1
|
Carullo N, Zicarelli M, Michael A, Faga T, Battaglia Y, Pisani A, Perticone M, Costa D, Ielapi N, Coppolino G, Bolignano D, Serra R, Andreucci M. Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney Involvement. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17400. [PMID: 38139229 PMCID: PMC10743690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the impact of childhood obesity on the kidney from an epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, and pathological perspective, with the aim of providing pediatricians and nephrologists with the most current data on this topic. The prevalence of childhood obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is steadily increasing worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. While the impact of obesity in children with CKD is less pronounced than in adults, recent studies suggest a similar trend in the child population. This is likely due to the significant association between obesity and the two leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD): diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. Obesity is a complex, systemic disease that reflects interactions between environmental and genetic factors. A key mechanism of kidney damage is related to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Therefore, we can speculate about an adipose tissue-kidney axis in which neurohormonal and immunological mechanisms exacerbate complications resulting from obesity. Adipose tissue, now recognized as an endocrine organ, secretes cytokines called adipokines that may induce adaptive or maladaptive responses in renal cells, leading to kidney fibrosis. The impact of obesity on kidney transplant-related outcomes for both donors and recipients is also significant, making stringent preventive measures critical in the pre- and post-transplant phases. The challenge lies in identifying renal involvement as early as possible, as it is often completely asymptomatic and not detectable through common markers of kidney function. Ongoing research into innovative technologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, aims to identify new biomarkers and is constantly evolving. Many aspects of pediatric disease progression in the population of children with obesity still require clarification. However, the latest scientific evidence in the field of nephrology offers glimpses into various new perspectives, such as genetic factors, comorbidities, and novel biomarkers. Investigating these aspects early could potentially improve the prognosis of these young patients through new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive exploration of the pathogenetic mechanisms and prevalent pathological patterns of kidney damage observed in children with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazareno Carullo
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Mariateresa Zicarelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Ashour Michael
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Teresa Faga
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Yuri Battaglia
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Perticone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Davide Costa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Nicola Ielapi
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coppolino
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Davide Bolignano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.C.); (M.Z.); (A.M.); (T.F.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharifi-Heris Z, Amiri-Farahani L, Shahabadi Z, Sanaei M. Impact of social support and mindfulness in the associations between perceived risk of COVID-19 acquisition and pregnancy outcomes in Iranian population: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:328. [PMID: 37821989 PMCID: PMC10566097 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Various devastating infection outbreaks including COVID-19, threat both mother and fetus health. These life-threating outbreaks as potential harms are highly associated with relevant perceived risk. Social support and mindfulness are two factors that may moderate the associations between the perceived risk of COVID-19 and pregnancy outcomes. In this study we investigated the potential moderating impact of social support and mindfulness in the aforementioned association. METHODS This study is a longitudinal cohort study in which 483 Iranian pregnant women in Tehran have been studied. Perceived risk of COVID-19 questions, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were used through an online platform to assess the independent variables during pregnancy. Neonatal and maternal outcomes including gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, abortion, birth weight, and gestational age at birth, was extracted from Electronic Health Record (EHR) after childbirth as the dependent variables. The aim of the study is to investigate whether social support and mindfulness can affect the associations between perceived risk of Covid-19 acquisition and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS Perceived risk of COVID-19 was negatively associated with pregnancy outcomes including birth weight (-28, 95% CI [-53, -3.4], p < .05) and gestational age at birth (-0.9, 95% CI [-2,0.11], p < .05). However, social support could not moderate these associations. Mindfulness, on the other hand, moderated the association between perceived risk and stillbirth meaning that by increasing mindfulness, the association between the perceived risk and stillbirth may also be increased (OR = 0.03; p < .05). CONCLUSION The findings of this study showed that social support lacks the moderating impact on the association between perceived risk of COVID-19 and pregnancy outcomes. Mindfulness, on the other hand, indicate a positive moderating impact for the association between perceived risk of Covid-19 and stillbirth. More studies in different populations are suggested to investigate the impact of mindfulness and social support on the association between perceived risk and pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sharifi-Heris
- Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Leila Amiri-Farahani
- Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shahabadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sanaei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Piquer B, Olmos D, Flores A, Barra R, Bahamondes G, Diaz-Araya G, Lara HE. Exposure of the Gestating Mother to Sympathetic Stress Modifies the Cardiovascular Function of the Progeny in Male Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4285. [PMID: 36901294 PMCID: PMC10002243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic stress stimulates norepinephrine (NE) release from sympathetic nerves. During pregnancy, it modifies the fetal environment, increases NE to the fetus through the placental NE transporter, and affects adult physiological functions. Gestating rats were exposed to stress, and then the heart function and sensitivity to in vivo adrenergic stimulation were studied in male progeny. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to cold stress (4 °C/3 h/day); rats' male progeny were euthanized at 20 and 60 days old, and their hearts were used to determine the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) (radioligand binding) and NE concentration. The in vivo arterial pressure response to isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg weight/day/10 days) was monitored in real time (microchip in the descending aorta). RESULTS Stressed male progeny presented no differences in ventricular weight, the cardiac NE was lower, and high corticosterone plasma levels were recorded at 20 and 60 days old. The relative abundance of β1 adrenergic receptors decreased by 36% and 45%, respectively (p < 0.01), determined by Western blot analysis without changes in β2 adrenergic receptors. A decrease in the ratio between β1/β2 receptors was found. Displacement of 3H-dihydroalprenolol (DHA) from a membrane fraction with propranolol (β antagonist), atenolol (β1 antagonist), or zinterol (β2 agonist) shows decreased affinity but no changes in the β-adrenergic receptor number. In vivo exposure to ISO to induce a β-adrenergic overload provoked death in 50% of stressed males by day 3 of ISO treatment. CONCLUSION These data suggest permanent changes to the heart's adrenergic response after rat progeny were stressed in the uterus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Piquer
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Diandra Olmos
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Andrea Flores
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Rafael Barra
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Gabriela Bahamondes
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Guillermo Diaz-Araya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Hernan E. Lara
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gestational Sympathetic Stress Programs the Fertility of Offspring: A Rat Multi-Generation Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053044. [PMID: 35270735 PMCID: PMC8910085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to sympathetic stress during the entire period of gestation (4 °C/3 h/day) strongly affects the postnatal reproductive performance of the first generation of female offspring and their fertility capacity. The aim of this work was to determine whether this exposure to sympathetic stress affects the reproductive capacity of the next three generations of female offspring as adults. Adult female Sprague–Dawley rats were mated with males of proven fertility. We studied the reproductive capacity of the second, third, and fourth generations of female offspring (the percentage of pregnancy and the number and weight of female offspring). The estrus cycle activity of the progenies was studied, and a morphological analysis of the ovaries was carried out to study the follicular population. The second generation had a lower number of pups per litter and a 20% decrease in fertile capacity. The estrus cycle activity of the third generation decreased even more, and they had a 50% decrease in their fertile capacity, and their ovaries presented polycystic morphology. The fourth generation however, recovered their reproductive capacity but not the amount of newborns pups. Most probably, the chronic intrauterine exposure to the sympathetic stress programs the female gonads to be stressed in a stressful environment; since the fourth generation was the first born with no direct exposure to stress during development, it opens studies on intrauterine factors affecting early follicular development.
