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Huang X, Wang M, Zhang D, Meng J, Liu P. ZDHHC20 Activates AKT Signaling Pathway to Promote Cell Proliferation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:1763-1775. [PMID: 39309302 PMCID: PMC11416782 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s457682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents one of the most challenging global health issues. ZDHHC20, a member of the ZDHHC palmitoyltransferase (ZDHHC-PAT) family, is involved in a reversible lipid modification known as palmitoylation, which contributes to the occurrence and progression of various tumors. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the involvement of ZDHHC20 in this process are unclear. Methods The effects of both ZDHHC20 knockdown and overexpression on hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation were evaluated using PCR, Western blotting, CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis analysis, and EDU assay. The TCGA-LIHC dataset was analyzed bioinformatically, and the phosphorylation level of PI3K and AKT in SK-Hep1 and Huh7 cells was assessed using Western blotting. Nude mouse subcutaneous xenograft experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different treatment conditions on mouse tumor growth. Results ZDHHC20 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis, while overexpression of ZDHHC20 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. Knockdown of ZDHHC20 also decreased phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT in HCC, whereas overexpression of ZDHHC20 increased phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. The PI3K-AKT pathway inhibitors, LY294002 and MK2206, effectively inhibited the promotional effects of ZDHHC20 on the proliferation and growth of HCC. Conclusion High expression of ZDHHC20 promotes the proliferation and tumor growth of HCC by activating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the AKT inhibitor MK2206 inhibit the promotional effects of ZDHHC20 on the proliferation of HCC and the growth of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Huang
- Cancer Center Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Cancer Center Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Cancer Center Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junpeng Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pian Liu
- Cancer Center Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Q, Du Z, Zhou W, Li W, Yang Q, Yu H, Liu T. ZDHHC1 downregulates LIPG and inhibits colorectal cancer growth via IGF2BP1 Palmitoylation. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:1427-1437. [PMID: 39069526 PMCID: PMC11405259 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Alteration in lipid metabolism is recognized as a hallmark feature of colorectal cancer (CRC). Protein S-palmitoylation plays a critical role in many different cellular processes including protein-lipid interaction. Zinc Finger DHHC-Type Containing 1 (ZDHHC1, also known as ZNF377) belongs to the palmitoyl-transferase ZDHHC family, and is a potential tumor suppressor. However, our knowledge of the functional roles of ZDHHC1 in CRC is limited. We discovered that ZDHHC1 expression was downregulated in CRC tissues and that low levels of ZDHHC1 were associated with unfavorable prognosis. Functional studies showed that ZDHHC1 inhibited CRC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo. We also found that lipase G (LIPG) is negatively regulated by ZDHHC1 and plays a key role in CRC cell growth through lipid storage. Additionally, we demonstrated that ZDHHC1 functions as a IGF2BP1-palmitoylating enzyme that induces S-palmitoylation at IGF2BP1-C337, which results in downregulated LIPG expression via m6A modification. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the ZDHHC1/IGF2BP1/LIPG signaling axis is associated with inhibition of CRC cell growth. Our study uncovers the potential role of ZDHHC1 in CRC, including inhibition of CRC growth by reducing the stability of LIPG mRNA in an m6A dependent-manner by palmitoylation of IGF2BP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhouyuan Du
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qinglin Yang
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Haixin Yu
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Tran N, Mills EL. Redox regulation of macrophages. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103123. [PMID: 38615489 PMCID: PMC11026845 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling, a mode of signal transduction that involves the transfer of electrons from a nucleophilic to electrophilic molecule, has emerged as an essential regulator of inflammatory macrophages. Redox reactions are driven by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) and redox-sensitive metabolites such as fumarate and itaconate, which can post-translationally modify specific cysteine residues in target proteins. In the past decade our understanding of how ROS, RNS, and redox-sensitive metabolites control macrophage function has expanded dramatically. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence of how ROS, RNS, and metabolites regulate macrophage function and how this is dysregulated with disease. We highlight the key tools to assess redox signaling and important questions that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhien Tran
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evanna L Mills
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Fan X, Zhang S, Sun S, Bi W, Li S, Wang W, Chen X, Fang Z. GFAP palmitoylcation mediated by ZDHHC23 in spinal astrocytes contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024:rapm-2023-104980. [PMID: 38050183 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2023-104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer pain has a significant impact on patient's quality of life. Astrocytes play an important role in cancer pain signaling. The direct targeting of astrocytes can effectively suppress cancer pain, however, they can cause many side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the specific signaling pathways or proteins involved within astrocytes in cancer pain as targets for treating pain. METHODS A neuropathic cancer pain (NCP) model was established by inoculating mouse S-180 sarcoma cells around the right sciatic nerve in C57BL/6 mice. Spontaneous persistent pain and paw withdrawal thresholds were measured using von Frey filaments. The NCP spinal cord dorsal horn (L4-L6) and mouse astrocyte cell line MA-C were used to study protein palmitoylation using acyl-biotin exchange, real-time polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS In a cancer pain model, along with tumor growth, peripheral nerve tissue invasion, and cancer pain onset, astrocytes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were activated and palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC23 expression was upregulated, leading to increased palmitoylation levels of GFAP and increased secretion of inflammatory factors, such as (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10 (CXCL-10), interleukin 6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. These factors in turn activate astrocytes by activating the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. A competitive peptide targeting GFAP palmitoylations was designed to effectively alleviate morphine tolerance in cancer pain treatment as well as cancer pain signaling and inflammatory factor secretion. CONCLUSIONS In a rodent model, targeting GFAP palmitoylation appears to be an effective strategy in relieving cancer pain and morphine tolerance. Human translational research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Fan
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Suling Sun
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxu Bi
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyang Li
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueran Chen
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyou Fang
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Fan Z, Hao Y, Huo Y, Cao F, Li L, Xu J, Song Y, Yang K. Modulators for palmitoylation of proteins and small molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116408. [PMID: 38621327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
As an essential form of lipid modification for maintaining vital cellular functions, palmitoylation plays an important role in in the regulation of various physiological processes, serving as a promising therapeutic target for diseases like cancer and neurological disorders. Ongoing research has revealed that palmitoylation can be categorized into three distinct types: N-palmitoylation, O-palmitoylation and S-palmitoylation. Herein this paper provides an overview of the regulatory enzymes involved in palmitoylation, including palmitoyltransferases and depalmitoylases, and discusses the currently available broad-spectrum and selective inhibitors for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshuai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuchen Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yidan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Longfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Jianmei Xu
- Department of hematopathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yali Song
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Kan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China.
