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Yusoff AAM, Abdullah WSW, Khair SZNM, Radzak SMA. A comprehensive overview of mitochondrial DNA 4977-bp deletion in cancer studies. Oncol Rev 2019; 13:409. [PMID: 31044027 PMCID: PMC6478002 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2019.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular machines essential for energy production. The biogenesis of mitochondria is a highly complex and it depends on the coordination of the nuclear and mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and deletions are suspected to be associated with carcinogenesis. The most described mtDNA deletion in various human cancers is called the 4977-bp common deletion (mDNA4977) and it has been explored since two decades. In spite of that, its implication in carcinogenesis still unknown and its predictive and prognostic impact remains controversial. This review article provides an overview of some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying mDNA4977 formation and a detailed summary about mDNA4977 reported in various types of cancers. The current knowledges of mDNA4977 as a prognostic and predictive marker are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Salihah Wan Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Muslihah Abd Radzak
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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2
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Elamir A, ElRefai SM, Ghazy SE. Molecular alterations of mitochondrial D-loop in oral leukoplakia. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13944-13951. [PMID: 30945332 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the years, numerous studies proposed a crucial role of mutations of nuclear DNA in the carcinogenesis process. Of late, many researchers suppose that alterations of mitochondrial DNA should not be excepted from this analysis. Mutational analysis of mitochondrial DNA displayed that mitochondrial D-loop is assessed as a hotspot for molecular alterations in various types of malignant tumors encompassing oral squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is believed to emerge through precancerous stages, which might be merely morphologic aspects of cumulative genetic variations. METHODS In keeping with this model of molecular tumor progression, this study aimed to investigate the qualitative and quantitative alterations that might occur in mitochondrial D-loop in oral leukoplakia whether dysplastic or not by semiquantitation of a product of the polymerase chain reaction and sequence analyses of mitochondrial D-loop gene. RESULTS Statistically significant increases in the mean values of D-loop concentrations were observed across the dysplasia gradient of oral leukoplakia. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of point mutations in both dysplastic and nondysplastic oral leukoplakia but not in normal mucosa. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggested that quantitative and qualitative alterations in mitochondrial D-loop could be a promising molecular marker for early detection and progression of the malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Elamir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Sahar M ElRefai
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Princess Nourah University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa E Ghazy
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Lin KY, Chung CH, Ciou JS, Su PF, Wang PW, Shieh DB, Wang TC. Molecular damage and responses of oral keratinocyte to hydrogen peroxide. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:10. [PMID: 30634966 PMCID: PMC6329095 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-based tooth bleaching reagents have recently increased in popularity and controversy. H2O2 gel (3%) is used in a Nightguard for vital bleaching; transient tooth sensitivity and oral mucosa irritation have been reported. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity have also been significant concerns. METHODS We used primary cultured normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs) as an in vitro model to investigate the pathological effects to mitochondria functions on human oral keratinocytes exposed to different doses of H2O2 for different durations. RESULTS An MTT assay showed compromised cell viability at a dose over 5 mM. The treatments induced nuclear DNA damage, measured using a single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed H2O2 induced significant increase in mitochondrial 4977-bp deletion. Mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis assays suggested that oxidative damage defense mechanisms were activated after prolonged exposure to H2O2. Reduced intracellular glutathione was an effective defense against oxidative damage from 5 mM of H2O2. CONCLUSION Our study suggests the importance for keratinocyte damage of the dose and the duration of the exposure to H2O2 in at-home-bleaching. A treatment dose ≥100 mM directly causes severe cytotoxicity with as little as 15 min of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Harrisburg, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Ching-Hung Chung
- Department of Stomatology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Sian Ciou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Su
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Department of Stomatology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Center of Applied Nanomedicine, Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Advanced Optronic Technology Center, Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Device Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Chueh Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan.