Collapse
|
5
|
Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Johnson M, Kumaran K, Jones A, Bhat DS, Yajnik CS, Fall CHD. Maternal B12, Folate and Homocysteine Concentrations and Offspring Cortisol and Cardiovascular Responses to Stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5811162. [PMID: 32206806 PMCID: PMC7216924 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Imbalances in maternal 1-carbon nutrients (vitamin B12, folate) have been shown to be associated with higher offspring cardiometabolic risk markers in India. OBJECTIVE We examined the hypothesis that low plasma vitamin B12 (B12) and high folate and homocysteine concentrations in the mother are associated with higher hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (cortisol) and cardiovascular responses during the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) in an Indian birth cohort. METHODS Adolescents (n = 264; mean age: 13.6 years), whose mothers' plasma B12, folate and total homocysteine concentrations had been measured during pregnancy, completed 5-minutes each of public speaking and mental arithmetic tasks in front of 2 unfamiliar "judges" (TSST-C). Baseline and poststress salivary cortisol concentrations were measured. Heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were measured continuously at baseline, during the TSST-C, and for 10 minutes after the TSST-C using a finger cuff; beat-to-beat values were averaged for these periods, respectively. RESULTS Maternal low B12 status (plasma B12 < 150 pmol/L) was associated with greater cortisol responses to stress in the offspring (P < .001). Higher homocysteine concentrations were associated with greater offspring heart rate response (P < .001). After adjustment for multiple comparisons, there were nonsignificant associations between higher maternal folate concentrations and offspring total peripheral resistance response (P = .01). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that maternal 1-carbon nutritional status may have long-term programming implications for offspring neuroendocrine stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghattu V Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: GV Krishnaveni, Post Box 38, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mandi Mohalla, Mysore 570001, India. E-mail:
| | - Sargoor R Veena
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - Matt Johnson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Dattatray S Bhat
- Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Center, Pune, India
| | | | - Caroline H D Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adjei DN, Stronks K, Adu D, Beune E, Meeks K, Smeeth L, Addo J, Owusu-Dabo E, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Mockenhaupt F, Schulze M, Danquah I, Spranger J, Bahendeka SK, Agyemang C. Cross-sectional study of association between psychosocial stressors with chronic kidney disease among migrant and non-migrant Ghanaians living in Europe and Ghana: the RODAM study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027931. [PMID: 31375611 PMCID: PMC6688695 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between psychosocial stressors (PS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) among sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations is unknown. We examined the association between PS and CKD prevalence among rural and urban Ghanaians and Ghanaian migrants living in three European cities. We also assessed if the influence of PS on CKD is partially mediated by primary risk factors (hypertension and diabetes) of CKD. DESIGN A multi-centred cross sectional data from the Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants study. SETTING Rural and urban Ghana and three European cities (Amsterdam, Berlin and London). PARTICIPANTS A random sample of 5659 adults (Europe 3167, rural Ghana 1043 and urban Ghana 1449) aged 25-70 years. EXPLANATORY MEASURES PS defined by negative life events, perceived discrimination, perceived stress at work/home and depressive symptoms. Three CKD outcomes were considered using the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes severity of CKD classification. Comparisons between PS and CKD outcomes were made using logistic regression analyses across all sites. RESULTS We observed higher proportion of negative life events (68.7%) and perceived permanent stress (15.9%) among Ghanaians living in Ghana than Ghanaians living in Europe. Depressive symptoms (7.5%) and perceived discrimination (29.7%) were more common among Ghanaians living in Europe than Ghanaians living in Ghana. No significant association was observed between any of the PS constructs and CKD outcomes across sites except for positive association between stress at work/home and albuminuria (2.81, 95% CI 1.46 to 5.40) and CKD risk (2.78, 95% CI 1.43 to 5.43) among Ghanaians living in Berlin. CONCLUSION Our study found a positive association between stress at work/home and albuminuria and CKD risk. There was no convincing evidence of associations between the other PS constructs and the prevalence of CKD risk. Further studies are needed to identify potential factors driving the high prevalence of CKD among these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Nana Adjei
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Karien Stronks
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwomoa Adu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana and Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Erik Beune
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Meeks
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liam Smeeth
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Addo
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frank Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ina Danquah
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-University, Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Krishnaveni GV, Srinivasan K. Maternal Nutrition and Offspring Stress Response-Implications for Future Development of Non-Communicable Disease: A Perspective From India. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:795. [PMID: 31736810 PMCID: PMC6829676 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress is recognized as a major modifiable risk factor for adult non-communicable disease (NCD) that includes depression, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity resulting in either exaggerated or blunted cortisol responses, and altered autonomic cardiovascular control have been thought to underlie this association. The developmental origins hypothesis proposes that impaired nutrition during fetal and early postnatal growth is associated with a higher NCD risk later in life. Maternal nutrients are vital for fetal growth and development, and both maternal undernutrition and over nutrition as in the case of gestational diabetes are associated with higher NCD risk markers in the offspring. Recent studies suggest that fetal exposure to maternal nutritional imbalances may permanently alter cortisol and cardio-sympathetic stress-responsiveness, which may link early life nutrition with adult disease risk. A few recent studies that examined the association between low birth weight as a marker of fetal undernutrition and stress response in humans showed that lower birth weight was associated with an altered HPA axis and cardiovascular sympathetic nervous system responses to stress in adults as well as in children. In addition, altered stress responses in relation to gestational diabetes have been noted. In this paper, we present available evidence from India for the association between maternal nutrition and offspring stress responsiveness against the backdrop of global evidence, and discuss its role in the escalating NCD rates in this population. We also discuss the scope for future studies in India and other transitioning countries.
Collapse
|
8
|
Krishnaveni GV, Kumaran K, Krishna M, Sahariah S, Chandak G, Kehoe S, Jones A, Bhat D, Danivas V, Srinivasan K, Suguna Shanthi J, Karat SC, Barker M, Osmond C, Yajnik C, Fall C. Life course programming of stress responses in adolescents and young adults in India: Protocol of the Stress Responses in Adolescence and Vulnerability to Adult Non-communicable disease (SRAVANA) Study. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:56. [PMID: 30027123 PMCID: PMC6039920 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14583.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Early life nutrition may affect individuals' susceptibility to adult non-communicable diseases (NCD). Psychological stress is a well-recognised NCD risk factor. Recent evidence suggests that impaired foetal nutrition alters neuro-endocrine pathways, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis feedback systems, resulting in abnormal stress responses, and NCD risk. This study aims to examine adolescent cortisol and cardiovascular stress responses in relation to maternal nutrition and contemporaneous NCD risk markers. Methods: The study sample will be drawn from three well-established birth cohorts in India; the Parthenon cohort, Mysore (N=550, age~20y), the SARAS KIDS prenatal intervention cohort, Mumbai (N=300, age~10-12y) and the Pune Rural Intervention in Young Adults/ PRIYA cohort, Pune (N=100, age~22y). We will perform the 'Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)', a well-accepted stress-test module which involves participants performing 5-minutes each of public speaking and mental arithmetic tasks in front of unfamiliar 'judges' (stressor). Repeated measures of salivary cortisol and autonomic cardiovascular outcomes relative to the stressor will be assessed. Measures of psychological stress, cognitive function, blood pressure, glucose-insulin metabolism and depression will be carried out. Mechanistic studies including DNA methylation in gluco-corticoid receptor ( NR3C1) and 11β-HSD2 gene loci and neuroimaging will be carried out in a subsample. Qualitative interviews and focus group discussions in a subsample of the Parthenon cohort will explore the perception of stress and stressors among the youth. We will convert repeated measures into time-weighted averages before analysis. We will carry out multivariable regression analysis to test the associations. We will further refine the analyses using the mixed-model regression and conditional analyses for the association with repeated measures. Ethics and dissemination: This study has been approved by the research ethics committee of CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore. The findings will be disseminated locally and at international meetings, and reports will be submitted to open access peer reviewed journals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- GV Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospitol, Mysore, India
| | | | - Murali Krishna
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospitol, Mysore, India
| | | | | | - Sarah Kehoe
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Dattatray Bhat
- Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Vijay Danivas
- Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | | | - J Suguna Shanthi
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospitol, Mysore, India
| | - SC Karat
- Department of Pediatrics, Jerudong Park Medical Centre, Jerudong Park, Brunei
| | - Mary Barker
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Caroline Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Developmental origins of diabetes-an Indian perspective. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:865-869. [PMID: 28537579 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The developmental origins of health disease (DOHaD) hypothesis proposes that altered environmental influences (nutrition, metabolism, pollutants, stress and so on) during critical stages of fetal growth predisposes individuals to diabetes and other non-communicable disease in later life. This phenomenon is thought to reflect permanent effects ('programming') of unbalanced fetal development on physiological systems. Intrauterine programming may underlie the characteristic Indian 'thin-fat' phenotype and the current unprecedented epidemic of diabetes on the backdrop of multigenerational maternal undernutrition in the country. India has been at the forefront of the DOHaD research for over two decades. Both retrospective and prospective birth cohorts in India provide evidence for the role of impaired early-life nutrition on the later diabetes risk. These studies show that in a transitioning country such as India, maternal undernutrition (of micronutrients) and overnutrition (gestational diabetes) co-exist, and expose the offspring to disease risk through multiple pathways. Currently, the Indian scientists are embarking on complex mechanistic and intervention studies to find solutions for the diabetes susceptibility of this population. However, a few unresolved issues in this context warrant continued research and a cautious approach.