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6
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Bai M, Gallen E, Memarzadeh S, Howie J, Gao X, Kuo CWS, Brown E, Swingler S, Wilson SJ, Shattock MJ, France DJ, Fuller W. Targeted degradation of zDHHC-PATs decreases substrate S-palmitoylation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299665. [PMID: 38512906 PMCID: PMC10956751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Reversible S-palmitoylation of protein cysteines, catalysed by a family of integral membrane zDHHC-motif containing palmitoyl acyl transferases (zDHHC-PATs), controls the localisation, activity, and interactions of numerous integral and peripheral membrane proteins. There are compelling reasons to want to inhibit the activity of individual zDHHC-PATs in both the laboratory and the clinic, but the specificity of existing tools is poor. Given the extensive conservation of the zDHHC-PAT active site, development of isoform-specific competitive inhibitors is highly challenging. We therefore hypothesised that proteolysis-targeting chimaeras (PROTACs) may offer greater specificity to target this class of enzymes. In proof-of-principle experiments we engineered cell lines expressing tetracycline-inducible Halo-tagged zDHHC5 or zDHHC20, and evaluated the impact of Halo-PROTACs on zDHHC-PAT expression and substrate palmitoylation. In HEK-derived FT-293 cells, Halo-zDHHC5 degradation significantly decreased palmitoylation of its substrate phospholemman, and Halo-zDHHC20 degradation significantly diminished palmitoylation of its substrate IFITM3, but not of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In contrast, in a second kidney derived cell line, Vero E6, Halo-zDHHC20 degradation did not alter palmitoylation of either IFITM3 or SARS-CoV-2 spike. We conclude from these experiments that PROTAC-mediated targeting of zDHHC-PATs to decrease substrate palmitoylation is feasible. However, given the well-established degeneracy in the zDHHC-PAT family, in some settings the activity of non-targeted zDHHC-PATs may substitute and preserve substrate palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Bai
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Gallen
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Memarzadeh
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Howie
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Xing Gao
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chien-Wen S. Kuo
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Brown
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Swingler
- Medical Research Council–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sam J. Wilson
- Medical Research Council–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Shattock
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. France
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Fuller
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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7
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Yuan Y, Li P, Li J, Zhao Q, Chang Y, He X. Protein lipidation in health and disease: molecular basis, physiological function and pathological implication. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38485938 PMCID: PMC10940682 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications increase the complexity and functional diversity of proteins in response to complex external stimuli and internal changes. Among these, protein lipidations which refer to lipid attachment to proteins are prominent, which primarily encompassing five types including S-palmitoylation, N-myristoylation, S-prenylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and cholesterylation. Lipid attachment to proteins plays an essential role in the regulation of protein trafficking, localisation, stability, conformation, interactions and signal transduction by enhancing hydrophobicity. Accumulating evidence from genetic, structural, and biomedical studies has consistently shown that protein lipidation is pivotal in the regulation of broad physiological functions and is inextricably linked to a variety of diseases. Decades of dedicated research have driven the development of a wide range of drugs targeting protein lipidation, and several agents have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies, some of which, such as asciminib and lonafarnib are FDA-approved for therapeutic use, indicating that targeting protein lipidations represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we comprehensively review the known regulatory enzymes and catalytic mechanisms of various protein lipidation types, outline the impact of protein lipidations on physiology and disease, and highlight potential therapeutic targets and clinical research progress, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for future protein lipidation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
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8
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Ashford F, Kuo CW, Dunning E, Brown E, Calagan S, Jayasinghe I, Henderson C, Fuller W, Wypijewski K. Cysteine post-translational modifications regulate protein interactions of caveolin-3. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23535. [PMID: 38466300 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201497rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Caveolae are small flask-shaped invaginations of the surface membrane which are proposed to recruit and co-localize signaling molecules. The distinctive caveolar shape is achieved by the oligomeric structural protein caveolin, of which three isoforms exist. Aside from the finding that caveolin-3 is specifically expressed in muscle, functional differences between the caveolin isoforms have not been rigorously investigated. Caveolin-3 is relatively cysteine-rich compared to caveolins 1 and 2, so we investigated its cysteine post-translational modifications. We find that caveolin-3 is palmitoylated at 6 cysteines and becomes glutathiolated following redox stress. We map the caveolin-3 palmitoylation sites to a cluster of cysteines in its C terminal membrane domain, and the glutathiolation site to an N terminal cysteine close to the region of caveolin-3 proposed to engage in protein interactions. Glutathiolation abolishes caveolin-3 interaction with heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits. Our results indicate that a caveolin-3 oligomer contains up to 66 palmitates, compared to up to 33 for caveolin-1. The additional palmitoylation sites in caveolin-3 therefore provide a mechanistic basis by which caveolae in smooth and striated muscle can possess unique phospholipid and protein cargoes. These unique adaptations of the muscle-specific caveolin isoform have important implications for caveolar assembly and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ashford
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Chien-Wen Kuo
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Dunning
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elaine Brown
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Calagan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Izzy Jayasinghe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - William Fuller
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Krzysztof Wypijewski
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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9
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Gan Q, Fan C. Orthogonal Translation for Site-Specific Installation of Post-translational Modifications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2805-2838. [PMID: 38373737 PMCID: PMC11230630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) endow proteins with new properties to respond to environmental changes or growth needs. With the development of advanced proteomics techniques, hundreds of distinct types of PTMs have been observed in a wide range of proteins from bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. To identify the roles of these PTMs, scientists have applied various approaches. However, high dynamics, low stoichiometry, and crosstalk between PTMs make it almost impossible to obtain homogeneously modified proteins for characterization of the site-specific effect of individual PTM on target proteins. To solve this problem, the genetic code expansion (GCE) strategy has been introduced into the field of PTM studies. Instead of modifying proteins after translation, GCE incorporates modified amino acids into proteins during translation, thus generating site-specifically modified proteins at target positions. In this review, we summarize the development of GCE systems for orthogonal translation for site-specific installation of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Gan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Chenguang Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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10
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Sales Conniff A, Singh J, Heller R, Heller LC. Pulsed Electric Fields Induce STING Palmitoylation and Polymerization Independently of Plasmid DNA Electrotransfer. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:363. [PMID: 38543257 PMCID: PMC10975742 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy approaches may target skeletal muscle due to its high protein-expressing nature and vascularization. Intramuscular plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery via pulsed electric fields (PEFs) can be termed electroporation or electrotransfer. Nonviral delivery of plasmids to cells and tissues activates DNA-sensing pathways. The central signaling complex in cytosolic DNA sensing is the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING). The effects of pDNA electrotransfer on the signaling of STING, a key adapter protein, remain incompletely characterized. STING undergoes several post-translational modifications which modulate its function, including palmitoylation. This study demonstrated that in mouse skeletal muscle, STING was constitutively palmitoylated at two sites, while an additional site was modified following electroporation independent of the presence of pDNA. This third palmitoylation site correlated with STING polymerization but not with STING activation. Expression of several palmitoyl acyltransferases, including zinc finger and DHHC motif containing 1 (zDHHC1), coincided with STING activation. Expression of several depalmitoylases, including palmitoyl protein thioesterase 2 (PPT2), was diminished in all PEF application groups. Therefore, STING may not be regulated by active modification by palmitate after electroporation but inversely by the downregulation of palmitate removal. These findings unveil intricate molecular changes induced by PEF application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Loree C. Heller
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.S.C.); (J.S.); (R.H.)
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11
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Binoy A, Kothari M, Sahadevan R, Poddar S, Kar P, Sadhukhan S. Protein S-palmitoylation is markedly inhibited by 4″-alkyl ether lipophilic derivatives of EGCG, the major green tea polyphenol: In vitro and in silico studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184264. [PMID: 38104647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a dynamic lipid-based protein post-translational modification facilitated by a family of protein acyltransferases (PATs) commonly known as DHHC-PATs or DHHCs. It is the only lipid modification that is reversible, and this very fact uniquely qualifies it for therapeutic interventions through the development of DHHC inhibitors. Herein, we report that 4″-alkyl ether lipophilic derivatives of EGCG can effectively inhibit protein S-palmitoylation in vitro. With the help of metabolic labeling followed by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition Click reaction, we demonstrate that 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG markedly inhibited S-palmitoylation in various mammalian cells including HEK 293T, HeLa, and MCF-7 using both in gel fluorescence as well as confocal microscopy. Further, these EGCG derivatives were able to attenuate the S-palmitoylation to the basal level in DHHC3-overexpressed cells, suggesting that they are plausibly targeting DHHCs. Confocal microscopy data qualitatively reflected spatial and temporal distribution of S-palmitoylated proteins in different sub-cellular compartments and the inhibitory effects of 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG were clearly observed in the native cellular environment. Our findings were further substantiated by in silico analysis which revealed promising binding affinity and interactions of 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG with key amino acid residues present in the hydrophobic cleft of the DHHC20 enzyme. We also demonstrated the successful inhibition of S-palmitoylation of GAPDH by 4″-C16 EGCG. Taken together, our in vitro and in silico data strongly suggest that 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG can act as potent inhibitors for S-palmitoylation and can be employed as a complementary tool to investigate S-palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Binoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Manan Kothari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India; Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India; Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India.
