs. Cholesterol metabolism appears to be switched from synthesis to relocation of cholesterol. Based on our in silico analyses, this switch involves complementary and synergistic inputs by different regulatory principles. Our studies suggest that adaptation of cholesterol metabolism is a key process involved in regeneration of the injured zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gourain
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,UMR 1064 Centre de Recherche en Transplantation en Immunologie, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Cadarache, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Luisa Lübke
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,COS, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Yin J, Spillman E, Cheng ES, Short J, Chen Y, Lei J, Gibbs M, Rosenthal JS, Sheng C, Chen YX, Veerasammy K, Choetso T, Abzalimov R, Wang B, Han C, He Y, Yuan Q. Brain-specific lipoprotein receptors interact with astrocyte derived apolipoprotein and mediate neuron-glia lipid shuttling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2408. [PMID: 33893307 PMCID: PMC8065144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid shuttling between neurons and glia contributes to the development, function, and stress responses of the nervous system. To understand how a neuron acquires its lipid supply from specific lipoproteins and their receptors, we perform combined genetic, transcriptome, and biochemical analyses in the developing Drosophila larval brain. Here we report, the astrocyte-derived secreted lipocalin Glial Lazarillo (GLaz), a homolog of human Apolipoprotein D (APOD), and its neuronal receptor, the brain-specific short isoforms of Drosophila lipophorin receptor 1 (LpR1-short), cooperatively mediate neuron-glia lipid shuttling and support dendrite morphogenesis. The isoform specificity of LpR1 defines its distribution, binding partners, and ability to support proper dendrite growth and synaptic connectivity. By demonstrating physical and functional interactions between GLaz/APOD and LpR1, we elucidate molecular pathways mediating lipid trafficking in the fly brain, and provide in vivo evidence indicating isoform-specific expression of lipoprotein receptors as a key mechanism for regulating cell-type specific lipid recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma Spillman
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ethan S Cheng
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Short
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jingce Lei
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Gibbs
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin S Rosenthal
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chengyu Sheng
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuki X Chen
- The City University of New York, Graduate Center-Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
- The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Veerasammy
- The City University of New York, Graduate Center-Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
- The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tenzin Choetso
- The City University of New York, Graduate Center-Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
- The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rinat Abzalimov
- The City University of New York, Graduate Center-Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ye He
- The City University of New York, Graduate Center-Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Quan Yuan
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Calvier L, Xian X, Lee R, Sacharidou A, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Kounnas MZ, Tsai S, Herz J. Reelin Depletion Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Decreasing Vascular Adhesion of Leukocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1309-1318. [PMID: 33626909 PMCID: PMC7990715 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/deficiency
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Coculture Techniques
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/deficiency
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/metabolism
- Leukocyte Rolling/drug effects
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Reelin Protein
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. San Diego CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Sacharidou
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Philip W. Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | | | - Shirling Tsai
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
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35
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Qiu H, Shen X, Chen B, Chen T, Feng G, Chen S, Feng D, Xu Q. miR-30b-5p inhibits cancer progression and enhances cisplatin sensitivity in lung cancer through targeting LRP8. Apoptosis 2021; 26:261-276. [PMID: 33779882 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs are closely implicated in lung carcinogenesis. Herein, we explored the expression pattern of miR-30b-5p in lung cancer, and aimed to uncover miR-30b-5p roles in lung cancer progression and drug resistance. miR-30b-5p expression profiles in lung cancer tissues and the matched non-tumor tissues were determined by using qPCR. Cell viability, migration, invasion and in vivo tumorigenesis were determined by using the CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, transwell chambers experiments and tumor xenograft models. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual luciferase reporter experiments were applied to evaluate the relationship between miR-30b-5p and LRP8. The results demonstrated that miR-30b-5p showed a low expression profile in lung cancer tissues and cells, and closely linked to poor prognosis and malignant clinical process. Cell viability, migration, invasiveness and tumorigenesis were significantly weakened following miR-30b-5p overexpression in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells, while cell apoptosis rates were increased. In addition, miR-30b-5p was lowly expressed in A549/DDP (a cisplatin drug resistant cell line) as compared with A549 cells, and miR-30b-5p increased A549/DDP cell sensitivity to DDP. However, these above roles of miR-30b-5p were all significantly impaired following the overexpression of LRP8 which was overexpressed in lung cancer tissues. Collectively, this study demonstrated that miR-30b-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer, and re-sensitizes lung cancer cells to DDP by targeting LRP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Qiu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, No. 42, Baiziting, Xuanwu district, Nanjing, 210009, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaokang Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, No. 42, Baiziting, Xuanwu district, Nanjing, 210009, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, No. 42, Baiziting, Xuanwu district, Nanjing, 210009, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianming Chen
- Nanjing Medical University, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guodong Feng
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, No. 42, Baiziting, Xuanwu district, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Dongjie Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, No. 42, Baiziting, Xuanwu district, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qiaoshu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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36
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Husain MA, Laurent B, Plourde M. APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: From Lipid Transport to Physiopathology and Therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:630502. [PMID: 33679311 PMCID: PMC7925634 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.630502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) and intraneuronal tau protein aggregations. One risk factor for developing AD is the APOE gene coding for the apolipoprotein E protein (apoE). Humans have three versions of APOE gene: ε2, ε3, and ε4 allele. Carrying the ε4 allele is an AD risk factor while carrying the ε2 allele is protective. ApoE is a component of lipoprotein particles in the plasma at the periphery, as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the interstitial fluid (ISF) of brain parenchyma in the central nervous system (CNS). ApoE is a major lipid transporter that plays a pivotal role in the development, maintenance, and repair of the CNS, and that regulates multiple important signaling pathways. This review will focus on the critical role of apoE in AD pathogenesis and some of the currently apoE-based therapeutics developed in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir Husain
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Biochimie et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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37
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The Secreted Glycoprotein Reelin Suppresses the Proliferation and Regulates the Distribution of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in the Embryonic Neocortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7625-7636. [PMID: 32913108 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0125-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) are generated, proliferate, migrate, and differentiate in the developing brain. Although the development of OPCs is prerequisite for normal brain function, the molecular mechanisms regulating their development in the neocortex are not fully understood. Several molecules regulate the tangential distribution of OPCs in the developing neocortex, but the cue molecule(s) that regulate their radial distribution remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the secreted glycoprotein Reelin suppresses the proliferation of OPCs and acts as a repellent for their migration in vitro These functions rely on the binding of Reelin to its receptors and on the signal transduction involving the intracellular protein Dab1. In the late embryonic neocortex of mice with attenuated Reelin signaling [i.e., Reelin heterozygote-deficient, Dab1 heterozygote-deficient mutant, or very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR)-deficient mice], the number of OPCs increased and their distribution shifted toward the superficial layers. In contrast, the number of OPCs decreased and they tended to distribute in the deep layers in the neocortex of mice with abrogated inactivation of Reelin by proteolytic cleavage, namely a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs 3 (ADAMTS-3)-deficient mice and cleavage-resistant Reelin knock-in mice. Both male and female animals were used. These data indicate that Reelin-Dab1 signaling regulates the proliferation and radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic neocortex and that the regulation of Reelin function by its specific proteolysis is required for the normal development of OPCs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we report that Reelin-Dab1 signaling regulates the proliferation and radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic mouse neocortex. Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) express Reelin signaling molecules and respond to Reelin stimulation. Reelin-Dab1 signaling suppresses the proliferation of OPCs both in vitro and in vivo Reelin repels OPCs in vitro, and the radial distribution of OPCs is altered in mice with either attenuated or augmented Reelin-Dab1 signaling. This is the first report identifying the secreted molecule that plays a role in the radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic neocortex. Our results also show that the regulation of Reelin function by its specific proteolysis is important for the normal development of OPCs.