Collapse
|
10
|
Piquer B, Fonseca JL, Lara HE. Gestational stress, placental norepinephrine transporter and offspring fertility. Reproduction 2016; 153:147-155. [PMID: 27815561 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cold stress produces adrenergic overload that can affect fetal development. The placental norepinephrine transporter (NET) clears norepinephrine (NE) from both maternal circulation and the fetus during gestation. If this system fails, NE clearance can be reduced, leading to high fetal exposure to NE. The main aim of this study was to determine the changes in NET expression during gestation and their relationship with the functional capacity of NET to transport NE under stressful conditions. Additionally, this study correlated these findings with the reproductive capacity of 2nd-generation progeny. Pregnant rats were subjected to chronic cold stress at 4°C for 3 h each day throughout their pregnancies. We found that exposure of pregnant rats to sympathetic stress caused the following effects: increased NE and corticosterone levels throughout pregnancy, decreased capacity of the placenta to clear NE from the fetus to the mother's circulation, altered NET protein levels depending on the sex of the fetus and increased placental and body weights of pups. For the first time, we also described the disrupted fertility of progeny as adults. Increased NE plasma levels during pregnancy under sympathetic stress conditions correlated with decreased NET functionality that provoked changes in the development of progeny and their fertility in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Piquer
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryFaculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose L Fonseca
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryFaculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán E Lara
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryFaculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kofler T, Bossard M, Aeschbacher S, Tabord A, Repilado FJR, van der Lely S, Berger S, Risch M, Risch L, Conen D. The interrelationships of birthweight, inflammation and body composition in healthy adults. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:342-8. [PMID: 26880533 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower birthweight is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. We hypothesized that inflammation and body fat may be potential mediators for these inverse relationships. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy adults aged 25-41 years were enrolled in a prospective population-based cohort study in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Main exclusion criteria were diabetes, overt cardiovascular disease or a body mass index > 35 kg/m(2) . Birthweight was self-reported by the study participants. White blood cell (WBC) count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were assayed from fresh blood samples. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Multivariable linear regression models were constructed to assess the relationships between birthweight, inflammation and body composition. RESULTS Our sample consisted of 1774 participants (53·4% females) with a median age of 37 years. Median birthweight was 3355 g. In multivariable models, we found an inverse relationship of birthweight with hs-CRP levels (β -0·010 (95% CI -0·02; -0·002), P = 0·01) and WBC count (β -0·002 (95% CI -0·004; -0·0002), P = 0·03). Additional adjustment for body fat mass attenuated these relationships (β -0·008 (95% CI -0·02; 0·0003), P = 0·06 for hs-CRP levels and (β -0·002 (95% CI -0·004; 0·0006), P = 0·16 for WBC count. Body fat mass itself was strongly associated with birthweight (β -0·06 (95% CI -0·10; -0·03), P < 0·0001). CONCLUSION Birthweight is inversely associated with inflammation in adulthood. This relationship may be mediated by an elevated body fat mass among individuals with lower birthweight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kofler
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Bossard
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiology Division, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Aeschbacher
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Tabord
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Javier Ruperti Repilado
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie van der Lely
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Berger
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Schaan, Liechtenstein.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Schaan, Liechtenstein.,Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Private University, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - David Conen
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Jones A, Srinivasan K, Osmond C, Karat SC, Kurpad AV, Fall CHD. Exposure to maternal gestational diabetes is associated with higher cardiovascular responses to stress in adolescent indians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:986-93. [PMID: 25478935 PMCID: PMC4333036 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Altered endocrinal and autonomic nervous system responses to stress may link impaired intra-uterine growth with later cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that offspring of gestational diabetic mothers (OGDM) have high cortisol and cardiosympathetic responses during the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). DESIGN Adolescents from a birth cohort in India (n = 213; mean age, 13.5 y), including 26 OGDM, 22 offspring of diabetic fathers (ODF), and 165 offspring of nondiabetic parents (controls) completed 5 minutes each of public speaking and mental arithmetic tasks in front of two unfamiliar "evaluators" (TSST-C). Salivary cortisol concentrations were measured at baseline and at regular intervals after the TSST-C. Heart rate, blood pressure (BP), stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were measured continuously at baseline, during the TSST-C, and for 10 minutes after the test using a finger cuff; the beat-to-beat values were averaged for these periods. RESULTS Cortisol and cardiosympathetic parameters increased from baseline during stress (P < .001). OGDM had greater systolic BP (mean difference, 5.6 mm Hg), cardiac output (0.5 L/min), and stroke volume (4.0 mL) increases and a lower total peripheral resistance rise (125 dyn · s/cm(5)) than controls during stress. ODF had greater systolic BP responses than controls (difference, 4.1 mm Hg); there was no difference in other cardiosympathetic parameters. Cortisol responses were similar in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with higher cardiosympathetic stress responses in the offspring, which may contribute to their higher cardiovascular disease risk. Further research may confirm stress-response programming as a predictor of cardiovascular risk in OGDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghattu V Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit (G.V.K., S.R.V., S.C.K.), CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore 570021, India; Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging (A.J.), University College London Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London W1T 7HA, United Kingdom; St John's Research Institute (G.V.K., K.S., A.V.K.), St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore 560034, India; and Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O., C.H.D.F.), University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bruce MA, Griffith DM, Thorpe RJ. Stress and the kidney. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2015; 22:46-53. [PMID: 25573512 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of CKD has increased considerably over the past 2 decades. The rising rates of CKD have been attributed to known comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity; however, recent research has begun to explore the degree to which social, economic, and psychological factors have implications for the prevalence and progression of CKD, especially among high-risk populations such as African Americans. It has been suggested that stress can have implications for CKD, but this area of research has been largely unexplored. One contributing factor associated with the paucity of research on CKD is that many of the social, psychological, and environmental stressors cannot be recreated or simulated in a laboratory setting. Social science has established that stress can have implications for health, and we believe that stress is an important determinant of the development and progression of CKD. We draw heavily from the social scientific and social epidemiologic literature to present an intersectional conceptual frame specifying how stress can have implications for kidney disease, its progression, and its complications through multiple stressors and pathways.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
GDNF and MAPK-ERK pathway signaling is reduced during nephrogenesis following maternal under-nutrition. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 1:67-74. [PMID: 25142933 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174409990134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Maternal under-nutrition (MUN) during gestation results in growth-restricted newborns with reduced glomerular number and subsequent hypertension. We investigated dysregulation of glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and MAPK-ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) signal pathway gene expression following MUN. MUN rats were 50% food restricted from embryonic day 10 till postnatal day 1. Kidneys were harvested at embryonic day (E)20, and postnatal days (P)1 and 21. Kidney protein expression was determined by Western blot. At E20, protein expression of growth factor receptor alpha 1 (GFRα1) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 were reduced significantly, and immunohistochemistry confirmed reduction of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) with maintenance of pERK localization. Total MEK and ERK were unchanged. At P1, only GFRα1 and pERK1/2 were reduced significantly while at P21, expression of all growth factors except total MEK was unchanged. Total MEK was increased. Glomerular number was decreased by 19% in P21 kidneys and blood pressure was increased in 12-week-old rats. In conclusion, GDNF and MAPK-ERK signaling are dysregulated during active nephrogenesis in fetal and early newborn offspring kidneys in the MUN model. This may be a key mechanism in reduced offspring nephrogenesis and programmed hypertension.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction is a risk factor for development of adulthood diseases, but the biological mechanism of this association remains unknown. Limited biomarkers have been studied in settings of preterm birth and maternal inflammation, but the relationship between a wide range of immune biomarkers and fetal growth has not been studied. The hypothesis of this study was that fetal growth restriction is associated with altered immune biomarker levels. We examined the relationship between small for gestational age (SGA) status and 27 umbilical cord blood immune biomarkers. This study was part of a large-scale cohort study of preterm birth and low birth weight conducted at Boston Medical Center, an inner city, predominantly minority patient population. Growth status was determined based on birth weight standardized to an internal reference. There were 74 SGA births and 319 appropriate for age (AGA) births with complete clinical and biomarker data. Adjusting for covariates and using AGA as reference, SGA births had lower levels of log IL-1β (ng/l; β -0.38, 95% CI -0.57, -0.19, P < 0.01), log BDNF (β -0.29, 95% CI -0.55, -0.03, P < 0.05) and log NT-3 (β -0.46, 95% CI -0.77, -0.15, P < 0.01). No associations were found between other biomarkers and SGA. In conclusion, three biomarkers were selectively associated with SGA status. Our results provide information that could be used to guide additional studied aimed at determining mechanisms that contribute to fetal growth.