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12
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Néré R, Kouba S, Carreras-Sureda A, Demaurex N. S-acylation of Ca2+ transport proteins: molecular basis and functional consequences. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:407-421. [PMID: 38348884 PMCID: PMC10903462 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) regulates a multitude of cellular processes during fertilization and throughout adult life by acting as an intracellular messenger to control effector functions in excitable and non-excitable cells. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels are driven by the co-ordinated action of Ca2+ channels, pumps, and exchangers, and the resulting signals are shaped and decoded by Ca2+-binding proteins to drive rapid and long-term cellular processes ranging from neurotransmission and cardiac contraction to gene transcription and cell death. S-acylation, a lipid post-translational modification, is emerging as a critical regulator of several important Ca2+-handling proteins. S-acylation is a reversible and dynamic process involving the attachment of long-chain fatty acids (most commonly palmitate) to cysteine residues of target proteins by a family of 23 proteins acyltransferases (zDHHC, or PATs). S-acylation modifies the conformation of proteins and their interactions with membrane lipids, thereby impacting intra- and intermolecular interactions, protein stability, and subcellular localization. Disruptions of S-acylation can alter Ca2+ signalling and have been implicated in the development of pathologies such as heart disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Here, we review the recent literature on the S-acylation of Ca2+ transport proteins of organelles and of the plasma membrane and highlight the molecular basis and functional consequence of their S-acylation as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting this regulation for diseases caused by alterations in cellular Ca2+ fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Néré
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sana Kouba
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amado Carreras-Sureda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Howie J, Tulloch LB, Brown E, Reilly L, Ashford FB, Kennedy J, Wypijewski KJ, Aughton KL, Mak JKC, Shattock MJ, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. Glutathione-dependent depalmitoylation of phospholemman by peroxiredoxin 6. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113679. [PMID: 38236777 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholemman (PLM) regulates the cardiac sodium pump: PLM phosphorylation activates the pump whereas PLM palmitoylation inhibits its activity. Here, we show that the anti-oxidant protein peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) interacts with and depalmitoylates PLM in a glutathione-dependent manner. Glutathione loading cells acutely reduce PLM palmitoylation; glutathione depletion significantly increases PLM palmitoylation. Prdx6 silencing abolishes these effects, suggesting that PLM can be depalmitoylated by reduced Prdx6. In vitro, only recombinant Prdx6, among several peroxiredoxin isoforms tested, removes palmitic acid from recombinant palmitoylated PLM. The broad-spectrum depalmitoylase inhibitor palmostatin B prevents Prdx6-dependent PLM depalmitoylation in cells and in vitro. Our data suggest that Prdx6 is a thioesterase that can depalmitoylate proteins by nucleophilic attack via its reactive thiol, linking PLM palmitoylation and hence sodium pump activity to cellular glutathione status. We show that protein depalmitoylation can occur via a catalytic cysteine in which substrate specificity is determined by a protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Howie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lindsay B Tulloch
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Elaine Brown
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louise Reilly
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jennifer Kennedy
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Wypijewski
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Karen L Aughton
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jason K C Mak
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Shattock
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Niall J Fraser
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - William Fuller
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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14
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Giolito ML, Bigliani G, Meinero R, Taubas JV. Palmitoylation of CYSTM (CYSPD) proteins in yeast. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105609. [PMID: 38159851 PMCID: PMC10840359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A superfamily of proteins called cysteine transmembrane is widely distributed across eukaryotes. These small proteins are characterized by the presence of a conserved motif at the C-terminal region, rich in cysteines, that has been annotated as a transmembrane domain. Orthologs of these proteins have been involved in resistance to pathogens and metal detoxification. The yeast members of the family are YBR016W, YDL012C, YDR034W-B, and YDR210W. Here, we begin the characterization of these proteins at the molecular level and show that Ybr016w, Ydr034w-b, and Ydr210w are palmitoylated proteins. Protein S-acylation or palmitoylation, is a posttranslational modification that consists of the addition of long-chain fatty acids to cysteine residues. We provide evidence that Ybr016w, Ydr210w, and Ydr034w-b are localized to the plasma membrane and exhibit varying degrees of polarity toward the daughter cell, which is dependent on endocytosis and recycling. We suggest the names CPP1, CPP2, and CPP3 (C terminally palmitoylated protein) for YBR016W, YDR210W, and YDR034W-B, respectively. We show that palmitoylation is responsible for the binding of these proteins to the membrane indicating that the cysteine transmembrane on these proteins is not a transmembrane domain. We propose renaming the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain as cysteine-rich palmitoylated domain. Loss of the palmitoyltransferase Erf2 leads to partial degradation of Ybr016w (Cpp1), whereas in the absence of the palmitoyltransferase Akr1, members of this family are completely degraded. For Cpp1, we show that this degradation occurs via the proteasome in an Rsp5-dependent manner, but is not exclusively due to a lack of Cpp1 palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luz Giolito
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Bigliani
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rocío Meinero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier Valdez Taubas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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15
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Huang X, Wang M, Zhang D, Zhang C, Liu P. Advances in Targeted Drug Resistance Associated with Dysregulation of Lipid Metabolism in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:113-129. [PMID: 38250308 PMCID: PMC10799627 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s447578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the prevailing malignant neoplasm affecting the liver, often diagnosed at an advanced stage and associated with an unfavorable overall prognosis. Sorafenib and Lenvatinib have emerged as first-line therapeutic drugs for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, improving the prognosis for these patients. Nevertheless, the issue of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance poses a substantial obstacle in the management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis and advancement of hepatocellular carcinoma exhibit a close association with metabolic reprogramming, yet the attention given to lipid metabolism dysregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma development remains relatively restricted. This review summarizes the potential significance and research progress of lipid metabolism dysfunction in Sorafenib and Lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Targeting hepatocellular carcinoma lipid metabolism holds promising potential as an effective strategy to overcome hepatocellular carcinoma drug resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Liver Transplant Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pian Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Sharma S, Sarkar O, Ghosh R. Exploring the Role of Unconventional Post-Translational Modifications in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:780-796. [PMID: 38910429 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037274615240528113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Unconventional Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) have gained increasing attention as crucial players in cancer development and progression. Understanding the role of unconventional PTMs in cancer has the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic interventions. These modifications, which include O-GlcNAcylation, glutathionylation, crotonylation, including hundreds of others, have been implicated in the dysregulation of critical cellular processes and signaling pathways in cancer cells. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of unconventional PTMs in cancer as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. The paper includes reviewing the current knowledge on the functional significance of various conventional and unconventional PTMs in cancer biology. Furthermore, the paper highlights the advancements in analytical techniques, such as biochemical analyses, mass spectrometry and bioinformatic tools etc., that have enabled the detection and characterization of unconventional PTMs in cancer. These techniques have contributed to the identification of specific PTMs associated with cancer subtypes. The potential use of Unconventional PTMs as biomarkers will further help in better diagnosis and aid in discovering potent therapeutics. The knowledge about the role of Unconventional PTMs in a vast and rapidly expanding field will help in detection and targeted therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, AIBNK, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Oindrila Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, AIBNK, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajgourab Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, AIBNK, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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17
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Meng X, Templeton C, Clementi C, Veit M. The role of an amphiphilic helix and transmembrane region in the efficient acylation of the M2 protein from influenza virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18928. [PMID: 37919373 PMCID: PMC10622425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation, a cellular process occurring at the membrane-cytosol interface, is orchestrated by members of the DHHC enzyme family and plays a pivotal role in regulating various cellular functions. The M2 protein of the influenza virus, which is acylated at a membrane-near amphiphilic helix serves as a model for studying the intricate signals governing acylation and its interaction with the cognate enzyme, DHHC20. We investigate it here using both experimental and computational assays. We report that altering the biophysical properties of the amphiphilic helix, particularly by shortening or disrupting it, results in a substantial reduction in M2 palmitoylation, but does not entirely abolish the process. Intriguingly, DHHC20 exhibits an augmented affinity for some M2 mutants compared to the wildtype M2. Molecular dynamics simulations unveil interactions between amino acids of the helix and the catalytically significant DHHC and TTXE motifs of DHHC20. Our findings suggest that the binding of M2 to DHHC20, while not highly specific, is mediated by requisite contacts, possibly instigating the transfer of fatty acids. A comprehensive comprehension of protein palmitoylation mechanisms is imperative for the development of DHHC-specific inhibitors, holding promise for the treatment of diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Meng
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clark Templeton
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Clementi
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Jeong DW, Park JW, Kim KS, Kim J, Huh J, Seo J, Kim YL, Cho JY, Lee KW, Fukuda J, Chun YS. Palmitoylation-driven PHF2 ubiquitination remodels lipid metabolism through the SREBP1c axis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6370. [PMID: 37828054 PMCID: PMC10570296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is the most common fatty acid in humans and mediates palmitoylation through its conversion into palmitoyl coenzyme A. Although palmitoylation affects many proteins, its pathophysiological functions are only partially understood. Here we demonstrate that PA acts as a molecular checkpoint of lipid reprogramming in HepG2 and Hep3B cells. The zinc finger DHHC-type palmitoyltransferase 23 (ZDHHC23) mediates the palmitoylation of plant homeodomain finger protein 2 (PHF2), subsequently enhancing ubiquitin-dependent degradation of PHF2. This study also reveals that PHF2 functions as a tumor suppressor by acting as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), a master transcription factor of lipogenesis. PHF2 directly destabilizes SREBP1c and reduces SREBP1c-dependent lipogenesis. Notably, SREBP1c increases free fatty acids in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and the consequent PA induction triggers the PHF2/SREBP1c axis. Since PA seems central to activating this axis, we suggest that levels of dietary PA should be carefully monitored in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Won Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Kyeong Seog Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jieun Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ye Lee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Kwang-Woong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