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Krueger I, Gremer L, Mangels L, Klier M, Jurk K, Willbold D, Bock HH, Elvers M. Reelin Amplifies Glycoprotein VI Activation and AlphaIIb Beta3 Integrin Outside-In Signaling via PLC Gamma 2 and Rho GTPases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2391-2403. [PMID: 32787521 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reelin, a secreted glycoprotein, was originally identified in the central nervous system, where it plays an important role in brain development and maintenance. In the cardiovascular system, reelin plays a role in atherosclerosis by enhancing vascular inflammation and in arterial thrombosis by promoting platelet adhesion, activation, and thrombus formation via APP (amyloid precursor protein) and GP (glycoprotein) Ib. However, the role of reelin in hemostasis and arterial thrombosis is not fully understood to date. Approach and Results: In the present study, we analyzed the importance of reelin for cytoskeletal reorganization of platelets and thrombus formation in more detail. Platelets release reelin to amplify alphaIIb beta3 integrin outside-in signaling by promoting platelet adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization, and clot retraction via activation of Rho GTPases RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate) and RhoA (Ras homolog family member A). Reelin interacts with the collagen receptor GP (glycoprotein) VI with subnanomolar affinity, induces tyrosine phosphorylation in a GPVI-dependent manner, and supports platelet binding to collagen and GPVI-dependent RAC1 activation, PLC gamma 2 (1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2) phosphorylation, platelet activation, and aggregation. When GPVI was deleted from the platelet surface by antibody treatment in reelin-deficient mice, thrombus formation was completely abolished after injury of the carotid artery while being only reduced in either GPVI-depleted or reelin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a novel signaling pathway that involves reelin-induced GPVI activation and alphaIIb beta3 integrin outside-in signaling in platelets. Loss of both, GPVI and reelin, completely prevents stable arterial thrombus formation in vivo suggesting that inhibiting reelin-platelet-interaction might represent a novel strategy to avoid arterial thrombosis in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Krueger
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany (I.K., M.K., M.E.)
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany (L.G., D.W.).,Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry) and JuStruct, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany (L.G., L.M., D.W.)
| | - Lena Mangels
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry) and JuStruct, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany (L.G., L.M., D.W.)
| | - Meike Klier
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany (I.K., M.K., M.E.)
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (K.J.)
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany (L.G., D.W.).,Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry) and JuStruct, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany (L.G., L.M., D.W.)
| | - Hans H Bock
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H.B.)
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany (I.K., M.K., M.E.)
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39
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Gallo CM, Ho A, Beffert U. ApoER2: Functional Tuning Through Splicing. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:144. [PMID: 32848602 PMCID: PMC7410921 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing occurs in over 95% of protein-coding genes and contributes to the diversity of the human proteome. Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (apoER2) is a critical modulator of neuronal development and synaptic plasticity in the brain and is enriched in cassette exon splicing events, in which functional exons are excluded from the final transcript. These alternative splicing events affect apoER2 function, as individual apoER2 exons tend to encode distinct protein functional domains. Although several apoER2 splice variants have been characterized, much work remains to understand how apoER2 splicing events modulate distinct apoER2 activities, including ligand binding specificity, synapse formation and plasticity. Additionally, little is known about how apoER2 splicing events are regulated. Often, alternative splicing events are regulated through the combinatorial action of RNA-binding proteins and other epigenetic mechanisms, however, the regulatory pathways corresponding to each specific exon are unknown in most cases. In this mini-review, we describe the structure of apoER2, highlight the unique functions of known isoforms, discuss what is currently known about the regulation of apoER2 splicing by RNA-binding proteins and pose new questions that will further our understanding of apoER2 splicing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Gallo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Angela Ho