Collapse
|
17
|
Beckett EM, Astapova O, Steckler TL, Veiga-Lopez A, Padmanabhan V. Developmental programing: impact of testosterone on placental differentiation. Reproduction 2014; 148:199-209. [PMID: 24840528 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gestational testosterone treatment causes maternal hyperinsulinemia, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), low birth weight, and adult reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions. Sheep models of IUGR demonstrate placental insufficiency as an underlying cause of IUGR. Placental compromise is probably the cause of fetal growth retardation in gestational testosterone-treated sheep. This study tested whether testosterone excess compromises placental differentiation by its androgenic action and/or via altered insulin sensitivity. A comparative approach of studying gestational testosterone (aromatizable androgen) against dihydrotestosterone (non-aromatizable androgen) or testosterone plus androgen antagonist, flutamide, was used to determine whether the effects of testosterone on placental differentiation were programed by its androgenic actions. Co-treatment of testosterone with the insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone, was used to establish whether the effects of gestational testosterone on placentome differentiation involved compromised insulin sensitivity. Parallel cohorts of pregnant females were maintained for lambing and the birth weight of their offspring was recorded. Placental studies were conducted on days 65, 90, or 140 of gestation. Results indicated that i) gestational testosterone treatment advances placental differentiation, evident as early as day 65 of gestation, and culminates in low birth weight, ii) placental advancement is facilitated at least in part by androgenic actions of testosterone and is not a function of disrupted insulin homeostasis, and iii) placental advancement, while helping to increase placental efficiency, was insufficient to prevent IUGR and low-birth-weight female offspring. Findings from this study may be of relevance to women with polycystic ovary syndrome, whose reproductive and metabolic phenotype is captured by the gestational testosterone-treated offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Beckett
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
| | - O Astapova
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
| | - T L Steckler
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
| | - A Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
| | - V Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Hill JC, Karat SC, Fall CHD. Cohort profile: Mysore parthenon birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 44:28-36. [PMID: 24609067 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mysore Parthenon Birth Cohort was established to examine the long-term effects of maternal glucose tolerance and nutritional status on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the offspring. During 1997-98, 830 of 1233 women recruited from the antenatal clinics of the Holdsworth Memorial Hospital (HMH), Mysore, India, underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Of these, 667 women delivered live babies at HMH. Four babies with major congenital anomalies were excluded, and the remaining 663 were included for further follow-up. The babies had detailed anthropometry at birth and at 6-12-monthly intervals subsequently. Detailed cardiovascular investigations were done at ages 5, 9.5 and 13.5 years in the children, and in the parents at the 5-year and 9.5-year follow-ups. This ongoing study provides extensive data on serial anthropometry and body composition, physiological and biochemical measures, dietary intake, nutritional status, physical activity measures, stress reactivity measures and cognitive function, and socio-demographic parameters for the offspring. Data on anthropometry, cardiovascular risk factors and nutritional status are available for mothers during pregnancy. Anthropometry and risk factor measures are available for both parents at follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghattu V Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mandi Mohalla, Mysore, India, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK and Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Sargoor R Veena
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mandi Mohalla, Mysore, India, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK and Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Jacqueline C Hill
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mandi Mohalla, Mysore, India, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK and Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mandi Mohalla, Mysore, India, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK and Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Samuel C Karat
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mandi Mohalla, Mysore, India, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK and Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline H D Fall
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mandi Mohalla, Mysore, India, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK and Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Namwongprom S, Rerkasem K, Wongthanee A, Pruenglampoo S, Mangklabruks A. Relationship between total body adiposity assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, birth weight and metabolic syndrome in young Thai adults. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013; 5:252-7. [PMID: 24379035 PMCID: PMC3889991 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare body fat distribution using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in young adult subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS) with those without MS and also to determine whether a significant association existed between total body fat mass (FM) and MS along with the effect of birth weight. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 393 young adult subjects (175 male, 218 female). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose levels were determined. Total body FM, lean mass (LM) and percentage of body fat (%BF) were assessed by DXA. Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used for the diagnosis of MS. RESULTS The prevalence of MS was 5.6% among this group of young adult subjects aged 18.5-21.8 years. Subjects with MS (n=22) had significantly higher values for weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, %BF, total body FM, total body LM, and regional FM and LM. There was no statistically significant difference in bone mineral density between the two groups. There was also no association between birth weight and MS. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that every 5 kg of total body FM (OR 1.68; 95%CI 1.06-2.66) adjusted for gender, birth weight status, and total body LM were significantly associated with MS. CONCLUSION Total body FM measured by DXA was related to MS in Thai young adults. Thus, body composition analysis might have a role in the identification of subjects with MS status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirianong Namwongprom
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. E-mail:
| | - Kittipan Rerkasem
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
,
The Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Antika Wongthanee
- The Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sakda Pruenglampoo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
,
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gunta SS, Mak RH. Is obesity a risk factor for chronic kidney disease in children? Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:1949-56. [PMID: 23150030 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a rapid increase worldwide in the prevalence of obesity in adults and children. Obesity is not only a comorbidity for chronic kidney disease (CKD) but may also be a risk factor for CKD. Epidemiological correlations and pathophysiological changes have been observed associating obesity with CKD. Low birth weight may be associated with both obesity and low nephron mass, leading to CKD later in life. Elevated levels of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, in obesity may be factors in CKD pathogenesis and progression. Furthermore, various other factors, such as hypertension, increased cardiovascular morbidity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and lipotoxicity, may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of CKD in obesity. Reduction in obesity, which is a potentially modifiable risk factor, might help decrease the burden of CKD in the population. Apart from individualized options, community-based interventions have the potential to create a strong impact in this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujana S Gunta
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive. MC 0634, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Analysis of baseline hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in late adolescence reveals gender specific sensitivity of the stress axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1271-80. [PMID: 23218518 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been proposed as an important biological mechanism underlying stress-related diseases; however, a better understanding of the interlinked neuroendocrine events driving the release of cortisol by this stress axis is essential for progress in preventing or halting irreversible development of adverse HPA-function. We aimed to investigate basal HPA-activity in a normal population in late adolescence, the time of life believed to overlap with HPA-axis maturation and establishment of a lasting set point level of HPA function. A total of 1258 participants (mean age 16.6 years) recruited from the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort provided fasting morning blood and saliva samples for basal HPA activity assessment. Irrespective of gender, linear regression modelling identified a positive correlation between the main components of the HPA-cascade of events, ACTH, total cortisol and free cortisol in saliva. Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) was inversely associated with free cortisol in saliva, an effect most clearly observed in boys. ACTH levels were lower, but cortisol levels were higher in girls than in boys. Girls may also be exposed to more bioactive cortisol, based on higher average free cortisol measured in saliva at awakening. These relatively higher female free cortisol levels were significantly reduced by oral contraceptive use, eliminating the gender specific difference in salivary cortisol. Free plasma cortisol, calculated from total circulating cortisol and CBG concentrations, was also significantly reduced in girls using oral contraceptives, possibly via an enhancing effect of oral contraceptives on blood CBG content. This study highlights a clear gender difference in HPA activity under non-stressful natural conditions. This finding may be relevant for research into sex-specific stress-related diseases with a typical onset in late adolescence.