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19
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Huang X, Yao J, Liu L, Chen J, Mei L, Huangfu J, Luo D, Wang X, Lin C, Chen X, Yang Y, Ouyang S, Wei F, Wang Z, Zhang S, Xiang T, Neculai D, Sun Q, Kong E, Tate EW, Yang A. S-acylation of p62 promotes p62 droplet recruitment into autophagosomes in mammalian autophagy. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3485-3501.e11. [PMID: 37802024 PMCID: PMC10552648 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
p62 is a well-characterized autophagy receptor that recognizes and sequesters specific cargoes into autophagosomes for degradation. p62 promotes the assembly and removal of ubiquitinated proteins by forming p62-liquid droplets. However, it remains unclear how autophagosomes efficiently sequester p62 droplets. Herein, we report that p62 undergoes reversible S-acylation in multiple human-, rat-, and mouse-derived cell lines, catalyzed by zinc-finger Asp-His-His-Cys S-acyltransferase 19 (ZDHHC19) and deacylated by acyl protein thioesterase 1 (APT1). S-acylation of p62 enhances the affinity of p62 for microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-positive membranes and promotes autophagic membrane localization of p62 droplets, thereby leading to the production of small LC3-positive p62 droplets and efficient autophagic degradation of p62-cargo complexes. Specifically, increasing p62 acylation by upregulating ZDHHC19 or by genetic knockout of APT1 accelerates p62 degradation and p62-mediated autophagic clearance of ubiquitinated proteins. Thus, the protein S-acylation-deacylation cycle regulates p62 droplet recruitment to the autophagic membrane and selective autophagic flux, thereby contributing to the control of selective autophagic clearance of ubiquitinated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jia Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ligang Mei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jingjing Huangfu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changhai Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Sheng Ouyang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Fujing Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhuolin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shaolin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dante Neculai
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiming Sun
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Eryan Kong
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Aimin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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20
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Cai J, Cui J, Wang L. S-palmitoylation regulates innate immune signaling pathways: molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350476. [PMID: 37369620 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational lipid modification that targets cysteine residues of proteins and plays critical roles in regulating the biological processes of substrate proteins. The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against pathogenic invaders and participates in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Emerging studies have uncovered the functions of S-palmitoylation in modulating innate immune responses. In this review, we focus on the reversible palmitoylation of innate immune signaling proteins, with particular emphasis on its roles in the regulation of protein localization, protein stability, and protein-protein interactions. We also highlight the potential and challenge of developing therapies that target S-palmitoylation or de-palmitoylation for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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21
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Katoh K, Katoh Y, Kubo A, Iida M, Ikeda Y, Iwata T, Nishio H, Sugawara M, Kato D, Suematsu M, Hirai S, Kawana K. Serum Free Fatty Acid Changes Caused by High Expression of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 in Tumor Tissues Are Early Diagnostic Markers for Ovarian Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1840-1852. [PMID: 37712874 PMCID: PMC10498943 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis and is difficult to detect in early stages. Therefore, developing new diagnostic markers for early-stage ovarian cancer is critical. Here, we developed a diagnostic marker for early-stage ovarian cancer on the basis of fatty acid metabolism characteristics of cancer cells. The expression of various fatty acid metabolizing enzymes such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) was altered in early-stage ovarian cancer tissue compared with that in normal ovarian tissue. Changes in the expression of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes, particularly SCD1, in cancer tissues were found to alter concentrations of multiple free fatty acids (FFA) in serum. We were the first to show that fatty acid metabolic characteristics in tissues are related to the FFA composition of serum. Surprisingly, patients with stage I/II ovarian cancer also showed significant changes in serum levels of eight FFAs, which can be early diagnostic markers. Finally, using statistical analysis, an optimal early diagnostic model combining oleic and arachidic acid levels, fatty acids associated with SCD1, was established and confirmed to have higher diagnostic power than CA125, regardless of histology. Thus, our newly developed diagnostic model using serum FFAs may be a powerful tool for the noninvasive early detection of ovarian cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Measurement of serum FFA levels by changes in the expression of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes in tumor tissue would allow early detection of ovarian cancer. In particular, the SCD1-associated FFAs, oleic and arachidic acid, would be powerful new screening tools for early-stage ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoko Katoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Katoh
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kubo
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Iida
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Sugawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- WPI-Bio2Q Research Center and Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hirai
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Bao C, Xiang H, Chen Q, Zhao Y, Gao Q, Huang F, Mao L. A Review of Labeling Approaches Used in Small Extracellular Vesicles Tracing and Imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4567-4588. [PMID: 37588627 PMCID: PMC10426735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s416131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from the endosomal compartment, are a kind of lipid bilayer vesicles released by almost all types of cells, serving as natural carriers of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids for intercellular communication and transfer of bioactive molecules. The current findings suggest their vital role in physiological and pathological processes. Various sEVs labeling techniques have been developed for the more advanced study of the function, mode of action, bio-distribution, and related information of sEVs. In this review, we summarize the existing and emerging sEVs labeling techniques, including fluorescent labeling, radioisotope labeling, nanoparticle labeling, chemical contrast agents labeling, and label-free technique. These approaches will pave the way for an in-depth study of sEVs. We present a systematic and comprehensive review of the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these techniques, to help promote applications of these labeling approaches in future research on sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxuan Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huayuan Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Wang J, Zheng LF, Ren S, Li DL, Chen C, Sun HH, Liu LY, Guo H, Zhao TJ. ARF6 plays a general role in targeting palmitoylated proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261319. [PMID: 37461827 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid modification of proteins. Accumulating evidence reveals that palmitoylation functions as a sorting signal to direct proteins to destinations; however, the sorting mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that ARF6 plays a general role in targeting palmitoylated proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane (PM). Through shRNA screening, we identified ARF6 as the key small GTPase in targeting CD36, a palmitoylated protein, from the Golgi to the PM. We found that the N-terminal myristoylation of ARF6 is required for its binding with palmitoylated CD36, and the GTP-bound form of ARF6 facilitates the delivery of CD36 to the PM. Analysis of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture revealed that ARF6 might facilitate the sorting of 359 of the 531 palmitoylated PM proteins, indicating a general role of ARF6. Our study has thus identified a sorting mechanism for targeting palmitoylated proteins from the Golgi to the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lang-Fan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Su Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Dong-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hui-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Huiling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Tong-Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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24
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Ramzan F, Abrar F, Mishra GG, Liao LMQ, Martin DDO. Lost in traffic: consequences of altered palmitoylation in neurodegeneration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1166125. [PMID: 37324388 PMCID: PMC10268010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1166125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the first molecular events in neurodegenerative diseases, regardless of etiology, is protein mislocalization. Protein mislocalization in neurons is often linked to proteostasis deficiencies leading to the build-up of misfolded proteins and/or organelles that contributes to cellular toxicity and cell death. By understanding how proteins mislocalize in neurons, we can develop novel therapeutics that target the earliest stages of neurodegeneration. A critical mechanism regulating protein localization and proteostasis in neurons is the protein-lipid modification S-acylation, the reversible addition of fatty acids to cysteine residues. S-acylation is more commonly referred to as S-palmitoylation or simply palmitoylation, which is the addition of the 16-carbon fatty acid palmitate to proteins. Like phosphorylation, palmitoylation is highly dynamic and tightly regulated by writers (i.e., palmitoyl acyltransferases) and erasers (i.e., depalmitoylating enzymes). The hydrophobic fatty acid anchors proteins to membranes; thus, the reversibility allows proteins to be re-directed to and from membranes based on local signaling factors. This is particularly important in the nervous system, where axons (output projections) can be meters long. Any disturbance in protein trafficking can have dire consequences. Indeed, many proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases are palmitoylated, and many more have been identified in palmitoyl-proteomic studies. It follows that palmitoyl acyl transferase enzymes have also been implicated in numerous diseases. In addition, palmitoylation can work in concert with cellular mechanisms, like autophagy, to affect cell health and protein modifications, such as acetylation, nitrosylation, and ubiquitination, to affect protein function and turnover. Limited studies have further revealed a sexually dimorphic pattern of protein palmitoylation. Therefore, palmitoylation can have wide-reaching consequences in neurodegenerative diseases.
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25
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Li Z, Jiang D, Liu F, Li Y. Involvement of ZDHHC9 in lung adenocarcinoma: regulation of PD-L1 stability via palmitoylation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:193-203. [PMID: 37002491 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification occurring on cysteine residues, which process is catalyzed by a family of zinc finger Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) domain-containing (ZDHHC) protein acyltransferases. As a family member, ZDHHC9 plays a crucial role in varied malignancies by regulating protein stability via protein substrate palmitoylation. Based on the bioinformatic analysis of GEO gene microarray GSE75037 (|log2 fold change|> 1, P < 0.05), ZDHHC9 was defined as a significantly upregulated gene in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), which was also confirmed in our collected clinical specimens. It is necessary to explore the biological function of ZDHHC9 in LUAD cells. The follow-up functional experiments revealed that ZDHHC9 deficiency inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion, while stimulated apoptosis in HCC827 cells. Besides, these malignant phenotypes could be accelerated by ZDHHC9 overexpression in A549. Moreover, we revealed that ZDHHC9 knockdown could promote PD-L1 protein degradation by reducing its palmitoylation level. The reduction of PD-L1 protein level could enhance anti-tumor immunity and inhibit the growth of LUAD cells. Therefore, our study uncovers the tumor-promoting role of ZDHHC9 in LUAD via regulating PD-L1 stability through palmitoylation, highlighting ZDHHC9 as a novel therapeutic target for LUAD.