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Datta S, Chattopadhyay E, Ray JG, Majumder M, Roy PD, Roy B. D-loop somatic mutations and ∼5 kb "common" deletion in mitochondrial DNA: important molecular markers to distinguish oral precancer and cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:3025-33. [PMID: 25527154 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from genomic DNA, mutations at mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been hypothesized to play vital roles in cancer development. In this study, ∼5 kb deletion and D-loop mutations in mtDNA and alteration in mtDNA content were investigated in buccal smears from 104 healthy controls and 74 leukoplakia and 117 cancer tissue samples using Taqman-based quantitative assay and re-sequencing. The ∼5 kb deletion in mtDNA was significantly less (9.8 and 10.5 folds, P < 0.0001) in cancer tissues compared to control and leukoplakia tissues, respectively. On the other hand, somatic mutations in D-loop, investigated in 54 controls, 50 leukoplakias and 56 cancer patients, were found to be significantly more in cancer tissues, but not in leukoplakia tissues, compared to control (Z-score = 5.4). MtDNA contents were observed to be significantly more in leukoplakia (2.1 folds, P = 0.004) and cancer (1.6 folds, P = 0.03) tissues compared to control tissues. So, D-loop somatic mutations and ∼5 kb deletion patterns could be used as distinguishing markers between precancer and cancer tissues. This observation further suggests that somatic mutations in D-loop may facilitate carcinogenesis and cancer cells with less ∼5 kb deletion, i.e., intact mtDNA, may become resistant to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Datta
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
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Parr RL, Jakupciak JP, Birch-Machin MA, Dakubo GD. The mitochondrial genome: a biosensor for early cancer detection? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:169-82. [PMID: 23489304 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial genome have been reported as biomarkers for the detection of cancer. Hallmarks of cancer development include the accumulation of genetic alterations in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Damage to mitochondria affects energy metabolism, generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, cell growth and other processes that contribute to the neoplastic process. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA mutations occur frequently in cancer. Little work has been done to link a pathway between mitochondrial mutations and cancer etiology. Volumes of work have been reported on the association of mitochondrial mutations and almost all types of cancer including the use of body fluids for early detection. This review examines the measurement of mitochondrial mutations for the application of detecting human tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Parr
- Vice President of Research, Genesis Genomics, Inc., 290 Munro Street, Ste 1000, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7A 7T1, Canada +1 807 346 8100; +1 807 346 8105 ;
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Kamalidehghan B, Houshmand M. Pitfalls for common mitochondrial DNA deletion (ΔmtDNA4977) as a biomarker of cancer. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:79-80. [PMID: 23291398 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chang CM, Chiu LF, Wang PW, Shieh DB, Lee GB. A microfluidic system for fast detection of mitochondrial DNA deletion. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:2693-2700. [PMID: 21727979 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20317g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an integrated microfluidic system capable of automatic extraction and analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mitochondria are the energy production and metabolism centres of human and animal cells, which supply most of the energy for maintaining physiological functions and play an important role in the process of cell death. Because it lacks an effective repair system, mtDNA suffers much higher oxidative damage and usually harbours more mutations than nuclear DNA. Alterations of mtDNA have been reported to be strongly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondria-related diseases, aging, and many important human diseases such as diabetes and cancers. Thus, an effective tool for automatic detection of mtDNA deletion is in great need. This study, therefore, proposed a microfluidic system integrating three enabling modules to perform the entire protocol for the detection of mtDNA deletion. Crucial processes which included mtDNA extraction, nucleic acid amplification, separation and detection of the target genes were automatically performed. When compared with traditional assays, the developed microfluidic system consumed fewer samples and reagents, achieved a higher mtDNA extraction rate, and could automate all the processes within a shorter period of time (150 minutes). It may provide a powerful tool for the analysis of mitochondria mutations in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Min Chang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
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Challen C, Brown H, Cai C, Betts G, Paterson I, Sloan P, West C, Birch-Machin M, Robinson M. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in head and neck cancer are infrequent and lack prognostic utility. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1319-24. [PMID: 21427725 PMCID: PMC3078603 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations occur in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and are most frequently detected in the displacement-loop (D-loop) region. The D-loop is considered to be important because it controls mitochondrial gene expression and mtDNA replication. There is currently no evidence that mtDNA mutations can be used as prognostic or predictive biomarkers in HNSCC. Methods: We used denaturing high performance liquid chromatography to screen the entire mitochondrial genome of six oral squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell lines and then focused on detecting D-loop abnormalities in 34 HNSCC tissue samples. Results: Mitochondrial DNA mutations are not ubiquitous in HNSCC because only half of the cell lines had detectable mtDNA abnormalities following screening of the entire mitochondrial genome and only 18% (6 of 34) of tissue samples had D-loop mutations. There was no correlation between D-loop mutations and determinates of clinical outcome; specifically, tumour stage and the expression of hypoxia-inducible genes included in a highly prognostic hypoxia metagene. Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that mtDNA D-loop mutations are stochastic events that may not significantly influence the biology of HNSCC and supports the hypothesis that mtDNA mutations in cancer represent bystander genotoxic damage as a consequence of tumour development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Challen
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
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Lee HC, Chang CM, Chi CW. Somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA in aging and cancer progression. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9 Suppl 1:S47-58. [PMID: 20816876 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles responsible for generating ATP through respiration and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), producing reactive oxygen species, and initiating and executing apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed to be an important hallmark of aging and cancer. Because mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is important in maintaining functionally competent organelles, accumulation of mtDNA mutations can affect energy production, oxidative stress, and cell survival, which may contribute to aging and/or carcinogenesis. This review outlines a variety of somatic mtDNA mutations identified in aging tissues and human cancers, as well as recent advances in understanding the causal role of mtDNA mutations in the aging process and cancer progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction elicited by somatic mutations in mtDNA could induce apoptosis in aging cells and some cancer cells with severe mtDNA mutations. In addition, it could activate mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling to modulate the expression of nuclear genes involved in a metabolic shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis, facilitate cells to adapt to altered environments and develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, or promote metastatic properties of cancer cells. These findings suggest that accumulation of somatic mtDNA mutations is not only an important contributor to human aging but also plays a critical role in cancer progression.