Collapse
|
22
|
Low Vital Capacity and Electrocardiographic ST-T Abnormalities in Asymptomatic Adults. Pulm Med 2012; 2012:460398. [PMID: 22685652 PMCID: PMC3364692 DOI: 10.1155/2012/460398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that low forced vital capacity (LFVC) is associated with atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear whether LFVC is associated with resting electrocardiographic ST-T abnormalities, a common finding that is prognostic for cardiovascular events. Therefore, pulmonary functions, ST-T abnormalities defined with Minnesota Code, and cardiometabolic risk factors were examined in a cross-sectional study of 1,653 asymptomatic adults without past history of coronary heart diseases. The prevalence of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and ST-T abnormalities significantly increased with decreasing percent of predicted forced vital capacity (%PFVC). ST-T abnormalities were observed in 73 subjects (4.4% in total). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with the highest quartile of %PFVC (≥99.7%), the lowest quartile of %PFVC (≤84.2%) was persistently associated with ST-T abnormalities even after further adjustment for diabetes or metabolic syndrome (odds ratio (95%CI): 2.44 (1.16–5.14) and 2.42 (1.15–5.10), resp.). Similar trends were observed when subjects were divided into quartiles according to percent of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), but not the ratio of FEV1/FVC. In conclusion, LFVC may be associated with ST-T abnormalities independent of metabolic abnormalities in asymptomatic adults, suggesting a plausible link between impaired pulmonary defects and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pre-eclampsia and offspring cardiovascular health: mechanistic insights from experimental studies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 123:53-72. [PMID: 22455350 PMCID: PMC3315178 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is increasingly recognized as more than an isolated disease of pregnancy. Women who have had a pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia have a 4-fold increased risk of later cardiovascular disease. Intriguingly, the offspring of affected pregnancies also have an increased risk of higher blood pressure and almost double the risk of stroke in later life. Experimental approaches to identify the key features of pre-eclampsia responsible for this programming of offspring cardiovascular health, or the key biological pathways modified in the offspring, have the potential to highlight novel targets for early primary prevention strategies. As pre-eclampsia occurs in 2–5% of all pregnancies, the findings are relevant to the current healthcare of up to 3 million people in the U.K. and 15 million people in the U.S.A. In the present paper, we review the current literature that concerns potential mechanisms for adverse cardiovascular programming in offspring exposed to pre-eclampsia, considering two major areas of investigation: first, experimental models that mimic features of the in utero environment characteristic of pre-eclampsia, and secondly, how, in humans, offspring cardiovascular phenotype is altered after exposure to pre-eclampsia. We compare and contrast the findings from these two bodies of work to develop insights into the likely key pathways of relevance. The present review and analysis highlights the pivotal role of long-term changes in vascular function and identifies areas of growing interest, specifically, response to hypoxia, immune modification, epigenetics and the anti-angiogenic in utero milieu.
Collapse
|
24
|
Metabolic syndrome and psychopathology: a possible relationship? MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-011-0074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Zheng H, Li Y, Dai W, Wei C, Sun K, Tong Y. Role of Endogenous Estrogen on the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in Men. Angiology 2012; 63:591-6. [PMID: 22241543 DOI: 10.1177/0003319711432626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens protect the vascular system in women, but its effect in men is unclear. We evaluated the impact of estrogen on the male cardiovascular system. Of 140 Chinese males, 55 (aged 61.2 ± 3.5) were cases and 60 (aged 59.5 ± 4.6) were controls. Compared with the control group, only serum estradiol ([E2]; P < .01) levels but not testosterone ([T]; P = .21) were significantly lower in the cases. Linear and multiple regression analysis showed that serum T was positively associated with triglycerides ([TG]; r = .439, P < .01) and d-dimer ( r = .258, P < .05) but negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels ( r = −.267, P < .05) and C-reactive protein (CRP; r = −.214, P < .05). Estradiol was highly associated with TG ( r = .783, P < .01) and HDL-C ( r = .515, P < .01) but was negatively related with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; P < .05), total cholesterol/HDL-C ( P < .05), CRP ( P < .01), and d-dimer ( P < .01). In conclusion, serum E2 and T levels affect coronary heart disease risk factors in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuandong Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaisheng Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Carroll JE, Cohen S, Marsland AL. Early childhood socioeconomic status is associated with circulating interleukin-6 among mid-life adults. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1468-74. [PMID: 21672624 PMCID: PMC3175292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is proposed that socioeconomic conditions in early childhood effect immune programming, with poorer conditions resulting in adult phenotypes that are prone to inflammation. Recent evidence supports this possibility, showing an inverse association of childhood SES with adult markers of systemic inflammation. In this study, we further investigate this association, extending prior studies to include an examination of multiple indices of SES across distinct periods of childhood. Subjects were 112 men and women, 40-60 years of age (88.6% Caucasian). Childhood SES was indexed by a composite of three indicators of parental wealth (parental home and vehicle ownership, and number of bedrooms per child in the family home) averaged across 2 year periods of childhood between 1 and 18 years old. Higher adult serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 were associated with lower SES in early childhood (years 1-2) (β=-.05, p<.05), associations that were independent of adult age, personal income, educational attainment, gender, race, body mass index, and physical activity. These associations support recent suggestions that the early environment may program immune phenotypes that contribute to disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith E. Carroll
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 300 Medical Plaza, Room 3156, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Behavioral Immunology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anna L. Marsland
- Behavioral Immunology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hellgren G, Han W, Wang X, Löfqvist C, Hagberg H, Mallard C, Hellström A. Safety aspects of longitudinal administration of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex in neonatal mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:205-211. [PMID: 21696987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Very preterm birth is associated with a high risk of morbidity. Infants born very preterm have low serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), that further decrease after birth. IGF-I is essential for brain development and low serum levels have been associated with retinopathy of prematurity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of prolonged administration of a low dose of rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 on glucose levels and total body weight, as well as liver, spleen and brain weights, and gray and subcortical white matter in newborn mice. DESIGN The study was performed as three different trials. In all experiments C57BL/6N mice were injected with a rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 complex or saline. In the first experimental trial, blood glucose levels were assessed 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, 3 h, 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after the rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 or saline injection on postnatal day (PND) 6. In the second trial, mice were injected daily from PND 3 to 11 and sacrificed on PND 12 for analysis of IGF-I serum levels. In the third trial, body and organ weights and effects on gray and white matter were assessed on PND 18 after PND 3-11 treatments as above. Effects on gray and white matter were measured using immunoreactivity for microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), myelin basic protein (MBP), 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase (CNPase), neurofilament and oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (Olig2). RESULTS Blood glucose levels were unchanged in the rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3-treated group compared to baseline. In the control group glucose levels increased 30 min after the second saline injection; levels were not elevated at the subsequent time point. Three hours after the rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 or saline, glucose levels were lower in rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3-treated animals than in saline treated (p=0.026). At PND 18, total body weight was higher in rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3-treated mice compared with controls (p<0.05), but there were no differences between groups in brain, liver or spleen weights. No differences in gray matter area were found between groups. Analyses of white matter markers showed an increased number of Olig2-positive cells in rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3-treated mice compared with controls (p<0.001). There were no differences between groups in terms of MBP, CNPase or neurofilament immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged administration of rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 did not have a negative impact on blood glucose levels and was beneficial for total body growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnel Hellgren
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Archer T, Oscar-Berman M, Blum K. Epigenetics in Developmental Disorder: ADHD and Endophenotypes. JOURNAL OF GENETIC SYNDROMES & GENE THERAPY 2011; 2:1000104. [PMID: 22224195 PMCID: PMC3250517 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7412.1000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with complex interactive operations of genetic and environmental factors, is expressed in a variety of disorder manifestations: severity, co-morbidities of symptoms, and the effects of genes on phenotypes. Neurodevelopmental influences of genomic imprinting have set the stage for the structural-physiological variations that modulate the cognitive, affective, and pathophysiological domains of ADHD. The relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors provide rapidly proliferating insights into the developmental trajectory of the condition, both structurally and functionally. Parent-of-origin effects seem to support the notion that genetic risks for disease process debut often interact with the social environment, i.e., the parental environment in infants and young children. The notion of endophenotypes, markers of an underlying liability to the disorder, may facilitate detection of genetic risks relative to a complex clinical disorder. Simple genetic association has proven insufficient to explain the spectrum of ADHD. At a primary level of analysis, the consideration of epigenetic regulation of brain signalling mechanisms, dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline is examined. Neurotrophic factors that participate in the neurogenesis, survival, and functional maintenance of brain systems, are involved in neuroplasticity alterations underlying brain disorders, and are implicated in the genetic predisposition to ADHD, but not obviously, nor in a simple or straightforward fashion. In the context of intervention, genetic linkage studies of ADHD pharmacological intervention have demonstrated that associations have fitted the "drug response phenotype," rather than the disorder diagnosis. Despite conflicting evidence for the existence, or not, of genetic associations between disorder diagnosis and genes regulating the structure and function of neurotransmitters and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), associations between symptoms-profiles endophenotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms appear reassuring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Developmental origins of health and disease: experimental and human evidence of fetal programming for metabolic syndrome. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 26:405-19. [PMID: 21697895 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2011.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The concept of developmental origins of health and disease has been defined as the process through which the environment encountered before birth, or in infancy, shapes the long-term control of tissue physiology and homeostasis. The evidence for programming derives from a large number of experimental and epidemiological observations. Several nutritional interventions during diverse phases of pregnancy and lactation in rodents are associated with fetal and neonatal programming for metabolic syndrome. In this paper, recent experimental models and human epidemiological studies providing evidence for the fetal programming associated with the development of metabolic syndrome and related diseases are revisited.