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26
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Nguyen PL, Greentree WK, Kawate T, Linder ME. GCP16 stabilizes the DHHC9 subfamily of protein acyltransferases through a conserved C-terminal cysteine motif. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167094. [PMID: 37035671 PMCID: PMC10076531 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a reversible lipid post-translational modification that allows dynamic regulation of processes such as protein stability, membrane association, and localization. Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC9 (DHHC9) is one of the 23 human DHHC acyltransferases that catalyze protein S-acylation. Dysregulation of DHHC9 is associated with X-linked intellectual disability and increased epilepsy risk. Interestingly, activation of DHHC9 requires an accessory protein-GCP16. However, the exact role of GCP16 and the prevalence of a requirement for accessory proteins among other DHHC proteins remain unclear. Here, we report that one role of GCP16 is to stabilize DHHC9 by preventing its aggregation through formation of a protein complex. Using a combination of size-exclusion chromatography and palmitoyl acyltransferase assays, we demonstrate that only properly folded DHHC9-GCP16 complex is enzymatically active in vitro. Additionally, the ZDHHC9 mutations linked to X-linked intellectual disability result in reduced protein stability and DHHC9-GCP16 complex formation. Notably, we discovered that the C-terminal cysteine motif (CCM) that is conserved among the DHHC9 subfamily (DHHC14, -18, -5, and -8) is required for DHHC9 and GCP16 complex formation and activity in vitro. Co-expression of GCP16 with DHHCs containing the CCM improves DHHC protein stability. Like DHHC9, DHHC14 and DHHC18 require GCP16 for their enzymatic activity. Furthermore, GOLGA7B, an accessory protein with 75% sequence identity to GCP16, improves protein stability of DHHC5 and DHHC8, but not the other members of the DHHC9 subfamily, suggesting selectivity in accessory protein interactions. Our study supports a broader role for GCP16 and GOLGA7B in the function of human DHHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshimitsu Kawate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Maurine E. Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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27
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Palmitoyl Transferase FonPAT2-Catalyzed Palmitoylation of the FonAP-2 Complex Is Essential for Growth, Development, Stress Response, and Virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0386122. [PMID: 36533963 PMCID: PMC9927311 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03861-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation, one of posttranslational modifications, is catalyzed by a group of palmitoyl transferases (PATs) and plays critical roles in the regulation of protein functions. However, little is known about the function and mechanism of PATs in plant pathogenic fungi. The present study reports the function and molecular mechanism of FonPATs in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causal agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt. The Fon genome contains six FonPAT genes with distinct functions in vegetative growth, conidiation and conidial morphology, and stress response. FonPAT1, FonPAT2, and FonPAT4 have PAT activity and are required for Fon virulence on watermelon mainly through regulating in planta fungal growth within host plants. Comparative proteomics analysis identified a set of proteins that were palmitoylated by FonPAT2, and some of them are previously reported pathogenicity-related proteins in fungi. The FonAP-2 complex core subunits FonAP-2α, FonAP-2β, and FonAP-2μ were palmitoylated by FonPAT2 in vivo. FonPAT2-catalyzed palmitoylation contributed to the stability and interaction ability of the core subunits to ensure the formation of the FonAP-2 complex, which is essential for vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, cell wall integrity, and virulence in Fon. These findings demonstrate that FonPAT1, FonPAT2, and FonPAT4 play important roles in Fon virulence and that FonPAT2-catalyzed palmitoylation of the FonAP-2 complex is critical to Fon virulence, providing novel insights into the importance of protein palmitoylation in the virulence of plant fungal pathogens. IMPORTANCE Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causal agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt, is one of the most serious threats for the sustainable development of the watermelon industry worldwide. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism of pathogenicity in Fon. Here, we found that the palmitoyl transferase (FonPAT) genes play distinct and diverse roles in basic biological processes and stress response and demonstrated that FonPAT1, FonPAT2, and FonPAT4 have PAT activity and are required for virulence in Fon. We also found that FonPAT2 palmitoylates the core subunits of the FonAP-2 complex to maintain the stability and the formation of the FonAP-2 complex, which is essential for basic biological processes, stress response, and virulence in Fon. Our study provides new insights into the understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in Fon virulence and will be helpful in the development of novel strategies for disease management.
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Niki Y, Adachi N, Fukata M, Fukata Y, Oku S, Makino-Okamura C, Takeuchi S, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Declercq L, Yarosh DB, Mammone T, Nishigori C, Saito N, Ueyama T. S-Palmitoylation of Tyrosinase at Cysteine 500 Regulates Melanogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:317-327.e6. [PMID: 36063887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a lipid modification involving the attachment of palmitic acid to a cysteine residue, thereby affecting protein function. We investigated the effect of palmitoylation of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis, using a human three-dimensional skin model system and melanocyte culture. The palmitoylation inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate, increased melanin content and tyrosinase protein levels in melanogenic cells by suppressing tyrosinase degradation. The palmitoylation site was Cysteine500 in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of tyrosinase. The nonpalmitoylatable mutant, tyrosinase (C500A), was slowly degraded and less ubiquitinated than wild-type tyrosinase. Screening for the Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) family of proteins for tyrosinase palmitoylation suggested that DHHC2, 3, 7, and 15 are involved in tyrosinase palmitoylation. Knockdown of DHHC2, 3, or 15 increased tyrosinase protein levels and melanin content. Determination of their subcellular localization in primary melanocytes revealed that DHHC2, 3, and 15 were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and/or melanosomes, whereas only DHHC2 was localized in the melanosomes. Immunoprecipitation showed that DHHC2 and DHHC3 predominantly bind to mature and immature tyrosinase, respectively. Taken together, tyrosinase palmitoylation at Cysteine500 by DHHC2, 3, and/or 15, especially DHHC2 in trans-Golgi apparatus and melanosomes and DHHC3 in the endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi apparatus, regulate melanogenesis by modulating tyrosinase protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Niki
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Naoko Adachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Oku
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chieko Makino-Okamura
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Lieve Declercq
- Research & Development, Estee Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Daniel B Yarosh
- Research & Development, Estee Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Tomas Mammone
- Research & Development, Estee Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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29
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Buszka A, Pytyś A, Colvin D, Włodarczyk J, Wójtowicz T. S-Palmitoylation of Synaptic Proteins in Neuronal Plasticity in Normal and Pathological Brains. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030387. [PMID: 36766729 PMCID: PMC9913408 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lipidation is a common post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. One form of protein lipidation, S-palmitoylation, involves the addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitate) onto proteins. This reversible modification may affect the regulation of protein trafficking and stability in membranes. From multiple recent experimental studies, a picture emerges whereby protein S-palmitoylation is a ubiquitous yet discrete molecular switch enabling the expansion of protein functions and subcellular localization in minutes to hours. Neural tissue is particularly rich in proteins that are regulated by S-palmitoylation. A surge of novel methods of detection of protein lipidation at high resolution allowed us to get better insights into the roles of protein palmitoylation in brain physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we specifically discuss experimental work devoted to understanding the impact of protein palmitoylation on functional changes in the excitatory and inhibitory synapses associated with neuronal activity and neuronal plasticity. The accumulated evidence also implies a crucial role of S-palmitoylation in learning and memory, and brain disorders associated with impaired cognitive functions.
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30
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Dennis KMJH, Heather LC. Post-translational palmitoylation of metabolic proteins. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122895. [PMID: 36909239 PMCID: PMC9998952 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous cellular proteins are post-translationally modified by addition of a lipid group to their structure, which dynamically influences the proteome by increasing hydrophobicity of proteins often impacting protein conformation, localization, stability, and binding affinity. These lipid modifications include myristoylation and palmitoylation. Palmitoylation involves a 16-carbon saturated fatty acyl chain being covalently linked to a cysteine thiol through a thioester bond. Palmitoylation is unique within this group of modifications, as the addition of the palmitoyl group is reversible and enzyme driven, rapidly affecting protein targeting, stability and subcellular trafficking. The palmitoylation reaction is catalyzed by a large family of Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHCs) motif-containing palmitoyl acyltransferases, while the reverse reaction is catalyzed by acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs), that remove the acyl chain. Palmitoyl-CoA serves an important dual purpose as it is not only a key metabolite fueling energy metabolism, but is also a substrate for this PTM. In this review, we discuss protein palmitoylation in regulating substrate metabolism, focusing on membrane transport proteins and kinases that participate in substrate uptake into the cell. We then explore the palmitoylation of mitochondrial proteins and the palmitoylation regulatory enzymes, a less explored field for potential lipid metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M J H Dennis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins are small homologous proteins that are encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which can be strongly induced by interferon (IFN) and provide resistance to invasion by a variety of viral pathogens. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this function have remained elusive. The antiviral activity of IFITMs from different species depends on S-palmitoylation at conserved cysteine residues. However, specific enzymes involved in the dynamic palmitoylation cycle of IFITMs, especially depalmitoylase, have not yet been reported. Here, we demonstrate that α/-hydrolase domain-containing 16A (ABHD16A) is a depalmitoylase and a negative regulator of IFITM protein that can catalyze the depalmitoyl reaction of S-palmitoylated IFITM proteins, thereby decreasing their antiviral activities on RNA viruses. Using the acyl-PEGyl exchange gel shift (APEGS) assay, we identified ABHD16A proteins from humans, pigs, and mice that can directly participate in the palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycles of IFITMs in the constructed abhd16a-/- cells and ABHD16A-overexpressing cells. Furthermore, we showed that ABHD16A functions as a regulator of subcellular localization of IFITM proteins and is related to the immune system. It is tempting to suggest that pharmacological intervention in IFITMs and ABHD16A can be achieved either through controlling their expression or regulating their activity, thereby providing a broad-spectrum therapeutic strategy for animal viral diseases. IMPORTANCE IFITM protein is the cells first line of antiviral defense that blocks early stages of viral replication; the underlying mechanism might be associated with the proper distribution in cells. The palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycle can dynamically regulate protein localization, stability, and function. This work is the first one that found the critical enzyme that participates in the palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycle of IFITM, and this type of palmitoyl loss may be an essential regulation mode for balancing the antiviral functions of the IFN pathway. These findings imply that the pharmacological intervention in IFITM and ABHD16A, either through controlling their expression or regulating their activities, could provide a broad-spectrum therapeutic strategy for animal viral diseases and complications linked to interferon elevation.