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Uwe Beffert
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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Reelin Counteracts Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan-Mediated Cortical Dendrite Growth Inhibition. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0168-20.2020. [PMID: 32641498 PMCID: PMC7393641 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0168-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in neuronal dendrite development alter brain circuitry and are associated with debilitating neurological disorders. Nascent apical dendrites of cortical excitatory neurons project into the marginal zone (MZ), a cell-sparse layer characterized by intense chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression. Paradoxically, CSPGs are known to broadly inhibit neurite growth and regeneration. This raises the possibility that the growing apical dendrite is somehow insensitive to CSPG-mediated neurite growth inhibition. To test this, developing cortical neurons were challenged with both soluble CSPGs and CSPG-positive stripe substrates in vitro. Soluble CSPGs inhibited dendritic growth and cortical dendrites respected CSPG stripe boundaries, effects that could be counteracted by prior CSPG inactivation by chondroitinase. Importantly, addition of Reelin, an extracellular signaling protein highly expressed in the MZ, partially rescued dendritic growth in the presence of CSPGs. High-resolution confocal imaging revealed that the CSPG-enriched areas of the MZ spatially correspond with the areas of reduced dendritic density in the Reelin null (reeler) cortex compared with controls. Chondroitinase injections into reeler explants resulted in increased dendritic growth into the MZ, recovering to near wild-type levels. Activation of the serine threonine kinase Akt is required for Reelin-dependent dendritic growth and we find that CSPGs induce Akt dephosphorylation, an effect that can be counteracted by Reelin addition. In contrast, CSPG application had no effect on the cytoplasmic adaptor Dab1, which is rapidly phosphorylated in response to Reelin and is upstream of Akt. These findings suggest CSPGs do inhibit cortical dendritic growth, but this effect can be counteracted by Reelin signaling.
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Kloske CM, Wilcock DM. The Important Interface Between Apolipoprotein E and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:754. [PMID: 32425941 PMCID: PMC7203730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative disease, currently affecting over 5 million Americans with projections expected to rise as the population ages. The hallmark pathologies of AD are Aβ plaques composed of aggregated beta-amyloid (Aβ), and tau tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau. These pathologies are typically accompanied by an increase in neuroinflammation as an attempt to ameliorate the pathology. This idea has pushed the field toward focusing on mechanisms and the influence neuroinflammation has on disease progression. The vast majority of AD cases are sporadic and therefore, researchers investigate genetic risk factors that could lead to AD. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the largest genetic risk factor for developing AD. ApoE has 3 isoforms-ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4. ApoE4 constitutes an increased risk of AD, with one copy increasing the risk about 4-fold and two copies increasing the risk about 15-fold compared to those with the ApoE3 allele. ApoE4 has been shown to play a role in Aβ deposition, tau tangle formation, neuroinflammation and many subsequent pathways. However, while we know that ApoE4 plays a role in these pathways and virtually all aspects of AD, the exact mechanism of how ApoE4 impacts AD progression is murky at best and therefore the role ApoE4 plays in these pathways needs to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the current literature regarding the pathways and mechanisms of ApoE4 in AD progression with a focus on its role in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Kloske
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Kiroski I, Jiang Y, Gavrilovici C, Gao F, Lee S, Scantlebury MH, Vandal M, Park SK, Tsai LH, Teskey GC, Rho JM, Nguyen MD. Reelin Improves Cognition and Extends the Lifespan of Mutant Ndel1 Mice with Postnatal CA1 Hippocampus Deterioration. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4964-4978. [PMID: 32328622 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein Reelin maintains neuronal positioning and regulates neuronal plasticity in the adult brain. Reelin deficiency has been associated with neurological diseases. We recently showed that Reelin is depleted in mice with a targeted disruption of the Ndel1 gene in forebrain postnatal excitatory neurons (Ndel1 conditional knockout (CKO)). Ndel1 CKO mice exhibit fragmented microtubules in CA1 pyramidal neurons, profound deterioration of the CA1 hippocampus and a shortened lifespan (~10 weeks). Here we report that Ndel1 CKO mice (of both sexes) experience spatial learning and memory deficits that are associated with deregulation of neuronal cell adhesion, plasticity and neurotransmission genes, as assessed by genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus. Importantly, a single injection of Reelin protein in the hippocampus of Ndel1 CKO mice improves spatial learning and memory function and this is correlated with reduced intrinsic hyperexcitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons, and normalized gene deregulation in the hippocampus. Strikingly, when treated with Reelin, Ndel1 CKO animals that die from an epileptic phenotype, live twice as long as nontreated, or vehicle-treated CKO animals. Thus, Reelin confers striking beneficial effects in the CA1 hippocampus, and at both behavioral and organismal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kiroski
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Yulan Jiang
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Cezar Gavrilovici
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5009, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, Boston, USA
| | - Sukyoung Lee
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Milene Vandal
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, Boston, USA
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Jong M Rho
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5009, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Evaluation of the Potential Role of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) in Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072430. [PMID: 32244519 PMCID: PMC7178166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick disease, type C1, is a cholesterol storage disease where unesterified cholesterol accumulates intracellularly. In the cerebellum this causes neurodegeneration of the Purkinje neurons that die in an anterior-to-posterior and time-dependent manner. This results in cerebellar ataxia as one of the major outcomes of the disease. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a significant role in the regulation of serum cholesterol levels by modulating LDL receptor levels on peripheral tissues. In the central nervous system, PCSK9 may have a similar effect on the closely related VLDL and ApoE2 receptors to regulate brain cholesterol. In addition, regulation of VLDLR and ApoER2 by PCSK9 may contribute to neuronal apoptotic pathways through Reelin, the primary ligand of VLDLR and ApoER2. Defects in reelin signaling results in cerebellar dysfunction leading to ataxia as seen in the Reeler mouse. Our recent findings that Pcsk9 is expressed ~8-fold higher in the anterior lobules of the cerebellum compared to the posterior lobule X, which is resistant to neurodegeneration, prompted us to ask whether PCSK9 could play a role in NPC1 disease progression. We addressed this question genetically, by characterizing NPC1 disease in the presence or absence of PCSK9. Analysis of double mutant Pcsk9-/-/Npc1-/- mice by disease severity scoring, motor assessments, lifespan, and cerebellar Purkinje cell staining, showed no obvious difference in NPC1 disease progression with that of Npc1-/- mice. This suggests that PCSK9 does not play an apparent role in NPC1 disease progression.
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Okugawa E, Ogino H, Shigenobu T, Yamakage Y, Tsuiji H, Oishi H, Kohno T, Hattori M. Physiological significance of proteolytic processing of Reelin revealed by cleavage-resistant Reelin knock-in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4471. [PMID: 32161359 PMCID: PMC7066138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a secreted protein that plays versatile roles in neuronal development and function. The strength of Reelin signaling is regulated by proteolytic processing, but its importance in vivo is not yet fully understood. Here, we generated Reelin knock-in (PA-DV KI) mice in which the key cleavage site of Reelin was abolished by mutation. As expected, the cleavage of Reelin was severely abrogated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of PA-DV KI mice. The amount of Dab1, whose degradation is induced by Reelin signaling, decreased in these tissues, indicating that the signaling strength of Reelin was augmented. The brains of PA-DV KI mice were largely structurally normal, but unexpectedly, the hippocampal layer was disturbed. This phenotype was ameliorated in hemizygote PA-DV KI mice, indicating that excess Reelin signaling is detrimental to hippocampal layer formation. The neuronal dendrites of PA-DV KI mice had more branches and were elongated compared to wild-type mice. These results present the first direct evidence of the physiological importance of Reelin cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Okugawa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Himari Ogino
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Shigenobu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamakage
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hitomi Tsuiji
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.