Collapse
|
30
|
Unexpected long-term protection of adult offspring born to high-fat fed dams against obesity induced by a sucrose-rich diet. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18043. [PMID: 21464991 PMCID: PMC3064582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic and endocrine environment during early life is crucial for
metabolic imprinting. When dams were fed a high fat diet (HF diet), rat
offspring developed hypothalamic leptin resistance with lean phenotype when
weaned on a normal diet. Interestingly, when grown on the HF diet, they
appeared to be protected against the effects of HF diet as compared to
offspring of normally fed dams. The mechanisms involved in the protective
effect of maternal HF diet are unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings We thus investigated the impact of maternal high fat diet on offspring
subjected to normal or high palatable diet (P diet) on metabolic and
endocrine parameters. We compared offspring born to dams fed P or HF diet.
Offspring born to dams fed control or P diet, when fed P diet exhibited a
higher body weight, altered hypothalamic leptin sensitivity and metabolic
parameters suggesting that maternal P diet has no protective effect on
offspring. Whereas, maternal HF diet reduces body weight gain and
circulating triglycerides, and ameliorates corpulence index of offspring,
even when subjected to P diet. Interestingly, this protective effect is
differently expressed in male and female offspring. Male offspring exhibited
higher energy expenditure as mirrored by increased hypothalamic UCP-2 and
liver AdipoR1/R2 expression, and a profound change in the arcuate nucleus
astrocytic organization. In female offspring, the most striking impact of
maternal HF diet is the reduced hypothalamic expression of NPY and POMC. Conclusions/Significance HF diet given during gestation and lactation protects, at least partially,
offspring from excessive weight gain through several mechanisms depending
upon gender including changes in arcuate nucleus astrocytic organization and
increased hypothalamic UCP-2 and liver AdipoR1/2 expression in males and
reduced hypothalamic expression of NPY and POMC in females. Taken together
our results reveal new mechanisms involved in the protective effect of
maternal HF diet.
Collapse
|
31
|
L'Abée C, Vrieze I, Kluck T, Erwich JJHM, Stolk RP, Sauer PJJ. Parental factors affecting the weights of the placenta and the offspring. J Perinat Med 2011; 39:27-34. [PMID: 20954852 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2010.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine parental, especially paternal factors associated with the weight of the placenta and offspring. METHODS This population-based birth-cohort study includes 2947 singleton children born from April 2006 to 2007 and living in Drenthe, The Netherlands. Placental weight and birth weight were measured and questionnaires were filled out for this cohort. Associations between parental factors, and the weight of the placenta and the offspring were evaluated using univariate and multivariate linear regression models. RESULTS Univariate regression revealed that the paternal birth weight and body mass index (BMI) of the father were predictors for placental and birth weight of the offspring. However, they were not independent predictors. Independent predictors for placental weight were the maternal factors of pre-pregnancy BMI, birth weight, and diabetes. The maternal factors of weight gain during pregnancy, birth weight, smoking during pregnancy, and diabetes were independent predictors for birth weight of the offspring. CONCLUSION Paternal as well as maternal factors influence the weight of the placenta and the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carianne L'Abée
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Patterns and risks of human disease have evolved. In this article, I review evidence regarding the importance of recent adaptive evolution, positive selection, and genomic conflicts in shaping the genetic and phenotypic architectures of polygenic human diseases. Strong recent selection in human populations can create and maintain genetically based disease risk primarily through three processes: increased scope for dysregulation from recent human adaptations, divergent optima generated by intraspecific genomic conflicts, and transient or stable deleterious by-products of positive selection caused by antagonistic pleiotropy, ultimately due to trade-offs at the levels of molecular genetics, development, and physiology. Human disease due to these processes appears to be concentrated in three sets of phenotypes: cognition and emotion, reproductive traits, and life-history traits related to long life-span. Diverse, convergent lines of evidence suggest that a small set of tissues whose pleiotropic patterns of gene function and expression are under especially strong selection-brain, placenta, testis, prostate, breast, and ovary-has mediated a considerable proportion of disease risk in modern humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B. C., Canada V5A 1S6.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Farina A, Dini B, Mattioli M, Rosa S, Rizzo N. Offspring birth weight in second-generation 'small for gestational age' infants. Prenat Diagn 2010; 30:551-4. [PMID: 20509155 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the intergenerational effects on intrauterine growth in pregnant women who were themselves small for gestational age (SGA) at birth. METHODS A retrospective case control was carried out on infants born in the period 1 January 2009 to 31 March 2009 at the Sant'Orsola Hospital, Bologna. Out of 958 infants, 707 met the criteria for inclusion in the study. RESULTS After calculation of the percentiles stratified for gestational age at delivery, 68 cases were classified as SGA. Logistic regression analysis was used as the multivariable tool for calculating the bearing of each covariable on the outcome (SGA), including smoking and the presence of an SGA in previous pregnancies. A total of 28.6% of the infants of SGA women were SGA compared with 8.6% of the children of non-SGA women (p-value < 0.01). The multivariable odds ratio was 2.61 (95% CI = 1.16-5.86) for women who were SGA to have SGA children. The extra risk of being SGA in the actual pregnancy when the mother was SGA was estimated at about 7%. CONCLUSION Reduced intrauterine growth of the mother is a risk factor for reduced intrauterine growth of her children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Farina
- Division of Prenatal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bol V, Desjardins F, Reusens B, Balligand JL, Remacle C. Does early mismatched nutrition predispose to hypertension and atherosclerosis, in male mice? PLoS One 2010; 5:e12656. [PMID: 20844591 PMCID: PMC2936567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A link between early mismatched nutritional environment and development of components of the metabolic syndrome later in life has been shown in epidemiological and animal data. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an early mismatched nutrition produced by catch-up growth after fetal protein restriction could induce the appearance of hypertension and/or atherosclerosis in adult male mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Wild-type C57BL6/J or LDLr-/- dams were fed a low protein (LP) or a control (C) diet during gestation. Catch-up growth was induced in LP offspring by feeding dams with a control diet and by culling the litter to 4 pups against 8 in controls. At weaning, male mice were fed either standard chow or an obesogenic diet (OB), leading to 4 experimental groups. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed in conscious unrestrained wild-type mice by telemetry. Atherosclerosis plaque area was measured in aortic root sections of LDLr-/- mice. We found that: (1) postnatal OB diet increased significantly BP (P<0.0001) and HR (P<0.008) in 3-month old OB-C and OB-LP offspring, respectively; (2) that maternal LP diet induced a significant higher BP (P<0.009) and HR (P<0.004) and (3) an altered circadian rhythm in addition to higher plasma corticosterone concentration in 9 months-old LP offspring; (4) that, although LP offspring showed higher plasma total cholesterol than control offspring, atherosclerosis assessed in aortic roots of 6-mo old mice featured increased plaque area due to OB feeding but not due to early mismatched nutrition. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate a long-term effect of early mismatched nutrition on the appearance of hypertension independently of obesity, while no effect on atherosclerosis was noticed at this age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Bol
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fanny Desjardins
- Unit of Pharmacology and Theurapeutics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Reusens
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jen-Luc Balligand
- Unit of Pharmacology and Theurapeutics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Remacle
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The challenge of stopping the knocking down of metabolic dominos upstream. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:529-30. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