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10
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Fenech MF. Dietary reference values of individual micronutrients and nutriomes for genome damage prevention: current status and a road map to the future. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1438S-1454S. [PMID: 20219957 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the genome is recognized as a fundamental cause of developmental and degenerative diseases. Several micronutrients play an important role in protecting against DNA damage events generated through endogenous and exogenous factors by acting as cofactors or substrates for enzymes that detoxify genotoxins as well as enzymes involved in DNA repair, methylation, and synthesis. In addition, it is evident that either micronutrient deficiency or micronutrient excess can modify genome stability and that these effects may also depend on nutrient-nutrient and nutrient-gene interaction, which is affected by genotype. These observations have led to the emerging science of genome health nutrigenomics, which is based on the principle that DNA damage is a fundamental cause of disease that can be diagnosed and nutritionally prevented on an individual, genetic subgroup, or population basis. In this article, the following topics are discussed: 1) biomarkers used to study genome damage in humans and their validation, 2) evidence for the association of genome damage with developmental and degenerative disease, 3) current knowledge of micronutrients required for the maintenance of genome stability in humans, 4) the effect of nutrient-nutrient and nutrient-genotype interaction on DNA damage, and 5) strategies to determine dietary reference values of single micronutrients and micronutrient combinations (nutriomes) on the basis of DNA damage prevention. This article also identifies important knowledge gaps and future research directions required to shed light on these issues. The ultimate goal is to match the nutriome to the genome to optimize genome maintenance and to prevent pathologic amounts of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Fenech
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide BC SA 5000, Australia.
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11
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Lee HC, Wei YH. Mitochondrial DNA instability and metabolic shift in human cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:674-701. [PMID: 19333428 PMCID: PMC2660656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10020674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A shift in glucose metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is one of the biochemical hallmarks of tumor cells. Mitochondrial defects have been proposed to play an important role in the initiation and/or progression of various types of cancer. In the past decade, a wide spectrum of mutations and depletion of mtDNA have been identified in human cancers. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that activation of oncogenes or mutation of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, can lead to the upregulation of glycolytic enzymes or inhibition of the biogenesis or assembly of respiratory enzyme complexes such as cytochrome c oxidase. These findings may explain, at least in part, the well documented phenomena of elevated glucose uptake and mitochondrial defects in cancers. In this article, we review the somatic mtDNA alterations with clinicopathological correlations in human cancers, and their potential roles in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. The signaling pathways involved in the shift from aerobic metabolism to glycolysis in human cancers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chen Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112; E-Mail:
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
; Tel. 02-2826-7118; Fax: 02-28264843
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Ralf Paus L, Berneburg M, Trelles M, Friguet B, Ogden S, Esrefoglu M, Kaya G, Goldberg DJ, Mordon S, Calderhead RG, Griffiths CEM, Saurat JH, Thappa DM. How best to halt and/or revert UV-induced skin ageing: strategies, facts and fiction. Exp Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cohen EEW. A disturbance in the force--mitochondrial mutations in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4317-9. [PMID: 17671110 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezra E W Cohen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Ye C, Shu XO, Wen W, Pierce L, Courtney R, Gao YT, Zheng W, Cai Q. Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial DNA 4977-bp deletion in sporadic breast cancer and benign breast diseases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 108:427-34. [PMID: 17541740 PMCID: PMC3836503 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 4977-bp deletion (DeltamtDNA(4977) mutation) is one of the most frequently observed mtDNA mutations in human tissues and may play a role in carcinogenesis. Only a few studies have evaluated DeltamtDNA(4977) mutation in breast cancer tissue, and the findings have been inconsistent, which may be due to methodological differences. In this study, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR assay to assess the level of the DeltamtDNA(4977) mutation in tumor tissue samples from 55 primary breast cancer patients and 21 patients with benign breast disease (BBD). The DeltamtDNA(4977) mutation was detected in all of the samples with levels varying from 0.000149% to 7.0%. The DeltamtDNA(4977) mutation levels were lower in tumor tissues than in adjacent normal tissues in both breast cancer and BBD subjects. The differences, however, were not statistically significant. No significant difference between breast cancer and BBD patients was found in the DeltamtDNA(4977) mutation levels of tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The DeltamtDNA(4977) mutation levels were not significantly associated with clinicopathological characteristics (age, histology, tumor stage, and ER/PR status) in breast cancer or BBD patients. These results do not support the notion that the mitochondrial DNA 4977-bp deletion plays a major role in breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhong Ye
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Larry Pierce
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Regina Courtney