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APOE in the normal brain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 136:104724. [PMID: 31911114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE4 protein affects the primary neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD): amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and gliosis. These interactions have been investigated to understand the strong effect of APOE genotype on risk of AD. However, APOE genotype has strong effects on processes in normal brains, in the absence of the hallmarks of AD. We propose that CNS APOE is involved in processes in the normal brains that in later years apply specifically to processes of AD pathogenesis. We review the differences of the APOE protein found in the CNS compared to the plasma, including post-translational modifications (glycosylation, lipidation, multimer formation), focusing on ways that the common APOE isoforms differ from each other. We also review structural and functional studies of young human brains and control APOE knock-in mouse brains. These approaches demonstrate the effects of APOE genotype on microscopic neuron structure, gross brain structure, and behavior, primarily related to the hippocampal areas. By focusing on the effects of APOE genotype on normal brain function, approaches can be pursued to identify biomarkers of APOE dysfunction, to promote normal functions of the APOE4 isoform, and to prevent the accumulation of the pathologic hallmarks of AD with aging.
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Yamakage Y, Kato M, Hongo A, Ogino H, Ishii K, Ishizuka T, Kamei T, Tsuiji H, Miyamoto T, Oishi H, Kohno T, Hattori M. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 2 cleaves and inactivates Reelin in the postnatal cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but not in the cerebellum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 100:103401. [PMID: 31491533 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin plays important roles in regulating neuronal development, modulating synaptic function, and counteracting amyloid β toxicity. A specific proteolytic cleavage (N-t cleavage) of Reelin abolishes its biological activity. We recently identified ADAMTS-3 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 3) as the major N-t cleavage enzyme in the embryonic and early postnatal brain. The contribution of other proteases, particularly in the postnatal brain, has not been demonstrated in vivo. ADAMTS-2, -3 and -14 share similar domain structures and substrate specificity, raising the possibility that ADAMTS-2 and -14 may cleave Reelin. We found that recombinant ADAMTS-2 protein expressed in cultured cell lines cleaves Reelin at the N-t site as efficiently as ADAMTS-3 while recombinant ADAMTS-14 hardly cleaves Reelin. The disintegrin domain is necessary for the Reelin-cleaving activity of ADAMTS-2 and -3. ADAMTS-2 is expressed in the adult brain at approximately the same level as ADAMTS-3. We generated ADAMTS-2 knockout (KO) mice and found that ADAMTS-2 significantly contributes to the N-t cleavage and inactivation of Reelin in the postnatal cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but much less in the cerebellum. Therefore, it was suggested that ADAMTS-2 can be a therapeutic target for adult brain disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamakage
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michinao Kato
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aya Hongo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Himari Ogino
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takumi Ishizuka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takana Kamei
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hitomi Tsuiji
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomomi Miyamoto
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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Li CL, Chu CH, Lee HC, Chou MC, Liu CK, Chen CH, Ke LY, Chen SL. Immunoregulatory effects of very low density lipoprotein from healthy individuals and metabolic syndrome patients on glial cells. Immunobiology 2019; 224:632-637. [PMID: 31402151 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported that elderly patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are significantly more likely to develop neuronal degenerative diseases than those without MetS. Our previous study showed that patients with MetS had significantly higher levels of negatively charged very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) in the plasma than healthy controls. Highly electronegative VLDL is a key risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and atrial fibrillation. However, the impact of negatively charged VLDL in brain immunity remains unclear. In this study, VLDLs were isolated from normal healthy (nVLDL) individuals or patients with MetS (metVLDL). Primary astroglia and microglia mixed cell cultures as well as microglial-enriched cultures were used to test the effects of VLDLs. Microglia/astroglia activation as evidenced by their morphological changes and production of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were assessed by immunofluorescence staining and ELISA, respectively. Our results showed that metVLDLs mainly act on the microglia, and not the astroglia, with low concentration (0.05-0.5 μg/mL) inducing cell morphological changes and decreased cellular processes in the microglia. However, nVLDL treatment at these concentrations had no effects on microglia and astroglia. Most importantly, TNF-α and PGE2 levels significantly increased in the microglia treated with metVLDL via a dose-dependent manner. Together, our data indicate that metVLDLs can contribute to MetS-associated brain disorders through microglia activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine & M.Sc. Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Lipid Bioscience, Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Chuan Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Bioscience, Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Center for Lipid Bioscience, Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine & M.Sc. Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, NCKU, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:501-518. [PMID: 31367008 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a major genetic risk determinant of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), with the APOE*ε4 allele conferring an increased risk and the APOE*ε2 allele conferring a decreased risk relative to the common APOE*ε3 allele. Strong evidence from clinical and basic research suggests that a major pathway by which APOE4 increases the risk of AD is by driving earlier and more abundant amyloid pathology in the brains of APOE*ε4 carriers. The number of amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and Aβ-independent pathways that are known to be differentially modulated by APOE isoforms is increasing. For example, evidence is accumulating that APOE influences tau pathology, tau-mediated neurodegeneration and microglial responses to AD-related pathologies. In addition, APOE4 is either pathogenic or shows reduced efficiency in multiple brain homeostatic pathways, including lipid transport, synaptic integrity and plasticity, glucose metabolism and cerebrovascular function. Here, we review the recent progress in clinical and basic research into the role of APOE in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss how APOE can be targeted for AD therapy using a precision medicine approach.
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van Loon NM, Lindholm D, Zelcer N. The E3 ubiquitin ligase inducible degrader of the LDL receptor/myosin light chain interacting protein in health and disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2019; 30:192-197. [PMID: 30896554 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The RING E3 ubiquitin ligase inducible degrader of the LDL receptor (IDOL, also known as MYLIP) promotes ubiquitylation and subsequent lysosomal degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR), thus acting to limit uptake of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol into cells. Next to the LDLR, IDOL also promotes degradation of two related receptors, the very LDL receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (APOER2), which have important signaling functions in the brain. We review here the emerging role of IDOL in lipoprotein and energy metabolism, neurodegenerative diseases, and the potential for therapeutic targeting of IDOL. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic studies suggest an association between IDOL and lipoprotein metabolism in humans. Studies in rodents and nonhuman primates support an in-vivo role for IDOL in lipoprotein metabolism, and also uncovered an unexpected role in whole-body energy metabolism. Recent evaluation of IDOL function in the brain revealed a role in memory formation and progression of Alzheimer's disease. The report of the first IDOL inhibitor may facilitate further investigations on therapeutic strategies to target IDOL. SUMMARY IDOL is emerging as an important determinant of lipid and energy metabolism in metabolic disease as well as in Alzheimer's disease. IDOL targeting may be beneficial in treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke M van Loon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dan Lindholm
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum-2, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing body of evidence indicating the heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD), coupled with disappointing clinical studies directed at a fit-for-all therapy, suggest that the development of a single magic cure suitable for all cases may not be possible. This calls for a shift in paradigm where targeted treatment is developed for specific AD subpopulations that share distinct genetic or pathological properties. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor of AD, is expressed in more than half of AD patients and is thus an important possible AD therapeutic target. REVIEW This review focuses initially on the pathological effects of apoE4 in AD, as well as on the corresponding cellular and animal models and the suggested cellular and molecular mechanisms which mediate them. The second part of the review focuses on recent apoE4-targeted (from the APOE gene to the apoE protein and its interactors) therapeutic approaches that have been developed in animal models and are ready to be translated to human. Further, the issue of whether the pathological effects of apoE4 are due to loss of protective function or due to gain of toxic function is discussed herein. It is possible that both mechanisms coexist, with certain constituents of the apoE4 molecule and/or its downstream signaling mediating a toxic effect, while others are associated with a loss of protective function. CONCLUSION ApoE4 is a promising AD therapeutic target that remains understudied. Recent studies are now paving the way for effective apoE4-directed AD treatment approaches.
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