MacMillan HL, Jamieson E, Walsh C, Boyle M, Crawford A, MacMillan A. The health of Canada's Aboriginal children: results from the First Nations and Inuit Regional Health Survey. Int J Circumpolar Health 2010; 69:158-67. [PMID: 20356467 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v69i2.17439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reports on child health in Canada often refer to the disproportionate burden of poor health experienced by Aboriginal children and youth, yet little national data are available. This paper describes the health of First Nations and Inuit children and youth based on the First Nations and Inuit Regional Health Survey (FNIRHS). STUDY DESIGN The FNIRHS combines data from 9 regional surveys conducted in 1996-1997 in Aboriginal reserve communities in all provinces. The target population consisted of all on-reserve communities. All households or a random sample of households or adults (depending on province) were selected based on their population representation. METHODS One child was randomly selected from each participating household, except in Ontario and Nova Scotia, where children were randomly selected based upon their population representation. Alberta did not include the section on children's health in their regional survey. RESULTS Approximately 84% of adults, who were proxy respondents for their child, rated their children's health as very good or excellent. The most frequently reported conditions were ear problems (15%), followed by allergies (13%) and asthma (12%). Broken bones or fractures were the most frequently reported injuries (13%). Respondents reported that 17% of children had behavioural or emotional problems. Overall, 76% of children were reported to get along with the family "very well" or "quite well." CONCLUSIONS While most respondents rated their child's health as very good or excellent, injuries, emotional and behavioural problems, respiratory conditions and ear problems were reported among many Aboriginal children. Issues such as substance abuse, exposure to violence and academic performance were not addressed in the 10 core survey questions. Clearly there is a need for more in-depth information about both the physical and emotional health of Aboriginal children and youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet L MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Impact of early parental child-rearing behavior on young adults' cardiometabolic risk profile: a prospective study. Psychosom Med 2010; 72:156-62. [PMID: 19995883 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3181c88343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine prospectively whether early parental child-rearing behavior is a predictor of cardiometabolic outcome in young adulthood when other potential risk factors are controlled. Metabolic factors associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease have been found to vary, depending on lifestyle as well as genetic predisposition. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that environmental conditions, such as stress in pre- and postnatal life, may have a sustained impact on an individual's metabolic risk profile. METHODS Participants were drawn from a prospective, epidemiological, cohort study followed up from birth into young adulthood. Parent interviews and behavioral observations at the age of 3 months were conducted to assess child-rearing practices and mother-infant interaction in the home setting and in the laboratory. In 279 participants, anthropometric characteristics, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and triglycerides were recorded at age 19 years. In addition, structured interviews were administered to the young adults to assess indicators of current lifestyle and education. RESULTS Adverse early-life interaction experiences were significantly associated with lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 in young adulthood. Current lifestyle variables and level of education did not account for this effect, although habitual smoking and alcohol consumption also contributed significantly to cardiometabolic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that early parental child-rearing behavior may predict health outcome in later life through its impact on metabolic parameters in adulthood.
Collapse
|
38
|
Thomas C, Power C. Do early life exposures explain associations in mid-adulthood between workplace factors and risk factors for cardiovascular disease? Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39:812-24. [PMID: 20081213 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace factors (night work, long working hours, psychosocial work stress) have been reported to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated whether (i) workplace factors are associated with CVD risk factors independently of each other, (ii) workplace factors interact, thereby modifying associations and (iii) associations are explained by early life exposures. METHODS A total of 7916 employed participants in the 1958 British birth cohort underwent a clinical assessment at age 45 years. Regression analysis was used to examine associations between workplace factors and CVD risk factor levels with adjustment for early life exposures. RESULTS Night work was associated with adverse levels of most CVD risk factors. Working > or =48 h/week was positively associated with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Low job control was positively associated with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and inflammatory factors, and inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Low demands were positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglycerides and inflammatory factors and inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol. Several associations were weakened when workplace factors were adjusted for each other. Night workers in low-demand jobs had higher BMI [0.78 kg/m(2); 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35, 1.21], WC (1.49 cm; 0.45, 2.52) and SBP (1.38 mmHg; -0.04, 2.81). HDL was lower for low control plus night work (-0.04 mmol/l; -0.08, -0.01) or long hours (-0.12; -0.18, -0.69). Adjustment for early life exposures explained 30-50% of most associations, e.g. night work/low demands associations reduced by 50% for BMI and WC, and by 39% for SBP. CONCLUSIONS Associations between workplace factors and CVD risk factors in mid-adulthood arise in part from social and health disadvantage originating earlier in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Thomas
- MRC Centre for Epidemiology of Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Abstract
Nutritional epidemiology aims to identify dietary and lifestyle causes for human diseases. Causality inference in nutritional epidemiology is largely based on evidence from studies of observational design, and may be distorted by unmeasured or residual confounding and reverse causation. Mendelian randomization is a recently developed methodology that combines genetic and classical epidemiological analysis to infer causality for environmental exposures, based on the principle of Mendel's law of independent assortment. Mendelian randomization uses genetic variants as proxies for environmental exposures of interest. Associations derived from Mendelian randomization analysis are less likely to be affected by confounding and reverse causation. During the past 5 years, a body of studies examined the causal effects of diet/lifestyle factors and biomarkers on a variety of diseases. The Mendelian randomization approach also holds considerable promise in the study of intrauterine influences on offspring health outcomes. However, the application of Mendelian randomization in nutritional epidemiology has some limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nilsson PM, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Maternal cardiovascular disease risk in relation to the number of offspring born small for gestational age: national, multi-generational study of 2.7 million births. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98:985-9. [PMID: 19298622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) births in relation to maternal history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) across two generations and additionally to analyse maternal CVD risk based on number of SGA offspring. METHODS We used register data from 1.4 million women and 2.7 million offspring. The outcome measures were risk of being SGA in relation to maternal total CVD (n = 10 436) across two generations, as well as risk of CVD in mothers in relation to the number of their SGA offspring, stratified by educational level. RESULTS Compared to no family history of CVD (reference) the hazard ratio (HR) for being SGA in female offspring was 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.13) for a positive maternal history of CVD. The highest risk was shown in daughters when both the mother and the grandmother had a history of CVD (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.24-1.39). There was a stepwise increased risk of CVD events in mothers in relation to the number of their SGA offspring (HR 1.41-1.86) when 'no SGA offspring' was used as reference. The risk of CVD in relation to SGA status was increased in the least educated group (HR 2.7-5.0) compared to the group with the highest level of education with no SGA offspring. CONCLUSION The risk of SGA offspring and the risk of maternal CVD are mutually interdependent and both conditions increased in women with a low level of education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bruce MA, Beech BM, Sims M, Brown TN, Wyatt SB, Taylor HA, Williams DR, Crook E. Social environmental stressors, psychological factors, and kidney disease. J Investig Med 2009; 57:583-9. [PMID: 19240646 PMCID: PMC2824501 DOI: 10.2310/jim.0b013e31819dbb91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kidney disease is one of the most striking examples of health disparities in American public health. Disparities in the prevalence and progression of kidney disease are generally thought to be a function of group differences in the prevalence of kidney disease risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. However, the presence of these comorbidities does not completely explain the elevated rate of progression from chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease among high-risk populations such as African Americans. We believe that the social environment is an important element in the pathway from CKD risk factors to CKD and end-stage renal disease. This review of the literature draws heavily from social science and social epidemiology to present a conceptual frame specifying how social, economic, and psychosocial factors interact to affect the risks for and the progression of kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marino A. Bruce
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Mario Sims