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Zhou S, Kachhap S, Sun W, Wu G, Chuang A, Poeta L, Grumbine L, Mithani SK, Chatterjee A, Koch W, Westra WH, Maitra A, Glazer C, Carducci M, Sidransky D, McFate T, Verma A, Califano JA. Frequency and phenotypic implications of mitochondrial DNA mutations in human squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7540-5. [PMID: 17456604 PMCID: PMC1863503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610818104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomic mutations are found in a variety of human cancers; however, the frequency of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in coding regions remains poorly defined, and the functional effects of mitochondrial mutations found in primary human cancers are not well described. Using MitoChip, we sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome in 83 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Forty-one of 83 (49%) tumors contained mtDNA mutations. Mutations occurred within noncoding (D-loop) and coding regions. A nonrandom distribution of mutations was found throughout the mitochondrial enzyme complex components. Sequencing of margins with dysplasia demonstrated an identical nonconservative mitochondrial mutation (A76T in ND4L) as the tumor, suggesting a role of mtDNA mutation in tumor progression. Analysis of p53 status showed that mtDNA mutations correlated positively with p53 mutations (P < 0.002). To characterize biological function of the mtDNA mutations, we cloned NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) mutants based on primary tumor mutations. Expression of the nuclear-transcribed, mitochondrial-targeted ND2 mutants resulted in increased anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, which was accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species production and an aerobic glycolytic metabolic phenotype with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha induction that is reversible by ascorbate. Cancer-specific mitochondrial mutations may contribute to development of a malignant phenotype by direct genotoxic effects from increased reactive oxygen species production as well as induction of aerobic glycolysis and growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Zhou
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | - Wenyue Sun
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Guojun Wu
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Alice Chuang
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Luana Poeta
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University Campus BioMedico School of Medicine, 00155 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Suhail K. Mithani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | | | - Wayne Koch
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | - William H. Westra
- **Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Anirban Maitra
- **Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Chad Glazer
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | | | - Thomas McFate
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Ajay Verma
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Joseph A. Califano
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 601 North Caroline Street, 6th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21287-0910. E-mail:
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Berneburg M, Kamenisch Y, Krutmann J, Röcken M. 'To repair or not to repair - no longer a question': repair of mitochondrial DNA shielding against age and cancer. Exp Dermatol 2007; 15:1005-15. [PMID: 17083367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in energy production and apoptosis is well known. The role of mitochondria and particularly the role of the mitochondria's own genome, mitochondrial (mt) DNA, in the process of ageing were postulated decades ago. However, this was discussed, debated and more or less disposed of. Recent data from elegant mouse models now confirm that mutations of mtDNA do indeed play a central and pivotal role in the ageing process. Newer reports also indicate a possible role of mtDNA mutations in the carcinogenesis of several organs. But is damaged mtDNA repaired, or is it simply degraded and discarded? This question appears to be answered now. According to recent data, mitochondria possess functional repair mechanisms such as base excision repair, double-strand break repair and mismatch repair, yet nucleotide excision repair has so far not been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Berneburg
- Molecular Oncology and Aging, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. BASIC SCIENCE TECHNIQUES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2007. [PMCID: PMC7123628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-740-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Since the first documentation of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR),1 it has been used for an increasing and diverse number of applications, including mRNA expression studies, DNA copy number measurements in genomic or viral DNAs,2–7 allelic discrimination assays,8,9 expression analysis of specific splice variants of genes10–13 and gene expression in paraffin-embedded tissues,14,15 and laser captured microdissected cells.13,16–19 Therefore, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) is now essential in molecular diagnostics to quantitatively assess the level of RNA or DNA in a given specimen. QRT-PCR enables the detection and quantification of very small amounts of DNA, cDNA, or RNA, even down to a single copy. It is based on the detection of fluorescence produced by reporter probes, which varies with reaction cycle number. Only during the exponential phase of the conventional PCR reaction is it possible to extrapolate back in order to determine the quantity of initial template sequence. The “real-time” nature of this technology pertains to the constant monitoring of fluorescence from specially designed reporter probes during each cycle. Due to inhibitors of the polymerase reaction found with the template, reagent limitation or accumulation of pyrophosphate molecules, the PCR reaction eventually ceases to generate template at an exponential rate (i.e., the plateau phase), making the end point quantitation of PCR products unreliable in all but the exponential phase.