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You M, Wu F, Gao M, Chen M, Zeng S, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Li D, Wei L, Ruan XZ, Chen Y. Selenoprotein K contributes to CD36 subcellular trafficking in hepatocytes by accelerating nascent COPII vesicle formation and aggravates hepatic steatosis. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102500. [PMID: 36252341 PMCID: PMC9579716 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SelenoproteinK (SelK), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - resident protein, possesses the property of mediate oxidation resistance and ER - associated protein degradation (ERAD) in several tissues. Here, we found that increased SelK markedly promotes fatty acid translocase (CD36) subcellular trafficking and aggravates lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. We demonstrated that SelK is required for the assembly of COPII vesicles and accelerates transport of palmitoylated-CD36 from the ER to Golgi, thus facilitating CD36 plasma membrane distribution both in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism is that SelK increases the stability of Sar1B and triggers CD36-containing nascent COPII vesicle formation, consequently, promotes CD36 subcellular trafficking. Furthermore, we verified that the intervention of SelK SH3 binding domain can inhibit the vesicle formation and CD36 subcellular trafficking, significantly ameliorates NAFLD in mice. Collectively, our findings disclose an unexpected role of SelK in regulating NAFLD development, suggesting that targeting the SelK of hepatocytes may be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue You
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Meilin Gao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyue Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Zeng
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wei
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China; John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
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Brown RWB, Sharma AI, Villanueva MR, Li X, Onguka O, Zilbermintz L, Nguyen H, Falk BA, Olson CL, Taylor JM, Epting CL, Kathayat RS, Amara N, Dickinson BC, Bogyo M, Engman DM. Trypanosoma brucei Acyl-Protein Thioesterase-like (TbAPT-L) Is a Lipase with Esterase Activity for Short and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids but Has No Depalmitoylation Activity. Pathogens 2022; 11:1245. [PMID: 36364996 PMCID: PMC9693859 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic post-translational modifications allow the rapid, specific, and tunable regulation of protein functions in eukaryotic cells. S-acylation is the only reversible lipid modification of proteins, in which a fatty acid, usually palmitate, is covalently attached to a cysteine residue of a protein by a zDHHC palmitoyl acyltransferase enzyme. Depalmitoylation is required for acylation homeostasis and is catalyzed by an enzyme from the alpha/beta hydrolase family of proteins usually acyl-protein thioesterase (APT1). The enzyme responsible for depalmitoylation in Trypanosoma brucei parasites is currently unknown. We demonstrate depalmitoylation activity in live bloodstream and procyclic form trypanosomes sensitive to dose-dependent inhibition with the depalmitoylation inhibitor, palmostatin B. We identified a homologue of human APT1 in Trypanosoma brucei which we named TbAPT-like (TbAPT-L). Epitope-tagging of TbAPT-L at N- and C- termini indicated a cytoplasmic localization. Knockdown or over-expression of TbAPT-L in bloodstream forms led to robust changes in TbAPT-L mRNA and protein expression but had no effect on parasite growth in vitro, or cellular depalmitoylation activity. Esterase activity in cell lysates was also unchanged when TbAPT-L was modulated. Unexpectedly, recombinant TbAPT-L possesses esterase activity with specificity for short- and medium-chain fatty acid substrates, leading to the conclusion, TbAPT-L is a lipase, not a depalmitoylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. B. Brown
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aabha I. Sharma
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Miguel Rey Villanueva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leeor Zilbermintz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Helen Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ben A. Falk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Olson
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joann M. Taylor
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Conrad L. Epting
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rahul S. Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neri Amara
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bryan C. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David M. Engman
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Guo H, Wang J, Ren S, Zheng LF, Zhuang YX, Li DL, Sun HH, Liu LY, Xie C, Wu YY, Wang HR, Deng X, Li P, Zhao TJ. Targeting EGFR-dependent tumors by disrupting an ARF6-mediated sorting system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6004. [PMID: 36224181 PMCID: PMC9556547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of EGFR due to overexpression or mutation is associated with poor prognosis in many types of tumors. Here we show that blocking the sorting system that directs EGFR to plasma membrane is a potent strategy to treat EGFR-dependent tumors. We find that EGFR palmitoylation by DHHC13 is critical for its plasma membrane localization and identify ARF6 as a key factor in this process. N-myristoylated ARF6 recognizes palmitoylated EGFR via lipid-lipid interaction, recruits the exocyst complex to promote EGFR budding from Golgi, and facilitates EGFR transporting to plasma membrane in a GTP-bound form. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of this sorting system, we design a cell-permeable peptide, N-myristoylated GKVL-TAT, and find it effectively disrupts plasma membrane localization of EGFR and significantly inhibits progression of EGFR-dependent tumors. Our findings shed lights on the underlying mechanism of how palmitoylation directs protein sorting and provide an potential strategy to manage EGFR-dependent tumors. EGFR is aberrantly activated in many cancer types. Here the authors show that small GTPase ARF6 mediates the trafficking of palmitoylated EGFR from Golgi to plasma membrane and the blockade of this sorting system inhibits the growth of EGFR overexpression tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Su Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Lang-Fan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Dong-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Hui-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Changchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Ya-Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Hong-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.,State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Tong-Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200232, China.
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35
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Development of a novel high-throughput screen for the identification of new inhibitors of protein S-acylation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102469. [PMID: 36087837 PMCID: PMC9558053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that modulates the localization and function of many cellular proteins. S-acylation is mediated by a family of zinc finger DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) domain–containing (zDHHC) proteins encoded by 23 distinct ZDHHC genes in the human genome. These enzymes catalyze S-acylation in a two-step process involving “autoacylation” of the cysteine residue in the catalytic DHHC motif followed by transfer of the acyl chain to a substrate cysteine. S-acylation is essential for many fundamental physiological processes, and there is growing interest in zDHHC enzymes as novel drug targets for a range of disorders. However, there is currently a lack of chemical modulators of S-acylation either for use as tool compounds or for potential development for therapeutic purposes. Here, we developed and implemented a novel FRET-based high-throughput assay for the discovery of compounds that interfere with autoacylation of zDHHC2, an enzyme that is implicated in neuronal S-acylation pathways. Our screen of >350,000 compounds identified two related tetrazole-containing compounds (TTZ-1 and TTZ-2) that inhibited both zDHHC2 autoacylation and substrate S-acylation in cell-free systems. These compounds were also active in human embryonic kidney 293T cells, where they inhibited the S-acylation of two substrates (SNAP25 and PSD95 [postsynaptic density protein 95]) mediated by different zDHHC enzymes, with some apparent isoform selectivity. Furthermore, we confirmed activity of the hit compounds through resynthesis, which provided sufficient quantities of material for further investigations. The assays developed provide novel strategies to screen for zDHHC inhibitors, and the identified compounds add to the chemical toolbox for interrogating cellular activities of zDHHC enzymes in S-acylation.
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36
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Gal J, Bondada V, Mashburn CB, Rodgers DW, Croall DE, Geddes JW. S-acylation regulates the membrane association and activity of Calpain-5. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119298. [PMID: 35643222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Calpain-5 (CAPN5) is a member of the calpain family of calcium-activated neutral thiol proteases. CAPN5 is partly membrane associated, despite its lack of a transmembrane domain. Unlike classical calpains, CAPN5 contains a C-terminal C2 domain. C2 domains often have affinity to lipids, mediating membrane association. We recently reported that the C2 domain of CAPN5 was essential for its membrane association and the activation of its autolytic activity. However, despite the removal of the C2 domain by autolysis, the N-terminal fragment of CAPN5 remained membrane associated. S-acylation, also referred to as S-palmitoylation, is a reversible post-translational lipid modification of cysteine residues that promotes membrane association of soluble proteins. In the present study several S-acylated cysteine residues were identified in CAPN5 with the acyl-PEG exchange method. Data reported here demonstrate that CAPN5 is S-acylated on up to three cysteine residues including Cys-4 and Cys-512, and likely Cys-507. The D589N mutation in a potential calcium binding loop within the C2 domain interfered with the S-acylation of CAPN5, likely preventing initial membrane association. Mutating specific cysteine residues of CAPN5 interfered with both its membrane association and the activation of CAPN5 autolysis. Taken together, our results suggest that the S-acylation of CAPN5 is critical for its membrane localization which appears to favor its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Gal
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Vimala Bondada
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Charles B Mashburn
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - David W Rodgers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Dorothy E Croall
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - James W Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The association of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with membranes plays a critical role in the regulation of AMPK activation and function. Protein lipid modification, including palmitoylation, myristoylation, and farnesyation, constitutes a crucial mechanism in the regulation of protein dynamic interactions with membranes. Among the three subunits of the AMPK heterotrimeric complex, the structural subunit AMPKβ is myristoylated and the catalytic subunit AMPKα is palmitoylated. Here, we report the characterization of AMPKα palmitoylation. We found that AMKPα was palmitoylated at Cys209 and Cys543, and this was required for AMPK activation and subcellular membrane compartmentalization. To understand the regulation of AMPKα palmitoylation, we have identified DHHC17 as a candidate palmitoyltransferase for AMPKα and found that DHHC17, by palmitoylating AMPKα, modulated AMPK membrane association and activation in response to energy stress. To determine the role of DHHC17 in cell function, we generated DHHC17 liver-specific knockout mice and found that inactivation of DHHC17 in the mouse liver impaired AMPK activation and hepatic autophagy and caused a type 2 diabetes-like syndrome. Overall, our studies demonstrate that AMPKα palmitoylation plays a critical role in AMPK activation and that DHHC17, through its modulation of AMPK signaling, constitutes a new regulator of hepatic metabolism.