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mantzoros CS, Rifas-Shiman SL, Williams CJ, Fargnoli JL, Kelesidis T, Gillman MW. Cord blood leptin and adiponectin as predictors of adiposity in children at 3 years of age: a prospective cohort study. Pediatrics 2009; 123:682-9. [PMID: 19171638 PMCID: PMC2761663 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leptin and adiponectin are adipocyte-secreted hormones that regulate energy homeostasis and metabolism. Because their roles in the neonatal period and in early childhood are poorly understood, we aimed in this prospective cohort study to determine the extent to which umbilical cord blood leptin and adiponectin concentrations predict measures of adiposity and growth at 3 years of age. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 588 children participating in the prospective prebirth cohort study Project Viva. We examined associations of cord blood leptin and adiponectin levels with weight changes during the first 6 months of life, 3-year circulating leptin and adiponectin concentrations, and the following adiposity-related outcomes at 3 years of age: BMI z score, height-for-age z score, and sums of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses to represent overall adiposity, as well as subscapular/triceps skinfold ratio to represent central adiposity. RESULTS Cord blood leptin and adiponectin were each directly associated with the duration of gestation and birth weight for gestational age z scores. Cord blood leptin levels were negatively associated with change in weight-for-length, weight-for-age, and length-for-age z scores between birth and 6 months of age. Similarly, cord blood adiponectin was negatively associated with change in weight-for-length and weight-for-age z scores. After adjusting for several maternal and child factors related to obesity, each 10 ng/mL increment of cord blood leptin was associated with a reduction in BMI z score and higher leptin levels at 3 years but not with skinfold thicknesses. Each 10 microg/mL increment of cord blood adiponectin was positively associated with a higher subscapular skinfold thickness/triceps skinfold thickness ratio at 3 years. CONCLUSIONS Lower cord blood leptin levels are associated with smaller size at birth but more pronounced weight gain in the first 6 months of life and higher BMI at 3 years of age. Cord blood adiponectin levels are also directly associated with birth weight for gestational age, inversely associated with weight gain in the first 6 months of life, and predict an increase in central adiposity at age 3 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos S. Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine J. Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L. Fargnoli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew W. Gillman
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Krachler B, Eliasson M, Stenlund H, Johansson I, Hallmans G, Lindahl B. Population-wide changes in reported lifestyle are associated with redistribution of adipose tissue. Scand J Public Health 2009; 37:545-53. [PMID: 19141545 DOI: 10.1177/1403494808099971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The Northern Sweden MONICA project 1986-2004 demonstrated a marked increase in average body mass, an unchanged prevalence of diabetes, and a decrease in myocardial infarctions and lately also in stroke. This study estimates the relative importance of time-trends in lifestyle on average waist and hip circumference on a population level. METHODS From a series of independent cross-sectional surveys, a study population of 2,831 men and 2,976 women was formed. Associations between lifestyle factors and waist and hip circumference were estimated. Partial regression coefficients for every level of the lifestyle factors were multiplied by the differences in the proportion of the population reporting the corresponding levels of the respective lifestyle factors in 1986 and 2004. The sum of the product terms for each item represents the respective estimated impact of change in waist and hip circumference. RESULTS Lifestyle trends associated with changes in hip circumference were (women/men): higher education level (+4.0 mm/+2.4 mm), fewer smokers (+0.4 mm/+0.9 mm), a slight increase in alcohol consumption (+0.4 mm/+0.3 mm), and more saturated fat from meat in women (-0.9 mm) and more fibre from grains in men (+0.6 mm). Average waist circumference was influenced by increased levels of physical activity (-2.2 mm/-4.6 mm), fewer female smokers (-0.3 mm), and a higher intake of saturated fatty acids from meat among men (+1.8 mm). CONCLUSIONS We identified physical activity and the intake of meat and whole-grain products as prime candidates for lifestyle interventions in northern Sweden.
Collapse
|
45
|
Mill J, Petronis A. Pre- and peri-natal environmental risks for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the potential role of epigenetic processes in mediating susceptibility. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008; 49:1020-30. [PMID: 18492038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurobehavioural disorder defined by symptoms of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. As is the norm for most psychiatric phenotypes, traditional aetiological studies have focused primarily on the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. It is likely that epigenetic factors, i.e., heritable, but reversible changes to genomic function that are independent of DNA sequence, are also important. It is known that epigenetic processes can be induced following exposure to a range of external factors, and thus provide a mechanism by which the environment can lead to long-term alterations in phenotype. In this article we hypothesise that epigenetic dysregulation may mediate the association observed between early-development environmental insults and ADHD. We propose that understanding the epigenetic processes involved in linking specific environmental pathogens to an increased risk for ADHD may offer new possibilities for preventative and therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mill
- Institute of Psychiatry, SGDP Research Centre, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Park EY, Hong YC, Lee KH, Im MW, Ha E, Kim YJ, Ha M. Maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, GSTM1/T1 polymorphisms and oxidative stress. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:197-202. [PMID: 18834935 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) is known to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal exposure to ETS and oxidative stress for neonates, as well as the effect of maternal genetic polymorphisms, glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and GSTT1, on this relationship. We used the radioimmunoassay to measure the urinary concentration of cotinine in 266 pregnant women who denied smoking cigarettes during pregnancy and in their singleton babies. In addition, the urinary concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. We also extracted DNA from whole blood obtained from the mothers and then conducted polymerase chain reaction on the samples to determine the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes. The maternal cotinine concentration was found to be significantly associated with the fetal cotinine concentration, particularly for mothers whose urine cotinine concentrations were above 120 microg/gcr (p<0.01). The fetal urine cotinine concentration was also found to be significantly associated with the fetal urine MDA concentration (p<0.01). When the null type maternal GSTM1 or the wild type GSTT1 was present, the maternal oxidative stress level increased significantly as the maternal continine concentration increased (MDA: p<0.01; 8-OH-dG: p<0.01). No significant relationships were found between maternal cotinine and fetal oxidative stress markers, however, the fetal MDA levels increased significantly as fetal cotinine levels increased. These results suggest that the maternal exposure to ETS affects the fetal urine cotinine concentration and induces production of maternal oxidative stress. In addition, maternal genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 may modify the oxidative stress by maternal exposure to ETS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human epidemiological and animal studies show that many chronic adult conditions have their antecedents in compromised fetal and early postnatal development. Developmental programming is defined as the response by the developing mammalian organism to a specific challenge during a critical time window that alters the trajectory of development with resulting persistent effects on phenotype. Mammals pass more biological milestones before birth than any other time in their lives. Each individual's phenotype is influenced by the developmental environment as much as their genes. A better understanding is required of gene-environment interactions leading to adult disease. RECENT FINDINGS During development, there are critical periods of vulnerability to suboptimal conditions when programming may permanently modify disease susceptibility. Programming involves structural changes in important organs; altered cell number, imbalance in distribution of different cell types within the organ, and altered blood supply or receptor numbers. Compensatory efforts by the fetus may carry a price. Effects of programming may pass across generations by mechanisms that do not necessarily involve structural gene changes. Programming often has different effects in males and females. SUMMARY Developmental programming shows that epigenetic factors play major roles in development of phenotype and predisposition to disease in later life.
Collapse
|
48
|
Early-life undernutrition induces sex-specific effects on the sympatho-adrenal response to stress in sheep. Proc Nutr Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665108009658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
49
|
Tzoulaki I, Jarvelin MR, Hartikainen AL, Leinonen M, Pouta A, Paldanius M, Ruokonen A, Canoy D, Sovio U, Saikku P, Elliott P. Size at birth, weight gain over the life course, and low-grade inflammation in young adulthood: northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. Eur Heart J 2008; 29:1049-56. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|