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Shieh DB, Chen CC, Shih TS, Tai HM, Wei YH, Chang HY. Mitochondrial DNA alterations in blood of the humans exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 165:211-9. [PMID: 17254560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) has been widely used in industries because of its extensive miscibility with water and solvents. Its health effects include hepatotoxicity and male reproductoxicity, possibly linked with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations including mtDNA common deletion (DeltamtDNA(4977)) and mtDNA copy number. The relationship between DMF exposure and mtDNA alterations, however, has not been postulated yet. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether the DMF exposure is associated with DeltamtDNA(4977) and mtDNA copy number and to evaluate the DMF-derived mtDNA alterations are more associated with exposure to the airborne DMF concentrations or to the levels of two urinary DMF biomarkers of N-methylformamide (NMF) and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoryl) cysteine(AMCC). Thirteen DMF-exposed workers and 13 age and seniority-matched control workers in a synthetic leather factory were monitored on their airborne DMF, NMF and AMCC in the urine as well as DeltamtDNA(4977) and mtDNA copy number in blood cells. We found that the frequencies of relative DeltamtDNA(4977) in DMF-exposed group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Moreover, elevation in the proportion of DeltamtDNA(4977) of individuals with high urine AMCC (U-AMCC) and airborne DMF levels were significantly higher than those without. We conclude that long-term exposure to DMF is highly associated with the alterations of mtDNA in urine and blood cells. The DeltamtDNA(4977) was more significantly related to repeated exposure to DMF and mtDNA copy number was more closely related to short-term DMF exposure. We also confirmed that U-AMCC is more appropriate to serve as a toxicity biomarker for DMF exposure than U-NMF. Further study with a larger number of subjects is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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Kamenisch Y, Wenz J, Metzler G, Bauer J, Neubauer H, Garbe C, Röcken M, Berneburg M. The mitochondrial DNA common deletion is present in most basal and squamous cell carcinoma samples isolated by laser capture microdissection but generally at reduced rather than increased levels. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:486-90. [PMID: 17039246 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Berneburg M, Kamenisch Y, Krutmann J. Repair of mitochondrial DNA in aging and carcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 5:190-8. [PMID: 16465305 DOI: 10.1039/b507380d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are responsible for the generation of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. These organelles contain their own genetic material, mitochondrial (mt) DNA. This mtDNA has been hypothesized to play a role in the processes of aging and carcinogenesis. Initial reports have shown that there is no repair of cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers (CPD). More recent reports indicate however, that the mitochondrion contains several defence mechanisms against endogenous or exogenous damaging agents such as ultraviolet radiation or oxidative damage. The role of these defence mechanisms in the removal of mitochondrial DNA damage and the link to aging and carcinogenesis-associated processes are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Berneburg
- Molecular Oncology and Aging, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Arya M, Shergill IS, Williamson M, Gommersall L, Arya N, Patel HRH. Basic principles of real-time quantitative PCR. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2005; 5:209-19. [PMID: 15833050 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR allows the sensitive, specific and reproducible quantitation of nucleic acids. Since its introduction, real-time quantitative PCR has revolutionized the field of molecular diagnostics and the technique is being used in a rapidly expanding number of applications. This exciting technology has enabled the shift of molecular diagnostics toward a high-throughput, automated technology with lower turnaround times. This article reviews the basic principles of real-time PCR and describes the various chemistries available: the double-stranded DNA-intercalating agent SYBR Green 1, hydrolysis probes, dual hybridization probes, molecular beacons and scorpion probes. Quantitation methods are discussed in addition to the competing instruments available on the market. Examples of applications of this important and versatile technique are provided throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manit Arya
- Institute of Urology, Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University College London, UK.
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