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38
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Kodakandla G, West SJ, Wang Q, Tewari R, Zhu MX, Akimzhanov AM, Boehning D. Dynamic S-acylation of the ER-resident protein stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is required for store-operated Ca2+ entry. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102303. [PMID: 35934052 PMCID: PMC9463532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cell surface stimuli cause calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores to regulate cellular physiology. Upon ER calcium store depletion, the ER-resident protein stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) physically interacts with plasma membrane protein Orai1 to induce calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC) currents that conduct calcium influx from the extracellular milieu. Although the physiological relevance of this process is well established, the mechanism supporting the assembly of these proteins is incompletely understood. Earlier we demonstrated a previously unknown post-translational modification of Orai1 with long-chain fatty acids, known as S-acylation. We found that S-acylation of Orai1 is dynamically regulated in a stimulus-dependent manner and essential for its function as a calcium channel. Here using the acyl resin–assisted capture assay, we show that STIM1 is also rapidly S-acylated at cysteine 437 upon ER calcium store depletion. Using a combination of live cell imaging and electrophysiology approaches with a mutant STIM1 protein, which could not be S-acylated, we determined that the S-acylation of STIM1 is required for the assembly of STIM1 into puncta with Orai1 and full CRAC channel function. Together with the S-acylation of Orai1, our data suggest that stimulus-dependent S-acylation of CRAC channel components Orai1 and STIM1 is a critical mechanism facilitating the CRAC channel assembly and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Kodakandla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Savannah J West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ritika Tewari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Askar M Akimzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA.
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Tang M, Xia Y, Xiao T, Cao R, Cao Y, Ouyang B. Structural Exploration on Palmitoyltransferase DHHC3 from Homo sapiens. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3013. [PMID: 35893977 PMCID: PMC9332573 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DHHC3 belongs to a family of DHHC palmitoyltransferase, which catalyzes the S-palmitoylation of target proteins by attaching a fatty acyl group to a cysteine. Recently, DHHC3 has been demonstrated to be a promising antitumor target in cancer therapeutics. However, the detailed structure and catalysis mechanism of DHHC3 remain elusive, considering its sequence diversity from the DHHC homologues with known crystal structures. Here, we described the expression and purification of human DHHC3 (hDHHC3) and truncated hDHHC3 with the flexible N-terminal domain (NTD) removed. Purified hDHHC3 proteins were used under various conditions for protein crystallization. LAMTOR1, one of the interacting proteins of hDHHC3 to facilitate the crystallization, was further identified by mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation assay. The structural exploration using cryogenic electronic microscopy (cryo-EM) on the inactive hDHHS3 mutant showed a typical sideview of membrane proteins. These results provide a preliminary guidance for the structural determination of DHHC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; (M.T.); (T.X.); (R.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China;
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Taoran Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; (M.T.); (T.X.); (R.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; (M.T.); (T.X.); (R.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China;
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; (M.T.); (T.X.); (R.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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40
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Yang S, Jia L, Xiang J, Yang G, Qiu S, Kang L, Zheng P, Liang Z, Lu Y. KLF10 promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression through transcriptional activation of zDHHC7. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54229. [PMID: 35492028 PMCID: PMC9171407 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and liver injury, has become a leading cause of end-stage liver diseases and liver transplantation. Krüppel-like factors 10 (KLF10) is a Cys2/His2 zinc finger transcription factor that regulates cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. However, whether it plays a role in the development and progression of NASH remains poorly understood. In the present study, we found that KLF10 expression was selectively upregulated in the mouse models and human patients with NASH, compared with simple steatosis (NAFL). Gain- and loss-of function studies demonstrated that hepatocyte-specific overexpression of KLF10 aggravated, whereas its depletion alleviated diet-induced NASH pathogenesis in mice. Mechanistically, transcriptomic analysis and subsequent functional experiments showed that KLF10 promotes hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation through the palmitoylation and plasma membrane localization of fatty acid translocase CD36 via transcriptionally activation of zDHHC7. Indeed, both expression of zDHHC7 and palmitoylation of CD36 are required for the pathogenic roles of KLF10 in NASH development. Thus, our results identify an important role for KLF10 in NAFL-to-NASH progression through zDHHC7-mediated CD36 palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijing Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaqing Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangyan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shanhu Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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41
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Tian Y, Zeng H, Wu J, Huang J, Gao Q, Tang D, Cai L, Liao Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Lin J. Screening DHHCs of S-acylated proteins using an OsDHHC cDNA library and bimolecular fluorescence complementation in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1763-1780. [PMID: 35411551 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is an important lipid modification that primarily involves DHHC proteins (DHHCs) and associated S-acylated proteins. No DHHC-S-acylated protein pair has been reported so far in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the molecular mechanisms underlying S-acylation in plants are largely unknown. We constructed an OsDHHC cDNA library for screening corresponding pairs of DHHCs and S-acylated proteins using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Five DHHC-S-acylated protein pairs (OsDHHC30-OsCBL2, OsDHHC30-OsCBL3, OsDHHC18-OsNOA1, OsDHHC13-OsNAC9, and OsDHHC14-GSD1) were identified in rice. Among the pairs, OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 were S-acylated by OsDHHC30 in yeast and rice. The localization of OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 in the endomembrane depended on S-acylation mediated by OsDHHC30. Meanwhile, all four OsDHHCs screened complemented the thermosensitive phenotype of an akr1 yeast mutant, and their DHHC motifs were required for S-acyltransferase activity. Overexpression of OsDHHC30 in rice plants improved their salt and oxidative tolerance. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying S-acylation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jicai Wu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Dongying Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Lipeng Cai
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyi Liao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
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42
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Li J, Pan W, Qian J, Ni Y, Fu J, Ni S. Metabolomic Differential Compounds Reflecting the Clinical Efficacy of Polyethylene Glycol Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in the Treatment of Childhood Growth Hormone Deficiency. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:864058. [PMID: 35571140 PMCID: PMC9092529 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.864058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding metabolite profiles may aid in providing a reference for individualized treatment using PEG-rhGH. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of PEG-rhGH in treating GHD patients by using a metabolomic approach. Fifty-seven pediatric participants treated with PEG-rhGH were enrolled (28 GHD patients with high clinical efficacy and 29 GHD patients with lower clinical efficacy). Serum samples from all patients were first collected at baseline for biochemical detection; then metabolite levels were measured using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The candidates included heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, D-galactose, dodecanoic acid, and oleic acid. The related metabolic pathways involved fatty acid metabolism and energy metabolism. This study suggested that growth gains of PEG-rhGH treatment might be differentiated by altered serum levels of fatty acid. Collectively, the metabolomic study provides unique insights into the use of PEG-rhGH as a therapeutic strategy for individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- National Clinical Trial Institute, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqin Qian
- National Clinical Trial Institute, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ni
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Ni
- National Clinical Trial Institute, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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43
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Sharma C, Hemler ME. Antioxidant and Anticancer Functions of Protein Acyltransferase DHHC3. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050960. [PMID: 35624824 PMCID: PMC9137668 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silencing of DHHC3, an acyltransferase enzyme in the DHHC family, extensively upregulates oxidative stress (OS). Substrates for DHHC3-mediated palmitoylation include several antioxidant proteins and many other redox regulatory proteins. This helps to explain why DHHC3 ablation upregulates OS. DHHC3 also plays a key role in cancer. DHHC3 ablation leads to diminished xenograft growth of multiple cancer cell types, along with diminished metastasis. Furthermore, DHHC3 protein is upregulated on malignant/metastatic cancer samples, and upregulated gene expression correlates with diminished patient survival in several human cancers. Decreased primary tumor growth due to DHHC3 ablation may be partly explained by an elevated OS → senescence → innate immune cell recruitment mechanism. Elevated OS due to DHHC3 ablation may also contribute to adaptive anticancer immunity and impair tumor metastasis. In addition, DHHC3 ablation disrupts antioxidant protection mechanisms, thus enhancing the efficacy of OS-inducing anticancer drugs. A major focus has thus far been on OS regulation by DHHC3. However, remaining to be studied are multiple DHHC3 substrates that may affect tumor behavior independent of OS. Nonetheless, the currently established properties of DHHC3 make it an attractive candidate for therapeutic targeting in situations in which antioxidant protections need to be downmodulated, and also in cancer.
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44
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Tse LV, Meganck RM, Araba KC, Yount BL, Shaffer KM, Hou YJ, Munt JE, Adams LE, Wykoff JA, Morowitz JM, Dong S, Magness ST, Marzluff WF, Gonzalez LM, Ehre C, Baric RS. Genomewide CRISPR knockout screen identified PLAC8 as an essential factor for SADS-CoVs infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118126119. [PMID: 35476513 PMCID: PMC9170153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118126119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of coronaviruses poses an ongoing threat to human populations. Endemic outbreaks of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) have caused severe economic losses in the pig industry and have the potential to cause human outbreaks. Currently, there are no vaccines or specific antivirals against SADS-CoV, and our limited understanding of SADS-CoV host entry factors could hinder prompt responses to a potential human outbreak. Using a genomewide CRISPR knockout screen, we identified placenta-associated 8 protein (PLAC8) as an essential host factor for SADS-CoV infection. Knockout of PLAC8 abolished SADS-CoV infection, which was restored by complementing PLAC8 from multiple species, including human, rhesus macaques, mouse, pig, pangolin, and bat, suggesting a conserved infection pathway and susceptibility of SADS-CoV among mammals. Mechanistically, PLAC8 knockout does not affect viral entry; rather, knockout cells displayed a delay and reduction in viral subgenomic RNA expression. In a swine primary intestinal epithelial culture (IEC) infection model, differentiated cultures have high levels of PLAC8 expression and support SADS-CoV replication. In contrast, expanding IECs have low levels of PLAC8 expression and are resistant to SADS-CoV infection. PLAC8 expression patterns translate in vivo; the immunohistochemistry of swine ileal tissue revealed high levels of PLAC8 protein in neonatal compared to adult tissue, mirroring the known SADS-CoV pathogenesis in neonatal piglets. Overall, PLAC8 is an essential factor for SADS-CoV infection and may serve as a promising target for antiviral development for potential pandemic SADS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longping V. Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Rita M. Meganck
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Kenza C. Araba
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Kendall M. Shaffer
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Yixuan J. Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Jennifer E. Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Lily E. Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Jason A. Wykoff
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Jeremy M. Morowitz
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Stephanie Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - William F. Marzluff
- Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Camille Ehre
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
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45
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Elliot Murphy R, Banerjee A. In vitro reconstitution of substrate S-acylation by the zDHHC family of protein acyltransferases. Open Biol 2022; 12:210390. [PMID: 35414257 PMCID: PMC9006032 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation, more commonly known as protein palmitoylation, is a biological process defined by the covalent attachment of long chain fatty acids onto cysteine residues of a protein, effectively altering the local hydrophobicity and influencing its stability, localization and overall function. Observed ubiquitously in all eukaryotes, this post translational modification is mediated by the 23-member family of zDHHC protein acyltransferases in mammals. There are thousands of proteins that are S-acylated and multiple zDHHC enzymes can potentially act on a single substrate. Since its discovery, numerous methods have been developed for the identification of zDHHC substrates and the individual members of the family that catalyse their acylation. Despite these recent advances in assay development, there is a persistent gap in knowledge relating to zDHHC substrate specificity and recognition, that can only be thoroughly addressed through in vitro reconstitution. Herein, we will review the various methods currently available for reconstitution of protein S-acylation for the purposes of identifying enzyme-substrate pairs with a particular emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Elliot Murphy
- Section on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Section on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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46
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Gorenberg EL, Massaro Tieze S, Yücel B, Zhao HR, Chou V, Wirak GS, Tomita S, Lam TT, Chandra SS. Identification of substrates of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 highlights roles of depalmitoylation in disulfide bond formation and synaptic function. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001590. [PMID: 35358180 PMCID: PMC9004782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. The substrates of PPT1 are largely undescribed, posing a limitation on molecular dissection of disease mechanisms and therapeutic development. Here, we provide a resource identifying >100 novel PPT1 substrates. We utilized Acyl Resin-Assisted Capture (Acyl RAC) and mass spectrometry to identify proteins with increased in vivo palmitoylation in PPT1 knockout (KO) mouse brains. We then validated putative substrates through direct depalmitoylation with recombinant PPT1. This stringent screen elucidated diverse PPT1 substrates at the synapse, including channels and transporters, G-protein–associated molecules, endo/exocytic components, synaptic adhesion molecules, and mitochondrial proteins. Cysteine depalmitoylation sites in transmembrane PPT1 substrates frequently participate in disulfide bonds in the mature protein. We confirmed that depalmitoylation plays a role in disulfide bond formation in a tertiary screen analyzing posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Collectively, these data highlight the role of PPT1 in mediating synapse functions, implicate molecular pathways in the etiology of NCL and other neurodegenerative diseases, and advance our basic understanding of the purpose of depalmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Gorenberg
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sofia Massaro Tieze
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Betül Yücel
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Helen R. Zhao
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vicky Chou
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Wirak
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Susumu Tomita
- Departments of Neuroscience and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sreeganga S. Chandra
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Ramadan AA, Mayilsamy K, McGill AR, Ghosh A, Giulianotti MA, Donow HM, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S, Chandran B, Deschenes RJ, Roy A. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Palmitoylation Inhibitors That Results in Release of Attenuated Virus with Reduced Infectivity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030531. [PMID: 35336938 PMCID: PMC8950683 DOI: 10.3390/v14030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike proteins of enveloped viruses are transmembrane glycoproteins that typically undergo post-translational attachment of palmitate on cysteine residues on the cytoplasmic facing tail of the protein. The role of spike protein palmitoylation in virus biogenesis and infectivity is being actively studied as a potential target of novel antivirals. Here, we report that palmitoylation of the first five cysteine residues of the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein are indispensable for infection, and palmitoylation-deficient spike mutants are defective in membrane fusion. The DHHC9 palmitoyltransferase interacts with and palmitoylates the spike protein in the ER and Golgi and knockdown of DHHC9 results in reduced fusion and infection of SARS-CoV-2. Two bis-piperazine backbone-based DHHC9 inhibitors inhibit SARS-CoV-2 S protein palmitoylation and the resulting progeny virion particles released are defective in fusion and infection. This establishes these palmitoyltransferase inhibitors as potential new intervention strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Ramadan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrew R. McGill
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anandita Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Marc A. Giulianotti
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.A.G.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Haley M. Donow
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.A.G.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Shyam S. Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bala Chandran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Robert J. Deschenes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.D.); (A.R.); Tel.: +1-(813)-974-6393 (R.J.D.); +1-(813)-974-5540 (A.R.)
| | - Arunava Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.D.); (A.R.); Tel.: +1-(813)-974-6393 (R.J.D.); +1-(813)-974-5540 (A.R.)
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Abstract
DHHC3 is a DHHC-family palmitoyl acyltransferase that is responsible for many mammalian palmitoylation events. By regulating the posttranslational modification of its specific substrates, DHHC3 has shown a strong protumor effect in various cancers. In this review, the authors introduce the research progress of DHHC3 as a new antitumor target through the expression of DHHC3 in patients with tumors, substrate proteins and potential mechanisms. Recent advances in the search for protein structures and inhibitors are also reviewed. Several design strategies to facilitate the optimization of the process of drug design based on DHHC3 are also discussed.
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Pavic K, Chippalkatti R, Abankwa D. Drug targeting opportunities en route to Ras nanoclusters. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 153:63-99. [PMID: 35101236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the native membrane organization of Ras by the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in the late 1990s constituted the first indirect approach to drug target Ras. Since then, our understanding of how dynamically Ras shuttles between subcellular locations has changed significantly. Ras proteins have to arrive at the plasma membrane for efficient MAPK-signal propagation. On the plasma membrane Ras proteins are organized into isoform specific proteo-lipid assemblies called nanocluster. Recent evidence suggests that Ras nanocluster have a specific lipid composition, which supports the recruitment of effectors such as Raf. Conversely, effectors possess lipid-recognition motifs, which appear to serve as co-incidence detectors for the lipid domain of a given Ras isoform. Evidence suggests that dimeric Raf proteins then co-assemble dimeric Ras in an immobile complex, thus forming the minimal unit of an active nanocluster. Here we review established and novel trafficking chaperones and trafficking factors of Ras, along with the set of lipid and protein modulators of Ras nanoclustering. We highlight drug targeting approaches and opportunities against these determinants of functional Ras membrane organization. Finally, we reflect on implications for Ras signaling in polarized cells, such as epithelia, which are a common origin of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pavic
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rohan Chippalkatti
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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SEDT2 palmitoylation mediated by ZDHHC16 in EGFR-mutated glioblastoma promotes ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:648-660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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